11 - 19 PROGRESSION

Sample
Edexcel GCSE (9-1) unit

Mathematics
Foundation
Student Book
Confidence • Fluency • Problem-solving • Reasoning

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We are seeking endorsement for use with the
Edexcel GCSE (9-1) Mathematics specification.

A LW AY S L E A R N I N G
 Unit 11 Ratio and proportion
Master Problem solve Check Strengthen Extend Test
p318 p336 p337 p339 p342 p345
Contents
11 RATIO AND PROPORTION
1 Number
2 Algebra
3 Graphs, tables and charts
4 Fractions and percentages
5 Equations, inequalities and sequences
6 Angles and polygons The engine performance of cars can be compared by
looking at the power-to-weight ratio.
7 Averages and range Cars with a high power-to-weight ratio accelerate well.
The times taken for cars to accelerate from
8 Perimeter, area and volume 1
0 to 100 km/h are given in the table.
9 Graphs Car make and model Time (0–100 km/h)
Ferrari 458 Italia 3.3 s
10 Transformations
Lamborghini Aventador 2.7 s
11 Ratio and proportion Porsche 918 Spyder 2.4 s

12 Right-angled triangles Which car accelerated the fastest?

13 Probability
11 Prior knowledge check
14 Multiplicative reasoning
15 Constructions, loci and bearings Numerical fluency 7 Copy and complete

16 Quadratic equations and graphs 1 Copy and complete 3 24 3

a __ = ___ b ___ = ___
a 10 ×   = 60 b  × 9 = 900 5 20 32
17 Perimeter, area and volume 2
2 Find the highest common factor (HCF) of
18 More number each pair of numbers. Fluency with measures
a 25 and 35 b 24 and 40 8 How many
19 Congruence, similarity and vectors
3 Work out a g in 1 kg
20 More algebra a 24 kg ÷ 3 b 72 mm ÷ 8 b ml in 1 litre?
c £2.80 ÷ 4 d 300 g ÷ 5

4 Work out Geometrical fluency

a 17.5 ÷ 5 b 5.4 × 6 9 What is the scale factor of this
enlargement?
5 Work out
5 cm 10 cm
a 40 ÷ 5 × 3 b 36 ÷ 4 × 8
A 3 cm
6 What fraction of each diagram is shaded? B 6 cm
a b

Draft, subject to endorsement 317

 Unit 11 Ratio and proportion Unit 11 Ratio and proportion

Graphical fluency Challenge 4 A necklace has 30 beads.

Q4 hint How many sets
11 Design a set of 20 loop cards. The first two There is 1 purple bead for
10 Plot a line graph for the values in the of ‘1 purple, 4 blue’ are
have been done for you. every 4 blue beads. these?
table.
3
The last card must end with __ or 0.75. How many beads are
x 1 2 3 4 5 4
Explain why. a purple b blue?
y 3 6 9 12 15
3 1
4
0.5
2
0.8 Key point 2
a What is the gradient of the line?
You simplify a ratio by making the numbers as small as possible.
b What is the equation of the line? Divide the numbers in the ratio by their highest common factor (HCF).

5 Write each ratio in its simplest form.

11.1 Writing ratios a 4 : 12 b 16 : 8 Q5a hint Q5e hint
c 27 : 9 d 7 : 42 4 : 12 15 : 20
Objectives Why learn this? e 15 : 20 f 63 : 28 4 4 5 5
1: :
• Use ratio notation. Outdoor pursuits need to have the correct g 18 : 48 h 36 : 45
• Write a ratio in its simplest form. supervision ratios.
6 Problem-solving / Reasoning The bar charts show the numbers of gold medals
• Solve simple problems using ratios. and other medals won at a competition by each group from a gym club.
Fluency Gold medals won Other medals won

Number of other medals

Number of gold medals
4 8
• Work out 28 ÷ 4, 45 ÷ 5 7
3 6
• Chloe has 3 red beads and twice as many blue beads. 5
How many blue beads does she have? 2 4
3
1 2
1 The bar chart shows the number of Outdoor pursuits centre data 1
Number of teenagers

25 0 0
teenagers doing each activity at an outdoor
20 group A group B group C group D group A group B group C group D
pursuits centre on one day. Club group
15 Club group
Warm up

a How many teenagers are taking part in 10 a What is the ratio of gold medals won to other medals won?
activities at the centre altogether? Q6a hint What do
5 Write your answer in its simplest form. you need to work out
b Which activity is the most popular? 0 b The club’s coach says that they won twice as many other before you can find
canoeing windsurfing jet skiing
medals as gold medals. the ratio?
Activity
Is the coach correct? Explain your answer.
Key point 1
A ratio is a way to compare two or more quantities. 7 Real An a�er-school club at a primary school is attended by
Q7 hint Show your
32 children. It is run by 4 adults. The guidelines say that the
working.
adult-to-child ratio should be 1 : 8.
Questions in this unit are targeted at the steps indicated. Does the club have enough adults?

2 Write down each ratio of red tins to yellow tins. 8 Problem-solving Which of these ratios are equivalent?
Q2a hint There Q8 communication hint
is 1 red tin and 2 A 36 : 16 B 135 : 60 Ratios are equivalent if they
a
yellow tins. Write the C 28 : 16 D 126 : 56 have the same simplest form.
ratio ‘red : yellow’ E 49 : 28
b using the numbers.
9 Write each ratio in its simplest form. Q9a hint The highest common factor of
20, 25 and 15 is 5, so divide all the parts by 5.
3 Draw tins to show these ratios of red to yellow. a 20 : 25 : 15 b 36 : 24 : 30
20 : 25 : 15
a 4 : 3 b 3 : 4 c 56 : 42 : 35 d 16 : 40 : 56 5 5 5
: :
Discussion Is the ratio 4 : 3 the same as the ratio 3 : 4?

318 Homework, practice and support: Foundation 11.1 Draft, subject to endorsement 319
 Unit 11 Ratio and proportion Unit 11 Ratio and proportion

5 Real Thomas makes a model of the Eiffel Tower

10 Communication Show that these ratios are equivalent. Q5 hint
using a ratio of 1 : 1280.
10 : 15 : 25 12 : 18 : 30 18 : 27 : 45 Model : Real
The height of his model is 250 mm.
1 : 1280
11 STEM A recipe for shortbread uses 125 g of butter, 55 g of sugar and 180 g of flour. What is the height of the Eiffel Tower in metres?
Write the ratio of butter : sugar : flour in its simplest form. :
Q5 hint 1 : 1280 means that 1 mm in the model
12 Exam-style question Q12 strategy hint represents 1280 mm in real life.
There are 80 marbles in a bag. Of these, 25 are china and the rest are Start by writing
glass. Write the ratio of china marbles to glass marbles in its simplest C : G and the Key point 3
form. (2 marks) information you
know. Ratios in their simplest form only have whole numbers.

Example 2
Write 1.5 : 8 as a whole number ratio in its simplest form.
11.2 Using ratios 1 1.5 : 8
10 10 1.5 has 1 decimal place so multiply both sides
Objective Why learn this? 15 : 80 of the ratio by 10 to get a whole number.
5 5
• Solve simple problems using ratios. You need to mix paints in the same ratio to get 3 : 16
the same colour each time. The HCF is 5 so divide both sides by 5.

