22

DATA HANDLING-I

(Collection and Organisation of Data)

2.1 DATA

marks (out of 100) scored by 30 students of class VI in test

a
h e following list of
er tthe
Consider

55, 65, 15, 40, 35, 70, 90, 92, 84, 85

70,75,65, 72, 80, 78, 64, 88, 78, 76

55,54,52, 72, 70, 90, 85, 75, 65,80

observation.
that each entry in the above list is a numerical fact which is called an
We find
duch collection
Such.a
of observations gathered initially is called r a w data.
are of two types:
Data
data
i) Primary data i i ) Secondary
design in
collects data himself with a definite plan or
PRIMARY DATA When a n investigator
called primary data.
his (her) mind, it is
originally collected by the investigator but they are
SECONDARY DATA Data which are not
unpublished sources are known as secondary data.
obtained from published or

individual or an institution for some purpose and are

Secondary data a r e collected by an
used by s o m e o n e else in another context.

22.2 ORGANISATION OF DATA

find ways to condense them in tabular form
After collection of data, the investigator has
to
Such an arrangement is called presentation of data.
in order to study their salient features.
in any one of the following ways:
he raw data can be arranged
i) Serial order of alphabetical order
ii Ascending order
ii) Descending order
descending order of magnitude is called a n array.
e raw data when put in ascending or

class test, out of 50 marks,

students of class VIll in a
Che marks obtained by 30
roll numbers be:
COrding to their

21, 12, 41, 12, 21, 19, 1, 10, 8, 12,

39, 25, 5, 33, 19,
21.
40, 12, 41, 33, 19, 21, 33, 5, 1,
17, 19, 17, 17, 41,
ungrouped data. The above raw data can be
The data
ata in this form are called raw data or

Eed in serial order as follows:

22.2
Mathematics for Class VI
Roll No. Marks Roll No. Marks Roll No.
Marks
39 1 19 21 40
25 12 22 12
3 5 13 0 23 41
33 14 8 24 33
5 19 15 12 25 19
21 16 17 26 21
12 17 19 27 33
8 41 18 17 28 5
9 12 19 17 29 1
10 21 20 41 30 21

Now suppose we wish to judge the standard of achievement of the students. The
data in
this form do not give us a clear picture of the
group. If we arrange them in ascending or
descending order, it gives us a slightly better picture. In ascending order, the data look as
follow:
1, 1, 5, 5, 8, 10, 12, 12, 12, 12, 17, 17, 17, 19, 19,
19, 19, 21, 21, 21, 25, 33, 33, 33, 39, 40, 41, 41, 41
In descending order, the data look as follows:
41,41,41,40, 39, 33, 33, 33, 25, 21, 21, 21, 21, 19, 19,
19, 19, 17, 17, 17, 12, 12, 12, 12, 10, 8, 5, 5, 1, 1.
The raw data when put in ascending or descending order of magnitude is called an array
or arrayed data.

If the number of observations is large, then

arranging data in ascending or descending or
serial order is a tedious job and it does not tell us much
and maximum(s) of data. So, to make it
except perhaps the minimum(s)
easily understandable and clear, we can tabulate
data in the form of a table given below.
In the first column of the table, we write all marks from
lowest to highest. We now look at
the first value in the given raw data and
put a bar (vertical line) in the second column
opposite to it. Now, we see the second value in the given raw data and
to it in the second column. This put a bar opposite
process is repeated till all observations in the
data are exhausted. The bars drawn in the second given raw
column are known as tally marks andto
facilitate we record tally marks in bunches of five, the fifth
across the first four. For
tally mark is drawn diagonally
example, i || 7. We finally count the number of tally
=
marks
corresponding to each observation and write in the third column.
Marks Tally Marks No. of students

2
8
1
10
1
12
4
17
3
19 4
 WDLING- lection and Organisation of Data) 22.3
HAAN
21
Class VIl
25

S 33
39
40
41

of presentati of data is known as frequency distribution. Marks are called

is
number of students who have secured a particular number of marks
w a y

T h i

ates and
s

the
varlate. The number of times
the obseruvation occurs in the giben
frequency or an

is called the frequency of the observation.

in FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
2 3FRA

or data in the torm

ency table
or frequency distribution is a method to present raw
as raw data.
which one can easily understand the information contained in the
data is done by the use of
fom

construction of a frequency distribution from the given raw

The table we write all possible
method of tally marks. In the first column of the frequency
hiesof the variable from the lowest to the highest.
in the
look at the first value in thedata and put a bar (vertical line)
given raw
NWe now raw data and put
to it. Now, we see the second value in the given
Rond column opposite till all observations in
bar opposite to it in the second column. This process is repeated
a of five (M) are prepared
data are exhausted. To facilitate counting blocks
the given raw count the number of bars
space is left in between each block. We finally
and some
of frequency.
variable and place it in the third column
corresponding to each value of the children in 20
the following example of the number of
The process will be clear from
families:
5
1,1,2,3,4,3, 2, 1, 1,4, 5,2, 4,2, 2, 1,3, 3, 2,
distribution as follows:
The data may be put in the form of a frequency
Tally Bars Frequency
No. of children
5

4
3
3
4
2

DISTRIBUTION
22.3.1
CONSTRUCTION OF A FREQUENCY
raw data we may use the following
To Prepare a frequency distribution
from the given

steps:
STBPI Cbtain the given raw data.
such
study variable under as
STEPI
Prepare table with three columnsfurst formarks' and third for the
a total
etc., second for "Tally
marks, weight, height frequeney to each
value of sze of the variable.
representing corresponding
22.4 Mathematics for Class VII
STEPIII Place all the values of the variable in the first column in ascending order.

STEPIV Take the first observation in the raw data and put a bar in the second column
opposite to it. Then take the second observation in the given raw data and out a
bar opposite to it. Continue this process till all the observations in the given raw
data are exhausted. For the sake of convenience, record tally marks in bunches
of five, the fifth is obtained by crossing diagonally the other four. Leave some
space between each block of bars.
STEPV Count the number of bars (tally marks) in respect of each value of the variable
and place it in the third column.
STEPVI Give a suitable title to the frequency distribution table so that it conveys exactly
what the table is about.

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
Example1 Given below are the ages of 25 students of class VIII in a school. Prepare a
discrete frequency distribution.
15, 16, 16, 14, 17, 17, 16, 15, 15, 16, 16, 17, 15
16, 16, 14, 16, 15, 14, 15, 16, 16, 15, 14, 15
Solution Frequency distribution of ages of 25 students:
Age Tally Bars Frequency
14 4
15 8
16 10
17 3
Total 25
Example 2 Form a discrete frequency distribution from the following scores:
15, 18, 16, 20, 25, 24, 25, 20, 16, 15, 18, 18, 16
24, 15, 20, 28, 30, 27, 16, 24, 25, 20, 18, 28, 27
25, 24, 24, 18, 18, 25, 20, 16, 15, 20, 27, 28, 29, 16
Solution: Frequency distribution of scores:
Variate Tally marks
Frequency
15
4
16
18

20
24
25
27
3
28
3
29
1
30
Total
40
ATA HANDLING
VDLING-I(Co Collection and Organisation of Data) 22.5
EXERCISE 22.1
the following terms:
Defin
1. () Observations
(ii) data
i Frequency of an observation (iv) Frequency distribution
final marks in mathen
ematics of 30 students are as follows:
The
2
53 61, 48, 60, 78, 68, 55, 100, 67, 90
75, 88, 77, 37, 84, 58, 60, 48, 62, 56
44, 58, 52, 64, 98, 59, 70, 39, 50, 60
Arrange these marks in the ascending order. 30 to 39 one group, 40 to 49 second group,
etc.

() What is the highest score?

) What is the lowest score?
What is the range?
(iv)
()If 40 is the pass mark how many have failed?
(vi) How many have scored 75 or more?
(vi) Which observations between 50 and 60 have not actually appeared?
(vii) How many have scored less than 50?
3. The weights of new born babies (in kg) in a hospital on a particular day are as follows
2.3,2.2,2.1,2.7, 2.6, 3.0,2.5,2.9, 2.8, 3.1, 2.5, 2.8, 2.7, 2.9, 2.4
()Rearrange the weights in descending order.
(i) Determine the highest weight.
(ii) Determine the lowest weight.
(iv) Determine the range.
(v) How many babies were born on that day?
(vi) How many babies weigh below 2.5 kg?
(vi) How many babies weigh more than 2.8?
(vin) How many babies weigh 2.8 kg?
families:
4. Following data gives the number of children in 40
1,2, 6,5, 1,5, 1,3, 2, 6, 2,3, 4,2, 0, 0, 4, 4, 3, 2
2,0, 0,1, 2,2,4,3, 2, 1,0,5, 1,2, 4,3, 4, 1,6,2
distribution.
Hepresent it in the form of a frequency
. Prepare a frequency table of the following scores obtained by 50 students in a test:

42 37 37 42 49 38 52
42 51 21
44 39 7 14 27 39 42
7 33 17
39 67 51 53 53 59 41
42 62 37
31 54 19 53 51 22 61
29 38 27
47 33 34 16 37 57 43
42 39 59
scores were obtained:
Adie was thrown 25 times and following 4 3
1 5 2
1 4 2 5
6 2 6 3
4 1 3 2
5
6 1
3
repare a frequency table of the
scores.
 Mathematics for lass V
R &s INNY N aNtNnts por day, the observations for 30 days were obtaine
ained as
2 5 4
2 0 5 4 6 1
5 5 2 6
Prepere a trequency distnibution table.
Prepare a frequency table ot the following ages (in years) of 30 students ofclass Villin yOur
school
13, 14, 13, 12, 14, 13, 14, 15, 13, 14, 13, 14, 16, 12, 14
13, 14, 15, 16, 13, 14, 13,12, 17, 13, 12,13, 13, 13, 14
9. Following figures relate the weekly wages (in Rs.) of 15 workers ina factory:
300, 250, 200, 250, 200, 150, 350, 200, 250, 200, 150, 300, 150, 200, 250
Prepare a frequency table.
() What is the range in wages (in Rs)?
(i) How many Workers getting Rs 350?
are

(ii) How many workers are getting the minimum wages?

10. Construct a frequency distribution table for the following marks obtained by 25 students in a
history test in class VIl of a school:
9,17, 12,20,9, 18, 25, 17, 19, 9, 12,9, 12, 18, 17, 19, 20, 25, 9, 12, 17, 19, 19,20, 9
i) What is the range of marks?
(i) What is the highest mark?
(ii) Which mark is occurring more frequently?
11. In a mathematics test following marks were obtained by 40 students of class VI. Arrange
these marks in a table using, tally marks.
8 1 3 7 6 5 5 4 2

9 5 3 6 5

7 3 8 4 2 8 9 5 8
7 4 65 9 6 4 4 6 6
() Find how many students obtained marks equal to or more than 7?
How many students obtained marks below 4?
i)
12. Following is the choice of sweets of 30 students of class VI: Ladoo, Barfi, Ladoo, Jalebi,
Ladoo, Rasgulla, Jalebi, Ladoo, Barfi, Rasgulla, Ladoo, Jalebi, Jalebi Rasgulla, Ladoo,
Rasgulla, Jalebi, Ladoo, Rasgulla, Ladoo, Rasgulla, Jalebi, Ladoo, Rasgulla, Ladoo, Ladou,
Barfi, Rasgulla, Rasgulla, Ladoo.
0) Arrange the names of sweets in a table using tally marks.
(i) Which sweet is preferred by most of the students.

ANSWERS
2. (i) 100 (ii) 37 (iv) 63 () 2 (vi) 8 (Vii) 51,54,57
(vii)
3. (3.1,3.0, 2.9, 2.9, 2.8, 2.8, 2.7, 2.7, 2.6, 2.5,2.4, 2.4, 2.3, 2.2, 2.1 (i) 3.1 kg
(ii) 2.1 kg (iv) 1.0 kg (v) 15 (vi) 4 (vii) 4 (vii) 2
 4ANDLING-1(Co
and Organisation of Data) 22.
A T A

No. of Children
Frequency
5

11
3

5 3
6 3

Marks No. of No. of Marks No. of

Marks Students
Studentss Students
2 33 2 49
14 34 51

16 37 52
17 38 53
19 39 54
21 1 41 57
22 1 42 59
27 2 43 61
29 1 44 62
31 47 67

3 5
6. Score
Number of times: A 4 4

Number of accidents: 2 4 5 6
7.
Number of days: 3 6 4 6
8. Ages (in years): 12 13 14 15 16 17
Number of Students: 4 2 9 2 2
9. () 200 (ii) 1 (ii) 3
10. ) 16 (ii) 25 (ii) 9

11. Tally marks FrequencCy () 12

Marks
2

5
8 4
9

Frequency (i) Ladoo

12.) Sweet Tally Marks

12
Ladoo
3
Burfi
6
Jalebi
9
Rasgulla