. adhle.i @ adhle.

Ligh
CH 10 Sc c Ca 10
No e + 10 Yea In eg a ed PYQ'
LIGHT REFLECTION -
CARD REFRACTION
9) Light -
It is a
form of energy that can be detected
by our
eyes .

OR

Light is a form of energy which produces the sensation

of sight of view .

2) Luminous objects -
The
objects which emit their own

light is called luminous objects .

Ex -
s Sun ,
stars ,
bulb etc .

3) Non Luminous
-

objects -
The object which does not emit
their own
light is called non -
luminous
object .
En -
Moon , pen etc .

LANG OF REFLECTION OF LIGHT

9) The angle of incidence is equal to the

angle of reflection
Cihr)

ii) The incident ray the

,
normal to the mirror at the point
of incidence and the reflected ray ,
all lie in the same

plane .

Normal
→
Reflected ray
Incident Ray ←

Angle of Incidences
→
Angle of Reflection
PROPERTIES OF IMAGE IN A PLANE MIRROR

9) Image size =
object size

2) Image distance =
object distance

3) Image Is
always laterally invented

4) Image is alway laterally invented

5) Image is
always virtual

{ PHERICAL MIRRORS
4 The reflecting surface of a spherical mirror may be
curved inwards or outwards .

G A spherical mirror, whose

reflecting surface is curved
inwards that is towards the centre is called
, ,
faces of the sphere ,

a concave mirror .

4 A spherical mirror whose reflecting surface is curved outwards ,

is called a convex mirror .

'
-
-
"

a) Concave mirror b) Convex mirror

 convene
Mirror
Concave
Mirror

Principle
axis pole Pgriagncipk pole

-••f
OB
p p

Center of Cecntre Of
curvature curvature

•
The Center of Curvature :

It is the point in the centre

of the mirror which passes
through the curve of the mirror and has the same
tangent
and curvature at that point .

It is denoted
by the letter ' '
-

c .

•
Radius of Curvature ( ) r :

It's the distance Pole the Center

linear between and
of curvature .

•
Pole CP) :

It's the midpoint of the spherical mirror .

•
Focus :

It's any given point , light rays parallel

where to the principal axis,
will
converge after getting reflected from the mirror .

Principal Axis :
•

A
straight line passing through the
pole and the centre of curvature

of a spherical mirror .

• Focal Length :

The distance between the pole and the principal focus of a

spherical
is called the
focal length and is represented as f
'
mirror
'
.
 Relation R and Focal F
between
length
F = I
2

R = 2F

A number of rays parallel to the

principal axis
falling
→
are

on a concave mirror .

Observe the reflected rays

-

They are all

intersecting at a point on the principal axis of
the mirror .

-
This point is called the principal focus of the concave mirror .

M
A
D

C
•
p
F
At

infinity B
N

Similarly ,
the reflected rays appear to come from a
point on the

principal axis .

-
This point is called the principal focus of the convex mirror .

The principal focus is represented as F .

G-

E :

• • -

P
t

B
At of
infinity
Representation of Images Formed
by spherical Mirrors Using
Ray Diagrams
9) A ray parallel to the principal axis ,
after reflection ,
will pass
through the principal focus in case
of a concave mirror or
appear
to diverge from the principal focus in case
of a convene mirror .

• If
r

• • •
p • • •

C F P F C

concave Convene

it Ray passing through the principal focus of a concave mirror

or which is directed towards the principal focus of
a
ray a convex

mirror ,
passes parallel to the principal .

of P
of E
• .

q p
H

Ray
mirror
passing through
in
the centre
the
of curvature of a concave
or directed the direction of centre of curvature of
a convex mirror ,
after reflection ,
is
reflected back
along the
same
path .
 ;
•

; p
• • •

P F C

A incident towards
ray obliquely to the principal axis ,
a

point P( pole of the mirror) on ,

the concave mirror or a convene

mirror is reflected
, obliquely .

