The skeleton

Dr Alsayed
 Objectives
1. Definition of Bone
2. Functions of bones
3. Classification of Bone
A- Types of bones according to position in the body
B- Types of bones according to structure
C- Types of bones according to Ossification
D- Types of bones according to Shape
V- Basic Structure of Bone
VI- Parts of a Long Bone
4. Blood Supply of a Long Bone
Bone is a type of connective tissue formed of cells fibers &
matrix. Bone is hard due to calcification of its extracellular
matrix
Function of Bone
 Functions of Bone

Ca2
Mg
P
P

Ca2
Supports and protects vital organs Motion Reservoir of ions

Hematopoietic action
Classification of Bone
A- Types of bones according to position in the body
 According to position of body

(1)-Axial
skeleton
(2)-Appendicular
skeleton
Axial Skeleton
Skull
 Cranium

Mandible
The Vertebral Column
a-mobile vertebrae:-
1-Cervical  [ 7 ]
2-Thoracic  [ 12 ]
3-Lumbar  [ 5 ]
b-non-mobile vertebrae:-
1-Sacral  [ 5 ] fused SACRUM
2-Coccygeal  [ 4 ] fusedcoccyx
1.Flexion.
2.Extension.
3.Lateral flexion.
4.Rotation.
 Functions of the vertebral column

(1) Forms the central axis of the body.

(2) Surrounds & protects the spinal cord.
(3) Supports the weight of head and trunk &
transmits it to the lower limbs.
(4) Allows movements of the trunk.
The Thoracic Cage
 Cartilages
Costal

Sternum Vertebral Column

Ribs
The Appendicular Skeleton
Bone of the limb upper limb Lower limb
Proximal segment Consists of Consists of
(Arm and thigh) one hone, the one bone, the
humerus femur
Middle segment Consists of Consists of
(Forearm and leg) two bones : two bones
a Ulna : a Tibia :
medially medially
b Radius : b) Fibula :
laterally laterally
Distal segment Carpal hones Tarsal hones
(hand and foot) Metacarpal Metatarsal
bones : bones
Phalanges : Phalanges
B- Types of bones according to structure
B- Types of bones according to structure

Cancellous

Compact
C- Types of bones according to Ossification
C- Types of bones according to Ossification
According to development
1- Membranous bone: The bone develops
from a membrane of mesodermal
(connective) tissue e.g.skull cap
2- Cartilaginous bone: The bone develops
from a cartilaginous model e.g. long bones .
D- Types of bones according to Shape
 Types of bones according to shape

Long bones short bones Irregular bones

Flat bones Pneumatic bones Sesamoid

bones
V- Basic Structure of Bone
 Periosteum
Outer layer

Inner layer

Medulla

Cortex

Medullary Cavity
VI- Parts of a Long Bone
 Parts of a long bone

Medullary
Cavity

Periosteum

Diaphysis

Metaphysis

Epiphyseal
Cartilage or line

Epiphysis
Cancellous Bone
Covered by
Hyaline Cartilage
Blood Supply of a Long Bone
 Blood supply of a long bone
2- Epiphyseal arteries

4- Periosteal artery

3- Metaphysial artery

1- Nutrient artery