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Frequency reconfigurable and high gain metamaterial microstrip radiating

structure

Article  in  Waves in Random and Complex Media · April 2018

DOI: 10.1080/17455030.2018.1452309

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Frequency reconfigurable and high gain metamaterial microstrip
radiating structure

Shobhit K. Patel, §,ŧ Karan H. Shah§ and Y.P.Kosta §

§
Department of Electronics and Communication, Marwadi Education Foundation Group of
Institutions, Rajkot-360003, India
ŧ
Electrical and computer engineering department, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, NE-68588
ŧ
shobhitkumar.patel@marwadieducation.edu.in

Abstract:-
In this manuscript reconfigurable microstrip patch antenna loaded with switches is presented for
gain enhancement. The patch antenna is loaded with three metamaterial Split Ring Resonator
(SRR) to improve the performance. Multiple switches are used for gain enhancement of
microstrip patch antenna. The conventional microstrip patch antenna is compared with different
switching cases (all switches on, all switches off, two switches on, metamaterial loaded patch
with all switches on, all switches off, two switches on). The results of the proposed design is
compared in form of reflection coefficient, gain, number of bands and bandwidth. The
comparison of the proposed design is also made with previously published similar designs to
show the proposed design enhancement. Gain enhancement is achieved by loading of
metamaterial in patch for different switching states.

1. Introduction

Reconfigurable antennas are useful in changing polarization, pattern and frequency, etc. One of
the main limitation of reconfigurable antenna is its tuning range. The detailed review of
frequency, polarization and pattern is presented in [1]. Reconfigurable and broadband antennas
have potential impact on several wireless applications because of its frequency and pattern
tuning [2-7] . The design of reconfigurable antennas are focused mainly on tuning the frequency
while maintaining pattern characteristics. Parasitic pixel layers is used to tune the frequency,
radiation pattern of polarization of an antenna [2]. Varactor-tuned antenna design using single
bias is presented for better tuning range. The limitation of tuning range is overcome in this
design [3]. Liquid metal section displacement is used to achieve reconfigurability in antenna
design. Performance of liquid elements is more effective compared to metal elements when
displacement is required [4]. Tuning of different parameters is achieved by placing switches,
varactor diodes, capacitors in antenna design. Tuning with varactor diode is achieved. The
capacitance of the diode is varied for different states to achieve tuning in the antenna design [5].
Reconfigurability is also achieved by using switches. Six frequency variable bands are achieved
by using three switches in this design [6]. Reconfigurable wideband and multiband antenna
using dual-patch elements is presented in [7].

However, the use of metamaterials for improving antenna performance is widely explored by
many research groups [8-16]. The use of metamaterials improve the bandwidth, gain and
directivity of an antenna. Metamaterials also helped in reducing the size of an antenna.
Metamaterials are also used in designing reconfigurable antennas. The use of metasurface for
reconfiguring frequency of an antenna is presented in [17]. Reconfigurable control of radiation
beam and cancellation of side lobes in holographic antenna is possible with the use of
metamaterials [18]. Pattern reconfigurability is achieved by metamaterial structure in wearable
antenna. The design is also simulated on the human tissue to see its absorption rate is below the
standard level. Broadside and unidirectional pattern is achieved in this design for zeroth order
mode [19].

Multiband reconfigurable antenna is designed for RF energy harvesting applications using

metamaterials. The diodes inside the antenna are switched to achieve frequency reconfigurability
[20]. Metamaterial based antenna is reconfigured by placing switching on/off metamaterial unit
cells. Resonant frequency of an antenna is reconfigured using metal strips (switches) [21].
Radiation pattern and polarization both are very important for any antenna design. Both these
parameters are reconfigured using switches. The switch position is on/off for radiation pattern
selectivity and polarization diversity [22]. Pattern diversity is achieved by periodic loading of
capacitive arc strips in metamaterial based antenna. [23]Metamaterial is also applicable in radio
frequency identification systems (RFID). The use of metamaterial enhances the performance of
RFID tags [24]. Reconfigurable antennas using metamaterials are used in terahertz applications
[25-31].
In this work, we focus on frequency reconfigurable and high gain microstrip patch antenna
design for possible application in radar systems and warfare antenna systems. Compared to the
low tune reconfigurable design presented in [32], this design has high tuning frequency range. In
order to enhance the gain of antenna, reconfigurable high gain metamaterial design is also
presented. The design results of metamaterial design, simple design, reconfigurable design are
compared with previously published designs [32-38].

