BNGL-703 CBCS 15092016 PDF

MADHHYA JUGER BANGLA
SAHITYA (SORAS THEKE

ASTADASH SATABDI)
MA [Bengali]
BNGL - 703C
First Semester
Directorate of Distance Education

TRIPURA UNIVERSITY
Reviewer
Dr. Munmun Gangapadhyay
Associate Professor of Rabindra Bharati University
Author
Dr. Shyamal Krishna Ray
Copyright © Reserved, 2016
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≤ÃÌõ xïƒyÎ˚ ÈÉ ˜â˛ì˛òƒ â˛!Ó˚ì˛yõ,ì˛ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ÈÙÈ 1

v˛zˆÏjüƒñ Ñ,˛°åîy¢ Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚yã Á ˜â˛ì˛òƒâ˛!Ó˚ì˛yõ,ì˛ñ ˜â˛ì˛òƒâ˛!Ó˚ì˛yõ,ˆÏì˛Ó˚ Ü‡˛òñ S˛ô,¤˛y 1ÈÙÈ14V
Ó˚#!ì˛ Á !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ólfl˛ñ ì˛_¥Ólfl˛ É õïƒú#úy ÈÙÈ x‹Tõ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏFäÈîñ
˜â˛ì˛òƒâ˛!Ó˚ì˛yõ,ì˛ ÈÙÈ õïƒú#úy ≠ x‹Tõ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏFäÈîñ
Ó˚yÎ˚ Ó˚yõyò® Á ◊#˜Ïâ˛ì˛òƒˆÏîˆÏÓÓ˚ ¢y«˛yÍÑ˛yÓ˚ñ Ñ,˛°åîy¢ Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚yˆÏãÓ˚ Ñ˛!Ó ≤Ã!ì˛¶˛y
!mì˛#Î˚ xïƒyÎ˚˚ ÈÉ ôîÓ˚byÓú# Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚ Á ◊#üâw õã%õîyÓ˚ ¢¡ôy!îì˛ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ÈÙÈ 2
v˛zˆÏjüƒñ ˛ôîÓ˚byÓú#Ó˚ ˛˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ñ ˛ôîÓ˚byÓú#Ó˚ ˜Ó!ü‹Tƒñ S˛ô,¤˛y 15ÈÙÈ32V
Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ É ˜Ó°åÓ˛ôîyÓú# Á ˛ôîÓ˚byÓú#ñ ˛ôîÓ˚byÓú#Ó˚ !Óòƒy¢ ˛ôk˛!ì˛ñ
ˆîÓì˛yˆÏÓ˚ !≤ÃÎ˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚ñ !≤ÃˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÓ˚ ˆîÓì˛yñ !ÓÓ˚£ !õúˆÏòÓ˚ õyò¢ Ó˚yãƒñ
ˆüˆÏ°Ï ˆÜÔÓ˚yD !Ó°ÏÎ˚ Ñ˛!Óì˛y Ó¢yˆÏòyÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚íñ !ú!Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛D# Á ¶˛y°Ïyñ
Ó˚Ó#w ¢%Óy!¢ì˛ ˜ÏÓ°åÓ Ñ˛!Óì˛y
ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ xïƒyÎ˚ ÈÉ ôpyÓì˛# ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ÈÙÈ 3

v˛zˆÏjüƒñ Ñ˛!Ó ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ñ Ñ˛!Ó ≤Ã!ì˛¶˛yñ xydõ)úƒyÎ˚ò ïõ≈# ≤ÃŸ¿ñ Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒÓ˚ v˛zÍ¢ñ S˛ô,¤˛y 33ÈÙÈ48V
Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒÓ˚ Ñ˛y!£!òñ ˛ôpyÓì˛# Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ¶˛y°Ïyñ ˛ôpyÓì˛# Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒ ¢D#ì˛ñ ˛ôpyÓì˛# Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒ ¢õyã Á ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì
â˛ì%˛Ì≈ xïƒyÎ˚ ÈÉ õÎ˚õò!¢Ç£ ÈÙÈ Ü#!ì˛Ñ˛y ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ÈÙÈ 4

v˛zˆÏjüƒñ Ü#!ì˛Ñ˛yÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy Á ˜õõò!¢Ç£ Ü#!ì˛Ñ˛yñ õÎ˚õò!¢Ç£ Ü#!ì˛Ñ˛yÓ˚ ¢,!‹Tñ ◊¤˛y Á S˛ô,¤˛y 49ÙÈ6 V
¢Ç@˘Ãy£Ñ˛ñ xydõ)úƒyÎ˚òïõ≈# ≤ÃŸ¿ñ õÎ˚õò!¢Ç£ Ü#!ì˛Ñ˛yÎ˚ ¢õyã¶˛yÓòyñ
õyò!¢Ñ˛ !e´Î˚yÈÙÈ≤Ã!ì˛!e´Î˚yÎ˚ õÎ˚õò!¢Ç Ü#!ì˛Ñ˛yñ
!òÓ≈y!â˛ì˛ Ü#!ì˛Ñ˛yÓ˚ ¢yïyÓ˚í ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ñ õÎ˚õò!¢Ç£ Ü#!ì˛Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓƒ ¢¡ôî
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≤ÃÌõ xïƒyÎ˚ ÈÉ ˜â˛ì˛òƒ â˛!Ó˚ì˛yõ,ì˛ Sô,¤˛y 1ÈÙÈ14V
1.0 ¶)˛!õÑ˛y
1.1 v˛zˆÏjüƒ !›˛Øò#
1.2 Ñ,˛°åîy¢ Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚yã Á ˜â˛ì˛òƒâ˛!Ó˚ì˛yõ,ì˛
1.3 ˜â˛ì˛òƒâ˛!Ó˚ì˛yõ,ˆÏì˛Ó˚ Ü‡˛òñ Ó˚#!ì˛ Á !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ólfl˛
1.4 ì˛_¥Ólfl˛ É õïƒú#úy ÈÙÈ x‹Tõ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏFäÈî
1.5 ˜â˛ì˛òƒâ˛!Ó˚ì˛yõ,ì˛ ÈÙÈ õïƒú#úy ≠ x‹Tõ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏFäÈî
1.6 Ó˚yÎ˚ Ó˚yõyò® Á ◊#˜Ïâ˛ì˛òƒˆÏîˆÏÓÓ˚ ¢y«˛yÍÑ˛yÓ˚
1.7 Ñ,˛°åîy¢ Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚yˆÏãÓ˚ Ñ˛!Ó ≤Ã!ì˛¶˛y
1.8 xydõ)úƒyÎ˚ò ïõ#≈ ≤ÃŸ¿
1.9 v˛z_Ó˚ !úˆÏÖ ˛ôy‡˛yˆÏòyÓ˚ ãòƒ ≤ÃŸ¿yÓú#
1.10 ¢£yÎ˚Ñ˛ @˘Ãs˛i˛ôO#
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2.0 ¶)˛!õÑ˛y
2.1 v˛zˆÏjüƒ
2.2 ˛ôîÓ˚byÓú#Ó˚ ˛˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚
2.3 ˛ôîÓ˚byÓú#Ó˚ ˜Ó!ü‹Tƒ
2.4 Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ É ˜Ó°åÓ˛ôîyÓú# Á ˛ôîÓ˚byÓú#
2.5 ˛ôîÓ˚byÓú#Ó˚ !Óòƒy¢ ˛ôk˛!ì˛
2.6 ˆîÓì˛yˆÏÓ˚ !≤ÃÎ˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚ñ !≤ÃˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÓ˚ ˆîÓì˛y
2.7 !ÓÓ˚£ !õúˆÏòÓ˚ õyò¢ Ó˚yãƒ
2.8 ˆüˆÏ°Ï ˆÜÔÓ˚yD !Ó°ÏÎ˚ Ñ˛!Óì˛y Ó¢yˆÏòyÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚í
2.9 !ú!Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛D# Á ¶˛y°Ïy
2.10 Ó˚Ó#w ¢%Óy!¢ì˛ ˜ÏÓ°åÓ Ñ˛!Óì˛y
2.11 xybõ)úƒyÎ˚ò ïõ#≈ ≤ÃŸ¿
!›˛Øò#
2.13 ¢£yÎ˚Ñ˛ @˘Ãs˛i˛ôO#
ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ xïƒyÎ˚ ÈÉ ˛ôpyÓì˛# Sô,¤˛y 33ÈÙÈ48V