The incident and reflected equal with

-

rays make
angles the

principal axis , ( following laws of reflection)

Image Formation by Concave Mirror

 Uses Of Concave Mirror
•
Concave mirrors are
commonly used in torches search lights ,
-
and
vehicles
headlights to get powerful parallel beam of light .

They're often used as shaving mirrors to see a

larger image of
the face .

•
The dentists use concave mirrors to see large images of the
teeth of patients .

Large mirrors used to concentrate sunlight to produce

•
concave are

in solar
heat furnaces .

Also used in mirrors

shaving
•
.

Image Formation by a convex Mirror

 Uses Of Convex Mirror
•
Convene mirrors are
commonly used as rear - view ( wing) mirrors in
vehicles .

•
These mirrors are
fitted on the sides
of the vehicles ,
enabling
the driver to see traffic behind him/her to
facilitate safe
driving .

•
Converse preferred because they always give
mirrors are an

erect , though diminished image ,

.

Also
they have a wider field of view as they are curved
•

outwards .

SIGN CONVENTION FOR REFLECTOR BY {PHERICAL MIRRORS

9) The object always placed to
is the left of the mirror .

This implies that the light from the object falls on the mirror from
the left -
hand side .

it All distances measured to the right of the

origin (along + x a-seis) are-

taken as positive while those measured to the left of the origin(along x-axis) -

taken
are as
negative .

All distances parallel to the

principal axis are measured from the
pole of the mirror .

if Distances measured perpendicular to and above the principal axis

( along +
g-
anis ) are taken as positive .
f) Distances measured perpendicular to and below the
principal axis

( along y
- -
axis ) are taken as
negative .

MIRROR topmost
Ft ut -
-

I
Magnification
Height of the image Ch )
'

m =

Height of
the
object Ch )

v →
image distance
u →
object distance
v →
focal length

REFRACTION
Refraction of light the in the
is phenomenon of change path of
→

light in going from one medium to another .

↳ When light goes from rare to dense medium it bends towards
the normal .

When liaht goes from dense to rare medium it bends

away
from
the normal .

Laws of Refraction
4 Incident ray ,
normal and the refracted ray lie in the same

plane .

The of angle
4 ratio of sine
of angle of incidence to the sine

of refraction is constant for given pair of media .

Sini = constant
sin

-
This constant value is called the refractive index of the
second medium with respect to the
first
.

•
This is called Snell 's law .

Reflection through a Glass slab

 Consider a
rectangular glass slab ABCD having parallel faces AB
•

and CD as shown above .

•
A ray of light EF in air is incident on the glass surface AB at
point O .

•
As the ray EO enters from air (rarer medium to ) glass ( denser
medium) , the
'

ray bends towards normal and

follows the path 00
inside the glass slab .

'

At point O refraction takes place again

•
.
,

•
As the
ray 00
'
enters from glass ( denser medium) to air ( rarer
medium) , the ray bends away from normal and follow the path
O' H outside slab
glass .

'
•
Here the
, ray EF is called incident ray ,
00 ,
the refracted ray and
the emergent ray O' H is parallel to the incident ray EF .

The distance O 't the path of incident

perpendicular between
original
•

and the the lateral displacement

ray emergent ray is called .

Refractive Index

Let v9
→
be the speed of light in medium 9 and v2 be the
in medium
speed of light 2 .

→ The refractive index of medium 2 with respect to medium 9

is by the ratio of the speed of light in medium 9 and

given
the speed of light in medium 2 .

This is represented by the symbol

usually
•

na, .

This can be expressed in an equation form as

•

hag =
Speed of light in medium 9 =
Vc
Speed of light in medium 2 Va
→
If medium 9 is vacuum or air ,
then the refractive index of
medium 2 is considered with to
respect vacuum .

This is absolute index medium

→ called the refractive of the .

Speed light of in air

nm
T
= =

speed of light in the medium

Optical Density
4 The ability of a medium to refract light is also expressed in terms

of its optical density .

Optical density has a definite connotation .

It is not the same as mass

density
-

Refraction by Spherical Lenses

•
A transparent material bound by two surfaces are
spherical are

spherical , forms a lens .