2. Design and modeling of reconfigurable antenna

In this section, we present reconfigurable antenna design which reconfigures frequency by

changing the switch position on/off. We use PIN diode as RF switch to reconfigure antenna
frequency. PIN diode works as very good RF switch because of its intrinsic region which provide
more charge storage in between the two junctions. Electrical equivalent circuit of pin diode and
its High frequency structure simulator (HFSS) model is presented in Fig. 1 [38]. HFSS model of
a switch is made by using lumped RLC boundaries in switch contacts as shown in Fig. 1(a).
Electrical equivalent circuit for switch off/on is presented in Fig. 1(b). In switch on position it
work as series combination of Rs and L. It start conducting in this position. In switch off
position, it work as parallel combination of Rp and Cp. Capacitance block the current and no
current flows in this position and it work as open circuit.

Fig. 1. PIN diode (a) HFSS model, created using lumped RLC boundaries (b) Electrical
equivalent circuit representation of PIN diode for switch position on/off.
Metamaterial Split ring resonator inclusion:

Inclusion of metamaterial in microstrip patch antenna enhances several parameters of microstrip

patch antenna [33]. We use three ring split ring resonator as metamaterial component for
possible inclusion in microstrip patch antenna. Three ring split ring resonator with its electrical
equivalent circuit is presented in Fig. 2. Copper rings of SRR induced the inductance and the
capacitance is induced due to the gaps between the SRR rings. The series capacitance C s and the
inductance per unit length of two rings can be calculated by using the equations given below.

(1)

(2)

In above mentioned equations µ0 is free space permeability (µ0=4 ×10-7 N/A2), ‘a’ is the width
of ring, ‘g’ is the split gap, ‘b’ is the length of ring, ‘t’ is thickness of split ring and ‘ɛ’ is the
permittivity of the substrate material. In this work the dimensions used are like, a=4mm, g=
4mm, t=0.5mm.

Following equations (3-7) shows permittivity and permeability of metamaterial. Using following
equations permittivity and permeability of metamaterial can be calculated.

 
r es
 (f)   - (3)
eff r 2
 f 
1  G 
f 
 d 

Where the constants are given as follows.

Zc
fd 
2 0 h

G  0.6  0.0009 Z c

0 t 2
1
 t  
Zc  log F1  1  2 
2  es  0  W W  
 
   
0.7528 
F1  6  2  6  exp    30.666
t
 
  W  

 ab
  1   r  1   t 
 es  r  1  10 
2  2   w 

1 ( w / t ) 4  ( w / 52t ) 2  1   1 w  3 
a  1 log   1    
 ( w / t )  0.432  18.7   18.1 t  
49 4

0.053
   0.9 
b  0.564 r 
  r  3.0 
( f ) ( f )
  eff ( f )   MTM ( f )  1   MTM ( f ) (4)
0 0

( f ) 1   MTM ( f ) 1
Z   Z0  Z0 (5)
( f )  eff ( f )   MTM ( f )  eff ( f )

ε(f) μ(f)
neff (f)  ε eff  f  
ε0 μ0

 ε eff  f   ε eff  f   ε MTM  f  1  μ MTM (f) (6)

1

These conditions are satisfied if

 eff ( f )[1   MTM ( f )]   eff  f    MTM  f 

so that

 MTM  f  
1
 1,
 eff  f 
(7)
 MTM  f    eff  f  MTM  f 
Figure 2. Split ring resonator (a) with three rings. (b) Equivalent circuit of three ring SRR
presented in (a).

Simple microstrip patch antenna design is presented in Fig. 3. Patch and substrate are made up of
copper material and Rogers RT duroid material respectively. Substrate material permittivity is
2.2. Feed is located at the bottom left corner of the patch. Substrate height is kept at 1.5 mm.