3.0 ¶)˛!õÑ˛y
3.1 v˛zˆÏjüƒ
3.2 Ñ˛!Ó ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚
3.3 Ñ˛!Ó ≤Ã!ì˛¶˛y
3.4 xydõ)úƒyÎ˚ò ïõ≈# ≤ÃŸ¿
3.5 Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒÓ˚ v˛zÍ¢
3.6 Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒÓ˚ Ñ˛y!£!ò
3.7 ˛ôpyÓì˛# Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ¶˛y°Ïy
3.8 ˛ôpyÓì˛# Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒ ¢D#ì˛
3.9 ˛ôpyÓì˛# Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒ ¢õyã Á ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛
3.10 òõ%òy ≤ÃŸ¿yÓú#
3.11 ¢£yÎ˚Ñ˛ @˘Ãs˛i
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1.0 ¶)˛!õÑ˛y
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1.1 v˛zˆÏjüƒ
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1.3 ˜â˛ì˛òƒâ˛!Ó˚ì˛yõ,ˆÏì˛Ó˚ Ü‡˛òñ Ó˚#!ì˛ Á !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ólfl˛
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1.7 Ñ,˛°åîy¢ Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚yˆÏãÓ˚ Ñ˛!Ó ≤Ã!ì˛¶˛y
1.8 xydõ)úƒyÎ˚ò ïõ#≈ ≤ÃŸ¿
1.9 v˛z_Ó˚ !úˆÏখ ˛ôy‡˛yÓyÓ˚ ãòƒ ≤ÃŸ¿yÓú#
1.10 ¢£yÎ˚Ñ˛ @˘Ãs˛i˛ôO#
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ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ì˛Ìƒ˛ô)í≈ v˛z˛ôyîyˆÏòÁ ì˛y ¢õ,k˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ˆÏäÈ– ¶˛_´ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆîˆÏÖ ◊#˜Ïâ˛ì˛òƒˆÏîÓ !äÈˆÏúò
Ó˚yïyÑ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ Î%@¬ xÓì˛yÓ˚– ì§˛yÓ˚ ˛ôy!Ì≈Ó ú#úyÓ˚ õïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚£z Ó˚yïyÑ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ x˛ôy!Ì≈Ó Ó,®yÓò ú#úyˆÏÑ˛
≤ÃÑ˛া!শì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛z‡˛ˆÏì˛ ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚– ¢yïyÓ˚íì˛ Óúy £ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ ˜Ó°åÓ ˛ôîyÓú# ˆÜÔv˛¸#Î˚ ˜Ó°åÓîü≈ˆÏòÓ˚
Ó˚¢¶˛y°Ïƒ– ˜â˛ì˛òƒã#Óò#ÈÙÈ@˘Ãs˛i=!ú ÷ï% ¶˛!_´¶˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!¤˛ì˛ òÎ˚ñ ì˛yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ Ñ,˛°åì˛_¥ñ
Ó˚yïyì˛_¥ñ ¢Ö#ì˛_¥ñ ¢yïƒÈÙÈ¢yïò ì˛_¥ñ ˜Ó°åÓ Ó˚¢ ì˛_¥ñ Ñ˛yõ Á ˆ≤ÃˆÏõÓ˚ ˛ôyÌ≈Ñ˛ƒ £zì˛ƒy!î !Ó°ÏÎ˚
Ó!í≈ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ì˛y£z ˜â˛ì˛òƒâ˛!Ó˚ì˛yõ,ì˛ ˛ôy‡˛ ÷ï% ˜â˛ì˛òƒã#ÓòˆÏÑ˛ ãyòˆÏì˛ ¢y£yÎƒ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ òyñ ˆÜÔv˛¸#Î˚
˜Ó°åÓ îü≈ò Á Ó˚¢ì˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ ˛ôyüy˛ôy!ü ¢õ¢yõ!Î˚Ñ˛ Î%ˆÏÜÓ˚ £z!ì˛£y¢ xò%ïƒyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏ«˛ ì˛y ¢õyò¶˛yˆÏÓ
=Ó˚&c˛ô)í≈ ÓˆÏú£z ì˛y xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ôy‡˛ƒ ¢)â˛#Ó˚ xhs˛¶%≈˛_´ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–
1.1 v˛zˆÏjüƒ É
◊#˜Ïâ˛ì˛òƒˆÏîˆÏÓÓ˚ ã#!Óì˛ xÓfl˛iyˆÏì˛£z ì§˛yÓ˚ xhs˛Ó˚D ¶˛_´ñ ¢£â˛Ó˚ñ ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛Ó˚Óˆ, Ï®Ó˚y ˜â˛ì˛òƒ ã#Óò#
xÓú¡∫ˆÏò ¢Çfl˛,Òì˛ñ ÓyÇúy Á Á!v˛¸Î˚y ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ ˜â˛ì˛òƒ â˛!Ó˚ì˛ @˘Ãs˛i Ó˚â˛òyÓ˚ ¢)e˛ôyì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò–
õ%Ó˚y!Ó˚ =Æ Á fl˛∫Ó˚*˛ô îyˆÏõyîÓ˚ ¢Çfl˛,ÒˆÏì˛ î%!›˛ Ñ˛v˛¸â˛y ãyì˛#Î˚ @˘Ãs˛i Ó˚â˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– Ñ˛!Ó Ñ˛õ≈˛ô)ˆÏÓ≈Ó˚
‘˜â˛ì˛òƒâ˛ˆÏwyîÎ˚’ñ ‘òy›˛Ñ˛’ñ ‘˜â˛ì˛òƒâ˛!Ó˚ì˛yõ,ì˛’ Ñ˛yÓƒ Á ‘◊#ˆÏÜÔÓ˚ÜˆÏíyˆÏjüî#!˛ôÑ˛y’ @˘Ãs˛i
˜â˛ì˛òƒˆÏîˆÏÓÓ˚ ã#Óò Ñ˛Ìy ≤Ãyïyòƒ ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– Á!v˛¸Î˚y ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ ◊#˜Ïâ˛ì˛òƒ ã#Óò# @˘ÃˆÏs˛iÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ Ñ˛yòy£z
Ö%§!r›˛áyÓ˚ ‘õ£y≤ÃÑ˛yü’ñ xâ%˛ƒì˛yòˆÏ®Ó˚ ‘ü)òƒ¢Ç!£ì˛y’ñ {ŸªÓ˚îyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ‘˜â˛ì˛òƒ¶˛yÜÓì˛’ñ õyïÓ˚
˛ôv˛zòyÎ˚ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ‘˜â˛ì˛òƒ!Óúyõ’ñ ‘˜Ó°åÓú#úyõ,ì˛’ñ !îÓyÑ˛Ó˚ îyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ‘ãÜßÿÌ â˛!Ó˚ì˛yõ,ì˛’ £zì˛ƒy!îÓ˚
òyõ v˛zˆÏÕ‘ÖˆÏÎyÜƒ–
ÓyÇúy ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ ◊#˜Ïâ˛ì˛ˆÏòƒÓ˚ ã#Óò Ñ˛y!£!ò xÓú¡∫ˆÏò ˆÎ ¢õhfl˛ ã#Óòâ˛!Ó˚ì˛ Óy â˛!Ó˚ì˛Ñ˛yÓƒ
Ó˚!â˛ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ì˛yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ÓÇü#Óîò â˛ˆÏRy˛ôyïƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ‘◊#ˆÏÜÔÓ˚yDú#úyõ,ì˛ Ñ˛yÓƒ’ ÈÙÈˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy
ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ¢õyˆÏúyÑ˛ ≤ÃÌõ @˘ÃˆÏs˛iÓ˚ õÎ≈াîy !îˆÏì˛ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò– ~£z üyÖyÓ˚ xòƒyòƒ @˘ÃˆÏs˛iÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ Ó,®yÓò
îyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ‘˜â˛ì˛òƒ ¶˛yÜÓì˛’ñ ˆúyâ˛ò îyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ‘˜â˛ì˛òƒõDú’ñ ãÎ˚yòˆÏ®Ó˚ ‘˜â˛ì˛òƒõDú’ñ â)˛v˛¸yõ!í
îyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ‘ˆÜÔÓ˚yD !ÓãÎ˚ Ñ˛yÓƒ’ Á Ñ,˛°åîy¢ Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚yˆÏãÓ˚ ‘˜â˛ì˛òƒ â˛!Ó˚ì˛yõ,ì˛’ v˛zˆÏÕ‘ÖˆÏÎyÜƒ @˘Ãs˛i
ÓˆÏú !ÓˆÏÓ!â˛ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛– Ñ,˛°åîy¢ Ó˚!â˛ì˛ ‘˜â˛ì˛òƒâ˛!Ó˚ì˛yõ,ì˛’ ˆÑ˛Óú ◊#˜Ïâ˛ì˛òƒˆÏîˆÏÓÓ˚ ã#Óò#
@˘Ãs˛i õye òÎ˚– ì˛yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆÜÔv˛¸#Î˚ ˜Ó°åÓ îü≈ò Á Ó˚¢üyˆÏfl˛fÓ˚ òyòy õ)úƒÓyò v˛z˛ôÑ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚
˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– Ñ,˛°åîy¢ ˛ô!Ó˚íì˛ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ¢ ÜˆÏÓ°ÏˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ î,!‹T¶˛D#ˆÏì˛ ˛ô)ˆÏÓ≈ Ó˚!â˛ì˛ @˘Ãs˛iy!î ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ òyòাòy
ì˛Ìƒ ¢Ç@˘Ã£ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ òyòy ¶˛yˆÏÓ ¢õ,k˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì%˛ˆÏúˆÏäÈò– òyòy ì˛Ìƒ Á ì˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ ¢Ç!õ◊ˆÏí Ó˚!â˛ì˛
fl˛∫ÈÙÈxïƒyÎ˚ ¢yõ@˘Ã# ‘˜Ïâ˛ì˛òƒâ˛!Ó˚ì˛yõ,ì˛’ @˘ÃˆÏs˛i Ñ,˛°å îy¢ Ó˚â˛òyÓ˚#!ì˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÁ ÎˆÏÌ¤˛ x!¶˛òÓˆÏcÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò–
2
xyˆÏúyâ˛ƒ ≤Ã¢ˆÏD v˛. ¢%Ñ%˛õyÓ˚ ˆ¢ò ãy!òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈòñ ‘!ì˛!ò ÓyÇúyÎ˚ !ú!˛ô Ñ%˛üúì˛y ˆî!ÖˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò ì˛y
xyï%!òÑ˛ Ñ˛yˆÏúÓ˚ xyˆÏÜ ˆÑ˛yò ÓyÇúy ˆúÖÑ˛ ˆîÖyˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ò !ò– ÓyÇúy Üîƒ ¢yÓyúÑ˛ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú
|ò!ÓÇü üì˛y∑#Ó˚ õïƒ¶˛yˆÏÜ– !Ñ˛ls˛ ì˛yÓ˚ !ì˛òü ÓäÈÓ˚ xyˆÏÜ Ñ,˛°åîy¢ ˛ôˆÏîƒ Îy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò ì˛y
ÓÇyúy ÜˆÏ î ƒÓ˚ ¢yÓyúÑ˛ Ñ˛yˆÏ ú Á ˆÎò x¢Ω˛ – ’ ~£z ¢õhfl˛ Ñ˛yÓ˚ ˆ Ï í Ñ, ˛ °åîyˆÏ ¢ Ó˚
‘˜â˛ì˛òƒâ˛িÓ˚ì˛yõ,ì˛’ ˆÑ˛Óú ˜Ó°åÓ ¶˛_´ˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ òÎ˚ñ ¢õ@˘Ã Óyày!ú ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛ Á !Óîı˛ ¢õyˆÏã
@˘Ãs˛i!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ¢¢¡øyˆÏò ◊k˛yÓ˚ xy¢ˆÏò ≤Ã!ì˛!¤˛ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ˆÑ˛yò ˆÑ˛yò =ˆÏò @˘Ãs˛i!›˛ õïƒÎ%ˆÏÜÓ˚
xyïƒy!dÑ˛ ˛ô›˛¶)˛!õˆÏì˛ Ó˚!â˛ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚Á xyï%!òÑ˛ Î%ˆÏÜÓ˚ òyòy ˜Ó!üˆÏ‹Tƒ ˛ô!Ó˚˛ô)í≈ £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ˆÏäÈ ì˛y
ãyòyÓ˚ ãòƒ£z ˜â˛ì˛òƒâ˛!Ó˚ì˛yõ,ˆÏì˛Ó˚ õïƒú#úyÓ˚ x‹Tõ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏFäÈî ˛ôy‡˛ƒ¢)â˛#Ó˚ xhs˛¶%≈˛_´ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– !›˛Øò#
1.2 Ñ,˛°åîy¢ Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚yã Á ˜â˛ì˛òƒâ˛!Ó˚ì˛yõ,ì˛ É

