Title :Quantitative analysis

Problem statement: Jane was given 3 crystalline samples a, b, and c. She was reliably informed that the
samples were either chloride, bromide, and iodide, She could not have predicted the identities of the
onions in the specified cells.

Material:

1. Crystalline A
2. Crystalline b
3. Crystalline c
4. Silver Nitrate(AgNO3)
5. Nitric acid(HNO3)
6. Sodium Hydroxide solution(NaOH)

Apparatus:

1. Dropper(3)
2. Test tubes(9)
3. Test tube rack(1)
4. White tile(1)

Method:

1. Take a small amount of each substance and place them in three of the test tubes.
2. To test for Chloride ions add a few drops of silver nitrate to each test tubes. Observe the
precipitate formed, if it is white then there is a presence of chloride ions.
3. To test for Bromide ions repeat step 1 and add a few drops of sodium hydroxide to each test
tube. If the precipitate formed is cream-colored it indicates the presence of bromide ions.
4. To test for Iodide ions repeat step 1 and add a few drops of nitric acid to each test tube .A yellow
precipitate indicates the presence of iodide ions.

Explanation of expected results:

Moving forward, the test for chloride ions unfolds a noteworthy transformation. When silver nitrate
(AgNO3) is introduced to a sample, the appearance of a white precipitate is a telltale sign of the
presence of chloride ions. This reaction is distinctive, with silver chloride (AgCl) being virtually insoluble
in water, causing it to form a conspicuous white solid.

The examination for bromide ions triggers a distinct response. After treating a sample with sodium
hydroxide (NaOH) and subsequently introducing silver nitrate (AgNO3), the emergence of a cream-
colored precipitate signifies the existence of bromide ions. This phenomenon reflects the behavior of
silver bromide (AgBr), which, like its chloride counterpart, is only sparingly soluble in water and
consequently produces a cream-colored solid.

Lastly, the test for iodide ions unfolds yet another distinctive outcome. Following the neutralization of a
sample with nitric acid (HNO3) and the addition of silver nitrate (AgNO3), the formation of a yellow
precipitate points toward the presence of iodide ions. This reaction mirrors the unique properties of
silver iodide (AgI), which exhibits slight solubility in water and manifests as a conspicuous yellow solid.