Figure 3. Conventional microstrip patch antenna. (a) top view, (b) side view. The copper patch
with dimension 65×65 mm2 is placed on the RT duroid substrate of dimension 136.4×136.4mm2
and thickness 1.5mm. The permittivity of substrate material is 2.2.
Simple microstrip patch antenna is slotted as shown in Fig. 4(b) to create corner truncated
portion inside the patch. The creation of this corner truncated portion and simple patch is
connected with several PIN diode RF switches as presented in Fig. 4(a). Switching position
on/off create different patch surface. Switching 'on' all the switches connect the corner truncated
patch with simple patch. Switching 'off' all the switches, make open circuit connection which act
as a slot and corner truncated patch is created as shown in Fig. 4(b). One more slit is taken out
from one non radiating edge to increase the radiation path and improve the performance of the
antenna.

Figure 4. Microstrip patch antenna with different switch positions (a) All switches on, Inset in
the figure shows the switch on position in the patch with short circuit (b) All switches off, Inset
shows the all switch off position with open circuit which creates slot in the patch.
Reconfigurability is obtained by switching these switches on/off. Various parameters like gain,
bandwidth, S11 are also varied by switching phenomena.

Improving the antenna performance is very important, so we load metamaterial three split ring
resonator component in the slotted patch as shown in Fig. 5. The inclusion of this metamaterial
component increases the bandwidth and gain which is discussed in section 3. Three ring SRR is
loaded in the center of the design as shown in the Fig. 5. Thickness of the metamaterial three
ring SRR ring is kept at 2 mm with height of 1 mm. Splits of the ring are of 2×2 mm 2. The gap
between the two rings is also kept at 2 mm. The outer periphery size of outer most ring is 28 mm
and inner periphery size of inner most ring is 8 mm.

Fig. 5. (a) Metamaterial loaded patch with all switches on, (b) metamaterial loaded patch with
all switches off. By loading metamaterial in patch there is enhancement in gain, S11, number of
bands compared to simple patch.

Improvement in the performance is also achieved by keeping the two switches of the truncated
corner slot in 'on' position as shown in Fig. 6. The inset of the figure clearly show the conducting
path through which radiation move from inner corner truncated patch to outside simple square
patch. The radiation path is increased by keeping switches 'on' in this position. The results of this
design is also discussed in section 3. Metamaterial component is also loaded in this design and
results are simulated.
Fig. 6. Two switches placed at the truncated corners of patch. When these switches are kept 'on',
they provide a long radiation path which enhances the performance of the antenna.

3. Results and Discussions

The designs discussed in the section 2 is simulated using High frequency structure simulator
(HFSS). The design results in the form of S11 and gain is discussed in this section. Simple patch
antenna of 65×65 mm2 is simulated first to find out its parameters. The results obtained in the
form of S11 are presented in Fig. 7 with black dash line. The result shows four bands with
maximum value of S11 is -21.36dB and maximum bandwidth of 120 MHz The slotted patch
antenna with switches is simulated for two different switch positions (on/off). The result of S11 is
presented in Fig. 7 with red dash line and blue dash line for switch 'on' and switch 'off' position
respectively. Frequency shift is clearly visible by comparing the two graphs in the same plot. By
switching on the PIN diode RF switch the frequency of first band is shifted from 6 GHz to
6.35GHz. The maximum bandwidth is also enhanced from 110MHz to 190MHz by switching on
all the switches. The comparison of these designs is presented in Table 1.
Fig. 7.Comparative S11 plot of antenna with simple patch compared to patch with switch on and
patch with switch off. The efficiency of patch with switch on is more compared to other
structures.

Fig. 8. Comparative S11 plot of antenna with simple patch compared to metamaterial loaded
patch with switch on and patch with switch off. The efficiency of patch with on switch is more
compared to simple patch with switch on/off.
Table 1. Comparative Analysis of Conventional patch antenna for Different switching positions

Structure No. of Bands S11 Gain (dB) Bandwidth

(MHz)
Simple patch 4 -21.36 4.47 120
All Switch on 3 -38.24 5.33 190
Two Switch on 2 -27.79 9.31 180
All Switch off 6 -25.027 8.31 110