Ñ,˛°åîy¢ Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚yã Ó˚!â˛ì˛ ‘˜â˛ì˛òƒâ˛!Ó˚ì˛yõ,ì˛’ xhs˛ƒÈÙÈõïƒÎ%ˆÏÜÓ˚ ÓyÇúy ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ xòƒì˛õ
ˆ◊¤˛ !òîü≈ò– ¢Çfl˛,Òì˛ñ ÓyÇúy Á Á!v˛¸Î˚y ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ ˆ¢ Î%ˆÏÜ ˆÎ ¢õhfl˛ ˜â˛ì˛òƒã#Óò# @˘Ãs˛i Ó˚!â˛ì˛
£ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú ‘˜â˛ì˛òƒâ˛!Ó˚ì˛yõ,ì˛’ ì˛yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ xòƒì˛õ ˆ◊¤˛ ã#Óò# @˘Ãs˛i ÓˆÏú !ÓˆÏÓ!â˛ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛–
v˛. ¢%Ñ%˛õyÓ˚ ˆ¢ò ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈòñ ‘˜â˛ì˛òƒ ã#Óò# =!úÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ Ñ,˛°åîyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˜â˛ì˛òƒâ˛!Ó˚ì˛yõ,ì˛ ¢ÓˆÏâ˛ˆÏÎ˚
!Óhfl+˛ì˛ xyÓ˚ ¢ÓˆÏâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãyõy!íÑ˛– @˘Ãs˛i!›˛Ó˚ Ó˚â˛òyÎ˚ ˆÏúÖˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˆÎ !Óâ˛«˛íì˛yÓ˚ õõ≈ãì˛ì˛y Á £z!ì˛£y¢
ˆâ˛ì˛òy ≤ÃÑ˛!›˛ì˛ ì˛y ¢õ¢yõ!Î˚Ñ˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒ ÷ï% x!mì˛#Î˚ òÎ˚ñ xyï%!òÑ˛ ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚
ÜîƒকারˆÏîÓ˚ !Ñ˛ä%ÈÑ˛yú ˛ôˆÏÓ˚Á x˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛!“ì˛–’
‘◊#˜Ïâ˛ì˛òƒâ˛!Ó˚ì˛yõ,ì˛’ @˘ÃˆÏs˛iÓ˚ ¢ÓˆÏâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ v˛zˆÏÕ‘ÖˆÏÎyÜƒ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ £ˆÏúyñ õïƒÎ%ˆÏÜ Ó˚!â˛ì˛ xòƒyòƒ
@˘ÃˆÏs˛iÓ˚ õì˛ ì˛y ˆÏÜˆÏÎ˚ ãò¢yïyÓ˚íˆÏÑ˛ xyò® ˆîÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ Ó˚!â˛ì˛ £Î˚ !ò– ˜Óî?˛ƒ˛ô)í≈ ¶˛D#ˆÏì˛
Ó˚!â˛ì˛ ~£z @˘Ãs˛i!›˛ ˆÓyk˛y ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ Ó%!k˛Ó,!_Ó˚ ¢y£yˆÏÎƒ õˆÏõ≈yk˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ ì˛y ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛!“ì˛
£ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú–
v˛zˆÏÕ‘ÖˆÏÎyÜƒ ˆÎñ ˜Ïâ˛ì˛òƒâ˛!Ó˚ì˛yõ,ˆÏì˛Ó˚ Ó˚â˛òyÑ˛yÓ˚ !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ Ñ,˛°åîy¢ Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚yˆÏãÓ˚ òyõ ¢%˛ô!Ó˚!â˛ì˛
£ˆÏúÁ ì§˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ,˛ì˛ òyõ Ñ,˛°åîy¢– Ñ˛!Ó õ%Ñ%˛®ˆÏÑ˛ ˆÎõò õ%Ñ%˛®Ó˚yõ ÓˆÏú v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛Ó˚y !¶˛!_£#òñ
!‡˛Ñ˛ ˆì˛õ!ò Ñ,˛°åîyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÁ ì§˛yÓ˚ òyˆÏõÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚yã ü∑!›˛ Î%_´ Ñ˛Ó˚y v˛z!â˛ì˛ òÎ˚– ~
!Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ !ÜˆÏÎ˚ v˛. ¢%Ñ%˛õyÓ˚ ˆ¢ò ãy!òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈòñ ‘Ñ,˛°åîy¢ @˘Ãs˛i õˆÏïƒ !òˆÏãˆÏÑ˛
Ñ˛ÖòÁ ‘‘Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚yã” ÓˆÏúò!òñ ~ÓÇ ì˛y ÓúÓyÓ˚ Ñ˛ÌyÁ òÎ˚– ~£z v˛z˛ôy!ï ¢ÆîüÈÙÈx‹Tîü üì˛y∑#Ó˚
˜Ó°åÓ @˘Ãs˛i=!úˆÏì˛ òy£z– ≤Ãïyòì˛ ~£z v˛z˛ôy!ïÓ˚ ãòƒ£z Ñ,˛°åîyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ãy!ì˛ ˜Óîƒ !fl˛iÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–
˛ôˆÏ«˛ ˆÑ˛yò ≤Ãõyí ˆò£z– !ì˛!ò Óy·˛íÁ £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚òñ Ñ˛yÎ˚fl˛iÁ £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ò– Ñ,˛°åîyˆÏ¢Ó˚ !òÓy¢
!äÈú xyï%!òÑ˛ Óï≈õyò ˆãúyÓ˚ v˛z_Ó˚ ¢#õyòyÎ˚ î!«˛í ì˛#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xò!ì˛î)ˆÏÓ˚ G˛yõ›˛˛ô%Ó˚ @˘ÃyˆÏõ– ~
@˘Ãyõ ≤Ãyâ˛#ò ~ÓÇ Ñ˛ÖòÁ !Óîƒõyò– ~ @˘ÃyˆÏõ ˆÏÑ˛yò ˜ÓˆÏîƒÓ˚ Ó¢!ì˛ ~Öò ˆò£z ~ÓÇ ˛ô)ˆÏÓ≈ Ñ˛ÖòÁ
ˆÎ !äÈú ì˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãõyí ˆò£z–’ ì˛yˆÏÓ ¢õyˆÏúyâ˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚y ˜Óîƒ xˆÏÌ≈ òy £ˆÏúÁ Ñ˛!Ó ˆ◊¤˛ SÑ˛!ÓÓ˚yãV
!£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ ~£z v˛z˛ôy!ï !îˆÏúò Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ¶˛!í≈ì˛y xÇˆÏü ÷ï% Ñ,˛°åîy¢ òyõ!›˛Ó˚ v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
ˆÎõò ÈÙÈ
◊#Ó˚*ˆÏ˛ô ÈÙÈ Ó˚á%òyÌ ÈÙÈ ˛ôˆÏî ÎyÓ˚ xyü–
˜â˛ì˛òƒâ˛!Ó˚ì˛yõ,ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏ£ Ñ,˛°åîy¢–– fl˛∫ÈÙÈxïƒyÎ˚ ¢yõ@˘Ã#
3
ì˛ˆÏÓ î#á≈Ñ˛yú ïˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ãâ˛!úì˛ £ÁÎ˚yÎ˚ Ñ,˛°åîyˆÏ¢Ó˚ òyˆÏõÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD Î%_´ Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚yã ü∑!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ xúB˛yÓ˚
!£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ @˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚y£z Î%!_´¢Dì˛ ÓˆÏú õˆÏò £Î˚–
1.3 ˜â˛ì˛òƒâ˛!Ó˚ì˛yõ,ˆÏì˛Ó˚ Ü‡˛òñ Ó˚#!ì˛ Á !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ólfl˛ É