1) Convene or
converging lens :

It is thicker at the centre than at the edges .

It
converges a parallel beam of light on
refraction through it
-

-
It has real focus .
 id Concave or
diverging lens :

thinner at than at the

It is the centre
edges .

It diverges a beam of light on refraction through it .

It has a virtual focus .

B. The centres of these spheres are called centres of curvature

of the
lens .

The centre of curvature of a lens is

usually represented as C .

Since there are two centres of curvature ,

we
may represent them as

(9 and (2 . .

An line passing through the centres of

straight two
*
imaginary curvature

of a lens is called its

principal axis .

The central point of a lens as its optical centre .

'

Optical i
-
-
.

Radius of
'
'

centre of Radius of
' '

centre
centre of R curvature curvature B curvature
, optical
curvature centre

C, O
Cq O Ce Cz
%
Principal Pg Principal
axis
axis '

! '
-
a
. .
.

Image Formation by Lenses

1) A of light from the

ray object parallel to
,
the principal axis , after
refraction from a convex lens passes through
,
the principal focus on the
other side of the lens .

-
In case of a concave lens ,
the ray appears to diverge from
the principal focus located on the same side of the lens .

÷
•
"

;F
*
oooo ¥2
÷ ;
of
z

convex Lens Concave Lens

IDA ray of light passing through a principal focus after ,
refraction from
a convex lens will parallel to the principal axis
,
emerge .

-
-
,
-
,
'
• to

Ia
•

8
Fa Fa O F2

Convex Lens Concave Lens

)
iii A ray of light passing through the optical centre of a lens will
without deviation
emerge any .

÷. ; ÷. ÷ ; ÷.

Convex Lens Concave Lens

Image Formation by Convex Lenses

Image Formation by Concave Lenses

Position of Position of the Relative size of Nature of the

the object image the image image
At infinity At focus Fg Highly diminished ,
virtual and erect

point -
sized

Between infinity Between focus Fa Diminished virtual and erect

andoptical centre and optical centre
0 of the lens O
 Lens Formula And Magnification
÷ I - -

I
m =
Height of the image =L
the h
Height of object

Power of a lens

p= I
f-

The SI lens
'
•
unit of power of a is
'
dioptre .

It is denoted
'
-

by
'
D .

-
The
power of a convene lens is positive as a convex lens has
while
a
positive focal length ,
the power of a concave lens is

negative as concave lens has a

negative focal length .
. adhle.i @ adhle.i

Human E e
& Colourful
World
CH 11 Sc c Ca 10
No e + 10 Yea In eg a ed PYQ'
 Human Colourful World
Eye and Are

what do we have to
Study ?
1-
V -1
Dispersion of light total internal reflection Scattering of light

REFRACTION TROUGH A GLASS PRISM

* Prism
→ It's a
pyramid-shaped piece of glass with two
triangular bases and
three rectangular lateral surfaces .

* Angle of Prism
→ The
angle between two adjoining surfaces .

DISPERSION OF LIGHT

When light passes through prism ,

it splits into different colour
components .

4This phenomena is called

dispersion of light .

A Maximum wavelength is of Red colour and minimum is of violet .

A Red colour bends the least and violet colour bends the most .
NEWTON 'S DOUBLE PRISM EFFECT

RECOMBINATION OF WHITE LIGHT

A Newton
found that when an inverted prism is placed in the
path
of dispersed light then after passing through the
prism , they
recombine to form white light .

9) He
passed sunlight through a
glass prism to form a band of
seven colours .

2) He tried to split the colours

further by putting another
prism
to obtain
ahead of the
prism forming spectrum but he
failed
more colours .

3) He repeated the experiment using second

prism in inverted position
went . the
first prism .

-
It allowed all the colours of spectrum to
pass through second

prism .

He found that white

light emerges on the other side
of
-

second
prism .
.

4) Thus he concluded that

Sunlight is made
up of seven visible
colour called VIBGYOR .
 SCATTERING OF EIGHT
→ The scattering of light is the phenomenon by which a beam of
light is redirected in different directions on interacting with particles
in the medium
present .

TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION

tithe
angle of incidence ,
at which the
angle of refraction is 90
degree
is called critical
angle .

CONDITIONS FOR TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION

9) The ray of light has to travel from denser to rarer medium .

2) The angle of incidence has to be

greater than critical
angle .
 RAINBOW

tyg IT E. 3¥92 BF ? !

PHENOMENA INVOLVED IN RAINBOW FORMATION ARE 8

L > Internal
y
Dispersion Refraction Reflection
The water droplets act like
→ small
prisms .

→
They refract and
disperse the incident sunlight ,
then reflect it
it
internally .
and
finally refract it
again when comes out
of
the
raindrop .

→ Due to the
dispersion of light and internal reflation , different colours
reach the observer 's
eye .
ATMOSPHERIC REFRACTION
* The refraction of light by different layers of atmospheric is called

atmospheric refraction .

In this we study ;

L V t

Apparent position Advanced Sunrise

Twinkling of
ofg Stars and delayed Sunset Stars

1) Twinkling
"

of Stars

The to
twinkling atmospheric refraction of Starlight
→
of a star is due .

The Starlight the earth 's atmosphere undergoes refraction

→
, on
entering ,

it
continuously before reaches the earth .

The atmospheric refraction in medium of gradully changing

→ occurs a

refractive index .

Since the
atmospheric bends
Starlight towards the normal , the apparent
→

position of the star is

slightly different from its actual position
star is
of the
slightly different from its actual position .

( Star II get HT E. ET that get ATT E !)

2) Advanced Sunrise and

delayed Sunset

The Sun is visible to us about 2 minutes before the actual

Sunrise , and about 2 minutes after the actual sunset because of
atmospheric refraction .
3) Apparent position of stars

→ Stars when the horizon higher than

seen near
appear slightly
their actual position atmospheric
due to refraction .

→ Distant star acts as

point source of light .

→ Since the
, refractive index of earth 's atmosphere in general increases
from top to bottom so when the light coming from a stars enters
,

the Earth 's atmosphere it undergoes refraction continuously

, °
.

→ Since the refractive indene of

,
earth's atmosphere in general increases
light coming from a star enters the
to bottom so when the
from top ,

Earth 's atmosphere it

undergoes refraction continuously
,
.

TYNDALL EFFECT
The white
phenomenon of scattering of light by colloidal
particles
is known as
Tyndall effect .
www.padhle.in @padhle.in

Electricity
CH 12 Science | Class 10
Notes + 10 Years Integrated PYQ's
 ELECTRICITY
a) Electric Current
→ The amount of charge flowing through a particular area in
unit time or it is the rate
of flow of electric charge .

charge
Of
i.e . I - =

unit time

2) Electric Circuit
→ A continuous and closed path of an electric current is called an

electric circuit .

In electric circuit let 9 Ampere current is

an
say
-

flowing that States 9 Coulomb

of charge flowing in 9 second .

• Smail quantities of current .

9 MA = 90-3 A
9mA = 90-6 A

NUMERICAL
9) A current of 0.5A is drawn by a
filament of an electric bulb for
90 minutes .

Find the amount of electric

charge that flows through the circuit .

* Potential Difference :
4 The potential difference between two points in an electric circuit
is defined as the amount of work done in
moving a unit
change
from one point to the other point .

Potential difference =
Workday = _W
Quantity of charge Q
moved

Voltmeter is instrument used to measure p.d. ( it is

always connected

parallel)
 NUMERICAL
2) How much work is done in
moving a
charge of 2 coulombs
point at to volts ?
from a 998 volts 928

* Electric Current
a. Ammeter is an instrument used to measure electric current .

in
b. It is always connected series .

* Direction of electric current

When electricity was invented long time back ,
but that time
only electron had not been discovered at that time .

So electric current was considered to be a flow of tire

charges
-

and direction of flow of electric current was taken as direction of

flow of tve
charges ,
so in our circuit diagrams we put ,
the arrows

on the connecting wires pointing from positive terminal of the cell

towards negative terminal of the cell .

