Unit-3

Elements of Mechanical Engineering

Course Code: B22ME0103

S cho ol o f M e chanical E ng ineering

C Rajesh Babu
Assistant Professor
rajeshbabu.c@reva.edu.in
COURSE FACULTY MEMBER

Prof. C Rajesh Babu Assistant Professor

School of Mechanical Engineering, REVA University.
DME, B.Tech ,M.Tech , (Ph.D)

Contact: rajeshbabu.c@reva.edu.in
Mobile: 7730861888

Experience: Teaching
Experience: Teaching since 2009
& Research since 2009

Skills and expertise

Fluid Mechanics
Computational Fluid Dynamics International Award
CFD Simulation
Turbulence
Turbulence Modeling CURTIN University(Australia)
Thermal Engineering Sarawak Postgraduate Research
Heat Exchangers Scholarship (CUSPRS 2016).
CFX
Classification of Materials & Crystal Structure

T o p ic o f t h e L e c tur e
4
INTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING MATERIALS

HOW CAN WE COMPARE MATERIALS?

 CLASSIFICATION OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS
Engineering Materials

Metals Polymers / Plastics Ceramics Composites

Ferrous Non-Ferrous Thermoplastics Carbides MMCs

ABS, Nylons, PVC

Iron Al, Cu, Mg Glass PMCs

Thermosets
Epoxies, Polyimides
Steels Tungsten CMCs
Diamond

Elastomers Laminates
Rubber, Silicones, Oxides, Nitrides, Graphite etc.,
Polyurethanes
Reinforced Plastics
 CLASSIFICATION OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS

Thermosetting plastics are made up from long chains of

molecules that are cross-linked. They have a very rigid structure.
 INTRODUCTION TO MANUFACTURING

What is “Manufacturing”?

❑“The process of converting Raw materials into products.”

❑The word “manufacturing” is delivered from the Latin manu factus, meaning made by hand.

❑“The conversion of stuff into things” – (by DeGramon, 1998)

❑“Economic terms for making goods and services available to satisfy customer” – (by T. Black,
1991)
 INTRODUCTION TO MANUFACTURING
• Technology – This process to accomplish manufacturing involve a combination of
machinery, tools, power and manual labor.

• Manufacturing also includes the assembly of multiple parts to make products.

❖ Size and Shape

Products /
❖ Properties / Characteristics
Good
❖ Surface Finish & Tolerances
INTRODUCTION TO MANUFACTURING
INTRODUCTION TO MANUFACTURING
METAL CASTING PROCESSES

• Casting is one of the oldest manufacturing process.

• It is the first step in making most of the products.

• Steps:

• Making mould cavity

• Material is first liquefied by properly heating it in a suitable furnace.
• Liquid is poured into a prepared mould cavity
• allowed to solidify
• product is taken out of the mould cavity, trimmed and made to shape
Flow chart indicating the steps in a casting
METAL CASTING PROCESSES
METAL CASTING PROCESSES
 History of Casting

▪ Ancient process, started

5000 years ago.

▪ Jaivana- 50 tons cannon

was built in 17th century
in Jaipur.

▪ Used for making arrows,

coins, knives etc. World’s largest Cannon in
Jaipur, made by casting
CASTING TERMINOLOGY
 CASTING TERMINOLOGY

(1)FLASK:- The Flask is the box that contains the moulding aggregate.
(2) Pattern:-It is the replica of the final object to be made with some
modification.
(3) Parting Line:-This is dividing line b/w two parts of flask that makes the sand moulds.
(4) Facing sand:- The Small amount of carbonaceous sand material sprinkle on the internal mould
surface of cavity to give better surface finish to the casting.
(6) Moulding Sand:- It is Freshly Prepare refractory use for making the mould cavity.
(7) Pouring basin:- A Small Funnel Shaped Cavity at the top of mould in to inch the molten metal is
poured.
(8) Core:- A core is used in Casting and moulding Process to produce internal hollow cavities in final
product.
 CASTING TERMINOLOGY

(9) Cope and Drag: In foundry work, the terms cope and drag refer
respectively to the upper and lower parts of a two-part casting flask,
used in sand casting.