Fluency
• 1 m =  cm • 1 cm =  mm 6 Write each ratio as a whole number ratio in its simplest form.
• 1 m =  mm • 2500 mm =  m a 0.4 : 6 b 3.5 : 4.2 c 45 : 13.5 d 25.6 : 46.4
Discussion What should you multiply by if a number in a ratio has 2 decimal places?
1 Copy and complete
a 2 ×   = 100 b 3 ×   = 75 c 2 ×   = 150 d 6 ×   = 300 7 Write each ratio as a whole number ratio in its simplest form.
a 0.25 : 3.1 b 1.4 : 0.28 c 1.62 : 1.8 d 4.8 : 11.2
2 Work out
Warm up

a 1.5 × 10 b 2.45 × 100 c 3.71 × 10 d 9.37 × 100 8 STEM / Problem-solving Old computer monitors had a width : height ratio of 4 : 3.
New computer monitors have a width : height ratio of 16 : 9.
3 Find the HCF of each pair of numbers. Is each of these monitors old or new?
a 24 and 30 b 35 and 49 c 18 and 45 d 64 and 80 a 16.8 inches b 18.4 inches

Example 1 12.6 inches 10.35 inches

To make orange paint Maria mixes yellow paint with red paint in the ratio 3 : 1.
She uses 4 tins of red paint. How many tins of yellow paint does she use?
Write down the ratio. Use Y for yellow and R for red. 9 STEM Sterling silver is made from silver and copper in the ratio 92.5 : 7.5.
Y:R Write this ratio in its simplest form.
3:1 Multiply each part by the same number to
4 4 10 STEM The ratio of chick peas : broad beans in a hummus Q10 hint
get an equivalent ratio.
12 : 4 recipe is 2 : 9.
C:B
Maria uses 12 tins of yellow paint. Jack uses 150 g of chick peas.
2:9
How many grams of broad beans should he use? 75 75
150 :
4 STEM The ratio of oyster sauce : fish sauce in a stir fry recipe is 2 : 1.
Clare uses 5 tablespoons of fish sauce. 11 STEM / Reasoning The ratio of okra : sweet potato in a korma recipe is 15 : 8.
How many tablespoons of oyster sauce does she use? Raj uses 160 g of sweet potato. He has 350 g of okra.
Will he use all of the okra?

320 Homework, practice and support: Foundation 11.2 Draft, subject to endorsement 321
 Unit 11 Ratio and proportion Unit 11 Ratio and proportion

12 Finance Anna splits her monthly net pay into rent money and money le� in the ratio 7 : 13. Key point 4
Her rent is £420. How much money does she have le� each month?
You can use ratios to convert between units.
13 Exam-style question Q13 hint Start by working Example 3
5 schools sent some students to a conference. out how many girls the
One of the schools sent both boys and girls. school sent. Convert 8 m to cm.
This school sent 16 boys. The ratio of the number of boys it 1 m is 100 cm.
sent to the number of girls it sent was 1 : 2 m : cm
Exam hint
The other 4 schools sent only girls. The ratio of m : cm is 1 : 100.
Deal with the information 1 : 100
Each of the 5 schools sent the same number of students. one paragraph at a time. 8 8
Work out the total number of students sent to the conference by 8 : 800
these 5 schools. (4 marks) So 8 m is 800 cm.
March 2013, Q12, 1MA0/1H
6 Complete these conversions. Q6a hint
a 2.5 km =  m b 34 000 g =  kg km : m =   : 
c 3.8 litres =  ml d 95 mm =  cm

11.3 Ratios and measures 7 1 mile ≈ 1.6 km. Convert

a 5 miles to km b 16 km to miles.
Objectives Why learn this? c Real The length of the London Marathon is 26.219 miles. How far is this in kilometres?
• Use ratios to convert between units. You can use ratios to work out your money for 8 A recipe needs 2 lb of flour.
• Write and use ratios for shapes and their holidays abroad. a 1 lb = 16 oz (ounces). Convert 2 lb to ounces.
enlargements. b 1 oz ≈ 25 g. Convert your answer to part a into grams.

Fluency 9 Exam-style question Exam hint

• 1 kg =  g, 1 m =  cm, 1 litre =  ml, 1 cm =  mm, 1 day =  hours Linda is buying wool to knit a baby’s blanket. Present your
She needs 1800 yards of wool. working clearly
• 9 =  2, 25 =  2, 8 =  3 and remember to
Linda chooses some balls of wool.
show the units
There are 245 metres of wool in each ball of wool. next to each
1 Faaiz has 7 red marbles and 2 blue marbles. She knows that number. Explain
a How many marbles does he have altogether? • 1 yard is 36 inches what you are
b What fraction are i red ii blue? • 1 inch is 2.54 centimetres doing at each
step so it is easy
How many balls of wool does Linda need to buy? for an examiner
2 Work out the area of this shape. 3 Work out the volume of this cube.
Warm up

You must show all your working. (4 marks) to follow.

7 cm Nov 2013, Q21, 1MA0/2F

5 cm 2 cm 10 Real / Finance On the day Lucy buys some Q10 hint

US dollars for her holiday, £1 buys US $1.68. £:$
How many dollars does Lucy get for £500?
1 : 1.68
500 500
4 Write these ratios in their simplest form. 11 Real / Finance Choose an amount in £ from the cloud. 500 :
Q4 hint Both parts Q4a and c hint Choose an exchange rate from the table.
a 15 minutes : 1 hour of the ratio need to There are 60 seconds
b 400 g : 1 kg be in the same units in 1 minute and Currency £1 Q11 communication hint
£200
before you simplify. 60 minutes in 1 hour. £350 Dollars 1.68 The exchange rate is
c 2 hours : 30 seconds the amount of money
£475 Euros 1.23
£690 in another currency that
5 A mug contains 250 ml of coffee and a jug contains 1 litre of coffee. Rupees 99.12 your currency will buy or
Write down the ratio of the amount of coffee in the mug to the amount of coffee in the jug. Work out how much money Yen 172.2 sell for.
Give your answer in its simplest form. you will get. Repeat for two Swiss francs 1.50
more amounts and currencies.

322 Homework, practice and support: Foundation 11.3 Draft, subject to endorsement 323
 Unit 11 Ratio and proportion Unit 11 Ratio and proportion

12 Real Use the table in Q11.

a How many £ does Sue get for 300 Swiss francs? 11.4 Using ratios 2
b Which is worth more, 49 560 rupees or 85 700 yen?
Objectives Why learn this?
13 The diagram shows three rectangles.
• Divide a quantity into 2 parts in a given ratio. The ratio of gold to other metals in a
• Divide a quantity into 3 parts in a given ratio. piece of jewellery is used to work out
C 8 cm the value of the item.
A 2 cm B 6 cm • Solve word problems using ratios.

Fluency
5 cm 15 cm 20 cm G Y

a Write these ratios in their simplest form. Write down the ratio of green : blue : yellow B
B G
counters on the dish. G Y
i The width of rectangle A to rectangle B. B
B

ii The length of rectangle A to rectangle B.

iii The area of rectangle A to rectangle B. Q13a iii hint 32 = ?
Discussion What do you notice about the results?
1 Work out
Rectangle C is an enlargement of rectangle A.
a 35 ÷ 7 b 10 ÷ 4 c 4.5 ÷ 3 d 2.8 ÷ 4
The heights of rectangle C and rectangle A are in the ratio 4 : 1.
b Reasoning What do you expect the ratio of the area of rectangle C to rectangle A to be? 2 Round these figures.

