6ught

need lght to see the worid around u k makes

s K s c o n c e p t s

i s an

o l m o s obects
W visible to ax Lighr is afoem of coegy that
heips s to see object For an objec to be viibile.
ight from asource has to fall on it bounce back fom
is
beams of light surtace and then enter our eyes
Rs and
-paralie, camerget and
dege
Reclinear propagation o
Sources of light
Objects that are capable of giving
Applications of rectilinear
out ight by themsehves are caled
luminous
sources ot light o r
objects. Luminous objects have
Pinole c a e

Shadows- umbra and their own sources

ot energs Ihese
peumbra regions be natural or artihcial
objects can

Eipses are natural

and the stars
Ihe sun
ande
An LED bulb,
Juminous objects. Fg 6 Seme examies
candle and a torch light
a lighted
are some aamples of artihcial
luminous objects alled
that do
not emit light oftheirowm are
Objects

For eumple. a book. a

pieceof stone
objects
non-luminous
wood are non-
and a log of
objects. When
light
luminous

from a
luminous objecr talls on
non-luminous
objectS, some ot
reflected in
the light gets
different
directions When this
retlected light
enters our cyes
we can see the non-luminous
ef nonnous eeects
non-luminos
objects see around us are
the
o b j e c t we

from any
Most
of

hink and answer thcy just

refiect light from the sun or
Can
objects; source.
Even the moon, which appears sa
you see
lght artificial luminous
Some ariafs and brighr object in the night sky, is a non-luminous object. The
microrgarisms are capatile moon receives light from the sun and reflects it as moonlight.
of produring hgt from their This moonlighr reaches us on the carth, enabling us to sce the
Body by chemical reaction
This is catled bioluninescernce moon. Planets are also non-luminous objects as
they reflect the
A comemon
example is firefly. sunlighr falling on the
BiGlurinescence is foundd
mostly in the sea. Fish, jellyfish
squids and even some bacteria Propagation of light
show theS pherorepon Light is a form of energy that either travels from its source or
is reflected from a non-luminous
body, ILight does not need a
marerial medium to travel. Light can travel through vacuum.
The specd of light is abour 3,00,000 km/s in vacuum or air.
The sun is about 1500 lakh kilometres away from the earth.
Even at this great speed, lighr takes a little more
Py 631
than
Airefly 8minutes to reach the carth from the sun.
ILight can
pass or transmit through solids, liquids and gases.
However, light does through all objectscompletely
not pass
at the same
or
speed. Some objects allow light to passthrough
them completely, some alow
light to pass through them
partially, while some others do not allow light to
pass through
them at all.
Based on the ability of light to pass through them, different
ng 6.41 materials can be grouped into three main categories.
lear glass
a transparent material

Transparent materials
Materials that allow light to pass through them completely
are known as
transparent materials. Clear glass, cdearwater
air and
cellophane paper are examples of transparent marerials
Objects viewed through a transparent material can be seen
clearly.
Translucent materials
Fg 651 Frosted gass-
a tanslucent material Materials that allow light to pass through chem partially
lknown translucent materials,
are as
Ground glas,frosted
glass, thin nylon fabric and butrer paper are some
exanmples
of transucent materials. You cannor sece clearly
through
them. Objects viewed through a translucent
marerial appear
hazy
Opaque materials
Fg. 6.6| Wooden boar
Materials that do not allow light to pas through ahem at
all lonowm
an opaque raterlal are as
opaque materials. Wood, cardboard,chick
 larh, metal, leather and some plastics are a few examples

of opaque
materals. 10u cannot see
through
opaque an

Opaque materials cast shadows when kept in the

material.
path of light.