(10) Sprue:- It is Vertical Cavity in the moulds to flow the molten metal from the pouring basin.
(11)Runner:- The pass way in the parting line through which molten metal regulated before they reach to mould
cavity.
(12) Riser :- It is reservoir of molten metal provided in casting show that metal can flow back into the more cavity
there is a reduction in volume of metal due to solidify.
CASTING VIDEO
Advantages
• Complex forms, low cost
• Certain shapes cannot be
machined
• One piece parts vs. multiple
piece parts
• Design changes are easily
incorporated
• High volume, low skilled labor
• Large, heavy parts can be made
easily
Disadvantages
• Problems with internal
porosity
• Dimensional variations due
to shrinkage
• Trapped impurities, solids
and gasses
• High-tolerance, smooth
surfaces not possible
• More costly than stamping
or extruding in some cases
 Applications of casting
• Automotive sector: A few parts like brake drum,
cylinder, cylinder linings, pistons, engine blocks,
universal joints, rocker arms, brackets, etc.
• Aircraft: Turbine blades, casting, etc.
• Marine: Propeller blades
• Machining: Cutting tools, machine beds, wheels and
pulleys, blocks, table for supports, etc.
• Agriculture & rail road equipments: Pumps and
compressor, frames, valves, pipes and fittings for
construction.
• Steel utensil & a wide variety of products.
Metal Cutting
I n t r oduc tion
METAL CUTTING
Introduction

Several metal cutting operations are carried out to produce a part of required shape
and size.

The metal cutting operations may be carried out either manually by using hand tools
such as chisels, files, saws, or using metal cutting machines.
METAL CUTTING
Introduction
Machine
I n t r oduc tion
MACHINE
Introduction
A machine (or mechanical device) is a mechanical structure that uses power to apply
forces and control movement to perform an intended action.
Machine Tool
I n t r oduc tion
MACHINE TOOL
Introduction
A machine tool is defined as a power driven machine which accomplishes the cutting or
machining operations on it.

When machines perform the metal cutting operations by the cutting tools mounted on
them, they are called "machine tools".

Lathe Machine Drilling Machine

MACHINE TOOL
Introduction
Several machine tools are used to produce a part of required shape and size.

The fundamental machine tools that are used for most of the machining processes are,

❑ Lathe,

❑Drilling,

❑Milling,

❑Shaping and

❑Grinding machines.
MACHINE TOOL
Introduction

Lathe Milling machine

Drilling machine
MACHINE TOOL
Introduction

Shaping machine Planing machine

Grinding machine
WORKING PRINCIPLE AND CLASSIFICATION OF LATHE
Lathe – Introduction
LATHE – INTRODUCTION
Introduction

Lathe is the oldest of all machine tools and perhaps the most basic tool used in
industries.

Lathe is used to remove excess material by forcing a cutting tool against a

rotating cylindrical workpiece.
LATHE – INTRODUCTION
Introduction

The lathe was very important to the Industrial Revolution. It is known as

the mother of machine tools, as it was the first machine tool that led to the
invention of other machine tools
Working Principle and Classification of Lathe
W o rking P r i ncipl e o f L a t he
WORKING PRINCIPLE OF LATHE MACHINE
Working Principle

Definition: Lathe is a machine tool used to remove metal from the work piece, to a
required shape and size

Principle of Lathe
Classification of Lathe
CLASSIFICATION OF LATHE
Types of Lathe
• Based on the construction and Functions, Lathes are classified as

❖Speed Lathe

❖Engine Lathe or Center Lathe

❖Bench Lathe

❖Tool room Lathe

❖Capstan and Turret Lathe

❖CNC (Computer Numerical Control) Lathe

CLASSIFICATION OF LATHE
Types of Lathe

Speed Lathe Bench Center Lathe

Lathe

Tool Room Lathe Capstan & Turret Lathe CNC Lathe

Parts of Lathe & their Functions
PARTS OF LATHE AND THEIR FUNCTIONS
Major Parts of Lathe Machine
PARTS OF LATHE AND THEIR FUNCTIONS
Major Parts of Lathe Machine

1. Bed
2. Headstock
3. Tailstock
4. Carriage
5. Tool Post
6. Lead Screw
7. Feed Rod
MAJOR PARTS OF LATHE MACHINE
Bed
MAJOR PARTS OF LATHE MACHINE
Headstock (Live Centre)
MAJOR PARTS OF LATHE MACHINE
Tailstock (Dead Centre)
MAJOR PARTS OF LATHE MACHINE
Carriage
MAJOR PARTS OF LATHE MACHINE
Carriage