Warm up
Work it out. Were you correct? a 12.468 to 2 decimal places b 4.973 to 2 decimal places
c Write the ratio of the length of rectangle C to rectangle B in its simplest form.
c 3.1584 to 3 decimal places d 0.012 439 to 3 decimal places
d Reasoning Predict the ratio of the area of rectangle C to rectangle B.
Work it out. Were you correct? 3 Write these ratios in their simplest form.
14 The diagram shows two cubes. a 25 : 10 b 100 : 350 c 6000 : 2000 d 4.5 : 6
a Write these ratios in their simplest form.
Example 4
i Height of A to height of B.
ii Area of a face of A to area of a face of B. 3 cm 5 cm B Share £25 in the ratio 3 : 2.
A
iii Volume of A to volume of B. 3 + 2 = 5 parts
Discussion What do you notice? £25
Work out how many parts there are in total.
b Reasoning Another cube C has a side length of 6 cm.
What do you expect the ratio of the volume of cube A to cube C to be?
£25 ÷ 5 = £5 Work out 1 part.
Check to see if you were correct.
£5 × 3 = £15
Work out 3 parts and 2 parts.
15 A bag contains 11 red counters and 3 white counters. £5 × 2 = £10
a What is the ratio of red counters : white counters? Answer: £15 : £10
b What fraction of the counters are red? Check: £15 + £10 = £25 Check they add up to the correct total.
c What fraction of the counters are white?
Discussion What do you notice about your answers?
4 Share these amounts in the ratios given.
16 In a box of mints and toffees, _34 of the sweets are mints and _14 are toffees.
a £18 in the ratio 2 : 1 b £42 in the ratio 1 : 6
a What is the ratio of mints : toffees? Q4 hint How many
Q16 hint c £27 in the ratio 4 : 5 d 35 kg in the ratio 2 : 3 parts are there?
b There are 8 toffees in the box. How many mints are there?
M M M T e 60 m in the ratio 5 : 7 f 7.5 litres in the ratio 2 : 3
c How many sweets are in the box altogether?
Reflect Is there more than one way to work out the answer to part c? 5 STEM / Real Before 2012, 10p coins were made from copper and nickel in the ratio 3 : 1.

17 In a band, _35 of the members are male and the rest are female. The coins had a mass of 6.5 g. What was the mass of
a copper b nickel?
a What is the ratio of males : females in the band?
b Maya thinks there are 18 people in the band. Explain why she must be wrong.

324 Homework, practice and support: Foundation 11.4 Draft, subject to endorsement 325
 Unit 11 Ratio and proportion Unit 11 Ratio and proportion

6 Purple paint is mixed from red paint and blue paint in the ratio 5 : 3. 14 Rob and Simon share £50 in the ratio 7 : 3.
A painter needs 20 litres of purple paint. a How much do they each receive? b How much more does Rob get than Simon?
a How many litres of red paint should he use? Discussion How could you check your answer?
b How many litres of blue paint should he use? 15 Exam-style question
Discussion How did you check your answers? Pat and Julie share some money in the ratio 2 : 5 Q15 strategy hint
Julie gets £45 more than Pat. Draw a diagram.
7 A fruit drink is made from orange, pineapple and apple juice in the ratio 1 : 2 : 4.
How much money did Pat get? (3 marks)
Rita wants to make 35 litres of fruit drink. How much of each type of juice does she need? June 2012, Q22, 1MA0/2F

8 Exam-style question Q8 strategy Reflect How can drawing a diagram help you to answer ratio questions?
Talil is going to make some concrete mix. hint You
He needs to mix cement, sand and gravel in the ratio 1 : 3 : 5 by weight. could work
out how many
Talil wants to make 180 kg of concrete mix. Talil has
kg of each 11.5 Comparing using ratios
• 15 kg of cement
he needs to
• 85 kg of sand make 180 kg. Objectives Why learn this?
• 100 kg of gravel
• Use ratios involving decimals. You can use this to calculate and compare the
Does Talil have enough cement, sand and gravel to make the concrete
• Compare ratios. performance of different cars.
mix? (4 marks)
Nov 2012, Q29, 1MAO/1F • Solve ratio and proportion problems.

Fluency
9 Share these amounts in the ratios given. A bracelet has gold and silver links in the ratio 2 : 7. Which type of link is used most?
a £72 in the ratio 2 : 3 : 4 b 100 g in the ratio 2 : 3 : 5 Q9 hint How many
parts are there?
c 360 ml in the ratio 3 : 4 : 5 d £25 in the ratio 1 : 3 : 4 1 What are the missing numbers?
Discussion How should you round if the ratio is money? What about litres? Why? 3 1 6 2 1 7
a __ = ___ b 1 whole = ___ c __ +  ___ = __ d __ + __ + ___ = __
5 10 5 6 6 6 7 7 7 7
10 Share these amounts in the ratios given. Round your answers sensibly.

Warm up
2 Work out
a £80 in the ratio 2 : 5 b 70 litres in the ratio 2 : 7 2 3 2
a 2.5 + 3.5 b 1 − __ c __ × 100 d __ × 20
9 4 5
11 Bob and Phil buy a greyhound for £4500. 3 Simplify these ratios.
Q11 hint a 2 : 2.5 : 1.5 b 5.5 : 4.5 : 3 c 3 litres : 500 ml d 70 cm : 1 m
Bob pays £3000 and Phil pays £1500. Bob : Phil
The greyhound wins an £18 000 prize. : Key point 5
a Write the amounts they each pay as a ratio.  
: A proportion compares a part with the whole.
b Write the ratio in its simplest form.
c Divide the prize money in this ratio. 4 In a canoeing lesson _27 of the group are girls and
How much does each of them get? Q4 hint
the rest are boys.
Discussion Is this a fair way to share the prize money? What is the ratio of girls to boys in the group? G G B B B B B

12 Andrea and Penny buy a statue for £350. 5 Copy and complete the table for different groups of teenagers having canoeing lessons.
Andrea pays £140 and Penny pays £210. Fraction of group that are girls Ratio of girls : boys
They sell the statue 3 years later for £475. _5
9
How should they share the money fairly?
Q13 strategy hint 3 : 2
1 : 3 __
7
13 Problem-solving / Reasoning Two numbers are 10
in the ratio 1 : 3 and their difference is 12. :
4 : 7
What are the numbers? and 2 5 5 12

326 Homework, practice and support: Foundation 11.5 Draft, subject to endorsement 327
 Unit 11 Ratio and proportion Unit 11 Ratio and proportion