Rays and
beams of light Fig. 6.7| A ray of light
A very fine or narrow path of light is ray of light. It is
called a

arrowhead showing the direction

represented by line with a an

is travelling (Fig. 6.7).

in which light
Acollection of rays of light is called a beam of light.
beam of
Any source of light, small or
big. always gives out a

light. Depending upon the direction

of the rays of light in a
beam, it can be of three types. 86.81 Paralel beam of lght
from very
rays received
a
Parallel beam of light Light
distant source such as the sun are considered to be parallel.
A parallel beam of light is represented by a set of parallel rays
(Fig. 6.8).
beam of light is given off from a
light When
Divergent
for example,
candle, the rays appear to spread
a
Small source,

Such a beam is called a

out or diverge in all directions.

divergent beam of light (Fig. 6.9). Fg 6:91 Dvergent beam of grnt

When the light rays froma
beam of light
Convergent
meet or converge at a
to
single
source
come close
large
of light (Fig. 6.10),
nearby
beam
called a convergent
it is
point,

propagation
of light
Rectilinear
long as it is travelling
in the
straight lines
as
travels in rectilinear
Light of light is called
is placed in the path
m e d i u m . This property
Same If a n opaque object
propagation
of light.
travel in a curved
blocked. If light could
continue to
oflight, the light
gets
around the object and
hnd a path streak Fig 6101 anvergent beam af Hght
may have seen a
it
would
path, happen.
You
this does
not

some opening im a
But
ravel.
dark r o o m through
in a
ina straight
light coming
light appears to be
of

of
door.
The path or a
torch in the dark
Window or a
from a
light
path. In the same way,
our
from the Projector in a
cinema hall Think and answer
Deam
of light coming How diferent is the
travels in straightines.
light
that light ravels
that
showS
propagation of light from
s o

dermonstrate
to
an acriviry the flow 0f
Let us
perform
water
in a straight line.
Actihib1
straight line
Alm: To show that light travels
in a

cardboards of the same size

Materials required: A candle and three rectangular
Procedure ake a hole at the centre of each cardboard. Fix
the cardboards on a wooden base
one behind the other such that the
so that they remain upright. Arrange the three cardboards
holes are in the same horizontal line. Place a burming
candle behind cardboard C. Make sure that the candle
fame is at the same level as the holes of the cardboards
Now look through the hole ot cardboard A You can
cleanysee the candle fame through the holes.hole
Look through the
Now displace cardboard B.
Can you see the candle fiame
in cardboard A again.
now? No. Why?
Obsenvation and conclusion: When cardboard
B is
in a straight ine.
displaced, the three holes are no longer
line Fg 6.m| Rectlinear propagation af g t
This proves thatgt rays travel in a straight

Applications of rectilinear propagation of light

The property of rectilinear propagation of light has many
applications in our day-to-daylite.
Shadows torm because ot rectilinear progpagation ot ght
Day and night o c c u r
because of the fact that ihttrzveis
only in straight lines
Eclipses occur due torectilinecar propagation afghe
A camera works o n the principle of mnineur
pinhole
propagation of ight.

Pinhole camera

pinhole camera is a simple device used to cake phboeogrsphs

A
of scationary objects. It worls an the princple thateht
line
travels in sraighr

Working of a pinhole camera

front ol
candle NB in pinhole Hwde
the
ace lighned
a

ene h al dasaions a
Ras from the fame will
threg the pel
camer

fm A travels along A, pase

arting
s e e n ar p ASr
talh on the peaed pape
H.and
hilen tbe ecrees a prin: B Te al
the pinhl-Hand
na pietoilecane
through pinhole H, and fall on the screen berween points A
and B. Together, these points make up the image. Thus, B,A
ot the object AB (Fig. 6.12). Now, you can see
is the image
that the image is inverted.

Size of the image

the distance
The size of the image tormed depends
on

If the distance berween

between the s c r e e n and the pinhole.
screen is
and the screen is reduced such that the
the pinhole
at X (image B,A,), the size of the image will decrease
6.13a). However, the image will become cilearer and
(Fig.
as light gets
concentrated over a smaller area
brighter and the screen is
If the distance
between the pinhole
increased such that the
screen is now at Y (image B,As, the
depem o e a a
wil increase (Fig. 6.135). However, the
size of the image
will become blurred
and less bright as the light spreads
image The siae o e em
area.
over a larger also depend an toe
obe a te
betee e
Nature of the image
on a screen) and pinhoie
it is formed
The image is real (that is,

inverted.