Improving the performance of antenna is very essential so we loaded the patch antenna with
metamaterials. The results of loading patch antenna with metamaterials is plotted in Fig. (8-10)
for different switch positions. The results in the form of S11 is plotted for switch positions on/off
in Fig. 8. The blue dash line plot is for all switch on of metamaterial loaded microstrip patch
antenna and red dash line plot is for all switch off metamaterial loaded microstrip patch antenna.
The results clearly show the shift in frequency band due to change in position of switches, the
first frequency band is shifted from 5.7 GHz to 6.3 GHz as shown in Fig. 8. The comparison of
plots for metamaterial loading and conventional design is presented in Fig. 9. The result of S11
improve as metamaterial loading is added in the conventional patch antenna for both switch 'off'
and 'on' cases. Another two switch on case results are presented in Fig. 10 for conventional and
metamaterial loaded patch antenna. The comparison of different switch position results of
conventional patch antenna and metamaterial loaded microstrip patch antenna is presented in
Table 1 and Table 2 respectively.
Fig. 9. Comparative S11 plot of antenna (a) simple patch with switch on and metamaterial loaded
patch with switch on, (b) simple patch with switch off and metamaterial loaded patch with switch
off.
Fig. 10. Comparative S11 plot of simple patch compared to patch with two switches on and
metamaterial loaded patch with two switch on. The efficiency of metamaterial loaded patch with
switch on is more compared to simple patch with switch on.

Table 2. Comparative Analysis of Conventional patch antenna for different switching positions

Structure No. of Bands S11 Gain (dB) Bandwidth

(MHz)
Simple patch 4 -21.36 4.47 120
Substrate(MM) 4 -22.37 8.67 160
switch on
Two Substrate(MM) 5 -36 16.71 110
switch on
Switch off (MM) 5 -21.82 9.54 160

Gain is very important factor while designing any antenna. We simulated all the antenna designs
for Gain measurement and the results in the form of polar plot is presented in Fig. (11-12).
simple patch antenna design has a maximum gain of 4.47 dB as shown in Fig. 11(a) . The gain is
enhanced by placing the switches and adding metamaterials. The gain for all switches on, all
switches off and two switches on cases are 5.33 dB, 8.31 dB, 9.31 dB respectively.

Fig. 11. Gain polar plot in dB for microstrip patch antenna with (a) simple patch, (b) patch with
all switch on, (c) patch with two switch on, (d) patch with all switch off. The maximum gain (dB)
for simple patch, all switch on patch, two switch on patch and all switch off patch is 4.47 dB,
5.33 dB, 9.31 dB and 8.31 dB respectively.
Fig. 12. Gain polar plot in dB for microstrip patch antenna with (a) simple patch, (b)
metamaterial loaded patch with all switch on, (c) metamaterial loaded patch with two switch on,
(d) metamaterial loaded patch with all switch off. The maximum gain (dB) for simple patch,
metamaterial loaded patch with all switch on, with two switch on and with all switch off is
4.47dB, 8.67dB, 16.71dB and 9.54dB respectively.

Addition of metamaterials improve the gain of the simple patch design. We simulated all the
metamaterial designs and its results are presented in Fig. 12 (b-d). The maximum gain is
achieved for the metamaterial design with 'two switch on' case and is presented in Fig. 12(c). The
maximum gain for this case is 16.71 dB which is almost four times more compared to gain of
simple patch antenna design. For the two other cases also the gain achieved are 8.67dB and 9.54
dB for all switch on and all switch off cases respectively. These metamaterial design gain are
also two times more compared to gain of simple patch antenna design.

Fig. 13 Gain polar plot in dB of microstrip patch antenna with (a, b) patch with all switch on
and (c, d) metamaterial loaded patch with all switch on. The improved gain (dB) for patch with
all switch on is 9.13 and 9.34 dB and that for the metamaterial loaded patch with all switch on is
8.86 and 9.07 dB. Results are for second resonant frequency. It is clear from the plots that the
antenna is having either similar or enhanced gain at various resonant frequencies compared to
the previously discussed results.
Fig 14. Gain polar plot in dB of microstrip patch antenna with (a) metamaterial loaded patch
with all switch on and (b, c, d) metamaterial loaded patch with all switch off. The improved gain
(dB) for metamaterial loaded patch with all switch on is 9.22 dB and that for the patch with all
switch off is 9.26, 10.17 and 10.41 dB. Results are for third resonant frequency. It is clear from
the plots that the antenna is having either similar or enhanced gain at various resonant
frequencies compared to the previously discussed results.
Fig 15. Gain polar plot in dB of microstrip patch antenna (a, b, c, d) patch with all switch off.
The improved gain (dB) for the patch with all switch off is 7.69, 8.39, 8.40, 8.87 dB. Results are
for fourth resonant frequency. It is clear from the plots that the antenna is having either similar
or enhanced gain at various resonant frequencies compared to the previously discussed results.
Fig 16. Gain polar plot in dB of microstrip patch antenna with (a, b) patch with two switches on
and (c, d) metamaterial loaded patch with two switches on. The improved gain (dB) for patch
with two switches on is 8.97 and 9.45 dB and that for the metamaterial loaded patch with two
switch on is 14.32 and 18.76 dB. Results are for fifth resonant frequency. It is clear from the
plots that the antenna is having either similar or enhanced gain at various resonant frequencies
compared to the previously discussed results.

