Grade 11

Chapter 2
1. Molecular compounds: those made up of molecules, for eg. glucose.
2. Most molecular compounds remain molecular when dissolved in water (ex glucose).
3. Some molecular compounds hydrolyze into ions when dissolved in water, for eg. hydrogen halides,
H2SO4, HNO3.
4. Ionic compounds: form when metals and nonmetals react.
5. Ionic compounds: dissociate into ions in aqueous solutions.
6. Use a solubility curve to:
• read the solubilities of solids at different temp.
• determine the increase in solubility when heated
• determine the mass of solid formed when a saturated solution is cooled
• determine mass of water needed to dissolve a specific mass of solid at a specific temp
• determine mass of solid that will dissolve in a specific mass of water at a specific temp

CQD 1. Propose two methods for increasing the rate at which salt dissolves in water.

7. Solubility: is the molar concentration of a saturated solution. It is also defined in terms of max mass
of solute that can dissolve in 100g solvent.
8. Saturated solution: The solvent contains as much solute as it can hold at equilibrium at a given
temperature. The solid must be in contact with the liquid.
9. If a saturated solution at a certain temperature is cooled, the solid precipitates out.
10. An insoluble solid is always in equilibrium with its ions in solution
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CQD 2. Given:

a. What is the solubility of potassium nitrate at 20ºC? at 50ºC?

b. By how much will the solubility of potassium nitrate increase, if the temperature is increased
from 20°C to 50°C?
c. What mass of potassium nitrate forms, if a saturated solution in 100 g of water is cooled from
40ºC to 10ºC? from 60ºC to 20ºC?
d. What mass of water is needed to dissolve 50 g of potassium nitrate at 40ºC?
e. What mass of potassium sulfate will dissolve in 2 kg of water at 20ºC?
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CQD 3. Choose the correct answer and complete the following equation in each.

a) Glucose is (molecular / ionic) and it dissolves in water as such: C6H12O6(s) →

b) NaCl is (molecular / ionic) and it dissolves in water as such: NaCl(s) →
c) HCl gas is (molecular / ionic) and it dissolves in water as such: HCl(g) →

11. Electrolytes: substances that dissolve in water to form conducting solutions.

12. Cations are positively charged ions, anions are negatively charged ions.
13. SUMMARY of rules to remember:
• Sodium, potassium, ammonium salts are soluble
• Nitrates and acetates are soluble
• Halides are soluble except lead and silver
• Sulfates are soluble except barium, calcium and lead
• Carbonates and hydroxides are insoluble, except sodium, potassium and ammonium
• PbCl2 is soluble in hot water and insoluble in cold.

CQD 7. [G] Classify the following salts as soluble or slightly soluble:

a. all salts containing nitrates NO3-.
b. all salts of alkali metal ions.
c. group 2 metal carbonates.
d. chlorides of silver and lead.

14. Use the rules to predict if a precipitate will form upon mixing two given solutions.

CQD 4. If we mix the following solutions:

• state what will be observed

• name of precipitate
• write a net ionic equation of the reaction occurring

a. Ba(NO3)2 and Na2SO4

b. AgNO3 and NaCl
c. Ba(NO3)2 and NaCl
d. Ca(NO3)2 and Na2CO3
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15. Colors of common compounds you need to remember:

 All group 1 salts are white and their solutions are colourless
 All carbonate salts are white except copper(II) carbonate which is green
 All sulfide salts are white except CuS, FeS and PbS which are black
 Iron (II) hydroxide, Fe(OH)2, is green
 Iron (III) hydroxide, Fe(OH)3, is red- brown
 Chromium (III) hydroxide, Cr(OH)3, is green
 Barium sulfate is white
 Silver chloride is white , silver bromide is creamy white and silver iodide is yellow
 Copper(II) hydroxide is blue
 lead (II) chloride is white, lead (II) bromide is creamy, lead(II) iodide is yellow
 Aluminium hydroxide is gelatinous white
 Zinc hydroxide is white
 Calcium hydroxide is white

CQD 5. A solution is known to contain Pb(NO3)2 and Mg(NO3)2. It is required to remove the lead(II) ions
from the solution without removing magnesium ions. This can be done by adding just the right amount of

a. NaCl.
b. HNO3.
c. NH3.

CQD 6 What would be the weight of the precipitate formed when 100. mL of 0.500 M NaCl is added
to 50.0 mL of 0.100 M AgNO3?

16. Demonstration: flame tests

17. Demonstration: test for halide ions using silver nitrate solution followed with ammonia
18. Demonstration: test for NH4+ using NaOH and heat
19. Tests: the tables below will be provided in paper 6 of IGCSE exam.
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Tests for anions

anion test test result

add dilute acid, then test for carbon effervescence, carbon dioxide
carbonate, CO32–
dioxide gas produced

chloride, Cl – acidify with dilute nitric acid, then

white ppt.
[in solution] add aqueous silver nitrate

bromide, Br– acidify with dilute nitric acid, then

cream ppt.
[in solution] add aqueous silver nitrate

iodide, I– acidify with dilute nitric acid, then

yellow ppt.
[in solution] add aqueous silver nitrate

nitrate, NO3– add aqueous sodium hydroxide, then

ammonia produced
[in solution] aluminium foil; warm carefully

sulfate, SO42– acidify with dilute nitric acid, then

white ppt.
[in solution] add aqueous barium nitrate

the acidified aqueous potassium

add a small volume of acidified
sulfite, SO32– manganate(VII) changes colour
aqueous potassium manganate(VII)
from purple to colourless
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Tests for aqueous cations