Compound rest
Carriage assembly Cross-slide

Single tool holder tool post Multi tool holder tool post
Compound rest with tool post
MAJOR PARTS OF LATHE MACHINE
Feed rod and Lead screw
MAJOR PARTS OF LATHE MACHINE
Legs
LATHE OPERATIONS
Operations that can be performed on Lathe Machine

▪Facing
▪Turning – (a) Simple Turning (b) Taper Turning
▪Threading
▪Chamfering
▪Knurling
▪Drilling
▪Grooving / Parting
LATHE OPERATIONS
Facing

Facing is the process of removing metal from the end of a workpiece to produce a flat
surface.
Function: To make flat surface and reduce length
LATHE OPERATIONS
Turning (a) Simple Turning

Turning is the removal of metal from the outer diameter of a rotating cylindrical
workpiece.
Function: To reduce the diameter of the workpiece usually to a specified dimension,
and to produce a smooth finish on the metal.
LATHE OPERATIONS
Turning (b) Taper Turning

Taper turning is a machining operation, which means that the diameter of a cylindrical
workpiece gradually decreases from one part to another.
LATHE OPERATIONS
Threading

Thread cutting on the lathe is a process that produces a helical ridge of uniform
section on the workpiece.
This is performed by taking successive cuts with a threading tool, the same shape as
the thread form required.
LATHE OPERATIONS
Chamfering

Chamfering: Chamfering removes the burrs and sharp edges, and thus makes the
handling safe. Chamfering can be done by a form tool having angle equal
to chamfer which is generally kept at 45°
LATHE OPERATIONS
Knurling

Knurling is a manufacturing process, typically conducted on a lathe, whereby a

pattern of straight, angled or crossed lines is rolled into the material.
Function:

Knurling Knurling patterns

LATHE OPERATIONS
Drilling

Drilling is one of the machining operations of producing circular hole in the work-
piece by using a rotating cutter called drill-bit or twist drill.
LATHE OPERATIONS
Grooving

The term grooving usually applies to a process of forming a narrow cavity of a certain
depth, on a workpiece. The groove shape, or at least a significant part of it, will be in
the shape of the cutting tool.
Introduction to Drilling
D r illing – I n t roduction
INTRODUCTION TO DRILLING
Drilling machine

The process of making a cylindrical hole in a solid workpiece by means of revolving tool
called drill bit and the process is known a drilling.
INTRODUCTION TO DRILLING
Drilling machine
• The drilling machine is one of the most important machine tools in a workshop. As
regards its importance it is second only to the lathe.

• In a drilling machine holes may be drilled quickly and at a low cost.

• The hole is generated by the rotating edge of a cutting tool known as the drill bit or
twist drill which exert large force on the work clamped on the table.
Drill bit
Classifications of Drilling Machines
D r illing Mac hine– Ty pes
CLASSIFICATIONS OF DRILLING MACHINE
Drilling Machine– Types

Drilling machines are made in many different types and sizes, each designed to handle
a class of work or specific job to the best advantage. The different types of drilling
machines are :
Portable Drilling Machine
Bench or Sensitive Drilling Machine
Radial Drilling Machine
Upright Drilling Machine
Multi-spindle Drilling Machine
Gang Drilling Machine
Automatic Drilling Machine
Computer Numerical Controlled (CNC) Drilling Machine
INTRODUCTION TO DRILLING
Types of drilling machine

Portable Drilling Machine

INTRODUCTION TO DRILLING
Types of drilling machine

Bench mounting Flour mounting

Sensitive Drilling Machine
INTRODUCTION TO DRILLING
Types of drilling machine

Radial Drilling Machine Gang Drilling Machine

INTRODUCTION TO DRILLING
Types of drilling machine

Multiple Spindle Drilling Machine CNC Drilling Machine

Radial Drilling Machine
 A drilling machine with the drill spindle in a toolhead
RADIAL DRILLING MACHINE and saddle that are movable along a projecting arm
which itself can be rotated about a vertical column.

