MECHANICS CONVERSION OF UNITS

Science which describes and predicts the conditions

of rest or motion of bodies under the action of forces QUANTITY UNIT (FPS) EQUALS UNIT (SI)
FORCE lb 4.4482 N
CATEGORIES OF MECHANICS MASS Slug 14.5938
• RIGID BODIES kg
o STATICS LENGTH Ft 0.3048 m
o DYNAMICS • 1 ft = 12 inches
• DEFORMABLE BODIES • 5280 ft = 1 mile
• FLUIDS • 1000 lb = 1 kip (kilo per pound)
Mechanics is an applied science. • 2000 lb = 1 ton

Mechanics is the foundation of most engineering PREFIXES

sciences and is an indispensable prerequisite to their - Letters added to a unit to either decrease
study or increase the value

FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS MULTIPLE EXPONENTIA PREFI SI

• LENGTH L FORM X SYMBO
- Needed to locate the position of a point L
in space 1,000,000,00 109 Giga G
- Distance is described in terms of a 0
1,000,000 106 Mega M
standard unit of length
1,000 103 Kilo K
• SPACE 0.001 10-3 Milli m
- Associated with the notion of the position 0.000 001 10-6 Micro 𝑢
of a point p given in terms of three 0.000 000 10-9 Nano n
coordinates measured from a reference 001
point or origin
• TIME
- Definition of an event requires
specification of time and position at
which it occurred
• MASS
- Used to characterize and compare bodies
- E.g. response to earth’s gravitational
attraction and resistance to changes in WEIGHT OF A BODY
translational motion - The weight of a body, or force of gravity
• FORCE is exerted on that body, should also be
- Represent the action of one body on expressed in NEWTON
another - Weight is a force
- A force is characterized by its point of FORMULA:
application, magnitude, and direction W = mg g = 9.8 m/s2 (32.2 ft/s2)
- I.e. a force is a vector quantity

