ENGINEERING MECHANICS CHARACTERISTIC OF A FORCE

 External forces of an assembly rigid bodies 1. Magnitude – amount of force - 50kN, 40kN
2. Direction – orientation of path – 50kN / 30deg
TYPES OF MECHANICS

1. Statics – At rest & remain at rest before & after

the application of forces.
2. Dynamic – Inducing any motion.

Equilibrium – acts on a body vanishes (0 kN) NO

MOVEMENT

Forces – System of Units

3. Vector Unit – magnitude + direction

4. Scalar Unit – magnitude

Kinds of Loads

1 Newton is the force req. to give a mass of 1 kg an

acceleration of 1 m/s2

1. Concentrated Load – 1 lang ang bigat (1 point)

: Column, Cable wires, Trusses
2. Linearly Distributed Load – A Line (weight)
: Beam (Uniformly)
3. Surface Load – at an Area ( kN/m2 = kPa )
4. Body Force – Weight of surface load

Unit of Force >>> Newton (kg > < m/s2)

Gravity = 9.81 m/s2

 4. Resultant forces – representative force of
cumulative effect
5. Component of a Force – part of resultant force
resolved at direction of coordinated axes
6. Reaction – force developed by a body on which

force or system of force acts

Density of Concrete = 2,400 kg/m3

W = Density x Volume

KINDS OF LOAD

1. Point Load – Concentrated imposed @ 1 point

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
2. Uniform Load – series of concentrated load ,  Branch of engineering deals with internal
uniform magnitude: Linear, Area, Surface (kN/m
effects of force on body.
or kN/m2)
3. Varying Load – Not Uniform Load (water,soil) 5 EFFECTS OF FORCES

1. Compression – shortening or state of pushing

together
FORCE SYSTEM
2. Tension – stretching or state of pulling apart
1. Parallel Forces – set of forces having same 3. Shear – force tending to cause deformation
direction not converge common point (opposite parallel forces)
2. Coplanar Forces – set of forces acting on single 4. Bending – force producing both tension &
plane compression on cross section of body
3. Concurrent Forces – set of forces having all its a. Compression – TOP
b. Tension – BOTTOM
5. Torsion – twisting effect

AXIAL LOADS

1. Axial forces – done along the longitudinal axis /

length of the material
2. Axial Stresses – develops to resist axial force
directions converge a common point
STRESS & STRAIN RELATIONSHIP
 1. Stress – unit strength of element

Formula: FORCE over AREA

2. Strain – unit deformation of material subjected
to applied load
FORMULA: change in L over original L

N/mm2 = MPa

ASSIGNMENT
Live Load: KPa or KN/m2

3f – 3.6 KN/m2 x AREA or = 3.6 (6m x 3m) = 6.48 KN

STRESS – STRAIN DIAGRAM 2f – 4.0 KN/m2 = 4.0 (6 x 3) = 72 KN

PROPONTIONAL LIMIT Gf – 4.8 KN/m2 = 4.8 (6 x 3) = 86.4 KN

LIVE LOAD = 3.6 + 4.0 + 4.8 = 12.4 x (6 x3) = 223.2 KN

Dead Load

REINFORCEMENT CONCRETE = 23.6 KN/M3

SLAB: Vs = 6 x 3 x 0.2 = 3.6m3 (Vs = VOLUME OF SLAB) AT YT = A1 Y1 + A2 Y2 + A3 Y3

Ws = 23.6 KN/m3 x 3.6m3 = 84.96 KN/m3 x 3 (floors)

SLAB = 254.88 KN

BEAMS: Vb = 18 x 0.3 x 0.4 = 2.16 m3

THEORY OF STRUCTURES
Wb = 2.16m3 x 23.6 KN/m3 = 50.976 KN x 3 (floors) Beam – bar of forces or couple (moment) – determinate
or indeterminate.
BEAM = 152.928 KN
Beam Support
COLUMNS
Determinacy
Vc2&c3 = 6m 0.3 x 0.3 x 4pcs = 2.16 m3
1. Unstable – Reaction < 2
Wc2&c3 = 2.16m3 x 23.6 KN/m3 = 50.976 KN
2. Stable & Determinate – Reaction = 3
Vc1 = 5m 0.4 x 0.4 x 4pcs = 3.2 m3 3. Stable & Indeterminate – Reaction > 3