Construction
1. Base
2. Work Table
3. Vertical Column
4. Electric Motor
5. Drill Head
6. Radial Arm
7. spindle
Drilling Operations
O p e r a t i o n s p e r f o r me d o n d r i l l i n g m a c h i n e
DRILLING OPERATIONS
Operations performed in drilling machine

The different operations that can be performed in a drilling machine are:

• Drilling

• Reaming

• Boring

• Counterboring

• Countersinking

• Spot facing

• Tapping
 Drilling is a cutting process where a
DRILLING OPERATIONS drill bit is spun to cut a hole of
Drilling circular cross-section in solid
materials. The drill bit is usually a
rotary cutting tool, often multi-point.
The bit is pressed against the work-
piece and rotated at rates from
hundreds to thousands of revolutions
per minute.
 Reaming is a sizing operation that removes a small
DRILLING OPERATIONS amount of metal from a hole already drilled. It is done
Reaming for two purposes: to bring holes to a more exact size and
to improve the finish of an existing hole.
 The boring operation is equivalent to turning, but is
performed exclusively on internal surfaces. It is used
DRILLING OPERATIONS for roughing (sometimes referred to as 'hogging'), semi-
Boring finishing, or finishing of castings or drilled holes
DRILLING OPERATIONS Counterboring is the process of using counterbores on
Counterboring a milling machine to create a hole over the screw
clearance. This newly formed hole is designed to let the
screw rest in its place and not stick out. Creating
counterbores is achieved by using the milling machine,
which uses drill bits that have a tip.
DRILLING OPERATIONS
Countersinking is a process that
Countersinking creates a V-shaped edge near the
surface of a hole. It is often used to
deburr a drilled or tapped hole, or to
allow the head of a countersunk-head
screw to sit flush or below a surface.
Chamfering endmills are commonly
used to make countersinks when
CNC milling
DRILLING OPERATIONS
Spot facing
The most common application
of spotfacing (spot facing) is
facing the area around a bolt
hole where the bolt's head will
sit, which is often done
by cutting a shallow
counterbore, just deep
enough "to clean up"—that is,
only enough material is
removed to get down past any
irregularity and thus make the
surface flat.
DRILLING OPERATIONS Tapping is the operation of cutting internal threads in a
Tapping hole using a cutting tool called Tap. A tap has cutting
edges in the shape of threads. When the tap is screwed
into a hole it removes metal and cuts internal threads for
tapping the hole drilled will be smaller than the tap size.
Welding Process
Introduction

➢ Metal Joining is defined as joining of two or more metal parts either

temporarily or permanently with or without the application of heat or
pressure.

➢ Many products cannot be fabricated as a single piece, so components

are fabricated first and assembled later.
Classification of Metal Joining Processes

The joining process can be classified as

a. Permanent Joining Process
It is done by fusing the metal together. The metal is heated to
its melting state and then it is fused to become one unit.
Ex. Welding and brazing
b. Semi – permanent or Temporary Joining Process
In this the metal is not heated. Process is carried out at room
temperature. Temporary joining process can be done using nuts, bolts,
screws and adhesives.
• Welding is process of joining two or more metals (similar or dissimilar)
by the application of heat with or without the application of pressure and
with or without application of filler material.
Welding Process Flow Chart

With or Without Pressure

Types of Welding
The welding process can be classified based on the source of energy to
heat the metal and the state of metal at the joint.

➢ Pressure Welding
The surfaces of the joint to be welded is heated to a plastic state and forced
together with external pressure to finish the joint.
Ex: Resistance Welding, Friction welding
➢ Fusion Welding
Heating the metals at the joint portion in to molten state and allowed to solidify
to form joint with or without the addition of filler material. The process is
carried out without the application of pressure.

Ex: Arc Welding and Gas Welding

➢Process in simple, inexpensive

➢Various shapes, dissimilar metal can be joined

➢Welded joint is a permanent joint

➢Superior strength of joint

➢ Leak-proof joining.
•Change in metallurgical properties.
•As compared to mechanical cutting, dimensional tolerances are poor.
•Working place needs to have adequate ventilation and proper fume
control.
•Cutting operation is risky to the operator, due to the expelling/blowing of
the red hot slag and other hot particles during cutting process.
• Residual stress generation, Poor vibration sustaining capability
Electric Arc Welding Setup