6 STEM In a gluten-free pizza base, __ 7

12 of the flour is rice flour, 14 Write each of these in the form m : 1.
Q14 hint Write each
__
3
12 is potato flour and the rest is tapioca flour. Give each answer to a maximum of 2 decimal places. of these as a unit
Work out the ratio of rice flour : potato flour : tapioca flour. a 2 : 5 b 7 : 4 c 16 : 9 ratio, with the second
d 5 : 36 e 9 : 42 f 11 : 56 value 1.
7 STEM / Real A 5p coin used to be made of
Q7 hint
copper and nickel in the ratio 3 : 1.
Example 5
What fraction of the coin was copper copper copper nickel
a copper b nickel? Molly makes a blackcurrant drink by mixing 30 ml of blackcurrant with 450 ml of water.
copper = ___ Hope makes a blackcurrant drink by mixing 40 ml of blackcurrant with 540 ml of water.
4
8 Clare and Fiona share a cash prize in the ratio 4 : 3. Whose drink is the stronger? Explain your answer.
What fraction of the prize should a Clare get b Fiona get? Molly Hope
Discussion How can you check your answer? blackcurrant : water blackcurrant : water
30 : 450 40 : 540 Simplify to a unit ratio.
9 STEM / Real A 20p coin is made of copper and nickel in the ratio 21 : 4. 30 30 40 40
1 : 15 1 : 13.5
What fraction of the coin is a copper b nickel?
Hope’s drink is the stronger because it uses less Compare the quantity of water
10 The ratio of office staff to manufacturing staff at a company is 2 : 5. water for every millilitre of blackcurrant. per ml of blackcurrant.
Jo says that _25 of the people are office staff. Q10 strategy hint
Draw a diagram.
Is she correct? Explain your answer.
15 Anna makes orange squash by mixing 50 ml of squash with 850 ml of water.
11 STEM / Real Red brass is made from a mix of copper, zinc, lead and tin
in the ratio 17 : 1 : 1 : 1. Jeevan makes orange squash by mixing 60 ml of squash with 1110 ml of water.
a What fraction of red brass is Whose squash is the stronger? Explain your answer.
i copper ii zinc?
16 Josh makes purple paint by mixing 2 litres of red paint and
b In 100 g of red brass, what are the masses of copper, zinc, lead and tin? Q16 hint Darker
500 ml of blue paint.
c Lily has plenty of copper and zinc, but only 80 g of lead and 60 g of tin. purple paint has a
Dexter makes purple paint by mixing 1.5 litres of red paint and
What is the maximum amount of red brass she can make? higher concentration
400 ml of blue paint.
d Reflect Look back at your working for part c. of blue paint.
Whose paint is the darker purple? Explain your answer.
Have you clearly shown how you got your answer?

12 STEM A topping for shortbread uses milk, chocolate, butter and syrup in the ratio 17 Raj makes concrete using aggregate to cement in the ratio 1930 : 265.
4 : 3.5 : 1.5 : 1. Sunil makes concrete using aggregate to cement in the ratio 935 : 175.
a What fraction of the topping is chocolate? Whose concrete has the higher proportion of cement?
b In 500 g of the topping what are the masses of milk, chocolate, Q12 hint Write the
butter and syrup? ratio with whole 18 Billy makes mortar by mixing 360 kg of cement with 90 kg of sand.
c You have plenty of milk and chocolate, but only 200 g of butter numbers first. Sam makes mortar by mixing 340 kg of cement with 85 kg of sand.
and 100 g of syrup. Whose mortar has the higher proportion of cement?
What is the maximum amount of topping you can make?
19 Exam-style question Exam hint
Key point 6 Explain your workings and
Electrum is _ gold and _ silver.
2 3
STEM 5 5 answer by writing your
You can compare ratios by writing them as unit ratios. In a unit ratio, one of the numbers is 1. Jessica says, ‘The amount of silver is one and a half times the reasons alongside your
amount of gold.’ calculations rather than
listing them at the end.
Is she correct? Explain your answer. (3 marks)
13 Copy and complete to write these as unit ratios.
a 5 : 3 b 2 : 7
3 3 2 2
: 1 :

328 Draft, subject to endorsement 329

 Unit 11 Ratio and proportion Unit 11 Ratio and proportion

7 20 litres of fuel cost £25.38.

Q7 hint Find the cost of 1 litre first.
11.6 Using proportion What do 35 litres cost?
L: £
Objectives Why learn this? 20 : 25.38
 
• Use the unitary method to solve proportion problems. Working out which product is the 1:
better buy helps you get the best 8 Maria gets £31.55 for working 5 hours.
• Solve proportion problems in words.
value for money. How much will she get for working for
• Work out which product is better value for money.
a 9 hours b 26 hours c 30 hours?
Fluency Reflect Did you do part c the same way as parts a and b?
In each pair, which number is bigger? Can you show a quicker way?
3.28 or 3.7? 2.9 or 2.45? 1.06 or 1.009?
9 A gym coach orders a tracksuit for each of the 25 gymnasts in the club.
The total cost is £1247.50.
1 Work out 2 more gymnasts join the club so he orders an extra 2 tracksuits.
a 840 ÷ 7 b 450 × 9 c 2.7 × 5 d 4.8 ÷ 3 What is the total value of the order now?
e 10 ×   = 20 f 10 ÷   = 5 g 5 ÷   = 1 h 7.2 ÷   = 1
Key point 8
2 Write each of these as a unit ratio. You can use the unitary method to work out which product gives better value for money.
a 4 : 18 b 11 : 5 c 14 : 35 d 18 : 8
Warm up

3 What is the HCF of each pair of numbers? 10 Washing powder comes in two sizes.
a 500 and 350 b 600 and 800 a Copy and complete to find the unit ratios.
i 1.3 kg : £4.40
4 Which is better value if you are shopping?  
kg : £1
a Paying 1.8p per gram or 2.1p per gram? b Getting 3.25 ml for 1p or 2.85 ml for 1p?
ii 2.6 kg : £6 Q10b hint Which
 
Example 6 kg : £1 gives more grams 1.3 kg for £4.40 2.6 kg for £6
for £1?
A recipe for 6 people uses 900 g of mince. How much mince is needed for b Which size is the better buy?
a 12 people b 3 people c 9 people?
11 Jenna can buy her favourite blend of coffee in two sizes: 500 g for £14.90 or 300 g for £8.85.
P:M P:M 6 people + 3 people = 9 people
Which is better value for money?
6 : 900 g 6 : 900 g 900 + 450 = 1350 g
2 2 2 2 Discussion How did you work it out?
12 : 1800 g 3 : 450 g
12 David can buy blackcurrant squash in two sizes:
2 litres for £4.99 or 600 ml for £1.98. Q12 hint Convert both to
Discussion How would you work out the amounts for 18 people and 15 people? the same units.
Which is better value for money?
5 A recipe for 4 people uses 6 eggs. How many eggs are needed for
13 Mary gets paid £31.50 for 5 hours of work. Alice gets paid £50 for 8 hours of work.
a 8 people b 2 people c 6 people d 10 people?
They both work 36 hours a week. Who earns more money?
Key point 7 14 Exam-style question Exam hint
In the unitary method you find the value of one item before finding the value of more. Brenda works in an office. Highlight or
She finds out the prices of folders
OFFICE PAPER underline key
DEALS WORLD information in a
from two companies, Office Deals
6 5 tickets to a theme park cost £125. Packs of 20 folders Pack of 15 folders question. What
Q6 hint Find the cost of 1 ticket first. and Paper World. information not
£10.80 £8.40
How much will 18 tickets cost? Brenda needs to buy exactly given in the
Tickets : Cost
Discussion Is there more than one way to 60 folders. She wants to buy the folders as cheaply as possible. boxes should you
work out the answer? 5 : £125 Which company should Brenda buy the folders from? highlight here?
Which is the best method? Why?  
1: You must explain your answer. (4 marks)
Nov 2013, Q16, 5MB3F/01

330 Homework, practice and support: Foundation 11.6 Draft, subject to endorsement 331
 Unit 11 Ratio and proportion Unit 11 Ratio and proportion