Wc2&c3 = 3.2m3 x 23.6 KN/m3 = 75.52 KN

TDL = 254.88 + 152.928 + 50.976 + 75.52 = 534.304 KN

CENTROID

Center of mass of geometric object

FORMULA: AT XT = A1 X1 + A2 X2 + A3 X3
CANTILIVER BEAM – STABLE & DETERMINATE

4 REACTIONS

6 REACTIONS
SHEAR & MOMENT DIAGRAM
SHEAR DIAGRAM – graph represent of variation in
magnitude of external shears – FORCES in KN

MOMENT DIAGRAM - graph represent of variation in

magnitude of bending – BENDING in KN/m

ONE WAY SLAB

Supported on 2 opposite side only – structural action is

SIMPLE BAEM – STABLE & DETERMINATE

OVERHANGING BEAM – STABLE & DETERMINATE

only 1 direction. – ONE WAY ACTION

PROPPED BEAM – INDETERMINATE TO 1ST DEGREE

FIXED END BEAM – INDETERMINATE TO 3RD DEGREE

CONTINUOS BEAM – INDETERMINATE TO 5TH DEGREE

STATICALLY DETERMINATE BEAMS – EQUATION OF

STATIC EQUILIBRIUM

A. CANTILEVER BEAM
B. SIMPLE BEAM
C. OVERHANGING BEAM

STATICALLY INDETERMINATE BEAMS – EXCEED THE

NUMBER OF EQUATIONS IN STATIC

A. PROPPED BEAM
B. FIXED OR RESTRAINED BEAM
C. CONTINUOUS BEAM
Ratio of longer span to shorter span is equal or greater
than 2 (THICKER)
TWO WAY SLAB
Supported on 4 sides – the ration of longer span to
shorter span is LESS THAN 2. – NO TEMPERATURE BARS
TRIBUTARY AREA – METHOD TO DETERMINE HOW TO
DIVIDED THE LOAD
FLAT SLAB
Reinforces concrete slab supported by columns w/out
beams
USED OF COLUMN HEADS
1. Prevent punching shear
2. Increase shear strength
USED OF DROP PANELS
1. Increase shear strength of slab
2. Increase negative moment capacity
3. Stiffen the slab & hence reduce deflection
WAFFLE SLAB
Ribbed floors consisting of equally spaced ribs –
supported directly by columns. One way spanning
systems (RIBBED SLAB OR 2 WAY RIBBED SYSTEM)
TYPES OF COLUMNS
1. SHORT COLUMN – considered to be short when
the ratio of its effective length to its least lateral
dimension does not exceed 12.
KL / r = < 12: SLENDERNESS RATION
 EFFECTIVE LENGTH over LEAST LATERAL
DIMENSION (CRASHING FAILURE)

2. LONG COLUMN - the ratio of its effective length

to its least lateral dimension does exceed 12.
KL / r = < 12: SLENDERNESS RATION

2. COMBINED FOOTING – 2 columns are close

together, causing overlap of adjacent isolated
footing.
a. Soil bearing capacity is low
b. Proximity of bldg. or sewer adjacent to
bldg. column.

EFFECTIVE LENGTH over LEAST LATERAL

DIMENSION (BUCKING FAILURE)
3. INTERMEDIATE COLUMN – column that fail
both CRUSHING & BUCKING

FOOTINGS

1. ISOLATED FOOTING – most common used

footing. Simple & most economical. Support
single column.
a. Column are not closely spaced
b. Loads on footing are less
c. Safe bearing capacity soil
 3. STRAP FOOTING – component of bldg.
foundation. Type of combined footing,
consisting of 2 or more column footing
connected by beam.
*TIE BEAM: CONNECTED COLUMN TO COLUMN
4. MAT FOOTING – consist of 1 footing placed
under the bldg. area.
a. Used when soil bearing capacity is low.
b. Column loads are heavy 7 differential
settlement for single footing are very large
or much be reduced.
ADMIXTURE – material other than water, aggregates or
hydraulic cement as an ingredient of concrete & added
to concrete b4 & during mixing to modify its properties.
a. ACCELERATOR – admixture fasten the
hardening rate or initial time (1 day concrete)
b. RETARDER – admixture which slow the setting
rate ( time from batching plant to purring =
90mins
 Less than 3% of the volume of
the concrete
RICH MIX CONCRETE – MORE CEMENT WAS USE