Ñ,˛°åîyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˜â˛ì˛òƒâ˛!Ó˚ì˛yõ,ì˛ @˘Ãs˛i!›˛ !ì˛òÈ ¶˛yˆÏÜ !Ó¶˛_´– ≤ÃˆÏì˛ƒÑ˛!›˛ !Ó¶˛yÜˆÏÑ˛ ‘ú#úy’ üˆÏ∑Ó˚
¢ˆÏD Î%_´ Ñ˛yÓ˚ òyõ ˆîÁÎ˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ xy!îú#úyñ õïƒú#úy Á xhs˛ƒú#úy– ≤ÃˆÏì˛ƒÑ˛!›˛ ú#úy xÇüˆÏÑ˛
!›˛Øò# òyòy ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏFäÈˆÏî !Óòƒhfl˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– xy!îú#úyÎ˚ ¢ˆÏì˛ˆÏÓ˚yñ õïƒú#úyÎ˚ ˛ô§!â˛ü Á xhs˛ƒú#úyÎ˚
Ñ%˛!v˛¸!›˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏFäÈî Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ¢Ó≈ˆÏõy›˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏFäÈˆÏî ¢ÇÖƒy Óy°Ï!R– xy!îú#úyÎ˚ ˜â˛ì˛òƒˆÏîˆÏÓÓ˚ ¢ß¨ƒy¢
@˘Ã£ˆÏíÓ˚ ¢ÇÑ˛úò ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ ì§˛yÓ˚ òÓm#˛ô ã#Óò Óy òî#Î˚y ú#úyÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy â˛!úì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– õïƒú#úyÎ˚
˜â˛ì˛òƒˆÏîˆÏÓÓ˚ ¢ß¨ƒy¢ @˘Ã£íñ Ó˚yÎ˚ˆÏîü ºõíñ ò#úyâ˛ˆÏú Üõòñ ¢yÓ≈ˆÏ¶˛ÔõˆÏÑ˛ ¢Ó˚ˆÏì˛ xyòÎ˚òñ î!«˛í
¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ Îyey– Ó˚yõyòˆÏ®Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD Ó˚¢ì˛_¥ xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÎ˚ñ î!«˛íyì˛ƒ ºõˆÏíÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ˛ô%òÓ˚yÎ˚ ò#úyâ˛ˆÏú
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!òã ˆÑ˛!ú ££zˆÏì˛ ì˛yˆÏ£ ˆÑ˛y!›˛ ¢%Ö îyÎ˚–– !›˛Øò#
˜â˛ì˛òƒâ˛!Ó˚ì˛yõ,ì˛ õïƒú#úy É x‹Tõ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏFäÈî
ì˛y£z Ó,®yÓˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚yïy Ñ,˛°å ú#úyÎ˚ ¢Ö#ˆÏîÓ˚ =Ó˚&c ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ Ñ,˛°åîy¢ ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈò É
Ó˚yïyÓ˚ fl˛∫Ó˚*˛ô ÈÙÈ Ñ,˛°å ˆÏ≤Ãõ Ñ˛y“úì˛y–
¢Ö#Üí £Î˚ ì˛yÓ˚ ˛ôÕ‘ÓÈÙÈ˛ô%‹ôÈÙÈ˛ôyì˛y––
Ñ,˛°åú#úyõ,ˆÏì˛ Î!î úì˛yˆÏÑ˛ !¢ß¨â˛Î˚–
!òã ˆ¢Ñ˛ ££zˆÏì˛˛ôúÓyˆÏîƒÓ˚ ˆÑ˛y!›˛ ¢%Ö £Î˚––
˜â˛ì˛òƒâ˛!Ó˚ì˛yõ,ì˛ ÈÙÈ õïƒú#úy É x‹Tõ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏFäÈî

Ó˚yïy ˆ≤ÃˆÏõÓ˚ õïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÃÑ,˛ì˛ xˆÏÌ≈ ˆÜy˛ô#ˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yõÜı˛£#ò ˆ≤ÃˆÏõÓ˚ ¢yÌ≈Ñ˛ì˛yÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚
¢â˛y‹T £ˆÏÎ˚ Á‡˛yÓ˚ ˆÜÔv˛¸#Î˚ ˜Ó°åÓ îü≈ˆÏò ¢Ö#ì˛_¥ˆÏÑ˛ ÎˆÏÌ‹T =Ó˚&c ˆîÁÎ˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–
1.6 Ó˚yÎ˚ Ó˚yõyò® Á ◊#˜Ïâ˛ì˛òƒˆÏîˆÏÓÓ˚ ¢y«˛yÍÑ˛yÓ˚ É