5 Modelling The table shows the price of pears at a market.

11.7 Proportion and graphs Mass of pears (kg) 0.5 1 5 10
Price of pears (£) 1 2 10 20
Objectives Why learn this?
a Plot a line graph for these values.
• Recognise and use direct proportion on a graph. Knowing simple relationships allows us
to make predictions. b Is the price of the pears in direct proportion to the mass? Explain your answer.
• Understand the link between the unit ratio and
the gradient. Price of grapes
6 Modelling This line graph shows the
price of grapes by mass.
Fluency 5
a Are price and mass in direct 4

Price (£)
• What is the equation of a straight line through the origin (0, 0) proportion?
with gradient 5? 3
b Work out the gradient of the line. 2
• What is the gradient of the line y = 7x? c How much does 1 kg of grapes cost? 1
Discussion How does your answer to b 0
1 The graph changes between gallons and pints. Conversion graph help you answer c? 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Use the graph to work out these conversions. Mass (g)
120
7 Reasoning Which of these are in direct
a 5 gallons =   pints 100 proportion? Give reasons for your answers.
b 9 gallons =   pints

Pints
80
a Inches and centimetres
c 120 pints =   gallons 60
Warm up

40 b Pounds (lb) and kilograms

20 c Age and favourite music type
0 d Number of teens in swimming pool and time of day
0 5 10 15 20
Gallons e Euros and pounds
2 Plot a line graph for the values in the table.
a What is the gradient of the line? x 1 2 3 4 5 8 A plumber charges a callout fee of £50 plus £35 per hour he works.
Q8 hint You might
b What is the equation of the line? y 4 8 12 16 20 Is his total charge (C ) in direct proportion to the number of hours (h) wish to draw a graph.
he works?
Key point 9
When two values are in direct proportion, if one value is zero so is the other. 9 Which of these sketch graphs show one variable in direct proportion to another?
When one value doubles, so does the other. Explain your answer.
A B C D E
3 Look at the graph in Q1. Q3 hint Does doubling one value
Are gallons and pints in direct proportion? double the other? When one value
Explain your answer. is zero, is the other?
O O O O O
Key point 10
When two quantities are in direct proportion, plotting them as a graph gives a straight line 10 Modelling The table shows the amount paid for different numbers of litres of fuel
through the origin. The origin is the point (0, 0) on a graph. on one day.
Number of litres (n) 5 10 20 30 50
4 Modelling The table shows some temperatures in both Celsius and Fahrenheit.
Cost (C ) £6.60 £13.20 £26.40 £39.60 £66
Celsius 5° 10° 20° 25°
Q4a hint Plot Celsius a Draw the graph.
Fahrenheit 41° 50° 68° 77° on the horizontal axis b Work out the equation of the line.
a Plot a line graph for these values. and Fahrenheit on Q10d hint
the vertical axis. Use
c Are C and n in direct proportion?
b Are Celsius and Fahrenheit in direct proportion? C =   × n
sensible scales. d Write a formula linking the number of litres (n) and the cost (C ).
Explain your answer.
e Use the formula to work out the cost of 82 litres of fuel on that day.
c Ice melts at 0 °C. What is this temperature in Fahrenheit?
Reflect Look at the equation of the line and the formula for C and n.
What is the same? What is different?

332 Homework, practice and support: Foundation 11.7 Draft, subject to endorsement 333
 Unit 11 Ratio and proportion Unit 11 Ratio and proportion

11 Modelling Look back at the graph in Q1. 3 3 people dig a ditch in 7 hours. How long will it take Q3a hint Will it take 1 man more
a Write a formula that links gallons (G) and pints (P). a 1 person b 5 people? or less time than 3 men?
b Use your formula to change 16.5 gallons to pints.
4 2 workers take 5 hours to tile a room. How long will it take
12 Modelling The ratio of miles to km is 5 : 8. a 4 workers b 3 workers? Q4 hint
a Copy and complete this table of values for miles and kilometres. Q12a hint Are miles 60 minutes = 1 hour
and km in direct Give your answers in hours and minutes.
Miles 0 5 10 proportion?
5 4 concert tickets cost £50. Q5 hint Do you expect
Kilometres
How much will 9 concert tickets cost? them to cost more or less?
b Draw a conversion graph for miles to kilometres. Q12b hint Put miles
c Write a formula linking kilometres ( y) and miles (x). on the x-axis and km 6 Real A forestry supervisor needs to transplant 420 tree seedlings.
on the y-axis. Q6 strategy hint
d Write 5 : 8 as a unit ratio. He wants all the work done in 7 hours or less. How many could
e What do you notice about the unit ratio and the gradient of the line? He knows that 1 person can transplant 8 seedlings in an hour. 1 person transplant
in 7 hours?
How many people does he need for this job?
13 Exam-style question Exam hint
STEM / Problem-solving A formula to change between temperature in You won’t get
7 A band with 4 people can play a song in 4 minutes 30 seconds.
any marks for
kelvins (K ) and in degrees Celsius (C ) is
just ‘Yes’ or How long will it take a band with 8 people to play the same song?
K = C + 273.15. ‘No’. You must
Are kelvins and degrees Celsius in direct proportion? write ‘Yes’ or 8 It takes 5 hill walkers 1 hour 20 minutes to walk up a hill.
Explain your answer. (2 marks) ‘No’ because
………….
How long will it take 8 hill walkers?
Discussion Compare your answer with other people. Is this a proportion problem?

9 Real A farmer has enough food for 250 chickens for 20 days. Q9 strategy hint
11.8 Proportion problems He buys 50 more chickens. How many chickens
does he have to feed?
How many days will the food last for?
Objectives Why learn this?
10 The weight of 30 identical coins is 150 g.
• Recognise different types of proportion. A manager needs to understand proportion
What is the weight of 800 of these coins? Give your answer in kg.
• Solve word problems involving direct and to allocate the right number of people to
inverse proportion. a job.
11 Real A contractor needs to decorate 20 rooms.
Fluency He knows that 2 people can decorate a room in 3 hours.
He needs all the work to be done in 8 hours.
Will 5 men take more or less time to build a wall than 3 men?
How many people does he need for the job?

1 Work out 12 Frank is paid £43.61 for 7 hours of work.

a £20 ÷ 8 b £36 ÷ 5 c £2.45 × 3 d £5.90 × 3
Warm up

How many hours does he work to earn £112.14?

2 How many hours and minutes in 13 It takes 5 shredders 4 hours to shred 625 sheets of paper.
a 315 minutes b 200 minutes c 2_34 hours d 4_31 hours?
Rick gets 3 more shredders.
Key point 11 How long will it take to shred 625 sheets of paper now?
When two values are in inverse proportion, one increases at the same rate as the other 14 Reflect a Write and solve your own proportion problem.
decreases. For example, as one doubles (×2) the other halves (÷2).
b Give your question to a classmate. Mark their answer. Did they show their working clearly?
Example 7
15 Exam-style question
It takes 2 painters 7 days to paint a house. How many days Q15 strategy hint Start by
does it take 1 painter to paint an identical house? It takes 1 person twice It takes 5 machines 2 days to complete a harvest. deciding if you expect it to
(×2) as long as 2 people. How long would it take 4 machines? (2 marks) take more or less time. This
2 people take 7 days, so 1 person takes 2 × 7 = 14 days.
will tell you whether it is
direct or inverse proportion.