Atvi2 pinhole camera

To
construct a biack w a t e r colour, selotape
Aim: shoebox,
cardboard
A
Materials required:
except one side
scissors
of
and a pair inside
Dutter paper Colour it black from
selotape. This wil
shoebox.
Procedure: Take the butter paper usinE
it with a
and cover (about
Remove this side
s m a l l nole
of the sze of a pinhead
a screen
here. Make a
s i d e oPposite to the
screen Piace
act as of tne

mm in diameter)
in t h e
centre

rourPnhole camern
is reacy
2 selotape.
fix it w i t h
box and
o n the
the lid

Check your progresS statement

Correct the talse
or false.
Write true

is a luminous body.
The
moon
throgh
does not
aiow
a y 8 e to pass
An opaque object.
2. convergent beam
s u n is a
from the
3 Light direction
of ight
can b e n d in any
4 Rays
a pinholie carmera irea and inerted
formed Dy
5The image
 Shadew
mqe objet ix oflight and
placesf beween a seurne
When
dark ares on the
an
blecke the paih of light forming a
it
AwIewn
is oallet the shaiduw of that object
wIen Thik dark ares

Conditions for the

formation of a shadow

For the fomatin of a slhafow we muse hae

asoure of light
an objest to obutrucr the path of light. and
opaque
an opague screen to obtain the shadow
Shakoss cat by
teent ects Characteristics of a shadow
ake &cehaise sheet, a
Ashadow is always a dark area. It does net shew the
of l d white papes, and
e
a stalless steel utenl and tey colour of the object Take objes of ditferene colouns an
te caste shspes fr ekh one obserne their shadows on a wall You will see that no maner
them eu wll easly be able
concle that what the colour of the object is, the shadow is alwags black
(somne portions may be grayl
ak shae
atvanlocet obet casts a 2. A shadow may or
may not look like che actual shape ef
weak sh the objectt Take a toy teddy bear (or any olbiect of i e l
aeansparent object does
shape). Hokling it against a lght seulse ebseree the shge
net cat
a shado of
is shadow on the wall Route the obinct oe che lght
source in ditlerent ways You wil obere hac che shae f
the shadlow keeps changing (he 6161
A

The xise of a shalow dependh on the discae l the

objest tron the soure of light and the scereem Whe
you bring an opaque object clowr te the s e of
wu will see that the sie of the shalos s chesce
increses (Rg 61b When yo bing the olist di
w the soreen ou wll see thar he sine nf i e shalon
decreaes (g & 1
The shalow beones dakor wih shep ed de ob
ayih and the dges beoe bhd Fe &id
4 A shadow can only be tormed on a scwea Hold an

object against an open windaw behind which there is no

object for a considemble distance. Flaslh a beam of lighe on
the object. 10 you obierve any shalow in dhe ait No. This
shows that a shadow can only be formed on a scwen. The
screen should nor be place too lar fom dhe object. Any
flar opaque object such as a cardlboud sheet, a wall or even
the ground can act as a screen.
Fig 68| A ahadow san gnly
Umbra and penumbra
A shadow generaly consists of two regions-a cenual dark
region called umbra and an outer less dark veglon called

penumbra. The umbra darkness as no ray

is the reglon of total
of light enters this region, The penumbra receives a few lighr
rays and so is less dark. AsM 33
Alm: To study a shadow
umbra
formed by a point s e
ight
Materials rojuire

penumbra A torch black paper, a ball

and a carclboard

Procedure Cver the front

Fig6.19 Parts of a shadow of the torch with bulack
paper and akea sall
The formation of umbra and penumbra depends up0n the hole in the centre of the

size of the lighr source and the distance berween the objecr pajpet. This torch Dow act
as a point source ot g i t
and the sereen.
Place the bal in trost of