* Symbols of components in electric circuit :

* OHM 's LAW :

is Ohm 's law gives a relationship between current and potential

difference .

*
According to Ohm 's law : At constant temperature ,
the current

following through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential

across its ends .

i. e .

I a V 1017 VAI
KRAI

•
Here R is resistance constant .

•
The value of constant depends on the nature length area
Of
cross -
section and temperature of the conductor

V =
potential
difference
I = Current
R = Resistance

I - I
R

1=12
I

From above .

If p.D . is doubled current

gets
doubled and vice-versa for halved .
Q An electric iron draws current of supply
.
a 34A
from 220N
line . What current will this electric ion draw when connected in
990 V
supply line ?

* OHM 's LAW :

→
The electric current flowing through the conductor is directly
proportional to the potential difference applied across it .

That means ,
I a V Units
current a
Voltage Resistance -
r ohm

.
: V x I

V = Rt Current -

Ampere
Voltage -
volt

R is
proportionally constant
i. e . Resistance of the circuit
Resistance CR) =
Voltage
current CI)

Cf If
- -
-

electric line
-

.
an bulb connect to izzo.v ,
,
draws an electric

:IuiIIIn
,

current of
'
IIA : then what will be the
of filament of
a bulb ?

I
V.
=
220 V
0.5A
R -

¥ f? - =

EIJI (Remos)
R = 9
O

* Resistivity :

•
Resistivity is
defined as the resistance offered by the material
section
per length for unit cross -
.

• The SI unit of resistivity is Ohm meter .

 The conducting
"
resistance of any substance is proportional to
directly
•

length and inversely proportional to the area of cross section of the

substance .

It has been found from the experiment that

R - e -
④
and Re 9 -

④
-

Combining equation ⑦ and

Ratz IORI R=Px£

Here , P is the resistivity constant of material .

Rearranging
-
the
-
Equation
-
:

Resistivity , P=RxA_
l
R resistance conductor
=
of
A section conductor
= area
of cross -

of
conductor
l =
length of the .

Unit of resistivity
F- Rcr) x Acme) -

-
rxm2
-

dem) m

Unit of resistivity = Dm

i. e . Ohm -
meter

* Series Combination
4
If the circuit is in such a way that the current flowing through
each resistor is the same and
only one
path is available for it
to flow is called series connection .
 mum . mm mm -

Rg R2 Rs
L V
,
'

V2 VS

T
#
-

According to Ohm's law :

V IR-
-

So , Vg - IR ,
V2 =
IRS
Vg =IR3

Total V= Vg -1 V2 + Vs

IR = IR -1 IRA t IR,
is in circuit
as I
equal whole .

IR - I (Rgt Rst Rs )
R =
Rg t R2 t Rs

*
Important points of series connection :

9. Current flowing through each resistance is same .

2. Total
voltage drop equal to the sum
of each voltage drop
.

3. Total resistance greater than the largest

will be
always
resistance .
* Merits (advantages) of series connection :

9. It is used to control the current in circuit .

2.
Damage of electric appliances can be prevented if connected in
series .

3. Stops the short circuit

* Demerits Disadvantages) of( series connection :

9. As voltage gets divided in series .

They can not give efficient output as they get divided

voltage .

2. If
fault occurs in one appliance ,
current stops flowing further
in series connection .

* Parallel Connection :

V
Tg
-

nvm
I
Iz I
#

mm

T
-3

→
In a circuit , if more than one path are available for
the to the drops
current
flow and
voltage across two ends
resistor this is called parallel connection
of each are same ,
.

-
As here ,
current is divided .

I =
Ig t Iz + Is

V IR
In Vz -1¥ I
-

=
+
-

I ,
= I ,

R
 E- VI. +
E. +
ET
I F. IT Is
-
- -
+ +

Voltage drop remains same .

Current gets divided into each path .

Magnitude of equivalent resistance is

always smaller than the
smallest resistance .

