Subject: Presentation Title

Renewable Energy -1
Engineering
Chapter : Solar Energy and its application
• Font style
Topic : Sun – Earth Angles
• Comic Sans MS (Most IMP Definitions for chapter)
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Prof. Vishal T Patel

GaTtU Bhai
GTUSTUDIES
SUBJECT : REE Basics Definitions
Poles of the Earth: The ends of the axis of rotation of the earth is known as Poles of
the earth.
Equator: the Imaginary great circle normal to the axis of Earth and at same distance
from the North pole and south pole.

Means it divides Earth in to two equal parts. N

1. Northern Hemisphere
2. Southern Hemisphere

S
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SUBJECT : REE
Actual motion of all the planets

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SUBJECT : REE Basics Definitions

Zenith: It is an Imaginary point directly above particular location exactly opposite to

gravity (Nadir.)

Horizon: The horizon is the apparent which separates Earth and sky.

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SUBJECT : REE Zenith Angle
The zenith angle is the angle between the sun and the vertical. The zenith angle is
similar to the elevation angle but it is measured from the vertical rather than from the
horizontal, thus making the zenith angle = 90° - elevation.

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SUBJECT : REE Solar Altitude Angle
Solar altitude is the angle of the sun relative to the Earth's horizon, and is measured in
degrees. The altitude is zero at sunrise and sunset, and can reach a maximum of 90
degrees (directly overhead) at noon at latitudes near the equator.

Angle between two lines

1. Line joining the sun and Location of earth
2. Line Joining the location and
the point of projection of sun on horizontal plane of earth

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SUBJECT : REE Solar Azimuth Angle
It is the angle between the sun’s ray projection on horizontal plane and South pole line

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SUBJECT : REE Hour Angle
Hour angle is defined as the angle of the Sun from the local MERIDAN
measured along the celestial equator in the westerly direction. As the Earth
rotates this angle increases by 15 degrees every hour

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SUBJECT : REE Hour Angle
And hour angle is considered from 12:00 noon for both sides.

For West direction it is considered Positive and For East direction It is

considered Negative

• And hour angle is considered from 12:00 noon for both sides.

• Means for 6:00 AM to 12:00 noon it will rotates 90 degree angle.

• Means 1 hr = 150 hour angle

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SUBJECT : REE Declination Angle
The earth's equator is tilted 23.45 degrees with respect to the plane of the earth's orbit
around the sun, so at various times during the year, as the earth orbits the
sun, declination varies from 23.45 degrees north to 23.45 degrees south. This gives rise
to the seasons.

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SUBJECT : REE Declination Angle
δ = 23.45 * sin [360 / 365 * (284 + N)]
Where, N = No. of days from the 1st January

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SUBJECT : REE Latitude Angle and Longitude angle
Latitude is an angle which ranges from 0° at the Equator to 90° (North or South) at the
poles. Lines of constant latitude, or parallels, run east–west as circles parallel to the
equator. Latitude is used together with longitude to specify the precise location of
features on the surface of the Earth.

Ø = Angle of Latitude

Example : Latitude Angle of INDIA is

• The Republic of India is located on the geographic coordinates of 21.0000°

N latitude and 78.0000° E longitude in Asia. For the country of India the latitude of
22° 00' N and longitude of 77° 00' E denote its geographical alignment. The
specific latitude of India suggests its position in Northern Hemisphere

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SUBJECT : REE Slope Angle
.

Angle between the surface and Horizontal plane

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SUBJECT : REE
Incident Angle
.

It is the angle between the Sun’s ray and Normal line to the surface

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SUBJECT : REE Surface Azimuth Angle
.
It is the angle between normal line projection on horizontal plane and due south

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