1 2
Arc Welding Equipments

Safety Goggles
9
2

Applications of Welding

➢Manufacturing plants

➢Construction Fields

➢Shipbuilding

➢Industrial piping

➢Railroads

➢ Aerospace & Space Craft

9
3 Manufacturing Plants

Car Manufacturing Plant Cage Manufacturing Plant

LPG Cylinder Manufacturing Plant

9
4 Construction Fields

REVA UNIVERSITY HANGING STAIRCASE HAWRA BRIDGE

9
5 Shipbuilding Plants

Ship Construction Plant

9
6 Industrial Piping

Pipe Manufacturing Plant

9
7 Railroads

Railway Track Welding

9
8 Aerospace & Space Craft

Fuel Tank Welding Aero plane Manufacturing Unit Space Craft

Manufacturing
9
9

Safety Precautions in Welding Process

➢ Welding operators face an array of hazards, including electric shock,

fumes and gases, fire and more.

➢Electric shock is one of the most serious and immediate risks facing a
welder.

➢It’s important to remember to never touch the electrode or metal parts

of the electrode holder with skin or welding clothing and insulate
yourself from the work and ground.
1
0
0
Continue…

➢ Welding areas require adequate ventilation and local exhaust to keep

fumes and gases from the breathing zone and the general area

➢ Fume Exhaust systems can be augmented with a fire safety solution

system.

➢ Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) helps keep welding operators

free from injury, such as burns – the most common welding injury –
and exposure to arc rays.
1
0
1
Safety Tools for Welding Process
Soldering

Soldering is a method of joining two or more pieces of similar or dissimilar

materials by means of fusible alloy called Solder, applied in the molten state
Soldering
• In soldering the filler metal should have the melting temperature lower than 450
degC.

• The surfaces to be soldered must be pre-cleaned so that these are faces of

oxides, oils, etc.

• An appropriate flux must be applied to the faying surfaces and then surfaces are
heated.

• The main purpose of the flux is to prepare the metal surfaces for soldering by
cleaning and removing any oxides and impurities.
Flux Materials: Ammonium Chloride or Resin acids (Rosin), Hydrochloric acid and Zinc chloride
• Filler metal called solder is added to the joint, which distributes
between the closely fitted surfaces.

• Strength of soldered joint is much lesser than welded joint and

less than a brazed joint. Flux: Hydrochloric acid and Zinc chloride

Flux
Principle in Soldering
❑Preparation / Design of Solder Joint

❑Cleaning the surface

❑Flux Application

❑Application Solder

Capillary action is defined as the spontaneous flow of a liquid into a narrow tube
or porous material. This movement does not require the force of gravity to
occur.
Distinguish Between Welding & Soldering

Sl.No Welding Process Soldering Process

1 Welding joints are strongest joints used Soldering joints are weakest joints. Not
bear the load meant to bear the load.
2 Temperature required for welding is up-to Temperature requirement is up to 450 °C.
4000-5000 °C.
3 Metals to be joined need to be heated till No need to heat base metals.
their melting point.
4 Mechanical properties of base metal may No change in mechanical properties of base
change at the joint due to heating and metals after joining.
cooling.

5 High skill is required Not much skill is required

CNC Machine Block Diagram and Applications
T o p ic o f t h e L e c tur e
TOPIC OF THE LECTURE

History

Computer Numerical Control Machine- Definition

Block Diagram

Advantages

Disadvantages

Applications
CNC Machine
H i story
HISTORY
The first NC (Numerical Control) machines were built in the 1940s and 1950s by
Prof. John. T. Parsons

MIT - Massachusetts Institute of Technology - USA

CNC (Computer Numerical Control) Machine came into existence after evolution of
computer around 1980
Modern CNC Machine are improving further as the technology is changing with a variety of functions according to applications
CNC-COMPUTER NUMERICAL CONTROL MACHINE
Definition
The definition of CNC given by Electronic Industry Association (EIA)

❑ “A system in which actions are controlled by the direct insertion of

numerical data at some point. The system must automatically interpret at
least some portion of this data”.

❑ Numerical control is a programmable automation in which process is controlled by

Numbers, Letters, and symbols.
CNC-COMPUTER NUMERICAL CONTROL MACHINE
Definition
The general definition

“CNC is one in which the functions and motions of a machine tool are
controlled by means of a prepared program containing coded alphanumeric
data ”.