CONCRETE DESIGN TYPES OF SLUMP

CONCRETE - Artificial stone derived from a mixture of SLUMP – measurement of concretes workability, or
properly proportioned amount of hydraulic cement,
fine aggregates, coarse aggregates & water with or
without admixture.

fluidity. Indirect measurement of concrete consistency

or stiffness. (NOT STRENGTH)

REINFORCED CONCRETE – composite material which

concrete’s relatively low tensile strength & ductility.
SLUMP CONCRETE VARIOU SHAPE & ACCORDING TO BALANCED SECTION – concrete & steel fails at the same
THE PROFILE time.

a. COLLAPSE – more water was used ( for beams & UNDER REINFORCED SECTION – steel before concrete
column ) (fails) commonly used
b. SHEAR – not allowed
OVER REINFORCED SECTION – concrete prior to steel
c. TRUE SLUMP – very OK

(fails) (not allowed) to much steel

APPARATUS
SINGLY REINFORCED BEAM – not commonly used,
SLUMP MOLD ultimate bending moment is less than the limiting
bending moment.
Dimension of slump cone:
Diameter of base = 203mm or 8 inches
Diameter if top = 102mm or 4 inches
Altitude = 305mm or 12 inches

DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAM - compression concrete

should be reinforced with steel to carry compression.

T – BEAM – slab become part of the beam, poured slab

& beam same time.
REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
1. Ultimate Load = Load Factor x Load
2. Ultimate Capacity = Reduction factor x Nominal
Capacity

STRENGTH REDUCTION FACTOR F (Phil)

BEAM
ANALIYSIS & DESIGN OF BEAMS
 Another type of beam failure other than bending is