334 Homework, practice and support: Foundation 11.8 Draft, subject to endorsement 335
 Unit 11 Ratio and proportion Unit 11 Ratio and proportion

4 Amjit buys 3 bunches of tulips and 1 bunch of roses.

Q4 hint
Bunches of roses cost twice as much as bunches of tulips.
11 Problem-solving Amjit hands over a £20 note and receives £5 change.
Objective • Use bar models to help you solve problems. How much is a bunch of roses?
tulips tulips tulips

Example 8
5 Toby and Isy share some money in the ratio 5 : 7. Q5 hint Draw a bar to show
Miguel and Jean share a tin of biscuits in the ratio 3 : 5. Jean has 6 more biscuits than Miguel. Isy gets £60 more than Toby. the ratio 5 : 7.
How many biscuits were in the tin? How much money does Toby get? Label the sections.
How many sections
all the biscuits
Draw a rectangular bar to represent £60?
represent all the biscuits in One section = £
the tin.
all the biscuits 6 A farmer has sheep, cows and pigs in the ratio 12 : 3 : 2.
Miguel Jean The farmer has 150 more sheep than pigs.
Split the bar into the ratio How many cows has she got?
3 : 5 for Miguel and Jean.
Miguel 7 8 boys and 12 girls go to swimming lessons. Q7 hint Draw a bar to represent all
In one lesson, the mean number of lengths swum the children.
by the boys is 4.5, and the mean number of lengths Split the bar into sections that show
Compare the bars for Miguel and Jean. swum by the girls is 2.
Jean the numbers of boys and girls.
Label difference between the bars as 6 biscuits. Work out the mean number of lengths swum by Work out how many lengths the
all the children in that lesson. boys swam in total and how many
lengths the girls swam in total.
6 biscuits Work out how many lengths the
2 sections represent 6 biscuits.
1 section = 6 ÷ 2 = 3 biscuits children swam altogether.
Work out 1 section.
8 Reflect How did drawing bar models help you?
All the biscuits = 8 × 3 = 24 biscuits 8 sections represent all the biscuits. Is this a strategy you would use again to
solve problems?
Check: Miguel has: 3 × 3 = 9 biscuits Check your answer works.
Jean has: 3 × 5 = 15 biscuits Log how you did on your
Jean has 15 − 9 = 6 more biscuits
11 Check up Student Progression Chart.

Total number of biscuits = 9 + 15 = 24 biscuits ✓

Simple proportion and best buys

1 In an orchestra, 10% of the musicians play brass Q1 hint Draw a bar to represent all
1 A recipe for 4 people uses 150 g of sugar. How much sugar is needed for
instruments, 15% play woodwind and 5% play the musicians in the orchestra.
percussion. 28 musicians play stringed instruments. Split the bar into 10% sections. a 8 people b 2 people c 6 people?
How many musicians are in the orchestra altogether? One section = musicians.
Total number of musicians = 2 Helen can buy 300 ml of shampoo for £3.50 or 75 ml of shampoo for £1.
Which is better value for money?
2 The sizes of the angles in a triangle are in
the ratio 1 : 3 : 5. Q2 hint Draw a bar to represent the sum of
all the angles in a triangle. Split the bar into Ratio and proportion
Sketch the triangle and mark the angles
sections in the ratio 1 : 3 : 5. One section = ° 3 A necklace has 24 beads. There is 1 red bead for every 3 blue beads.
in degrees.
How many beads are
Q3 hint
3 Hilary and Ruth share a flat with a monthly rent of £885. £____ a red b blue?
Hilary’s bedroom is twice the size of Ruth’s, so she pays
twice as much rent as Ruth. 4 Write each ratio in its simplest form.
How much do they each pay? Hilary Ruth a 24 : 32 b 27 : 18 : 54 c 2.5 : 3.5

336 Homework, practice and support: Foundation 11 Check up Draft, subject to endorsement 337
 Unit 11 Ratio and proportion Unit 11 Ratio and proportion

5 Copy and complete these conversions. Challenge

a 4.2 km =  m b 0.05 litres =  ml 16 a How many different ways can you divide this rectangle
into two parts in the ratio 1 : 3?
c £200 =  euros (£1 = 1.23 euros) d 25 km ≈  miles (8 km ≈ 5 miles)

6 Iona makes a scale model of a sailing boat using the ratio 1 : 25.
Her model is 60 cm long.
How long is the real sailing boat? Give your answer in metres.
b How many of your answers show a symmetrical pattern?
7 Hazel mixes pink paint using red paint and white paint in the ratio 1 : 4.
How much white paint should she use with 5 tins of red paint?

8 Naadim and Bal share £60 in the ratio 2 : 3. 11 Strengthen

a How much do they each receive?
b What fraction of the total amount does Naadim receive?
c Show how you checked your answer is correct. Simple proportion and best buys
1 A bus ticket costs £3. Work out the cost of
9 Write each of these as a unit ratio. Give your answers to a maximum of 2 decimal places.
a 2 tickets b 5 tickets.
a 8 : 5 b 7 : 19

10 The ratio of primary school children to secondary school children in a club is 2 : 3. 2 It costs £32 for 4 teenagers
to go to the cinema. Q2a hint Q2b hint
There are 12 primary school children in the club.
How much does it cost for £32 £32 £32
a How many secondary school children are there?
b What is the total number of children in the club? a 8 teenagers
b 2 teenagers ? ?
11 Luke makes lemon squash using 40 ml of squash and 380 ml of water. c 10 teenagers?
Joseph makes lemon squash using 50 ml of squash and 475 ml of water.
Who has made the stronger squash? Explain your answer. 3 Harry can wash 6 cars in 1 hour.
Q3 hint
How many cars can he wash in 3_12 hours?
Cars : Hours 1 hour
Proportion, graphs and inverse proportion
6 : 1
12 The table shows the number of Barbadian dollars US dollars 5 10 50 3 12 3 12
: 3 12
you get for different numbers of US dollars.
Barbadian dollars 10 20 100
a Draw a conversion graph with US dollars on the
x-axis and Barbadian dollars on the y-axis. 4 Which is better value for money:
Q4 strategy hint
b Are US dollars and Barbadian dollars in direct proportion? 200 g of lotion for £2.50 or
Work out how much you pay for 100 g of each.
c Write a formula linking US dollars and Barbadian dollars. 300 g of lotion for £3.60?
£2.50 £3.60

13 It takes 4 people 3 days to lay the cables for high-speed fibre broadband. 100 g 100 g 100 g 100 g 100 g
How long would it take
a 1 person b 6 people?
Ratio and proportion
14 It takes 3 machines 4 minutes to print 600 pages.
1 Andie makes a bracelet with Q1 hint
How long will it take 8 machines to print 600 pages? green beads and yellow beads.
G Y Y
She uses 1 green bead for every 2 yellow beads.
15 How sure are you of your answers? Were you mostly
The bracelet has 12 beads altogether. G Y Y G Y Y G Y Y G Y Y
Reflect

Just guessing Feeling doubtful Confident How many beads are

What next? Use your results to decide whether to strengthen or extend your learning. a green b yellow?