cation effect of aqueous sodium hydroxide effect of aqueous ammonia

white ppt., soluble in excess, giving a white ppt., insoluble in

aluminium, Al3+
colourless solution excess

ammonium, NH4+ ammonia produced on warming -

no ppt. or very slight white

calcium, Ca2+ white ppt., insoluble in excess
ppt.
green ppt., insoluble in
chromium(III), Cr3+ green ppt., soluble in excess
excess
light blue ppt., soluble in
copper(II), Cu2+ light blue ppt., insoluble in excess excess, giving a dark blue
solution

green ppt., insoluble in

green ppt., insoluble in excess, ppt.
iron(II), Fe2+ excess, ppt. turns brown
turns brown near surface on standing
near surface on standing

red-brown ppt., insoluble in

iron(III), Fe3+ red-brown ppt., insoluble in excess
excess

white ppt., soluble in excess, giving a white ppt., soluble in excess,

zinc, Zn2+
colourless solution giving a colourless solution

Tests for gases

test and test result

gas

ammonia, NH3 turns damp red litmus paper blue

carbon dioxide, CO2 turns limewater milky

chlorine, Cl2 bleaches damp litmus paper

hydrogen, H2 ‘pops’ with a lighted splint

oxygen, O2 relights a glowing splint

turns acidified aqueous potassium manganate(VII) from purple to

sulfur dioxide, SO2
colourless
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Flame tests for metal ions

metal ion flame colour

Lithium, Li+ red

sodium, Na+ yellow
potassium, K+ lilac
calcium, Ca2+ orange-red
barium, Ba2+ light green
copper(II), Cu2+ blue-green

CQD 8 [G] Given four separate test tubes labelled A, B, C, and D containing solutions of four different
potassium halides. A few milliliters of an aqueous solution of silver nitrate were added to each of the test
tubes and the following observations were recorded.

Test tube Observation upon addition of few milliliters of AgNO3(aq)

A Formation of yellow precipitate
B Formation of white precipitate that turns to violet then to black when exposed
to light.
C Formation of creamy precipitate that darkens when exposed to light.
D No change

Give the chemical formula for the halide present in each of the given test tubes.

CQD 9 [G] Fill in the table to identify the ion present in each solution after conducting a flame test.

Solution Flame Color Cation

A Yellow Na
B Lilac/ Violet K
C Crimson red Li
D Blue-green Cu
E Pale green Ba
F Brick Red Ca²
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CQD 10 [G] Seven different solutions each containing one of the cations: Cr3+, Ca2+, Zn2+, Cu2+, Fe2+, Al3+,
or Fe3+ were tested using sodium hydroxide or ammonia. The observations were recorded in the table below.
Match these ions to the below observations.

Observation with solution tested Cation present in solution

Reddish-brown precipitate with sodium
Iron (III)
hydroxide, does not dissolve in excess base.
Dirty-green precipitate with sodium
hydroxide, does not dissolve in excess base. Iron(II)
Blue precipitate with sodium hydroxide,
does not dissolve in excess sodium Copper
hydroxide.
White precipitate with sodium hydroxide, Calcium
and no precipitate forms with ammonia.
White precipitate with ammonia, does not
re-dissolve in excess ammonia. Aluminum
White precipitate with sodium hydroxide,
Zinc
re-dissolve in excess ammonia.
Green precipitate with sodium hydroxide,
soluble in excess sodium hydroxide. Cr

CQD 11 [G] Given the following cations. Ag+, Ca2+, Na+, Zn2+, Ba2+.

a. Which of the given ions form a white precipitate upon addition of an aqueous solution of potassium sulfate,
K2SO4? Barium / Calcium
b. Which of the given ions forms a white precipitate upon addition of an aqueous solution of sodium chloride,
NaCl? Silver
c. Which of the given ions forms a creamy precipitate upon addition of an aqueous solution of potassium
bromide, KBr? Silver

CQD 12 [G] Given the following ions: SO32-, SO42-, CO32-, NH4+, Al3+, NO3-.

a. Which of the given ions releases a gas that turns limewater milky upon reacting with an acid?
b. Which of the given ions releases a pungent smell gas that turns moist red litmus blue upon reacting with a
base?
c. Which of the given ions releases a gas that turns moist red litmus to blue when heated with aluminum
powder and a base?
d. Which of the given ions releases a gas with a chocking odor upon addition of an acid?
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CQD 16 [T] Many insoluble salts can be prepared by precipitation reaction between soluble salts.
All potassium salts and all nitrate salts are soluble.

a. A student adds a potassium sulfate, K2SO4, solution to a barium nitrate, Ba(NO3)2, solution. A white
precipitate is formed.

i. What is the chemical formula of the white precipitate?

ii. Write the chemical equation for the reaction between potassium sulfate and barium nitrate.

b. Another student adds potassium sulfate, K2CO3, solution to a silver nitrate, AgNO3, solution. A white
precipitate is also formed.

i. What is the chemical formula of the white precipitate?

ii. Write the net ionic equation of the reaction between potassium carbonate and silver nitrate.

c. Barium nitrate solution produces a white precipitate with both carbonate ions and sulfate ions.
Why acidified barium nitrate solution is used to distinguish between carbonate ions and sulfate ions?
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November 2020

Bubbles of gas formed, pass the gas through limewater for a short time the limewater will
turn milky white after a long time the milkiness will disappear.

Carbon dioxide
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November 2022/P62
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March 2021/P62

ammonia

LiNO3
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white ppt formed that is soluble in excess

white ppt formed that is insoluble in excess

nothing happens

white ppt
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November 2022/P61
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June 2021/P62
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