It is clear from the gain polar plots of the antenna is having either improved or similar gain at
various resonant frequencies. The gain obtained for antenna with all switches on is 9.13dB and
9.34dB for different resonant frequencies. The gain obtained for metamaterial loaded patch with
all switches on is 8.86dB, 9.07dB and 9.22 dB for different resonant frequencies and that for the
metamaterial loaded patch with all switches off is 9.26dB, 10.17dB and 10.41dB for all resonant
frequencies. . The obtained gain for patch with all switches off is 7.69dB, 8.39dB, 8.40dB and
8.87dB for its resonant frequecies. The gain for patch with 2 switches on is 8.97dB and 9.45dB
and that for the metamaterial loaded patch with 2 switches on is 14.32 dB and 18.76dB for
different resonant frequencies. Thus it is clear from the Fig (13-16) that the performance of the
proposed design is terms of gain is either same or improved at different resonant frequencies.
The design results of proposed designs are compared with previously published designs from ref.
[34-37] in Table 3. From the comparison of all the designs it is clear that the proposed
metamaterial design with two switches on case has maximum gain of 16.71 dB. The bandwidth
of all the proposed designs are more than 100MHz as presented in Table 2.

Table 3. Comparative Analysis Proposed patch antenna designs with existing published designs
from ref. [34-37]

Structure No. of Bands S11 (dB) Gain (dB) Bandwidth

(MHz)
Simple patch 4 -21.36 4.47 120
All Switch on 3 -38.24 5.33 190
Two Switch on 2 -27.79 9.31 180
All Switch off 6 -25.027 8.31 110
Metamaterial all switch on 4 -22.37 8.67 160
Metamaterial two switch on 5 -36 16.71 110
Metamaterial all switch off 5 -21.82 9.54 160
Metamaterial design from ref 3 -23 - 28
[34]
Metamaterial design with 4 -43 - 36
corrugation from ref [34]
Metamaterial design from ref 3 -24.6 5.12 230
[35]
Metamaterial design from ref 3 -38 6.2 200
[36]
Three ring corrugated 5 -25 3 230
metamaterial design from ref.
[37]
Three ring metamaterial 3 -15 -10 10
design from ref. [37]
4. Conclusion

Microstrip patch antenna with truncated corners and loaded with switches in presented in with its
results. The results in the form of reflection coefficient and gain are presented. Simple patch
antenna with all switches on has the highest reflection coefficient of -38.24 dB and the highest
bandwidth of 190 MHz, simple patch antenna with all switches off has the maximum numbers of
six bands. Metamaterial loaded patch with two switches on has the highest gain of 16.71 dB. It is
clear from the results that frequency shifting and gain enhancement is achieved by placing
switches in simple patch and loading metamaterial in the patch. The reflection coefficient
compared to simple patch is increased from -21.36 dB to -38.24 dB and the gain is increased
from 4.47 dB to 16.71 dB when the simple patch is replaced by truncated corner patch and
metamaterial loaded patch with switches.

It can be concluded the response and performance of currently proposed design is better than
previous similar designs by the comparison which we made between present design and old
design [34-37]. The current antenna design can be fabricated by etching copper Split Ring
Resonator (SRR) on the patch antenna and dielectric substrate and adding pin diodes in the slot.
The proposed antennas have frequency reconfigurable multiband operation combined with high
gain performance. Frequency reconfigurable and high gain antenna can be designed based on
proposed concept with several potential applications in radar systems.

Acknowledgement: This work was partially supported by the Office of Research and Economic
Development at University of Nebraska-Lincoln and Office of Research and Development,
Marwadi Education Foundation Group of Institutions, Rajkot.

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