SYSTEM OF UNITS CLASSIFICATION OF FORCES ON RIGID BODIES

NAME LENGTH TIME MASS FORCE 1. External force on a body is a force generated
INTERNATIONAL Meter (m) Second (s) Kilogra Newton
SYSTEM OF m (kg)
(
𝑘𝑔 × 𝑚
)
outside the body (i.e. load on the body)
UNITS (SI)
U.S. CUSTOMARY Foot (ft) Second (s) Slug
𝑠2
Pound
2. Internal force on a body is a force generated
FPS
(
𝑙𝑏 ⋅ 𝑠 2
)
lb inside the body (to keep the body together)
𝑓𝑡
3. Applied force is an external force on the body
• Derived unit that tries to change the state of movement of
the body (ex.: the force with which the earth
attracts; person (the weight of the reason)
 4. Reaction force is an external force that
inhibits change in the state of movement of a
body when acted on by an applied force
5. Distributed force is a force density (i.e. N/m)
FREE-BODY DIAGRAM – 1st step of solving
• SPACE DIAGRAM – a sketch showing the
physical conditions of the problem
• FREE-BODY DIAGRAM – a sketch showing
only the forces on the selected particle.
External forces are shown in a free-body
diagram
METHOD OF PROBLEM SOLUTION
FORCE SYSTEMS ACCORDING TO LINE OF ACTION
1. CONCURRENT FORCES
- Forces whose lines of action pass through
a common point
2. PARALLEL FORCES
- Forces whose lines of actions are parallel
3. NON-CONCURRENT FORCES
- Forces whose lines of action are neither
parallel nor intersect in a common point
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES
- NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION
1. NEWTON’S FIRST LAW
- If the resultant force on a particle is zero,
the particle will remain at rest or continue
to move in a straight line
- Law of equilibrium
2. NEWTON’S SECOND LAW
- A particle will have an acceleration
proportional to a non-zero resultant
applied force
- Formula: 𝐹⃗ = 𝑚𝑎⃗
- Law of acceleration
3. NEWTON’S THIRD LAW
- The forces of action and reaction between
two particles have the same magnitude
and line of action with opposite sense
- Law of action reaction
4. PRINCIPLE OF TRANSMISSIBILITY
- Moving the point of application of the
force F to the rear bumper does not affect
the motion or the rear bumper does not
affect the motion or the other forces
acting on the truck
- The principle of transmissibility of a force
state that the external effect of a force on
a body is the same for all points of
application along its line of action
• PROBLEM STATEMENT
- Includes given data, specification of what
is to be determined, and a figure showing
all quantities involved
• FREE BODY DIAGRAMS
- Create separate diagrams for each of the
bodies involved with a clear indication of
all forces acting upon/on each other
• FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES
- Determine what theories are required for
solution
- Write down the equations to be used
- Makes substitutions into the equations
only after you are confident that all the
correct equations have been selected
• SOLUTION CHECK
- Test fir errors in reasoning by verifying
that the units of the computed results are
correct
- Test for errors in computation by
substituting given data and computed
results
- Always apply experience and physical
institution to assess whether results seem
reasonable
1. Forces that intersect at one point
CONCURRENT FORCE SYSTEMS
2. When the resultant of all forces acting on a
particle is zero EQUILIBRIUM
3. Measure of a tendency of force to make the
rigid body rotate about a fixed axis
perpendicular to the plane of the force
MOMENT OF FORCE
4. The longer the moment arm (d), the greater
the moment or turning effect TRUE
5. The moment of the resultant of concurrent
forces is NOT equal to the sum of the
moments about the same point FALSE
6. Theory that states moment of the resultant of
concurrent forces is equal to the sum of the
moments about the same point VARIGNON’S
THEOREM
7. ODD ONE OUT: the following are the
conditions of equilibrium except THE SUM OF
THE FORCES IS ZERO
8. A physical science that relates the state of
rest or motion of a body subjected to
external sources MECHANICS
9. Deals with bodies under acceleration motion
DYNAMICS
10. Explores the interaction of forces of bodies at
rest STATICS
11. Attribute that tends to maintain or alter the
motion of a body or to distort it FORCE
12. The external effect of a force is the same for
all points of application along its line of
action PRINCIPLE OF TRANSMISSIBILITY
13. Weights of members and other fixed
structures DEAD LOAD
14. Weights which are inconsistently present or
moving LIVE LOAD
15. Load that varies with altitude WIND LOAD
16. Load that varies with distance from active
faults and tectonic activity SEISMIC LOAD
17. Refers to a set of forces that act on an object
or structure FORCE SYSTEMS
18. Forces that are all in the same plane or can
be analyzed in two dimensions COPLANAR
FORCES
19. The SI unit for force is NEWTON
20. The value of g or acceleration due to gravity
of a body is 9.81 m/s2
21. Our subject, statics of rigid bodies, is a
branch of mechanics that deals with non-
deformable bodies in equilibrium TRUE
22. The 5kN-Force applied to the cantilever beam
as shown is a…
SINGLE LOAD
23. The measure of tendency of a force to make a
rigid body rotate about a fixed axis MOMENT
24. THE 60kN-m applied to the cantilever beam
as shown is a
COUPLE LOAD
25. The complete definition of static equilibrium
of a rigid body is NO TRANSLATION AND NO
ROTATION
26. The force is characterized by its point of
application, magnitude, and DIRECTION
27. This law states that if the resultant force on a
particle is zero, the particle will remain at rest
or continue to move in a straight-line
NEWTON’S FIRST LAW OF MOTION
28. A force system where forces whose lines of
action pass through a common point
CONCURRENT FORCES
29. An external force that inhibits change in the
state of movement of a body when acted on
by an applied force REACTION FORCE
30. 0.02 kilometer is equivalent to 20 METERS
31. The state of condition in a body wherein the
resultant is zero EQUILIBRIUM
32. The science which describes and predicts the
conditions of rest or motion of bodies under
the action of forces MECHANICS
33. The signs of x and y components of a force
vector in the second quadrant are NEGATIVE
AND POSITIVE respectively
34. This principle states that the external effect of
a force on a body is the same for all points of
application along its line of action PRINCIPLE
OF TRANSMISSIBILITY
RESULTANT OF FORCES
MODULE #1 PART 2

OBJECTIVES
- Distinguish vector from scalar quantities and operate on these quantities
- Resolve vector quantities such as force into components
- Solve for the resultant of the forces using graphical and analytical method