* Merits of Parallel Connection :

•
If three bulbs are connected in parallel if ,
one
gets fused ,
other
two continues to work .

•
In parallel connection breakup does not occur .

Home fan bulb light T.V

appliances such etc all work
••
as -
. on
, , , ,

connection
parallel .

Home fan bulb light T.V

appliances such etc all work
••
as -
. on
, , , ,

connection
parallel .

• As equivalent current value is decreased more current can be

obtained .

9. Find out Total Equivalent Resistance in below circuits

www.vk.2-r
Mt Mr

3h 3h 4h

#
2. Find total effective resistance of the circuit :

57mW
r
92
→
285L
mm

+ +

( )
-
-

•
④

3. Find Reg =

5h 5h

MM MM

5h

Mt
t -

(j

4. Find Reg =
?
301 3052
251
mum mum mum

+
( )
-

oooo
 . A. P.D. Of 250 V is applied across a resistance Of 500ohm an

electric iron . Calculate Ci ) current and Cii) Heat energy in ,

?
joules in to seconds
[O.SI]
9250J

A Graph between V and J : As current is directly proportional

to potential difference the graph of
V and T would be linear .

%
§
§

Potential difference Cv)

* Factors affecting the Resistance of a conductor :

The
4 electrical resistance of a conductor depends on the
following
factors :

Length is doubled resistance also

gets doubled
°
• . .

ii) Effect of Area of cross - section of conductor :

The the the

resistance of conductor is
inversely proportional to
•

section
area
of cross -

i. e .

]
Re
£[ Area of cross -
section is A
 i. e .
d) Thick wire is used for making low resistance .

ii) Thin wire is used

for making ( getting high resistance .

The is represented
thickness of wire by its diameter
-
.

iii ) Effect of Nature of Material

of the conductor :

•
Some material have low resistance whereas others have high
resistance .

For lets take

e.g, two wire
of equal length one is copper metal
-

and other nichrome alloy we will find ,

nichrome wire 's resistance

is more than copper wire .

iv) Effect of Temperature :

It has been found that the resistance

of all metals
•

pure
increases the
on
raising temperature and decreases on
lowering
the temperature .

Numerical
A section
→
copper
•
wire of length 2M and area of cross

resistance of 2×90-2
-

9. 7×90 m2 has a ohms .

Calculate the resistivity of copper .

Heating Effect of Current

When an electric current is

passed through a
high resistance
wire , like nichrome wire the resistance wire becomes
very hot and
heat
produces .

This is called
heating effect of current .

Expression :

When electric
an
change and moves
against a
potential difference v
,
the amount of work done is
given by :
 W =
Ox V
But ,

I =
Ott i.e .
f- It

Putting ,
W . It x V
also , V = IR

W -
- It x TR
W = I'Rt

Here the electrical consumed is converted

→
assuming
,
all energy
into heat
energy ,
we can write '
Heat
produced
'
in place of
'
work

done '
in above equation ,

H= I' Rt Joules law

"

heating
"
→
of
→
Here the heat
produced in a wire is directly proportional to .
'

i ) Square of current
ii) Resistance
of wire
iii) Time t
for which ,
current is

passed .

* Application of the
Heating Effect of current :

9) The heating effect of current is utilised in the working of

electrical appliances such as electric iron ,
electric kettle , electric toaster

electric oven , room heaters ,

etc .

2) The heating effect of electric current is utilised in electric

bulbs ( electric lamps) for producing light .

Tungsten metal is used for making the filament of

electric bulbs because it has a very high meeting point ( can be
kept white hot without
melting)
-

3)The heating effect of electric current is utilised in electric fuse

for protecting household wiring and electrical appliances .
 Electric Power
* We know that the rate of doing work is called
power
so electric
power is the electric work done per unit time .

i. e .