338 Homework, practice and support: Foundation 11 StrengthenDraft, subject to endorsement 339
 Unit 11 Ratio and proportion Unit 11 Ratio and proportion

2 Write each ratio in its simplest form. 9 A shop sells jam doughnuts and toffee doughnuts.
Q2a hint Q9 hint
a 2 : 6 b 6 : 9 c 10 : 15 The ratio of jam doughnuts to toffee doughnuts sold is 2 : 3. 18
2: 6
2 2 The shop sold 18 jam doughnuts.
Q2b hint You cannot divide by 2. Try dividing by 3. 1: J J T T T
a How many toffee doughnuts were sold?
d 24 : 36 : 60 e 2.5 : 6 f 2.4 : 1.6 b How many doughnuts were sold altogether?
Q2e hint Choose a number to multiply by to give whole numbers first.
10 The ratio of quad bikes to go-karts at an
Q10a hint
activity centre is 3 : 7.
quad bikes go-karts
3 Complete these conversions. a What fraction of the vehicles are go-karts?
a 3.8 m =   cm b 2.5 litres =   ml b What fraction of the vehicles are quad
bikes?
c £600 =   euros (£1 = 1.23 euros) d 24 pints =   gallons (1 gallon = 8 pints)

Q3a hint Q3c hint 11 _34 of the bikes at a cycle shop are road bikes.
Q11a strategy hint
0 1 2 3 4
The rest are mountain bikes.
0 1 Draw a picture to
m m £ a What is the ratio of road bikes : mountain bikes?
3 4 3 4 show the fractions.
cm cm euros b There are 27 road bikes. How many mountain bikes are there?
0 100 0 1.23
c How many bikes are there in the cycle shop altogether?

12 Write each of these as a unit ratio. Give your answers to a maximum of 2 decimal places.
4 Jim mixes red paint and blue paint in the ratio 1 : 5.
Q4 hint 1 red for every 5 blue. a 4 : 26 b 25 : 2
He uses 3 tins of red paint. 4    Q12 strategy hint
R B B B B B 1: :1 Divide both numbers
How much blue paint should he use?
c 13 : 5 d 7 : 22 in the ratio by the
smaller number.
5 Jenny makes a scale model of a train carriage using
Q5a hint
the ratio 1 : 20. 13 Luke makes lemon squash using 20 ml of squash and 180 ml of water.
1 cm 24 cm Q13 strategy hint
Her model is 24 cm long. model
Ben makes lemon squash using 50 ml of squash and 500 ml of water. Write them both as
3
a How long is the real train carriage in cm? real
Who has made the stronger squash? Explain your answer. unit ratios.
20 cm
b Write the real length in metres.
Proportion, graphs and inverse proportion
6 The ratio of butter to sugar in a recipe is 2 : 1.
Q6 hint 1 The sketch graph shows an object moving at a constant speed.
Ian uses 6 ounces of butter.
6 ounces
How many ounces of sugar should he use?
butter butter sugar

Distance
(miles)
7 Isabel and Freya share £20 in the ratio 2 : 3. Q7a hint O Time (minutes)
a How much do they each receive? £20
b Show how you have checked your answer. a Is this graph a straight line? Q1c hint Did you
Isabel Isabel Freya Freya Freya
b Does the graph go though (0, 0)? answer ‘Yes’ to
Q7b hint Add your answers for Isabel and parts a and b?
c Is the distance travelled in direct proportion to the time taken?
Freya’s shares together.
2 An electrician charges a callout fee of £60 and £30 per hour she works.
8 A piece of cloth is cut into three pieces in
Q8 hint Hours worked 0 1 2 3
the ratio 1 : 2 : 5. 240 cm Q2b hint Answer
Total charge (£) 60 90 120 150 Q1a and Q1b for
The piece of cloth is 240 cm long.
the graph you have
a How long is each piece? a Draw a graph for the table of her charges. drawn.
b Show how you have checked your answer. b Is her total charge in direct proportion to the hours she works?

340 Draft, subject to endorsement 341

 Unit 11 Ratio and proportion Unit 11 Ratio and proportion

3 A shop sells material for bridesmaid 3 Exam-style question

Q3 strategy hint Q3 strategy hint
dresses at £4 per metre.

Cost (£)
Make a table of Ketchup is sold in three different sizes of bottle. Write your final
Is the price of material proportional values and answer clearly ‘__
to the length bought? draw a graph. bottle is the best
Answer Q1a and Q1b for the O Length (m) value for money.
graph you have drawn. £3.99
88p £1.95
1500 g
342 g 570 g
4 The ratio of gallons to pints is 1 : 8. Q4 strategy hint Make a table of values. Small bottle Medium bottle Large bottle
Write a formula that shows the relationship Gallons 0 1 2 3
 A small bottle contains 342 g of ketchup and costs 88p
between gallons ( g) and pints ( p). Pints 0 8 A medium bottle contains 570 g of ketchup and costs £1.95
g =   × p A large bottle contains 1500 g of ketchup and costs £3.99
5 It takes 3 people 4 hours to lay some pipes. Which bottle is the best value for money?
Copy and complete the table. You must show your working. (4 marks)
Number of people Longer or shorter? Hours June 2013, Q9, 5MB3H/01
3 — 4
Q5 strategy hint If
1 longer, then multiply. 4 The lengths of the sides of a triangle are in the ratio 3 : 4 : 5.
If shorter, then divide. The perimeter of the triangle is 18 cm.
2
What is the length of the longest side?
6
5 Exam-style question Exam hint
6 It takes 4 washing machines 12 hours to wash the hotel laundry. Q6 hint Draw a table
STEM Here is a list of ingredients for making cherry scones.
Most of the
How long will it take 6 machines? like the one in Q5. marks are for
Chen wants to make 20 cherry scones. your method
Makes 8 cherry scones a Work out how much milk he will need. so write
200 grams flour Sophie has 80 grams of sugar and down all the
300 grams of flour. steps of the
60 grams margarine
11 Extend She has plenty of the other ingredients.
working.
40 grams sugar b What is the greatest number of cherry
60 grams cherries scones she can make?
1 Real Barry uses 50 g of lawn seed per square metre. You must show all your working.
160 ml milk (5 marks)
He needs to seed a lawn that is 8 m by 14 m. He has a 5 kg bag of lawn seed.
Does he have enough seed for the lawn? Nov 2013, Q5, 5MB2H/01

2 Real / Problem-solving Freda is planning a trip for her gymnasts. 6 3 painters take 12 hours to paint a house.
The recommended adult-to-child ratios are a How long would it take 4 painters to paint the house?
• Age 4 to 8 – a minimum of 1 adult for every 6 children b The charge for the work is £18 per painter per hour. What is the total cost?
• Age 9 to 12 – a minimum of 1 adult for every 8 children
• Age 13 to 18 – a minimum of 1 adult for every 10 children 7 Problem-solving The sizes of the angles in a triangle are in the ratio 2 : 3 : 4.
What size is each angle?
Here are the ages of the gymnasts.
8 Real Potting compost is made using loam, peat and sand in the ratio 7 : 3 : 2.
Age Number of gymnasts
Molly uses 2_12 litres of sand.
5 or 6 18
a How much loam and peat should she use?
7 or 8 12
b What is the total volume of the compost?
10 or 11 13
12 3 9 Sunil and Karl shared some money in the ratio 3 : 5. Q9 strategy hint
14 and over 23 Sunil gave _16 of his money to Lucas. Start with £12.50. How
Lucas got £12.50. much did Sunil have?
Work out the minimum number of adults that need to go on the trip.
How much money was shared originally by Sunil and Karl?