OUTLINE
• Scalar and Vector Quantities
• Resultant of Forces by Graphical Method
• Resultant of Forces by Analytical Method

SCALAR AND VECTOR QUANTITIES

SCALAR VECTOR

VECTORS

Vector classifications:
- FIXED OR BOUND VECTORS have well defined points of application that cannot be changed without
affecting an analysis
- FREE VECTORS may be freely moved in space without changing their effect on analysis
- SLIDING VECTORS may be applied anywhere along their line of action without affecting an analysis

• EQUAL VECTORS have the same magnitude and • NEGATIVE VECTOR of a given vector has the
direction same magnitude and the opposite direction
 RESULTANT OF FORCES (SUM OF FORCES)
RESULTANT OF FORCES (SUM OF FORCES)
- Getting the magnitude
- FORCE: action on one body on another; characterized by its POINT OF APPLICATION, MAGNITUDE, LINE OF
ACTION, AND SENSE/DIRECTION
- Experimental evidence shows that the combined effect of two forces may be represented by a single
resultant force
- The resultant is equivalent to the diagonal of a parallelogram which contains the two forces in adjacent legs

TWO METHODS TO COMPUTE FOR THE RESULTANT (SUM) OF FORCE VECTORS:

1. Graphical method using parallelogram 2. Analytical method by resolving the components

(x and y components) of each force vector.

1. Graphical Method to Determine Resultant of Forces (Using geometry)

Using parallelogram law and triangle law:

• LAW OF COSINES • LAW OF SINES

COMPONENT METHOD: RESOLVING

SIGN CONVENTION OF COMPONENTS

QUADRANT X-COMPONENT (FX) Y-COMPONENT (FY)

RESULTANT BY ADDING COMPONENTS OF FORCES

• Resolve each force into rectangular components

• The components of the resultant are equal to the sum of the corresponding components of the given forces.
MAGNITUDE AND DIRECTION OF THE RESULTANT (ANALYTICAL METHOD IN SOLVING FOR RESULTANT)

• To find the resultant magnitude and direction

STATICS OF RIGID BODIES: MODULE 2
EQUILIBRIUM OF CONCURRENT FORCE SYSTEMS

OBJECTIVES

• Explain three laws of motion by Newton

• Apply equilibrium equations to a system and solve for unknown external forces
OUTLINE

• Equilibrium of a particle
• Conditions of equilibrium for concurrent forces

EQUILIBRIUM OF A PARTICLE (CONCURRENT FORCES)

• When the resultant of all forces acting on a particle is zero, the particle is in equilibrium
• Particle acted upon by two forces:
o Equal magnitude
o Same line of action
o Opposite sense
• NEWTON’S FIRST LAW: If the resultant force on a particle is zero, the particle will remain at rest or will
continue at constant speed in a straight line

CONDITIONS OF EQUILIBRIUM (EQUATIONS OF EQUILIBRIUM)

• Particle acted upon by three or more forces:

 METHODS OF SOLVING CONCURRENT FORCES
METHOD 1: USING HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL AXES

• Take the X and Y components of the forces

• Get the summation of each component and equate them to 0
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS
EXAMPLE 1: Find the tensions at AD and AB.
EXAMPLE 2: Determine the tensions at AB and AC if the weight being supported is 100 kN.
STATICS OF RIGID BODIES: MODULE #2
MOMENT OF A FORCE

MOMENT OF A FORCE

OBJECTIVES

• Explain three laws of motion by newton

• Apply equilibrium equations to a system and solve for unknown external forces

OUTLINE

• Moment of a force
• Moment Arm
• Varignon’s Theorem
• Couples

MOMENT OF A FORCE

• Is the measure of the tendency of a force F to make the rigid body rotate about a fixed axis perpendicular to the
plane of the force F
STATICS OF RIGID BODIES: MODULE #2
MOMENT OF A FORCE

MOMENT OF A FORCE ABOUT A POINT

• Point O – fixed point/axis on the plane of the force and point

• r – position of F acting at pt. a relative to the fixed-point O. It is a vector from the point to the line of action F
• point A – point of application of force F