Power
w÷:÷dfTen I
- -

→ We have already known , work done by current J in time

T under P.D. Of V is
by
given :

W = Vx Ix t

So ,
Pe VxIxt

*
F- VI
→ Here ,

V= Potential difference in volts

I -_ Current in
Ampere

Also further can be derived

,
power
P= V x I D= V x I
New ,
R =
I Now ,
R - I
I I

V -
IR I =
I
P=IRxI R Pe VI
Pe V x I R
F- I' R R
 So P V I
x All these formulas for
.
,

P= I '
XR
P =
I
calculating power .

Relation between 9kWh and Joule :

9kWh = 9 kilo watt for 9 hour

= 9000
for 9 hour

Second
= 9000×60×60 Joules .

= 36 , 00,000 Joules .

9kWh = 3.6 X 906 J .

also its called 9 unit commercially

Numerical

9) A radio set of 60 watt runs for 50 hours .

Kow much electrical energy is consumed ?

2) Two identical resistors each of resistance 12h are connected :

9) In series

%) In parallel inturn 90 a
battery of 6 V ? Calculate ratio of power
consumed in combination of resistors in the two cases . [ 20923 .
 . adhle.i @ adhle.i

Magnetic Effects
of Electric
C rrent
CH 13 P Ca 10
No e + 10 Yea In eg a ed PYQ'
 MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC lumpiest
Oersted 's Experiment
* Flans Christian Oersted ,
one of the leading scientists accidently
discovered that a compass needle got deflected when an electric
current passed through a metallic wire placed nearby .

Through this Oersted that and

observation showed electricity magnetism
-

were related phenomena .

Resistor R
I +
-

s A
→
Long straight
1-
conductor

B -

O
D

#
y
K
•
Magnetic Field :
→

Region around a
magnet in which its force can be detected is known
as
magnetic field .

It has both magnitude and direction .

•
Magnetic Field Lines :
→ The path along which the north pole of small magnetic compass move

when placed in magnetic field .

Properties of Magnetic Field Lines

if They are directed from north pole to south pole outside the
magnet and vice inside the
versa
magnet .

iil Magnetic field lines are closed and curved .

Magnetic field lines never intersect .

iiflhe degree of closeness of the field times give the relative

strength of the field lines .

if If the magnetic field lines are close ,

the field is
stronger if field
,

lines are far apart ,

magnetic field is weak .

Magnetic field due to a Current -

harrying Conductor

9 .

Magnetic field lines are concentric circles with centre at wide .

2.
Magnitude of magnetic field increases if current is increased .

3.
Magnitude of magnetic field decreases if we move away from wire .
RIGHT FIAND THUMB Ruthie

I If a current carrying conductor is

imagined to be held in
right
hand such that thumb points in direction of current ,
then curled
fingers of hand indicate the direction of magnetic field .

If current flows in upward direction then direction will be anticlockwise .

Magnetic Field due to Current through a circular Loop

*
Everypoint on the wire carrying current give rise to the magnetic
field appearing as a straight line at the centre of loop
,
.

By applying Right Hand Thumb Rule we can find the direction of ,

magnetic field at every section of the wire .

 Magnetic Field due to Current Carrying Solenoid
Solenoid :
-

A coil of many circular turns of insulated copper wire wrapped

closely in the shape of a
cylinder is called solenoid .

•
When electric current flows through a solenoid, magnetic field is
set around solenoid similar to that of a bar
magnet
up .

One end of a solenoid act as a north

pole and other as south

pole .

Magnetic field is represented by straight magnet field lines

parallel and very close to each other .

Magnetic field inside a

long solenoid decreases as we move

towards ends of solenoid because magnetic field lines near the

ends of solenoid start spreading out .

Force On A- Current Carrying Conductor

4 Electric current flowing through a conductor produces a

magnetic field .

tithe field so produced exerts a force on a magnet placed in the

vicinity ( nearby 134127 -4kt)
of the conductor .

llfrench scientist Andre Marie Ampere (9775-9836) Suggested that the

magnet must also exert an equal and opposite force on the
current -

carrying conductor .
9. The experiment shows that the direction of force on the
conductor depends upon the direction of current and the direction

of the magnetic field .

