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Aerodynamic Analysis Of Aircraft Wing Using Ansys

Research · December 2020

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.21551.36003

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 KOCAELI UNIVERSITY
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
THERMAL DESIGN PROJECT

Aircraft Wing Analysis With Ansys

Fatih Doğukan Ergenç

What is wing ?
A wing is a type of fin that produces lift, while moving through air or some other fluid. As such,
wings have streamlined cross-sections that are subject to aerodynamic forces and act
as airfoils. A wing's aerodynamic efficiency is expressed as its lift-to-drag ratio. The lift a wing
generates at a given speed and angle of attack can be one to two orders of magnitude greater
than the total drag on the wing. A high lift-to-drag ratio requires a significantly
smaller thrust to propel the wings through the air at sufficient lift.
Lifting structures used in water, include various foils, such as hydrofoils. Hydrodynamics is the
governing science, rather than aerodynamics. Applications of underwater foils occur
in hydroplanes, sailboats and submarines.

Aerodynamics
The design and analysis of the wings of aircraft is one of the principal applications of the
science of aerodynamics, which is a branch of fluid mechanics. In principle, the properties of
the airflow around any moving object can be found by solving the Navier-Stokes
equations of fluid dynamics. However, except for simple geometries these equations are
notoriously difficult to solve and simpler equations are used.
For a wing to produce lift, it must be oriented at a suitable angle of attack. When this occurs,
the wing deflects the airflow downwards as it passes the wing. Since the wing exerts a force
on the air to change its direction, the air must also exert an equal and opposite force on the
wing, resulting in different air pressures over the surface of the wing. A region of lower-than-
normal air pressure is generated over the top surface of the wing, with a higher pressure on
the bottom of the wing. These air pressure differences can be measured directly using
instrumentation or can be calculated from the airspeed distribution using basic physical
principles such as Bernoulli's principle, which relates changes in air speed to changes in air
pressure.
It is possible to calculate lift from: the pressure differences, the different velocities of the air
above and below the wing, or from the total momentum change of the deflected air. Debates
over which mathematical approach is the most convenient to use can be mistaken as
differences of opinion about the basic principles of flight.
Aircraft Wing Analysis ;
We will model the wing using the Ansys Design Modeler. Then we will put the wing in an air
duct and give air to the wing from the right direction. As a result, we will find out how much
load the wing we modeled can handle. We will find the junction point of the lifting forces
acting to the wing, which we call the pressure center. We will find the point to be affected
under pressure and make comments about whether it should be close to the body or far away.
We review and comment on the speed of the air flowing over the wing.
Wing Modeling with Ansys Design Modeler;
In the analysis, we will examine how the wing model I have created behaves in the given
conditions. Using the Spline command in Ansys Design Modeler, I created the modeling of the
wing with a size suitable for a standard wing and the section geometry that I determined by
myself.

The veter length of the wing that I modeled is 1 meter and the length of the wing is 8 meters.
And I created the solid model of the wing with the extrude command. The cross section of the
wing visible in the photo is not the same across the entire wing length. The visible section
shrinks towards to the end of the wing.
Then, in order to make the air flow, I modeled a flow area in which the wing will remain. While
modeling, I named the air inlet surfaces for entering the air outlet and wing surfaces for the
convenience of entering the input values.
Meshing
After finishing the solid modeling process of the wing, I made Meshing. Meshing is one of the
most important parts of the finite element method. To explain in a way that we can
understand, it is the process of dividing the model we created into small pieces as smoothly
as possible. It directly affects the accuracy of our results. Therefore, meshing should be done
by taking into account the necessary conditions.

I couldn't achieve the mesh criteria I wanted in my modeling. Since the Ansys student version
allowed up to a maximum of 512000 cells, I did the analysis with a poor mesh quality because
the results I made for mesh improvement produced cells above this level. I strengthened the
mesh around the wing using the sizing command. In order to get a more accurate result, I
applied the sizing on the profile for the wing.

After completing the meshing process, we must define the values required for the analysis to
the program. In our analysis, we will define an air intake of 100m/s from the front of the wing.
And according to this entrance we will examine the movement of air and the forces formed
on the wing.
Entering İnitial Values

I opened Ansys Fluent and combined it with geometry to allow air intake. As you can see in
the photo, I entered the velocity inlet value as 100m / s. Since we have no other input value, I
started to the solution.
Solution
I wanted the solution to be done in 100 iterations. We can increase the iteration value
according to the sensitivity of the result we will achieve and the work we will do. But I thought
100 iterations would be enough for this analysis.

100 iterations were resolved by the computer in about 10-11 minutes. Let's examine the
results one by one.
The Speed Profile
Firstly, if we examine the speed profile that will occur on the wing;

The speed profile formed on the wing is as shown in the figure. In the beginning, we can see
that the speed we give as 100m/ s goes up to 157.51 m / s. We can see that the air flowing
over the wing continues evenly at the back. In other words, there is no eddy formation for the
given values.İt means there is no turbulence .
Acting Pressure
If we examine the pressures that will occur on the wing;

The pressures formed on the wing are as seen in the figure. If it is to be examined, positive
pressures have occurred at the bottom of the wing and negative pressures at the top. These
are the pressures that make up the lifting forces. The pressures found are effective pressure
values. Because when entering the initial values, we entered the outlet pressure value as 0.
This is also the reason why the pressure values are positive and negative.
Acting Forces
In order to find out how much force the wings will carry, if we find the forces coming to the
wing using the program;
When force and wing surfaces are selected from Force Reports section, let's say X and Z values
0, Y value 1 and print. We can see the sum of the forces acting in the Y direction in writing.

A load of approximately 70316.78N, or 7.17 tons of force, is acted on the wing. In the given
conditions, we can say that the wing lifts this load. Now let's see how much engine power is
required to lift the wing at this speed. For this, let's find the forces acting horizontally on the
wing surfaces using the program.
To find the forces acting in the X direction, let's set the Y value to 0 and the X to 1 in the
direction vector.

A force of 3091.66 N acts on the wing in the X direction. We can say that this load creates
approximately 309.1 kg pulling force on the wing. According to the data we found, we have
seen that we can hold a load of 22,74 kg with 1 kg of force in the air. (70316/3091)
The Pressure Centers
If we examine the pressure centers on the wing;
Let's say print while Center Of Pressure is selected from Force Reports section. We can see
the pressure centers in X and Z coordinates in writing..

The center of the pressures occurring in the wing is located at a distance of 0.35m from the
veter diameter, which we set as 1 meter, and the length of the wing, which we set as 8m, is
3.57m. Because as the pressure center moves away from this point, the moment it affects the
connection point will increase. This can cause the wing to break or other adverse events. In Y
coordinate, it is ideal for us to have the pressure center in the middle.
 References
1) Kathiravan.T, Mohammed Huda., Parthiban.K (October ,2018) , STRUCTURAL AND MODAL
ANALYSIS OF SUBSONIC AIRCRAFT WING USING ANSYS WORKBENCH, International Research
Journal of Engineering and Technology , 2395,05-10
2)Yunus A. Cengel , Afshin J. Ghajar , Heat And Mass Transfer Fundamentals & Applications ,
Fifht Edition

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