342 Draft, subject to endorsement 343

 Unit 11 Ratio and proportion Unit 11 Ratio and proportion

10 Modelling 3 boys did some gardening. They earned £129.60. ◉ Ratios in their simplest form only have whole numbers. Mastery lesson 11.2
They shared the money in the ratio of the number of hours they each worked.
◉ You can use ratios to convert between units. Mastery lesson 11.3
Ollie worked for 9_12 hours, Sam worked for 8_14 hours and Peter worked for 6_14 hours.
How much money did each boy receive? ◉ A proportion compares a part with the whole. Mastery lesson 11.5

11 Modelling Adam is tiling a room. He can fit 80 tiles in 1 hour. ◉ You can compare ratios by writing them as unit ratios.
He takes a 15-minute morning break and _43 hour for lunch. In a unit ratio, one of the numbers is 1. Mastery lesson 11.5
He has to fit 540 tiles. He starts work at 8:30 am. At what time will he finish work? ◉ In the unitary method you find the value of one item before
12 A box contains 480 counters. finding the value of more. Mastery lesson 11.6
Q12 strategy hint
There are twice as many red counters as yellow counters. Start with the ◉ You can use the unitary method to work out which product gives
There are three times as many blue counters as red counters. 50 yellow counters. better value for money. Mastery lesson 11.6
The rest of the counters are green. What can you work
out next? ◉ When two values are in direct proportion, if one value is zero so is
The box contains 50 yellow counters.
the other. When one value doubles, so does the other. Mastery lesson 11.7
How many green counters are in the box?
◉ When two quantities are in direct proportion, plotting them as a
13 The sizes of the angles in a quadrilateral are in the ratio 2 : 4 : 5 : 7. graph gives a straight line through the origin. Mastery lesson 11.7
What size is the largest angle?
◉ When two values are in inverse proportion, one increases at the
14 Reasoning / Problem-solving Sasha wants to buy a new camera. same rate as the other decreases. For example, as one doubles (×2)
She can either buy it from a local dealer or order it from the USA online. the other halves (÷2). Mastery lesson 11.8

Local dealer £399 Reflect For each statement, A, B and C, choose a score:
Imported from USA $529 plus taxes and duties of 20% 1 – strongly disagree; 2 – disagree; 3 – agree; 4 – strongly agree
Both prices include postage A I always try hard in mathematics

Reflect
The exchange rate is £1 = $1.68. She wants to pay the cheaper total cost. B Doing mathematics never makes me worried
Which option should she choose? C I am good at mathematics
For any statement you scored less than 3, write down two things you could do so that you
15 The chart shows the proportions of sand and cement Key:
agree more strongly in the future
needed to mix mortar for brickwork. sand
A builder uses 78 kg of cement to make his mortar. 80°
cement
How much sand should he use? 280°

Q15 hint Write down the ratio of sand : cement. 11 Unit test Log how you did on your
Student Progression Chart.

16 50 people go on a trip to the cinema. Adult £8.45

The ratio of adults to teenagers on the trip is 2 : 3. Teenager £6.75 1 At the 2014 Commonwealth Games, Australia won 42 silver medals and
30 per cent of the adults are senior citizens. India won 30 silver metals.
Senior or child £6.35
The table shows the ticket prices. Write the ratio of the number of silver medals won by Australia to the
What is the total cost for all 50 people to visit the cinema? number of silver medals won by India. Give your ratio in its simplest form. (2 marks)

2 1 kg of cheddar cheese costs £6.40. How much does 100 g cost? (2 marks)
11 Knowledge check
3 There are 45 lemons and limes in a box.
The ratio of the number of lemons to the number of limes is 1 : 4.
◉ A ratio is a way to compare two or more quantities. Mastery lesson 11.1 Work out the number of limes in the box. (3 marks)
◉ You simplify a ratio by making the numbers as small as possible.
Divide the numbers in the ratio by their highest common factor 4 Greg changed £475 into euros. The exchange rate was £1 = 1.2 euros.
(HCF). Mastery lesson 11.1 How many euros did he get? (2 marks)

344 Homework, practice and support: Foundation 11 Unit test Draft, subject to endorsement 345
 Unit 11 Ratio and proportion Unit 11 Ratio and proportion

5 At Mini Mart, 4 tubs of ice cream cost £9.40. 13 3 machines can print a batch of leaflets in 2 hours.
At Dave’s Deli, 3 tubs of the same ice cream cost £7.50. How long would it take 4 machines to print the same batch of leaflets? (3 marks)
At which shop is ice cream better value for money? (3 marks)
14 Exam-style question
6 A school with 900 students has 150 computers. Write the ratio of the number of Each day a company posts some small letters and some large letters.
students to the number of computers in the form m : 1. (1 mark) The company posts all the letters by first class post.
The tables show information about the cost of sending a small letter by
7 There are 250 marbles in a tin. first class post and the cost of sending a large letter by first class post.
40 marbles are metal, 60 are stoneware and the rest are glass or china.
Small letter Large letter
There are twice as many glass marbles as china marbles.
Weight First class post Weight First class post
How many are a china b glass? (4 marks)
0–100 g 60p 0–100 g £1.00
8 Sam, Jack and Ali share £45 in the ratio 2 : 3 : 4. 101–250 g £1.50
251–500 g £1.70
a What fraction does Sam get?
501–750 g £2.50
b How much does Ali get? (4 marks)
One day the company wants to post 200 letters.
9 James, Isaac and Lucas share £30 in the ratio of their ages. The ratio of the number of small letters to the number of large letters is
3:2
James is 10 years old, Isaac is 8 years old and Lucas is 7 years old.
70% of the large letters weigh 0–100 g.
Isaac gives a third of his share to his Dad.
The rest of the large letters weigh 101–250 g.
How much money does Isaac have now? (4 marks)
Work out the total cost of posting the 200 letters by
first class post. (5 marks)
10 Here are the ingredients needed to make
Beef pie (serves 6 people) Nov 2013, Q11, 1MA0/1H
a beef pie for 6 people.
180 g flour
a How much beef is needed to make
a beef pie for 15 people? (3 marks) 320 g beef
Sample student answers
b If you have 5 eggs and plenty of the 80 g butter
other ingredients, can you make 4 eggs Exam-style question
a beef pie for 8 people? (3 marks) 160 ml milk Potatoes cost £9 for a 12.5 kg bag at a farm shop.
The same type of potatoes cost £1.83 for a 2.5 kg bag at a supermarket.
11 A company makes fruit drinks. Where are the potatoes the better value, at the farm shop or at the
A machine fills crates of 12 bottles with drink. In 1 hour the machine can fill 18 000 bottles. supermarket? You must show your working. (4 marks)
How many seconds does the machine take to fill a crate of 12 bottles? (4 marks) June 2012, Q23, 1MA0/2F

12 The graph shows a car moving at a constant speed.

Which student gives the best answer and why? Exam hint
Distance–time graph
Remember that there are marks
Student A Farm shop: £9 for 12.5 kg for showing your method and
Distance (D miles)

200 £1.83 for 2.5 kg for communicating your answer

Supermarket: 5 5 clearly, as well as for getting
150 £9.15 for 12.5 kg
the answer right.
100 The potatoes are better value at the farm shop.
50 Student B 12.5 ÷ 2.5 = 5
0 £9 ÷ 5 = £1.80
0 1 2 3 4
Time (T hours) Student C Farm shop: 12.5 ÷ 9 = 1.388… kg for £1
a Does the graph show distance and time in direct proportion? Supermarket: 2.5 ÷ 1.83 = 1.366 kg… for £1
Explain your answer. (1 mark) The potatoes are better value at the supermarket.
b Write down the equation of the line. (1 mark)

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