SIGN CONVENTION OF A MOMENT

STATICS OF RIGID BODIES: MODULE #2
MOMENT OF A FORCE

VARIGNON’S THEOREM

• The moment about a given point O of the result of several concurrent forces is equal to the sum of moments of
several concurrent forces is equal to the sum of the various moments about the same point O
• Varignon’s Theorem makes it possible to replace the direct determination of the moment of a force F by the
moments of two or more component forces of F
STATICS OF RIGID BODIES: MODULE #2
MOMENT OF A FORCE
COUPLES

• Sometimes the resultant of a force system will be zero in magnitude and yet have a resultant moment sum
• A couple is made up of two equal, parallel, oppositely directed forces
STATICS OF RIGID BODIES: MODULE #2
MOMENT OF A FORCE
EQUILIBRIUM OF PARALLEL AND NON-CONCURRENT FORCE SYSTEMS

OUTLINE

• 3rd equation of Equilibrium of a Rigid body

STATICS OF RIGID BODIES: MODULE #2
MOMENT OF A FORCE
STATICS OF RIGID BODIES: MODULE #2
MOMENT OF A FORCE
STATICS OF RIGID BODIES: MODULE #2
MOMENT OF A FORCE
STATICS OF RIGID BODIES: MODULE #2
MOMENT OF A FORCE
STATICS OF RIGID BODIES: MODULE #2
MOMENT OF A FORCE
STATICS OF RIGID BODIES: MODULE #2
MOMENT OF A FORCE
STATICS OF RIGID BODIES: MODULE #2
MOMENT OF A FORCE
STATICS OF RIGID BODIES: MODULE #2
MOMENT OF A FORCE
STATICS OF RIGID BODIES: MODULE #2
MOMENT OF A FORCE
-------------------------
Supports and Reactions
Statics of Rigid Bodies: Module #3

-------------------------
------------------- Objectives -------------------

Apply equilibrium equations to a system and solve for

unknown external forces.

Analyze simple structures such as trusses and beams

3
--------------------- Outline ---------------------
▪ Conditions for rigid-body equilibrium
▪ Support Reactions
▪ Support Types
▪ Reactions and Constraints

4
Rigid Body

• Statics deals primarily with the

calculation of external forces which
act on rigid bodies in equilibrium.
• A rigid body is a combination of a
large number of particles occupying
fixed positions with respect to each
other.

5
Conditions for rigid-body equilibrium

CONCURRENT FORCES:
We considered forces acting on a particle
(concurrent forces).
In this case rotation is not a concern, so
equilibrium could be satisfied by:

 F = 0 (no translation)
Forces on a particle
Conditions for rigid-body equilibrium

We also considered cases where forces are

not concurrent so we are also concerned that
the rigid body does not rotate.
In order for a rigid body to be in equilibrium,
the net force as well as the net moment about
any arbitrary point O must be equal to zero.

 F = 0 (no translation)
and  MO = 0 (no rotation)
Forces on a rigid body

7
Conditions for rigid-body equilibrium
• The equilibrium of a body is expressed as:

F = 0
M = 0 O

8
Support Reactions

• If a support prevents the translation of a

body in a given direction, then a force is
developed on the body in that direction.

• If rotation is prevented, a couple

moment is exerted on the body.
SUPPORT TYPES AND REACTIONS (2D):

1. Cables
• No of Unknown: 1

10
SUPPORT TYPES AND REACTIONS (2D):

• The crane is lifting a load. To decide if the straps

holding the load to the crane hook will fail, you need
to know the force in the straps. How could you find
the forces?

Straps

11
SUPPORT TYPES AND REACTIONS (2D):

2. Contacting Surface
• No of Unknown: 1

12
SUPPORT TYPES AND REACTIONS (2D):

3. Roller Support
• No of Unknown: 1

13
SUPPORT TYPES AND REACTIONS (2D):

14
SUPPORT TYPES AND REACTIONS (2D):

4. Pin Support
• No of Unknown: 2

15
SUPPORT TYPES AND REACTIONS (2D):

Pin connections allow

rotation.
Reactions at pins are
forces and NOT
MOMENTS.