¢ß¨ƒy¢ @˘Ã£ˆÏíÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ◊#˜Ïâ˛ì˛òƒˆÏîÓ !Ñ˛ä%È !îò ò#úyâ˛ˆÏú xÓfl˛iyˆÏòÓ˚˛ ˛ôÓ˚ î!«˛í ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ºõˆÏíÓ˚
¢õÎ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ì˛#Ì≈fl˛iyò îü≈ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– !ãÎ˚ˆÏv˛ v˛z˛ô!fl˛iì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ò,!¢Ç£ ˆ«˛e îü≈ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÌ Ó˝
òÓ˚ÈÙÈòyÓ˚#ˆÏÑ˛ ˜Ó°åÓ ïˆÏõ≈ î#!«˛ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ !ì˛!ò ˆÜyîyÓÓ˚# òî#Ó˚ ì˛#ˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏ¢ v˛z˛ô!fl˛iì˛ £ò– fl˛ÿò
ˆ¢ˆÏÓ˚ !ì˛!ò ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò ÎÖò Ñ,˛°å òyõ ¢ÇÑ˛#ì≈˛ˆÏò Ó˚ì˛ ~õò ¢õÎ˚ ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò ˆîyúyÎ˚ â˛ˆÏv˛¸ Ó˚yÎ˚
Ó˚yõyò® ~ˆÏ¢ v˛z˛ô!fl˛iì˛ £ò– !ì˛!ò !äÈˆÏúò Ó˚yãy ≤Ãì˛y˛ôÓ˚&ˆÏoÓ˚ xõyì˛ƒ ~ÓÇ !ÓîƒyòÜˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
üy¢òÑ˛ì≈˛y– ◊#˜Ïâ˛ì˛òƒˆÏîˆÏÓÓ˚ !îÓƒÑ˛y!hs˛ ˆîˆÏÖ !Ó!fl˛øì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yÎ˚ Ó˚yõyò® õ£y≤Ã¶)˛ˆÏÑ˛ îu˛ÓÍ
£ˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúò ≤Ã¶%˛Ó˚ !òˆÏî≈ˆÏü v˛zˆÏ‡˛ î§yv˛¸yˆÏòyÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ !ì˛!ò ì§˛yˆÏÑ˛ xy!úDò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– Ó˚yÎ˚
Ó˚yõyò® !äÈˆÏúò ãy!ì˛ˆÏì˛ ü)o– ˜â˛ì˛òƒˆÏîÓ ì§˛yˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôÓ˚õ ˆfl˛¨ˆÏ£ xy!úDò Ñ˛Ó˚yÎ˚ Ó˚yõyòˆÏ® xò%â˛Ó˚
˜Ó!îÑ˛ Óy·˛ˆÏíÓ˚y !Ófl˛øì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ò– Ó˚yõyò® õ£y≤Ã¶%˛ˆÏÑ˛ !â˛òˆÏì˛ ˆ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ÓˆÏúò É
Ñ§˛y£y ì%˛!õ {ŸªÓ˚ ¢y«˛yÍ òyÓ˚yÎ˚í–
Ñ§˛y£y õ%!~å Ó˚yãˆÏ¢Ó# !Ó°ÏÎ˚# ü)oyïÓ˚––
Ó˚yõyòˆÏ®Ó˚ xò%ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏï õ£y≤Ã¶%˛ ~Ñ˛ ˜Ó!îÑ˛ Óy·˛ˆÏíÓ˚ Ü,ˆÏ£ xy◊Î˚ @˘Ã£í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– ≤Ã!ì˛ ¢ı˛ƒyÎ˚
Ó˚yÎ˚ Ó˚yõyò® õ£y≤Ã¶%˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ~ˆÏ¢ òyòy xyïƒy!dÑ˛ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– !òã≈ò
ãyÎ˚ÜyÎ˚ Ó˚yõyòˆÏ®Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD ~Ñ˛!eì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ¢yïƒÈÙÈ¢yïò ì˛_¥ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– ~£z xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÎ˚ fl˛∫ÈÙÈxïƒyÎ˚ ¢yõ@˘Ã#
◊#˜Ïâ˛ì˛òƒˆÏîÓ !äÈˆÏúò ≤ÃŸ¿ Ñ˛ì≈˛y xyÓ˚ Ó˚yÎ˚ Ó˚yõyò® v˛z_Ó˚ îyì y– ◊#˜Ïâ˛ì˛òƒˆÏîÓ Ó˚yÎ˚ Ó˚yõyò® 9
‘¢yïƒÓাhfl˛!বক ì˛y£y !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛Ó˚’– Ó˚yÎ˚ Ó˚yõyò® ~ˆÏÑ˛ ~ˆÏÑ˛ fl˛∫ïõ≈yâ˛Ó˚íñ Ñ,˛ˆÏ°å Ñ˛õ≈ x˛ô≈íñ fl˛∫ïõ≈ì˛ƒyÜñ
K˛yò!õ◊¶˛!_´ Á K˛yòü)òƒ¶˛!_´ˆÏÑ˛ ¢Ó≈¢yïƒ¢yÓ˚ ÓˆÏú v˛zˆÏÕ‘ˆÏÖ Ñ˛Ó˚yÎ˚ ≤ÃˆÏì˛ƒÑ˛!›˛ !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛Ìy
÷ˆÏò ˜â˛ì˛òƒˆÏîÓ ‘~ˆÏ£y Óy£ƒ xyˆÏÜ Ñ˛£ xyÓ˚’ ÓˆÏú Ó˚yõyò®ˆÏÑ˛ ˆ≤Ãõ¶˛!_´Ó˚ Ü)ë˛¸ !Ó°ÏÎ˚!›˛ !òˆÏî≈ü
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ÓˆÏúò– õ£y≤Ã¶%˛ ì˛yˆÏì˛Á ¢ls˛‹T òy £ÁÎ˚yÎ˚ Ó˚yõyò® ˜Óï#¶˛!_´Ó˚ ˛ôÌ x!ì˛e´õ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
ÎÖò Ó˚yÜyò%রাগ ¶˛!_´Ó˚ Ñ˛Ìy ÓˆÏúò ì˛Öò ◊#˜Ïâ˛ì˛òƒˆÏîÓ ‘~ˆÏ£y £Î˚ ÓˆÏú’ ¢¡ø!ì˛ ãy!òˆÏÎ˚ ì˛y
xyˆÏÓ˚y !Óhfl+˛ì˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ÓˆÏúò– Ó˚yÎ˚ Ó˚yõyò® ì˛Öò üyhs˛ñ îy¢ƒñ ¢òƒñ ÓyÍ¢úƒ Á õï%Ó˚
~£z ˛ôM˛ÈÓ˚ˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ñ˛Ìy xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÓˆÏúòñ ‘Ñ˛yhs˛yˆÏ≤Ãõ ¢Ó≈ ¢yïƒ ¢yÓ˚’– ì˛Öò ◊#˜Ïâ˛ì˛òƒˆÏîÓ
!›˛Øò# Ó˚yïy ˆ≤ÃˆÏõÓ˚ v˛zÍÑ˛ˆÏ°Ï≈Ó˚ Ñ˛Ìy ãyòˆÏì˛ â˛yÁÎ˚yÎ˚ Ó˚yÎ˚ Ó˚yõyò® ì§˛yˆÏÑ˛ ◊#Ñ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ fl˛∫Ó˚*˛ôñ Ó˚yïyÓ˚
fl˛∫Ó˚*˛ôñ Ó˚¢ì˛_¥ Á ˆ≤Ãõì˛_¥ !ÓˆÏŸ’°Ïí Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆüyòyò– ‘ˆ≤Ãõ!Óúy¢ !ÓÓ≈ì˛’ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy
Ñ˛yˆÏú Ó˚yÎ˚ Ó˚yõyò® fl˛∫Ó˚!â˛ì˛ Üyò ‘˛ô!£ú!£ Ó˚yÜ òÎ˚ò ¶˛D ˆ¶˛ú’ ˆüyòyˆÏì˛ ˆÜˆÏú õ£y≤Ã¶%˛
fl˛∫£ˆÏhfl˛ ì§˛yÓ˚ õ%Ö Óı˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆîò– Ó˚yÎ˚ Ó˚yõyòˆÏ®Ó˚ õò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¢yïƒÓlfl˛ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ ãyòyÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚
◊#˜Ïâ˛ì˛òƒˆÏîÓ ¢yïƒ Ó˚¢ ≤Ãy!ÆÓ˚ v˛z˛ôyÎ˚ ãyòˆÏì˛ â˛yÁÎ˚yÎ˚ !ì˛!ò Ó˚yÜyò%রাগ ¶˛!_´Ó˚ Ñ˛Ìy
v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÓˆÏúò É
Ó˚yÜyò%রাগ õyˆÏÜ≈ ì˛yˆÏÓ˚ ¶˛ˆÏã ˆÎ£z ãò–
ˆ¢£z ãò ˛ôyÎ˚ ÓˆÏã ÓˆÏãwÈÙÈò®ò––
◊#˜Ïâ˛ì˛òƒˆÏîˆÏÓÓ˚ xò%ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏï Ó˚yÎ˚ Ó˚yõyò® ïõ≈yˆÏúyâ˛òyÎ˚ xyˆÏÓ˚y Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛!›˛ !îò ì§˛yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD
Ñ˛y›˛yò– ˆÜÔv˛¸#Î˚ ˜Ó°åÓïõ≈ì˛_¥ Ó˚yÎ˚ Ó˚yõyò® ˜â˛ì˛ˆÏòƒÓ˚ ¢y«˛yÍÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÓƒyÖƒyì˛ £ÁÎ˚yÎ˚ ≤Ã¢D!›˛Ó˚
=Ó˚&c Ó,!k˛ ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–
1.7 Ñ,˛°åîy¢ Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚yˆÏãÓ˚ Ñ˛!Ó ≤Ã!ì˛¶˛y É