Point source
of light
and extended source the torch as shown Also

of light that has a negligible extent is

called a point place the carbaard (the
Any source

The may be small as in lighr trom

source
a sreen) behind the
ball as

source of light.
be large but sufieiently distant so
ahown AM soon as you
pinhole. O, the
source may

witch the torchh the

that be considered as a point, for example, SEas

ball forms a shoilow which
it can

extended of light possesses an extene o radis

source
An cosats nly of the umbra
torch beam are examples of exiended
sources
Thesun and
a

extended
An
of light produces shadows with
source

of light.
blurred edges )
Shadow formed by point source
a of light
is a very small xouroe of light
source
that point
We know a

shadow is
Activiry 3 to see what kind of
Let us pertorm

Tormed by a point source of light

 Characteristics of the shadow formed bya point source of
Think and answer light From Activity 3, you can see that the shadow formed

Why does the shadow of a by a point source of light is always

tree change angle and size uniformly dark (has only the umbra region).
throughout the day?
sharp at the edges, and
bigger than the size of i
object.
Shadow formed by an extended source of light
The shadow formed by an extended source of light consists of
both umbra and penumbra.

umbra larger umbra Shadow formed when the source of light is smaller than
the object When an object, larger than an
of
extended
source light, is placed in its
path, you will notice that
the shadow has two distinct
regions, namely, the umbra
and the
penumbra, as shown at position A of the screen
ght object
(Fig. 6.21). You will observe that the size of the umbra is
soure numbra arger larger than the object.
penumbra If the screen is
moved away from the object
F 6.21 Shadow formed due to position
B, you will observe that the size of both
to an extended source of light the umbra and
smaller than the object the penumbra increases.

Shadow formed when the source of

the object When an
light is larger than
very small
umbre
object, smaller than an extended
source of
light, is placedin its
path, the shadow formed
also consists of an umbra and
this case is
a
penumbra. 1he umbra in
very small, as shown at
The umbra is not position C fig 6.22).
only smaller than the object but alsa
smaller than the
If the screen is
penumbra.
moved away trom the
e y larg object to
perninibr position D, then the size ol
the umbra becomes even
Pg 6.22| Shadow
formed due smaller. If the sereen is
kept moving, the umbra will go on
to an extended source of llght
larger than the object reducing in size, and a
stage will come when it will
completely. You will be able to see
vanish
only the penumbra
Eclipses
In our solar
system, the sun is the
whereas the
carth and the moon
only luminous body
become visible only when are non-luminous. They
and gets relected. We know
light from the sun falls
on them
that the
the sun, while the moon earth revolves aroun
tevolves anound the earh Dhurin
their revolution, sometinmes the earth, the moon and the
sun come n the same plane and lie in a sraighe line. In this
5olar erlips0s and lunar
sicuation, either the shadow ol the earth falls on he moon or
eclipses are purely celestial
che shadow of the moon falls on the earth. Such situations ae ovents. They should rnot be
consldered as good of bad
called eclipses
of lormation solar eVents
There are twO
possibiliies celipse
eclipse and lunar eclipse.

Solar eclipse
When the moon comes berween the sun and the carth, the
shadow of the moon falls on the earth. The part of the carth
covered the shadow of the moon becomes dark during the
by
day time and the sun is not visible from there for some time,
This is called a solar eclipse
Only a
part of the
earth gets covered by the shadow of
the moon as the moon the carth.
is much smaller in size
than

in the umbra region of this

The part of the earth that falls
from the sun for some time
shadow does not receive any light

and experiences a total solar eclipse (Fig. 6.23). As the moon

Key points
the position of this Total solar edipse- th
in its orbit (at around 1 km/s),
moves sun is compietely bioced
the total solar eclipse lasts for
very fast,
so by the moon
shadow changes
or two.
The part of the earth that
falls in the Partial solar eci pse-the
only a minute
sun is partaly biocked by
a partial
solar eclipse.
region experiences
the m o o n
penumbra
on a new m 0 o n day as the
A solar eclipse can occur only
dark side of the
moon faces the earth.
reglon of
partiarecipse