Degrees of Freedom

16
SUPPORT TYPES AND REACTIONS (2D):

5. Slider or Constrained Pin

• No of Unknown: 1

17
SUPPORT TYPES AND REACTIONS (2D):

6. Fixed Support
• No of Unknown: 3

18
SUPPORT TYPES AND REACTIONS (2D):

1
UNKNOWN
a. Cables
b. Contacting Surface
c. Rollers
d. Sliders
e. Rocker
f. Member pinned to Collar
g. Weightless links
SUPPORT TYPES AND REACTIONS (2D):

2
UNKNOWN
a. Pin or hinge
b. Member Fixed to collar
SUPPORT TYPES AND REACTIONS (2D):

3
UNKNOWN
a. Fixed Support
Cantilever Beam

• U.C. parking structure 'A'. The

variable depth cantilever slab
supports its own weight, automobile
loading, and also any impact due to
an automobile hitting the timber
wall guard. (University of California,
Berkeley)

22
SUPPORT REACTIONS

Equations of Equilibrium

• For equilibrium of a rigid body in 2D,

∑Fx = 0; ∑Fy = 0; ∑MO = 0

• ∑Fx and ∑Fy represent sums of x and y components of all the forces
• ∑MO represents the sum of the couple moments and moments of the
force components
23
Practice

24
Practice

25
Practice
• Draw a FBD of member ABCD, which is supported by a slider at A, roller
at B and pin at D.

26
Practice
• Solve for the support reactions of this simply supported beam.

27
Practice
• Solve for the support reactions of this truss.

28
Practice
• Solve for the supports of this cantilever beam.

29
REACTION AND CONSTRAINTS

30
Completely Constrained
• Rigid body could not possibly move

31
Partially Constrained
• Constraints are not sufficient to keep the body from moving

32
Statically determinate
• When the unknowns could be solved by equations of equilibrium

33
Statically indeterminate
• When there are more unknowns than equilibrium equations

34
REACTIONS AND CONSTRAINTS

• For purposes of ES1, we want our structure

(rigid bodies) to be completely constrained
and statically determinate!

• Note: Statically indeterminate structures will

be discussed in ES 2 and ES 3 ☺

35
END OF LECTURE
QUESTIONS?

36
-------------------------
Analysis of Trusses: Method of Joints
Name of Subject: Module #4

-------------------------
------------------- Objectives -------------------

Apply equilibrium equations to a system and solve for

unknown external forces.

Analyze simple structures such as trusses and beams

3
--------------------- Outline ---------------------
 Introduction to Plane Trusses
 Internal forces on a two-force body
 Types of Trusses
 Methods of truss Analysis
 Method of Joints
 Method of Sections
 Method of Joints Practice Problems
4
 ---------------- Trusses----------------
• A truss is a structure composed
of slender members joined
together at their end points.
• The members commonly used
in construction consist of
wooden struts or metal bars.
• planar trusses lie in a single
plane and are often used to
support roofs and bridges.

5
 ---------------- Trusses----------------
• Truss members are
connected at their
extremities only; thus no
member is continuous
through a joint.

6
7
8
9
10
---------------- Plane Structures----------------

11
Plane Truss Assumptions----------------

12
---------------- Trusses----------------
 Bolted or welded connections are
assumed to be pinned together. Forces
acting at the member ends reduce to a
single force and no couple. Only two-
force members are considered.

 When forces tend to pull the member

apart, it is in tension. When the forces
tend to compress the member, it is in
compression.
13
 ---------------- Trusses----------------

Members of a truss are slender and not capable of

supporting large lateral loads. Loads must be applied at the
joints.
14
Internal forces on a two-force body -------------
TENSION – member reaction due to pulling forces at both
ends and is denoted by (T); lengthening force

15
Internal forces on a two-force body -------------
COMPRESSION – member reaction due to pushing forces at
both ends denoted by (C); shortening force

16
---------------- Types of Trusses----------------
(Typical Roof Trusses)

17
---------------- Types of Trusses----------------
(Typical Bridge Trusses)
---------------- Types of Trusses----------------
(Other Types)
 Methods of Truss Analysis----------------
 Method of Joints
 Method of Sections

20
---------------- Method of Joints----------------
• To calculate the forces in the members of a truss, the
equilibrium equations are applied to individual joints (or
pins) of the truss.
• The resulting FBDs of the joints will be a concurrent force
system. Thus,

ΣFx = 0 ΣFy = 0

21
Example #1
• Determine the force in each
member of the truss and indicate
whether the members are in tension
or compression

22
Example #1
GENERAL PROCEDURE:
1. Determine all external forces and support
reactions.

23
Example #1
GENERAL PROCEDURE:
2. Solve for axial forces/bar forces by
isolating the FBD of the joint where bar
force is required by applying equilibrium
equations.