Ñ,˛°åîy¢ Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚yã Ó˚!â˛ì˛ ˜â˛ì˛òƒâ˛!Ó˚ì˛yõ,ì˛ ÷ï% ◊#˜Ïâ˛ì˛òƒˆÏîˆÏÓÓ˚ ˆ◊¤˛ ã#Óò# Ñ˛yÓƒ òÎ˚ñ
õïƒÎ%ˆÏÜÓ˚ ÓyÇúy ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ x¢yïyÓ˚í ¢,!‹T– ¶˛_´ ˜Ó°åÓ Á òyòy üyˆÏfl˛f ¢%˛ô!u˛ì˛ Ñ,˛°åîy¢
Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚yã ˜â˛ì˛òƒã#Óò# Ó˚â˛òyÎ˚ x¢yïyÓ˚í î«˛ì˛yÓ˚ ãòƒ !â˛Ó˚fl˛øÓ˚í#Î˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏäÈò– Ó,®yÓˆÏòÓ˚
xyâ˛yˆÏÎ≈Ó˚y ¢Çfl˛,Òì˛ ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ ˆÎ ¢õhfl˛ xõ)úƒ@˘Ãs˛i Ó˚â˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò Ñ,˛°åîy¢ Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚yã
˜â˛ì˛òƒâ˛!Ó˚ì˛yõ,ì˛ @˘ÃˆÏs˛i ì˛yÓ˚ ¢yÓ˚ ¢B˛úò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~Ñ˛yïyˆÏÓ˚ ˜â˛ì˛òƒ ã#Óò# Á ˜â˛ì˛òƒˆÏîÓ ≤ÃÓ!ì≈˛ì˛
ˆÜÔv˛¸#Î˚ ˜Ó°åÓ îü≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ì˛y!_¥Ñ˛ !îÑ˛!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ¢,!‹T Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì%˛ˆÏúˆÏäÈò– Ñ,˛°åîy¢ Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚yã Ó,®yÓˆÏòÓ˚
ˆÜyfl˛∫yõ#ˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ˆÏõyfl˛fy!î !ü«˛y @˘Ã£í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ!˚ äÈˆÏúò– ì˛y£z !ì˛!ò ˜â˛ì˛òƒâ˛!Ó˚ì˛yõ,ì˛ @˘ÃˆÏs˛i xyâ˛yÎ≈ˆÏîÓ˚
≤Ã!ì˛ ◊k˛y ãy!òˆÏÎ˚ ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈò É
◊#Ó˚*˛ô ¢òyì˛ò ¶˛D Ó˚á%òyÌ–
◊#ã#Ó ˆÜy˛ôyú¶˛Rñ îy¢ Ó˚á%òyÌ––
~£z äÈÎ˚ =Ó˚& !ü«˛y=Ó˚& ˆÎ xyõyÓ˚–
ì§˛y ¢¶˛yÓ˚ ˛ôyî˛ôˆÏp ˆÑ˛y!›˛ òõfl˛ÒyÓ˚––
äÈÎ˚ ˆÜyfl˛∫yõ#Ó˚ ¢y£â˛ˆÏÎ≈ Ñ,˛°åîy¢ x¢yïyÓ˚í ˛ôy!u˛ì˛ƒñ îyü≈!òÑ˛ñ ÜˆÏÓ°ÏˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ î,!‹T¶˛D# Á
Ñ˛!Ócü!_´ úyˆÏ¶˛ ¢«˛õ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò– xy‡˛yÓ˚ ÓäÈˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢%î#á≈ ˛ô!Ó˚◊ˆÏõ Óyï≈ˆÏÑ˛ƒ v˛z˛ôò#ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚
fl˛∫ÈÙÈxïƒyÎ˚ ¢yõ@˘Ã# Ñ,˛°åîy¢ Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚yã ˜â˛ì˛òƒâ˛!Ó˚ì˛yõ,ì˛ @˘Ãs˛i!›˛ Ó˚â˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò– !ì˛!ò fl˛∫Ó˚*˛ô îyˆÏõyîÓ˚ñ õ%Ó˚y!Ó˚
10
=Æñ Ó,®yÓò îy¢ ≤Ãõ%Ö ˜â˛ì˛òƒ ã#Óò#Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ @˘Ãs˛i ¢y£yÎƒ !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ @˘Ã£í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓƒ@˘Ãs˛i!›˛ Ó˚â˛òy
Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ !ì˛!ò ˛ô)Ó≈¢)Ó˚#ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ ◊k˛y !òˆÏÓîò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ãy!òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò É
îyˆÏõyîÓ˚ fl˛∫Ó˚*˛ô xyÓ˚ =Æ õ%Ó˚y!Ó˚–
õ%Öƒ õ%Öƒ ú#úy ¢)ˆÏe !ú!ÖÎ˚yˆÏäÈ !Óâ˛y!Ó˚––
ˆ¢£z xò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ !ú!Ö ú#úy¢)eÜí–
!বhfl˛y!Ó˚ Ó!ò≈Î˚yˆÏäÈ ì˛y£y îy¢ Ó,®yÓò––
˜â˛ì˛òƒ ú#úyÓ˚ Óƒy¢ Ó,®yÓò îy¢– !›˛Øò#
õï%Ó˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚Î˚y ú#úy Ñ˛!Ó˚úy ≤ÃÑ˛yü––
Ñ,˛°åîy¢ Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚yˆÏãÓ˚ xyˆÏÜ Ó˚!â˛ì˛ Ó,®yÓò îy¢ îyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˜â˛ì˛òƒ¶˛yÜÓì˛ @˘ÃˆÏs˛iÓ˚ x¢¡ô)í≈ì˛y
î)Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ Ñ,˛°åîy¢ Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚yã ˜â˛ì˛òƒâ˛!Ó˚ì˛yõ,ì˛ Ó˚â˛òyÎ˚ v˛zˆÏîƒyÜ# £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò– ~Ñ˛ xÖu˛
ÜˆÏÓ°ÏÑ˛ ¢%ú¶˛ î,!‹T¶˛D# !òˆÏÎ˚ !ì˛!ò ˆ¢£z˛ îy!Î˚c @˘Ã£ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò– !ì˛!ò ì§˛yÓ˚ @˘Ãs˛i Ó˚â˛òyÓ˚ ~£z
x!¶˛òÓˆÏcÓ˚ !îÑ˛!›˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ î,!‹T xyÑ˛°Ï≈í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈò É
@˘Ãs˛i !Óhfl˛yÓ˚ ¶˛ˆÏÎ˚ !ì•˛ˆÏ£y äÈy!v˛¸úy ˆÎ ˆÎ fl˛iyˆÏò–
ˆ¢£z ˆ¢£z fl˛iyˆÏò !Ñ˛ä%È Ñ˛!Ó˚Ó ÓƒyÖƒyˆÏò––
≤Ã¶%˛Ó˚ ú#úyõ,ì˛ !ì•˛ˆÏ£y ˆÑ˛ú xyfl˛∫yîò–
ì˛yÓ˚ ¶%˛_´ ˆü°Ï !Ñ˛ä%È Ñ˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ â˛Ó≈ò––
!ÓòÎ˚Óüì˛ Ñ,˛°åîy¢ ¶%˛_ýÓˆÏü°Ï â˛Ó≈ˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy ÓúˆÏúÁ ì§˛yÓ˚ @˘Ãs˛i!›˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy õˆÏì˛£z â˛!Ó≈ì˛â˛Ó≈ò
òÎ˚– ÓÓ˚Ç Ó˝ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !ì˛!ò x@˘ÃÜíƒ ˜Ó°åÓ ì˛y!_¥Ñ˛ Á îyü≈!òˆÏÑ˛Ó˚y ¶)˛!õÑ˛y @˘Ã£í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– ÷ï%
ì˛y£z òÎ˚ñ Ó,k˛ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ¢ î%Ó≈ú üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚ @˘Ãs˛i Ó˚â˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúÁ @˘Ãs˛i!›˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy e&!›˛ Óy î%Ó≈úì˛yÓ˚
˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ ˆò£z– ì˛Ó% !ì˛!ò !ÓòˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD ãy!òˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò É
Ó,k˛ ãÓ˚yì%˛Ó˚ xy!Ó˚ xŸª Ó!ïÓ˚–
£hfl˛ £yˆÏú õˆÏòyÓ%!k˛ òˆÏ£ ˆõyÓ˚ !fl˛iÓ˚––
òyòy ˆÓ˚yÜ @˘Ãhfl˛ â˛!úˆÏì˛ Ó!¢ˆÏì˛ òy ˛ôy!Ó˚–
˛ôM˛ÈˆÏÓ˚yˆÏÜÓ˚ ˛ô#v˛¸yÎ˚ Ó˚y!e !îˆÏò õ!Ó˚––
Ñ,˛È°åîy¢ ¢Çfl˛,Òì˛ ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ ¢%˛ô!u˛ì˛ !äÈˆÏúò– ˜â˛ì˛òƒâ˛!Ó˚ì˛yõ,ì˛ Ó˚â˛òyÓ˚ xyˆÏÜ ¢Çfl˛,Òì˛ ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚
‘ˆÜy!Ó®ú#úyõ,ì˛’ Á ‘¢yÓ˚DÓ˚Dîy’ òyˆÏõ î%!›˛ @˘Ãs˛i Ó˚â˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò– ì˛ˆÏÓ ˜â˛ì˛òƒâ˛!Ó˚ì˛yõ,ì˛
Ó˚â˛òyÓ˚ xyˆÏÜ ÓyÇúyÎ˚ !ì˛!ò ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy @˘Ãs˛i Ó˚â˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò !ò– Ñ,˛°åîy¢ ˆÜÔv˛¸#Î˚ ˜Ó°åÓ ì˛_¥ Á
îü≈ˆÏòÓ˚ xyïyÓ˚ Ó˚*ˆÏ˛ô ‘˜â˛ì˛òƒâ˛!Ó˚ì˛yõ,ì˛’ Ñ˛yÓƒ Ó˚â˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúÁ @˘Ãs˛i!›˛ˆÏì˛ ì§˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛!Ó≤Ã!ì˛¶˛yÓ˚ ÎˆÏÌ‹T
!òîü≈ò Ó˚ˆÏÎˆ˚ ÏäÈ– !ì˛!ò ˛ôÎ˚yÓ˚ Á !e˛ôî# v˛z¶˛Î˚ Ó˚#!ì˛ˆÏì˛ Ñ˛yÓƒÓ˚â˛òyÎ˚ ˛ôyÓ˚î!ü≈ì˛yÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ !îˆÏÎˆ˚ ÏäÈò–
~£z î%£z äÈ®Ó˚#!ì˛Ó˚ î,‹Tyhs˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ Óúy ÎyÎ˚ É
1V ¢%ÖÓ˚*˛ô Ñ,˛°å Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¢%Ö xyfl˛∫yîò–
¶˛_´ÜˆÏí ¢%Ö !îˆÏì˛ ‚y!îò# Ñ˛yÓ˚í––
‚y!îò#Ó˚ ¢yÓ˚ xÇü ÈÙÈ ì˛yÓ˚ ˆ≤Ãõ òyõ–
xyò® !â˛ß√Î˚ Ó˚¢ ÈÙÈ ˆ≤ÃˆÏõÓ˚ xyhfl˛yò–– fl˛∫ÈÙÈxïƒyÎ˚ ¢yõ@˘Ã#
ˆ≤ÃˆÏõÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚õ ¢yÓ˚ ‘õ£y¶˛yÓ’ ãy!ò– 11
ˆ¢£z õ£y¶˛yÓÓ˚*˛ôy Ó˚yïy ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚yò#–– S˛ôÎ˚yÓ˚ äÈ®V
õïƒú#ú É x‹Tõ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏFäÈî

2V xy!õ Ó,k˛ ãÓ˚yì%˛Ó˚ !ú!ÖˆÏì˛ Ñ˛y¡ôˆÏÎ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚
õˆÏò !Ñ˛ä%È fl˛øÓ˚í òy £Î˚–
òy ˆî!ÖˆÏÎ˚ òÎ˚ˆÏò òy ÷!òˆÏÎ˚ ◊ÓˆÏí
ì˛Ó% !ú!Ö ~ Óv˛¸ !Ófl˛øÎ˚–
!›˛Øò#
õïƒú#úy É !mì˛#Î˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏFäÈî S!e˛ôî#V–
Ñ,˛°åîy¢ Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚yã xúB˛yÓ˚ ÓƒÓ£yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÎˆÏÌ‹T ˜ò˛ô%ˆÏíƒÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò– ˆÎõò ÈÙÈ
1V Ñ,˛°åˆÏ≤Ãõ ¢%!òõ≈ú ˆÎò ÷k˛ ÜDyãú
ˆ¢£z ˆ≤Ãõ xõ,ˆÏì˛Ó˚ !¢k%˛–
!òõ≈ú ˆ¢ xò%Ó˚yˆÏÜÔ òy ú%Ñ˛yÎ˚ xòƒîyˆÏÜ
÷Ñœ˛ ÓˆÏfl˛f ˜ÎˆÏäÈ õ¢#!Ó®%––
2V õ%!_´ÈÙÈ¶˛!_´ÈÙÈÓyN˛y ˆÎ£z Ñ§˛y£y ˆîy£yÓ˚ Ü!ì˛⁄
fl˛iyÓÓ˚ ˆîˆÏ£ ˆîÓˆÏîˆÏ£ ˜ÎˆÏFäÈ xÓ!fl˛i!ì˛––
xÓ˚¢ãì˛ Ñ˛yÑ˛ â)˛ˆÏ°Ï K˛yòÈÙÈ!ò¡∫ö˛ˆÏú– Ó˚¢K˛
ˆÑ˛y!Ñ˛ú ÖyÎ˚ ˆ≤Ãõy¡À õ%Ñ%˛ˆÏú––
˛ô)Ó≈ ¢)â˛#ˆÏîÓ˚ Ó˚!â˛ì˛ @˘Ãs˛i äÈyv˛¸yÁ ˆÜÔv˛¸#Î˚ ˜Ó°åÓ ì˛_¥ˆÏÑ˛ ≤Ã!ì˛!¤˛ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ Ñ,˛°åîy¢
xò%¢!ı˛Í¢% ÜˆÏÓ°ÏˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ õì˛ ◊#õî‰¶˛yÜÓì˛ñ !Ó°%å˛ô%Ó˚yíñ Ü#ì˛yñ v˛z¡∫úò#úò!íñ Ó·˛¢Ç!£ì˛yñ
¶˛!_´Ó˚õyõ,ì˛ !¢ı%˛ £zì˛ƒy!î @˘Ãs˛i ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò#Î˚ v˛zk,˛!ì˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ Ó_´Óƒ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ˆÏÑ˛ ≤Ã!ì˛!¤˛ì˛
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò ì˛yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ÎˆÏÌ¤˛ ˛ôy!u˛ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ ú%!Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– Ñ,˛°åîy¢ Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚yˆÏãÓ˚ Ñ˛!Ó
≤Ã!ì˛¶˛y ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ !ÜˆÏÎ˚ v˛. x!¢ì˛ Ñ%˛õyÓ˚ ÓˆÏ®y˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ ãy!òˆÏÎˆ˚ ÏäÈòñ ‘Üîƒ¶˛y°Ïy
äÈyv˛¸y äÈˆÏ® îyü≈!òÑ˛ ì˛_¥yˆÏúyâ˛òy x!ì˛üÎ˚ î%Ó˚*ˆÏ£ñ xyï%!òÑ˛ ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ x¢Ω˛Ó Ó!úˆÏú£z
â˛ˆÏú– Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚yã x!ì˛üÎ˚ î%Ó˚*£ Ñ˛ˆÏõ≈ xyüyì˛#ì˛ ¢yö˛úƒ úy¶˛ Ñ˛!Ó˚Î˚yˆÏäÈò ì˛y£yˆÏì˛ ¢ˆÏ®£
òy£z–’ ì˛yäÈyv˛¸y Ñ˛!Ócñ ˆ¢Ô®Î≈ñ õyï%Î≈ Á Ó˚â˛òyÓ˚ x!¶˛òÓˆÏcÓ˚ ãòƒ Ñ,˛°åîy¢ Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚yˆÏãÓ˚ ˜â˛ì˛òƒ
â˛!Ó˚ì˛yõ,ˆÏì˛Ó˚ òyòy ˛ôÇ!_´ ≤ÃÓyîÈ≤Ã!ì˛õ Ñ˛yÓƒ Óy ÈEpigram !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ ~ Î%ˆÏÜÁ ˆúyÑ˛õ%ˆÏখ
ÓƒÓ£*ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛– ˆÎõò ÈÙÈ
i) ~ˆÏ£y Óy£ƒ xyˆÏÜ Ñ˛£ xyÓ˚–
ii) xyˆÏd!wÎ˚ ≤Ã#!ì˛ £zFäÈy ì˛yˆÏÓ˚ Ó!ú Ñ˛yõ–
Ñ,˛ˆÏ°å!wÎ˚ ≤Ã#!ì˛ £zFäÈy ïˆÏÓ˚ ˆ≤Ãõ òyõ––
iii) Ñ˛yÓ˚ ˆ≤Ãõ ˆîy£yÑ˛yÓ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ú«˛í–
ˆúÔ£ xyÓ˚ ˆ£õ ˆÎˆÏäÈ fl˛∫Ó˚*ˆÏ˛ô !Óú«˛í––
iv) xyÓ˚ÎK˛ Ñ˛yÑ˛ â%˛ˆÏ°Ï K˛yò !ò¡∫ö˛ˆÏú–
12
Ó˚¢K˛ ˆÑ˛y!Ñ˛ú ÖyÎ˚ ˆ≤Ãõy¡À õ%Ñ%˛ˆÏú–– £zì˛ƒy!î–
!Ó°ÏÎ˚ Ólfl˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ¶˛yÓÜ¶˛#Ó˚ì˛yñ îyü≈!òÑ˛ ì˛_¥ Ólfl˛Ó˚ ¢Ç!õ◊íñ äÈ®ÈÙÈxúB˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yÜñ
≤ÃÓyîÓyˆÏÑ˛ƒÓ˚ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Á ¢%!ò˛ô%í ÜˆÏÓ°ÏˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ î,!‹T¶˛D# !òˆÏÎ˚ Ñ,˛°åîy¢ Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚yã ˜â˛ì˛òƒâ˛!Ó˚ì˛yõ,ì˛
@˘Ãs˛i!›˛ Ó˚â˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚yÎ˚ ˆÑ˛yÌyÎ˚ ì˛y ¶˛yÓ˚@˘Ãhfl˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÁˆÏ‡˛!ò ÓÓ˚Ç ì§˛yÓ˚ x¢yïyÓ˚í Ñ˛yÓƒ ≤Ã!ì˛¶˛yÓ˚ =ˆÏí
@˘Ãs˛i!›˛ fl˛∫yî% Á ¢%Öপা‡˛ƒ £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ˆÏäÈ–
1.8 xydõ)úƒyÎ˚ ïõ#≈ ≤ÃŸ¿ É !›˛Øò#

1V Ó˚yÎ˚ Ó˚yõyò® ˆÑ˛ !äÈˆÏúò⁄
2V Ó˚yÎ˚ Ó˚yõyòˆÏ®Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD ◊#˜Ïâ˛ì˛òƒˆÏîÓ ˆÑ˛yò‰ ˆÑ˛yò‰ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò⁄
3V ˜Óï#¶˛!_´ Á Ó˚yÜyò%রাগ ¶˛!_´Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ˛ôyÌ≈Ñ˛ƒ ˆÑ˛yÌyÎ˚⁄
4V Ó˚ Ñ˛Î˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yÓ˚ Á !Ñ˛ !Ñ˛ ⁄
5V ‘~ˆÏ£y Óy£ƒ xyˆÏÜ Ñ˛£ xyÓ˚’ Ñ˛Ìy!›˛ ˆÑ˛ ˆÑ˛ò ÓˆÏú!äÈˆÏúò⁄
1.9 v˛z_Ó˚ ! ˆÏ ˛ôy‡˛yÓyÓ˚ ãòƒ ≤ÃŸ¿yÓú# É

1V ˜â˛ì˛òƒ ã#Óò# ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ Ñ,˛°åîy¢ Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚yˆÏãÓ˚ ˜â˛ì˛òƒâ˛!Ó˚ì˛yõ,ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˆ◊¤˛c
¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚&ò–
2V ˜â˛ì˛òƒâ˛!Ó˚ì˛yõ,ˆÏì˛Ó˚ Ü‡˛òÓ˚#!ì˛ Á !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ólfl˛Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ !îò–
3V ˜â˛ì˛òƒâ˛!Ó˚ì˛yõ,ˆÏì˛Ó˚ õïƒú#úy x‹Tõ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏFäÈˆÏîÓ˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ólfl˛ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚&ò–
4V ¢yïƒ ¢yïò ì˛_¥ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ ¢ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛ô xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚&ò–
5V ‘ˆ≤Ãõ!Óúy¢ !ÓÓì≈˛’ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚&ò–
6V Ó˚yÎ˚ Ó˚yõyò® Á ˜â˛ì˛òƒˆÏîˆÏÓÓ˚ ¢y«˛yÍÑ˛yÓ˚ Óí≈òy Ñ˛Ó˚&ò–

7V ¢Ö#ì˛_¥ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚&ò–
8V ˜â˛ì˛òƒâ˛!Ó˚ì˛yõ,ì˛ @˘ÃˆÏs˛i Ñ,˛°åîy¢ Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚yˆÏãÓ˚ Ñ˛!Ó ≤Ã!ì˛¶˛yÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ !îò–
1.10 ¢£yÎ˚Ñ˛ @˘Ãs˛i˛ôO# É

1V ˜â˛ì˛òƒâ˛!Ó˚ì˛yõ,ì˛ Súá% ¢ÇÑ˛Ó˚íV ¢%Ñ%˛õyÓ˚ ˆ¢ò ¢¡ôy!îì˛ñ ¢y!£ì˛ƒ xÑ˛yˆÏî!õ–
2V ÓyÇúy ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ £z!ì˛Ó,_ ÈÙÈ x!¢ì˛Ñ%˛õyÓ˚ ÓˆÏ®ƒy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚–
3V ˜â˛ì˛òƒâ˛!Ó˚ì˛yõ,ì˛ SxyˆÏúyâ˛òyV ¢%ˆÏÖ®% ¢%®Ó˚ ÜˆÏDy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚–
4V ˜â˛ì˛òƒâ˛!Ó˚ì˛yõ,ì˛ ÈÙÈ ¢¡ôyîòy ÈÙÈ xˆÏüyÑ˛ â˛ˆÏRy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚– 13
5V ˜Ó°åÓ ¢y!£ì˛ƒ ÈÙÈ !e˛ô%Ó˚y üB˛Ó˚ ˆ¢ò üyfl˛f#–
6V ˜â˛ì˛òƒ â˛!Ó˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ v˛z˛ôyîyò ÈÙÈ !Óõyò !Ó£yÓ˚# õã%õîyÓ˚–
7V ÓˆÏD ˜Ó°åÓïõ≈ ÈÙÈ Ó˚õyÑ˛yhs˛ â˛e´Óì≈˛#–
8V Ó,£ÍÓD ÈÙÈ î#ˆÏòüâ˛w ˆ¢ò–
È
!›˛Øò#
14
!mì˛#Î˚ xïƒyÎ˚
˛ôîÓ˚byÓú#
Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚ Á ◊#üâ w õã%õîyÓ˚¢¡ôy!îì˛
2.0 ¶)˛!õÑ˛y !›˛Øò#