2. When current carrying conductor is placed perpendicular to the

direction of magnetic field the maximum displacement occurs indicating
,

the maximum
force on the conductor .

Fleming 's Left -

Hand Rule

→ Stretch the left hand such that the thumb , first finger and
Central finger are
mutually perpendicular to each other .

→
If the first finger points in direction of magnetic field and
central finger points in direction of current , then the thumb will

point in direction of force .

 Electric Motor

* An electric motor is a
rotating device that converts electrical
energy to mechanical energy .

-
It works on the basis of rule suggested by Marie Ampere and

Fleming 's left hand rule .

•
Principle :

It is based on the principle that when a

rectangular coil is placed
in a magnetic field and current is passed through it , two equal
and opposite forces act on the coil which rotates it continuously .

•
Construction : It comprises :
1) Armature :

→ The soft iron core ,

on which coil is wound including the coils is
called armature .

It enhances the power of the motor .

ii) Commutator or split ring :

→
It is a device that reverses the direction of flow of current
through a circuit .

iii ) Magnet :

→ The permanent magnet ( NS) supplies the magnetic field .

iv) Brush and battery .

Working of electric motor :

When the current begins to

flow ,
it flows through brush X , then Ato B , B to C.Cto D
and then to brush Y and into the battery .

Now applying Fleming's Left Hand Rule to wire AB Current is , along AB ,

Magnetic Field is
as shown ( North → South) the motion of the wire is downwards
,
.

Nowapplying Fleming 's Left Hand Rule to wire CD Current is along ,

CD , Magnetic field is as

shown ( North South) the motion of wire is upwards

→
,
.

The rectangular coil begins to move in the anti clockwise -

direction .

Note that during anti clockwise motion the split rings and
-

,
axle also move , whereas
the brushes don't move .

After half a rotation Wire CD and

. Split ring O moves to the left .

wire AB and Split ring P moves to the right .

Brushes X and Y do not move .

Now applying Fleming 's Left Hand Rule to wire CD .

Current is
along DC . (Battery →
Split ring
→
DC ,Magnetic Field is as shown ( North
South) , the motion of the
→ wire is downwards .

Now applying Fleming 's Left Hand Rule to wire AB Current is along ,
BA .
(Battery Split →
ring
→
DC →
CB BA
→

Split ring P) Magnetic

→
,
field is as shown (North-South) the motion , of
wire is
upwards .

So again the coil rotates

,
in the anti clockwise
-

direction .

The reversal of current in the coil results in the continuous rotation of the coil .

The reversal of current is achieved the commutator

by rings
-

* The
speed of rotation of the motor can be increased by :

Increasing the strength of the current in the coil

•

Increasing the number

of turns in the coil .

•
Increasing the area of the coil .

•
Increasing the strength of magnetic field .
* In commercial motor , electromagnet instead of permanent magnet and
armature .

→
Large number of turns of conducting wire enhances the
magnetic
field produced by armature .

* Application of electric motor : It is used in fans ,

mixers , computers etc .

* Electromagnetic induction :

4 When a conductor is placed in a

changing magnetic field ,
some

current is induced in it .

-
Such a current is called induced current and the phenomenon is
called electromagnet induction .

-
The electricity produced as a result of induced current is called
electromagnetic induction , and was discovered by Michael Faraday .

Galvanometer

•
It is an instrument used to detect the presence of current in a

circuit .

Depending upon the direction of current it . deflects either to the left

to the of the
or
right zero mark .
 Fleming 's Right Hand Rule :

Electromagnetic induction can be explained with the help of Fleming 's

right hand rule .

•
Hold the thumb , the fore finger and the middle finger of right hand
at right angles to each other .

•
If the fore finger is in the direction of magnetic field and the thumb
is in the direction of the motion of the conductor then the
,
middle finger gives
the direction of the induced current .

The
mutually perpendicular direction also point to an important fact that
•

when the magnetic field and movement of conductor are perpendicular ,

the magnitude of induced current would be maximum .

Electromagnetic induction is used in the conversion of kinetic energy into

electrical energy .