24
Example for Method of Joints:
GENERAL PROCEDURE:
3. Apply sign convention.
If computed bar force is
towards the joint in the FBD, the bar is in
compression.
If computed bar force is
pointing away from the joint in the FBD,
the bar is in tension.

25
SOLUTION:

26
Example #1
METHOD OF JOINTS

27
Activity:
Determine the force in all members. State if
the members are in tension or compression.

28
Answer for the Activity:

29
END OF LECTURE
QUESTIONS?

30
-------------------------
Analysis of Trusses: Method of Sections
Name of Subject: Module #5

-------------------------
------------------- Objectives -------------------

Apply equilibrium equations to a system and solve for

unknown external forces.

Analyze simple structures such as trusses and beams

3
--------------------- Outline ---------------------
 Methods of truss Analysis
 Method of Joints
 Method of Sections
 Method of Sections Practice Problems
 Analysis of Trusses by the Method of Sections
 Determinacy of Trusses

4
---------------- Types of Trusses --------------

5
------------- Determinacy of trusses -----------

• Trusses are statically determinant, rigid, and

completely constrained.

m = 2n − 3
• Truss contains a redundant member and is
statically indeterminate.
m > 2n − 3

6
--------- Zero Force Members ---------

• If a joint has only two non-

collinear members and there is no
external load or support reaction
at that joint, then those two
members are zero force members.

7
--------- Zero Force Members ---------

• If three members form a truss

joint for which two of the
members are collinear and there
is no external load or reaction at
that joint, then the third non-
collinear member is a zero force
member

8
 ---------------- Truss Analysis --------------
(Solving for internal forces of members)

1.Method of Joints

2.Method of Sections

9
---------------- Method of Sections----------------
• Consist of cutting a truss
into two sections at a point
where the bar force is
required.
• The resulting force system
after cutting will generally
be non-concurrent and
coplanar thus having three
equations of equilibrium.

10
Analysis of Trusses by the Method of Sections ----
• When the force in only one member or the forces in a
very few members are desired, the method of sections
works well.

• To determine the force in member BD, pass a section

through the truss as shown and create a free body
diagram for the left side.

• With only three members cut by the section, the

equations for static equilibrium may be applied to
determine the unknown member forces, including
FBD.

11
Example #1
Determine the force in each
members GE, GC and BC of the
truss. Indicate whether the members
are in tension or compression.

12
13
Example #2

14
Example #2
SOLUTION:
• Take the entire truss as a free body. Apply the
conditions for static equilibrium to solve for the
reactions at A and L.
• Pass a section through members FH, GH,
and GI and take the right-hand section as a
free body.
• Apply the conditions for static equilibrium to
determine the desired member forces.

Determine the force in member GI.

Example #2

SOLUTION:
• Take the entire truss as a free body. Apply the
conditions for static equilib-rium to solve for the
reactions at A and L.

� 𝑀𝑀𝐴𝐴 = 0 = 5 m 6 kN + 10 m 6 kN + 15 m 6 kN

+ 20 m 1 kN + 25 m 1 kN − 30 m 𝐿𝐿y

𝐿𝐿𝑦𝑦 = 7.5 kN ↑
� 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 = 0 = −20 kN + 𝐿𝐿𝑦𝑦 + 𝐴𝐴𝑦𝑦

𝐴𝐴𝑦𝑦 = 12.5 kN ↑
Example #2

• Pass a section through members FH, GH, and GI

and take the right-hand section as a free body.

• Apply the conditions for static equilibrium to

determine the desired member forces.

� 𝑀𝑀𝐻𝐻 = 0

- 7.50 kN 10 m + 1 kN 5 m + 𝐹𝐹𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 5.33 m = 0

𝐹𝐹𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 = +13.13 kN

FGI = 13.13 kN T
END OF LECTURE
QUESTIONS?

18