Sun
moon

regon o
total eclips

FIg. 6.23|
Total and partial solar eclipse

eclipse occurs when

An annular solar

the tip of the umbra talls the earth.

on

During an
annular s5olar eclips5e, the sun
does not appear
at all and
only bright
a
ring of light
called the corona 15 visibie
It appears as if there is a diamond. ring
shining in the sky. Fie 634 Amular solar ecpdt
 Lunar eclipse
between the sun and the moon, the
When the earth comes

the earth falls on the moon, and the moon becomes

shadow of lunar eclipse.
invisible for some time. This is called a

When the moon lies completely in

partial eclipse
total eclipse the umbra of the earth's shadow, it does
not receive any light from the sun, and
sodoes not reflect any light. So, the
moon is not visible to us at all. In this
Sun
case, a total lunar eclipse takes place.
earth do
When the moon lies in the
penumbra region of the earth's shadow,
Fig 6.25| Lunar eclipse it receives some light from the sun. This
light is refected by the moon and reaches us on the earth.
So, in the penumbra region, the moon is visible, but it is less
bright than normal. As the moon begins to enter the umbra,
the part of the moon inside the umbra becomes invisible.
So, we can see only that part of the moon which is in the
penumbra. This is called a partial lunar eclipse. Soon the
whole of the moon enters the umbra, resulting in a total lunar
eclipse. The moon then begins to come out of the umbra on
the other side. As it enters the penumbra, it becomes gradually
Weblink - - -

visible, resulting in a partial lunar eclipse again.

To know more
about A lunar eclipse occurs only on a full moon day as the
eclipses, VISit rsgrIn/icpy.b.
bright side of the moon faces the earth.

CONCEPT MAP parallel to

PARALLEL 8EAM
each other

UMBRA PENUMBRA BEAM gtr converged at

outer iess
one polnE cONVERGENT BEAM
Ceritral
erk area dark area a collection spreud aut im
DERGENT BEAM
of rays
al directions
has tv
RAYS
COSE OPAQUE
SHADOW
08JECT s represente ore out t
eclipses are
actualy shadows no lght can by themselves LUMINOUS
Dbjccis
LIGHT

SOLARECLIPSE LUNARECLIPSE trovels ina do not etrit light

shadow of the shadow of the

Y their o NON LUMINGus
noon
earth STRAIGHT LINE
on the
earth on the moon
 Now you know
Objects that can give out light by themselves are called luminous objects.

Objects that do not emit light of their own are called non-luminous objects.

travels in straight lfines as long as it travels in the same medium. This phenomenon is called
Light
rectilimear propagation of light.
A shadow is fomed when an opaque object blocks the path of light.
A shadow can have two regions an umbra (a central dark region) and a penumbra
(a comparatively less dark region surrounding the umbra).
When the moon comes directly between the sun and the earth, the shadow of the moon talls on
the earth. This causes a solar eclipse.

When the earth comes directly between the sun and the moon, the shadow of the earth talls on
the moon. This causes a lunar eclipse.

Keywords
LUMINOUS
objects that give out their own light

PROPAGATION
move from one point to another
the central dark region of a shadow
UMBRA
the outer less dark region of a shadow
PENUMBRA
aa****a************* ****w***********************

Exercises
answer.
Tick the most appropriate
A.
form of energy that
causes
the sensation of touch
1Lignt isS
a

b. Smell.
Sight.
a hearing

light to pass through them are called

Objects that do not allow
2 b. transiucent objects.
a transparent objects. d. uminous objects
C Opaque objectS.

3A shadow shows b only black colour (some part may be grayl

all the colours of an object.
a d only white colOur

some colours of the object.

dark region of a shadow Is called the
ne central b. umbra
total shadow. d core
apenumbra.
directly between the sun and the earth, the ecipse fomed is
whenthe moon
comes

Cany of these dnone of these

b. a lunar ecipse
aasolar eclipse.
A
6. lunar eclipse occurs On

a a full moon day. b a Monday

a new moon day.
dany day