Machine tools-I

Machining: Introduction
Ø Machining is a manufacturing process in which a sharp cutting tool is used
to cut away material to leave the desired part shape.
Ø The predominant cutting action in machining involves shear deformation of
the work material to form a chip; as the chip is removed, a new surface is
exposed.

Important Remarks
Ø Machining is most frequently applied to shape metals/non metals.
Ø Machining is not just one process; it is a group of processes.
Ø To perform the operation, relative motion is required between the tool and work.
 Machine tool : Introduction
Ø A machine tool is a machine for shaping or machining metal or other
rigid materials, usually by
• Cutting,
• Boring,
• Grinding,
• Shearing (die-cutting)
• or Other forms of deformation.

Ø Machine tools employ some sort of tool that does the cutting or
shaping. Also, all machine tools have some means of constraining the
work piece and provide a guided movement of the parts of the machine.

Ø Thus the relative movement between the workpiece and the cutting
tool (which is called the tool path) is controlled or constrained by the
machine to at least some extent, rather than being entirely "offhand" or
"freehand".
 General classification of machine tool
Ø Degree of Specialization
Ø General Purpose machine tool (e.g. Lathe, drilling machine)
Ø Special Purpose machine tool (e.g. Gear cutting machine, boring machine)
Ø Type of surface produced
Ø Cylindrical surface producing machine (e.g. drilling, lathe)
Ø Flat surface producing machine ( e.g. Milling, Shaper)
Ø Type of motion
Ø Reciprocating (Shaper, Planer)
Ø Rotary (Lathe, drilling, boring)
Ø Degree of automation
Ø Manual control
Ø Semi –automatic
Ø Automatic
General classification of machine tool
Ø Duty Cycle
Ø Light duty
Ø Medium duty
Ø Heavy duty
Ø Type of energy used
Ø Conventional machine that use mechanical energy
Ø Conventional machine that use energy like chemical, electro
discharge energy, etc.
Lathe Machine
 Introduction

Ø Lathe is one of the most important and oldest machine tools in the
metal working industry.

Ø Lathe machine also called “Engine Lathe” because the first type of lathe
was driven by a steam engine.

Ø A lathe operates on the principle of a rotating work piece and a fixed

cutting tool. (i.e. the cutting tool is feed into the work piece, which
rotates about its own axis, causing the work piece to be formed to the
desired shape).
Introduction

• The lathe is a machine tool which holds the work piece between two rigid &
strong supports called centres or in a chuck or in face plate which revolves.

• Cutting tool fed either parallel or at right angles to the axis of work piece Or
may also at an angle . The cutting should be fed (or progressed) in small
progression.

• Material property of the cutting tool should be harder than material of the
workpiece.
Lathe Parts
COMPOUND SLIDE
Simple representation of lathe
 Main Parts of Lathe

Bed : It is heavy casting made in one piece and consists of two heavy
parallel sides having ways over it. It supports to all other parts of the lathe
and provide the base of the lathe machine.

Head stock: It is the main body parts which are placed at left side of bed. It
is serve as holding device for the gear , spindle, driving pulley etc. It is also
made by cast iron.

Tail stock : It is situated on bed. It is placed at right hand side of the bed.
The main function of tail stock to support the job when required. It is also
used to perform drilling operation.
Feed rod: It is used to feed the carriage along the axis of the lathe during
machining operations.

Lead screw: It is situated at the bottom side of bed which is used to move
the carriage automatically during thread cutting.
Main Parts of Lathe
Carriage : It is situated between the head stock and tail stock. It is used to
hold and move the tool post on the bed vertically and horizontally. It slides
on the guide ways. Carriage is made by cast iron.
• It consist of : Saddle; Compound Slide; Tool Post, Apron
Apron : This is the lower vertical portion of the carriage. It consist all
controlling and moving mechanism of carriage.
Saddle: It is the part of the carriage which slides along the bed way and
support the Cross-slide, compound rest and Tool post.
Cross slide: Cross Slide is mounted on the carriage. Its function is to
provide cross feed of the tool and its movement is perpendicular to the
center of the lathe machine.
Compound slide: It is also known as compound rest and it is mounted on
the top of cross slide. It has a circular base graduated in degree. It is used
for positioning the cutting tool in various position needed for machining
like angular cuts, etc.
Tool post: It is bolted on the carriage. It is used to hold the tool at correct
position. Tool holder mounted on it.
Chuck: It is used to hold the workpiece. It is bolted on the spindle which
rotates the chuck and work piece. It is four jaw and three jaw according to
the requirement of machine

Speed controller: Speed controller switch is situated on head stock which

controls the speed of spindle.