SHEAR REINFORCEMENTS

SHEAR FAILURE – very dangerous esp. it happen b4

flexure (moment) failure because they occur without
warning.
WITH CONDITION

TYPE OF STIRRUPS

CLEAR COVER

WITH OUT CONDITION

STANDAR HOOKS

TYPES OF HOOKS

135 DEGREE = 6db

LONGITUDINAL BARS
SPACING OF LATERAL TIES
SPACING OF THESE TIES SHALL NOT EXEED:
a. 16 longitudinal bar diameter
b. 48 tie bar diameter or
c. Least dimension of the compression member
LATERAL TIES & STIRRUPS
a. 10mm – Longitudinal bar with 32mm or smaller
b. 12mm – Longitudinal bar with 36mm or larger
& for bundled Longitudinal bar
NAT’L STRUCTURAL CODE OF PHIL. 2015
CHAPTER 1
GEN. REQUIRMENTS
DEFINTION OF TERMS
a. AS GRADED – extent of surface condition on
completion grading – NOT FINISH
b. BEDROCK – in place solid or altered rock
c. BENCH – relatively level step excavated into
earth which fill to be placed
d. BORROW – earth material from off-site use in
grading – NOT EXCAVATED ON SITE
e. COPMACTION – densification of fill by mech. or
chemical – COMPACT (PURO) – MOST
IMPORTANT PROCESS
f. EARTH MATERIAL – any rock, natural soil
g. EROSION – wearing away of ground surface as
result of movement to wind or water
h. EXCAVATION – the mechanical removal of
earth material
i. FILL – deposit of earth mat’l placed by artificial
means
j. GEOTECHINCAL ENGR. – principle of soil & rock
mechanics in investigation, evaluation –
involving the use of earth material &
foundations and inspection or testing.
k. STRUCTURAL ENGR. – discipline of civil engr.
dealing with analysis and design of structures
that support or resist load insuring safety.
l. STRUCTURAL FAILURE – reduction of capability
of structural system – BELOW WHAT IS
REQUIRED.
 1. Catastrophic failure with loss of life
2. Catastrophic failure in which no human lives
are endangered
3. Failure resulting in extensive property
damage
4. Failure resulting in reduced serviceability
NATURE OF OCCUPANCY
 Bldg. & other structure shall be classified based
on nature of occupancy for the purpose of
applying wind & earthquake loads
 Each bldg. shall be assigned to highest
applicable occupancy category
5 NATURE OF OCCUPANCY
1. ESSENTIAL FACILITIES – occupancies having
surgery & emergency treatment areas.
(IMPORTANT STRUCTURE)
2. HAZAEDOUS FACILILITIES – toxic or explosive
chemicals
3. SPECIAL OCCUPANCIES STRUCTURE – less
essential – single storey
4. STANDARD OCCUPANCY – residential
5. MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURE – less priority –
less people ex. Private garage, carport, shed,
fence over 1.5m high.
CHAPTER 2
MINIMUM DESIGN LOADS
 LOADS – forces or other action result from the
weight of all bldg. materials (dead load) ,
occupants & their possessions (live load),
environmental effect ( wind load)
 DEAD LOAD – weight of all materials, fixed
equipment
MINIMUM DENSITIES FOR DESIGN LOADS MAT’L
(kN/m3)
 LIVE LOAD – loads produce by use and
occupancy of the bldg. (furniture included)
MINIMUM UNIFORM & CONCENTRATED LIVE LOADS
 IMPACT LOAD – live load with multiplier (ex.
ELEVATOR, Machinery)
1. Elevator Machinery – 100%
2. Light machinery, shaft or motor drive – 20%
3. Reciprocating or power drive – 50%
4. Hanger for floors & balconies – 33%
 OTHER MINIMUM LOADS
1. ANCHORAGE OF CONCRETE & MASONRY
WALLS
2. INTERIOR WALL LOADS
3. RETAINING WALLS
4. WATER ACCUMULATIONS
5. UPLIFT ON FLOORS & FOUNDATIONS
6. CRANE LOADS
 7. HELIPORT & HELISTOP LANDING AREA
 WIND LOADS
a. BLDG OPEN – bldg. having each wall at least
80% open
b. Bldg. CLOSED – bldg. that does not comply
w/ the req. for open or partially enclosed
bldg.
c. BLDG PARTIALLY ENCLOSED - walls & roofs
by more than 10% and opening in wall that
receives positive external pressure exceeds
0.5 m2 or 1%
IMPORTANCE FACTOR, WIND LOADS
 EARTHQUAKE LOADS
PURPOSE – succeeding earthquake provisions is
primarily to design seismic-resistant structure
(SAFETY OF OCCUPANTS)
SEISMIC IMPORTANT FACTORS
IMPORTANCE FACTOR – factor that accounts for the
degree of hazard to human life & damage to property
SEISMIC SOURCE TYPES
DEFENITIONS
1. BEARING WALL SYSTEM – struct. system w/out
complete vertical load caring space frame
2. BRACED FRAME – essentially vertical truss
system of the concentrated or eccentric type
that provide to resist lateral force
3. BASE SHEAR, V – design lateral force or shear at
the base
 4. STORY SHEAR – the summation of design lateral EARTHWORKS & FOUNDATIONS
force above the story under consideration
5. STORY DRIFT – horizontal deflection at the top
GENERAL – excavation or fill for bldg. shall be
of the story relative to the bottom of story
constructed such that they do not endanger life or
6. STORY DRIFT RATIO – the story drift divided by
property
the story height
CUT (SLOPES) – cut surface shall be not steeper than is
safe for intended use & shall be no steeper than 1 unit
(50% slope)

EXCAVATIONS:

7. P-DELTA – secondary effect on shear & moment
of structural members (NO EARTQUAKE EFFECT)
8. SOFT STORY – stiffness of the story above (less
than 70%)
1. Footing – existing footing or foundation which
may undetermined by any excavation shall be
underpinned adequately
2. Support of Excavations & Open Cuts – excess of
1.5m depth shall be adequately designed
shoring or support to protect against collapse

FILLS:

1. Compaction – fills be compacted on lifts NOT

EXCEEDING 20CM IN THICKNESS TO MIN. OF
90% OF MAX. DENSITY as determined by ASTM
STANDARD D-1557

FOUNDATION INVESTIGATION – 2 storey or higher, an

exhaustive geotechnical study shall be performed to
evaluate in site soil (BORING TEST)

9. WEAK STORY – strength of the story (less than

80%)
10. LATERAL FORCE RESISTING FRAME – part of
structural system to resist the design seismic
force (WL & EQL)
11. MOMENT RESISTING FRAME – capable of
resisting force by flexure
12. DIAPHRAM – horizontal system acting to
transmit lateral force to vertical resisting
elements
13. SHEAR WALL – designed to resist lateral forces
parallel to place of wall

CHAPTER 3