CNC can control the motions of the work piece or cutting tool, the input parameters such
as feed, speed, depth of cut and the functions such as Spindle ON/OFF, Turning coolant
ON / OFF, Cutting Tool Selection, etc.,
CNC-COMPUTER NUMERICAL CONTROL MACHINE
Continued
CNC Machining is a process used in the manufacturing sector that involves the use of
computers to control machine tools like lathes, mills and grinders.
COMPUTER NUMERICAL CONTROL MACHINES
C NC Mac hines
COMPUTER NUMERICAL CONTROL MACHINES
CNC Machines
CNC machine has:

➢Storage of more than one part program

➢Various forms of program input

➢Program editing at the machine tool

➢Interpolation

➢Acceleration and deceleration computations

➢Communications interface
COMPUTER NUMERICAL CONTROL (CNC) MACHINE
Block Diagram
ELEMENTS OF A CNC SYSTEM
Components
❖ Input Device

❖ Central Processing Unit/ Machine Control Unit

❖ Machine Tool

❖ Driving System

❖ Feedback Devices

❖ Display Unit
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF CNC
Advantages of CNC
High Repeatability and Precision e.g. Aircraft
parts.

Volume of production is very high

Complex contours/surfaces can be easily

machined.
Flexibility in job change, automatic tool settings,
less scrap.

More safe, higher productivity, better quality

Less paper work, faster prototype production,

reduction in lead times.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF CNC
Disadvantages of CNC

Costly setup, skilled operators

Computer programming knowledge required

Maintenance is difficult.
CNC APPLICATIONS

Batch and High Volume production

• Repeat and/or Repetitive orders.

Complex part geometries

Mundane (Routine) operations

Many separate operations on one part

APPLICATIONS
CNC
CNC Lathe – Faster Metal Cutting operations

CNC Milling – Parts with complicated contour

CNC Drilling – Producing cylindrical hole

CNC Grinding- Parts requiring close Tolerances

CNC Laser

CNC Welding
3D Printing Technology
T o p ic o f t h e L e c tur e
TOPIC OF THE LECTURE
3D Printing

History

3D Printing - Definition

3D Printing - Block Diagram

Advantages

Disadvantages

Applications
3D Printing
H i story
HISTORY

Charles Hull coined the term stereo-lithography (3D Printing) in his August 8, 1984 patent
application for "Apparatus for production of three-dimensional objects by stereo-lithography"
U.S
Additive Manufacturing
D efinition
ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING
Definition
Additive Manufacturing (AM) refers to a process by which digital 3D design data
is used to build up a component in layers by depositing material.
3D printing or additive manufacturing is the construction of a three-dimensional
object from a CAD model or a digital 3D model.[1] It can be done in a variety of processes
in which material is deposited, joined or solidified under computer control,[2] with material
being added together (such as plastics, liquids or powder grains being fused), typically
layer by layer.
 INTRODUCTION
Technical Definition

Process of joining materials to make objects

from 3D model data, usually layer upon layer as
opposed to subtractive manufacturing
methodologies
LET’S START WITH 2D PRINTING

Digital to Physical
INTRODUCTION
What is 3D Printing ?
3D Printing refers to a relatively new class of manufacturing methods which
quickly produce physical prototypes from 3D CAD data

CAD Model Prototype from 3D

Printing
(Also known as rapid prototyping, layered manufacturing or additive 131

manufacturing)
INTRODUCTION
3D + Printing = 3D Printing

Digital to Physical
INTRODUCTION

3D Printing Equipment 3D Printing Machines & Printers

3D PRINTING TECHNOLOGIES

Stereo lithography (SLA)

Selective laser sintering (SLS)
Fused deposition modeling (FDM)
Laminated object manufacturing
3D PRINTING MODELS

3D Printing does not require any mold as a precursor to manufacture

3D PRINTING MODELS

Geometric complexity is not a limitation in 3D Printing

3D PRINTING APPLICATION
3D PRINTING APPLICATION
3D PRINTING APPLICATION

Wind Tunnel Testing

3D PRINTING APPLICATION

Jewelry Design Direct Tooling

3D PRINTING APPLICATION Medical Implants by 3D Printing
3D PRINTING APPLICATION Medical Implants by 3D Printing

Prototypes for Medical Applications

3D PRINTING
APPLICATION
DISCUSSION
5 MINUTES

Important terms related to

Refrigeration
THANK YOU