Legs: These are used to carry all the loads of the machine. They are bolted
on the floor which prevents vibration.
 Types
• Speed Lathe
a)wood cutting lathe b) Centering lathe c) Polishing lathe d)Spinning lathe

• Engine Lathe
a)belt driven lathe b)individual motor drive lathe c) Gear head drive lathe

• Bench Lathe
Tool room Lathe

• Capstan & Turret Lathe

• Special purpose Lathe

a)wheel lathe b)gap-bed lathe c)t-lathe d)duplicating lathe

• Automatic Lathe
 Speed Lathe
Ø It is the simplest type lathe. Due to high speed of spindle it is called
“Speed Lathe”.

Ø Speed of Spindle : 1200 to 3600 rpm and driven by a variable speed

motor fitted in the head stock.

Ø They have no gear box, carriage and the lead screw. With the result,
the tool is fed and actuated by hand.

Ø This lathes are usually employed for wood turning, polishing, metal
spinning (i.e. metal turning), etc.
 Engine/ Centre Lathe
Ø These are most popular among the lathe machines and come in various sizes.
In starting it was driven by steam engine, So it is called as Engine lathe.
Ø In contrast to speed lathe , these lathes has features for controlling the
spindle speed (to accommodate of a wide scope of work) [While motor
speed is constant]
Ø It also consists of a compound slide and can feed the cutting tool in the
longitudinal and cross direction.
Types:
a)Belt driven lathe b) Individual motor drive lathe c) Gear head drive lathe
 Bench Lathe
Ø It is a very small lathe and is mounted on a separately prepared bench
or cabinet. It has the same features as engine lathe but differs from
these in terms of size and mounting

Ø It is used for small and precision work since it is very accurate.

 Special purpose Lathe
Ø Lathes are designed to suit a definite class of work and to perform
certain specified operations only like heavy-duty production of identical
parts

Ø These lathes perform specific functions that cannot be performed by

the standard lathes.

Example:
a)wheel lathe b)gap-bed lathe c)T-lathe d)Duplicating lathe
 Capstan & Turret Lathe
Ø The capstan and turret lathe machine used for Mass production (large
Quantity) and it is a modified version of the engine lathe machine.

Ø Capstan lathes are used in mass production used for light duty
workpieces Whereas Turret lathes are used in mass production and for
heavy duty workpieces

Ø These machine is used where the sequence of operation is performed

on the workpiece, there is no alternative operation performed on this
machine.

Ø These machines provided by hexagonal turret head instead of the

tailstock in which multiple operations (Turning, facing, boring, reaming)
performed in a sequence without changing its tool manually. Note that
after each operation the turret rotated automatically.
 Automatic Lathe

A lathe in which the work piece is automatically fed and removed without
use of an operator. It requires very less attention after the setup has been
made and the machine loaded.

Ø Enhancing the quality as well as the quantity of production.

Ø No participation of the operator is required during the operation.
Ø Automatic lathes are available having single or multi spindles.
Ø They fall in the category of heavy duty, high speed lathes and
mainly employed in mass production.
Lathe specifications
Specifications
Ø Swing- the largest work diameter that can be swung for the lathe bed
Ø Swing Diameter over carriage : the largest work diameter that can be
swung over the lathe saddle
Ø The distance between the headstock and tailstock center.
Ø Length of the bed in meter.
Ø The pitch of the lead screw.
Ø Horsepower of the machine.
Ø Speed range and the number of speeds of Head Stock spindle.
Ø Spindle bore diameter
Ø Cross slide travel
Ø The weight of the machine in tonnes
Thank you