2.1 v˛zˆÏjüƒ
2.4 Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ É ˜Ó°åÓ ˛ôîyÓú# Á ˛ôîÓ˚byÓú#
2.9 !ú!Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛D# Á ¶˛y°Ïy
2.11 xyতõ)úƒyÎ˚ò ïõ#≈ ≤ÃŸ¿
2.13 ¢£yÎ˚Ñ˛ @˘Ãs˛i˛ôO#
2.0 ¶)˛!õÑ˛y
õïƒÎ%ˆÏÜÓ˚ ÓyÇúyÎ˚ ◊#˜Ïâ˛ì˛òƒˆÏîˆÏÓÓ˚ xy!Ó≈¶˛yÓ Á ˆÜÔv˛¸#Î˚ ˜Ó°åÓïˆÏõ≈Ó˚ ≤Ã¢yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ö˛ˆÏú
Ñ˛#ì≈˛òÜyò ãò!≤ÃÎ˚ì˛y úy¶˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÎ˚ ˆ¢ Î%ˆÏÜ ≤ÃÓyî ÓyÑ˛ƒ !£¢yˆÏÓ ˆüyòy ˆÎì˛ Ñ˛yò% äÈyv˛¸y Ü#ì˛
ˆò£z– xÓüƒ ~ Î%ˆÏÜ ≤ÃÓyî ÓyÑ˛ƒ!›˛ ì˛yÓ˚ ˙!ì˛£y!¢Ñ˛ ≤Ãyõyòƒì˛y £y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÷ï% Üì˛yò%Ü!ì˛Ñ˛ ì˛yÓ˚
£z!DˆÏì˛ ˛ôÎ≈Ó!¢ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ì˛Ó% xyõÓ˚y ÓúˆÏì˛ ˛ôy!Ó˚ Ñ˛#ì≈˛òÜyˆÏòÓ˚ ãò!≤ÃÎ˚ì˛yÓ˚ ãòƒ£z fl˛∫ÈÙÈxïƒyÎ˚ ¢yõ@˘Ã#
15
‘˜Ó°åÓ˛ôîyÓú# ¢ÇÑ˛úˆÏòÓ˚’ Ñ˛yã cÓ˚y!ß∫ì £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– ˛ô%Ó˚yì˛ò Î%ˆÏÜ ˆÎ ¢õhfl˛ v˛zˆÏÕ‘ÖˆÎyÜƒ
‘˜Ó°åÓ ˛ôî ¢ÇÑ˛úò’ @˘Ãs˛i ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú ì˛yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ «˛òyîyÜ#ì˛ !â˛hs˛yõ!ò ◊#◊# ˛ôîÑ“ì˛Ó˚&
˛ôîyõ,ì˛ ¢õ%o ˛ôîÑúy ú!ì˛Ñ˛y £zì˛ƒy!îÓ˚ òyõ v˛zˆÏÕ‘ÖˆÏÎyÜƒ– ì˛yäÈyv˛¸y !Óõyò !Ó£yÓ˚# õã%õîyÓ˚
¢¡ôy!îì˛ ˛ô§yâ˛üì˛ ÓÍ¢ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛ôîyÓú# ¢%Ñ%˛õyÓ˚ ˆ¢ò !ÓŸªfl˛ô!ì˛ ˆâ˛Ôï%Ó˚# üƒyõ˛ôî âe´Óì˛#≈
¢¡ôy!îì˛ ‘˜Ó°åÓ˛ôîyÓú#’ ¢%Ñ%˛õyÓ˚ ˆÏ¢ò ¢B˛!úì˛ ˜Ó°åÓ ˛ôîyÓú# ˆîÓòyÌ ÓˆÏı˛ƒy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚
¢¡ôy!îì˛ ‘˜Ó°åÓ˛ôî ¢B˛úò’ ≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛Ó˚ Ñ˛Ìy õˆÏò ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚ Á
◊#â˛w õã%õîyÓ˚ ¢¡ôy!îì˛ ‘˛ôîÓ˚byÓú#’ @˘ÃˆÏs˛iÓ˚ õ)úƒyÎ˚ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
!›˛Øò#
2.1 v˛zˆÏjüƒ
˜ÏÓ°åÓ ˛ôîyÓú# õïƒÎ%ˆÏÜÓ˚ ÓyÇúy ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ xòƒì˛õ ≤Ãïyò üyÖy– õïƒÎ%ˆÏÜÓ˚ ¢y!£ì˛ƒ ¢Ó
ˆîˆÏü£z ˆîÓ !ò¶≈˛Ó˚ STheocentricV ¢y!£ì˛ƒ ˆÎ ¶˛yˆÏÓ ÜˆÏv˛¸ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ˆÏäÈ ˜Ó°åÓ ˛ôîyÓú#ˆÏì˛Á ì˛yÓ˚
≤Ã¶˛yÓ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ì˛ˆÏÓ ¶˛ÜÓyò ◊#Ñ˛,°å Á ì§˛yÓ˚ ˛≤Ãïyò xyÓ˚y!ïÑ˛y ◊#Ó˚yïyˆÏÑ˛ xÓú¡∫ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˜Ó°åÓ
˛ôîyÓú#ˆÏì˛ ˆÎ ˆ≤Ãõ¶˛!_´Ó˚ ïyÓ˚y ≤ÃÓy!£ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ì˛yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ xyï%!òÑ˛ Î%ˆÏÜÓ˚ õyòÓ !ò¶≈˛Ó˚
SAnthropocentricV ¢y!£ì˛ƒ ¢,ˆÏ‹TÓ˚ ˛≤ÃÎ˚y¢ ú«˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚– üyhs˛ îy¢ƒ ¢Öƒ ÓyÍ¢òƒ Á õï%Ó˚
~£z ˛ôM˛ÈÓ˚ˆÏ¢Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ˜Ó°åÓ ˛ôîyÓú# ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ Ó˚¢ ˆ¢Ôï !ò!õ≈ì˛ £ˆÏúÁ ˆÜÔv˛¸#Î˚ ˜Ó°åÓîü≈ˆÏò
◊#Ó˚yïyÓ˚ ˆ≤Ãõ ¢Ó≈ ¢yïƒ¢yÓ˚ ÓˆÏú !ÓˆÏÓ!â˛ì˛ ã!_´Î˚yÎ˚ Ó˚yïy Ñ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ Ó,®yÓò ú#úyÓ˚ ˛ô›˛¶)˛!õˆÏì˛
Ó˚!â˛ì˛ õï%Ó˚ Ó˚ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆÏ≤ÃõˆÏÑ˛ ¢ˆÏÓ≈yÍÑ,˛‹T ÓˆÏú v˛zˆÏÕ‘খ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ì˛yäÈyv˛¸y ˜Ó°åÓ xúB˛yÓ˚ üyˆÏfl˛f
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ˆîÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôy!FäÈ– 23
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!›˛Øò# îü!îü ˆ¶˛ú xyò®y––
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ˆ¢£z õyò¢ Ó˚yˆÏãƒÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ á!›˛ˆÏÎ˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò ÓˆÏú Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ ì˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏúyâ˛ƒ ˛ôe!›˛ˆÏì˛
¢!‡˛Ñ˛ xˆÏÌ≈£z v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò–

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Ó,®yÓò ú#úyÓ˚¢ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓüˆÏòÓ˚ xyˆÏÜ ¢õãyì˛#Î˚ ˜â˛ì˛òƒú#úyÓ˚ ˛ôî ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓüˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚#!ì˛ˆÏÑ˛
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˛ôˆÏÓ˚ Ó,®yÓò ú#úyÓ˚ ˛ôî !Óòƒhfl˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– !Ñls˛ Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ ˛ôîÓ˚byÓú# ¢ÇÑ˛úˆÏòÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ ˛ô)Ó≈
Ó˚#!ì˛ Á ˛ôk˛!ì˛ òy ˆõˆÏò ˆÜÔÓ˚yD !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ñ˛ ˛ôî ˆüˆÏ°Ï ¢ÇˆÏÎyãò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– xÓüƒ ì˛yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ
ÎˆÏÌ¤˛ x!¶˛òÓˆÏcÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ïõ≈ì˛_¥ òÎ˚ !Ó÷k˛ ¢y!£ì˛ƒ Ó˚¢ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓüˆÏòÓ˚ ãòƒ !ì˛!ò
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Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ Ñ˛#ì≈˛òÜyˆÏòÓ˚ ãòƒ xÌÓy Ó˚yïy Ñ,˛°åú#úyÓ˚¢ xyfl˛∫yîˆÏòÓ˚ ãòƒ
˛ôî ¢ÇÑ˛úò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò òy£z Ó!úÎ˚y @˘ÃˆÏs˛iÓ˚ ≤ÃÌˆÏõ ˆÜÔÓ˚â˛!wÑ˛yÓ˚ ˛ôî ˆîò òy£z–
÷ï% ì˛y£z òÎ˚ ˜Ó°åÓ Ó˚¢ üyˆÏfl˛fÓ˚ !òˆÏî≈ü xò%ÎyÎ˚# ˛ô)Ó≈Ó˚yÜ xò%Ó˚yÜ x!¶˛¢yÓ˚ £zì˛ƒy!î ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
e´õÁ ˛ôîÓ˚byÓú# ˆì˛ ˆò£z– ~£z ˜Ó!üˆÏ‹TƒÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚í ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ !ÜˆÏÎ˚ xyò®
¢Çfl˛ÒÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ !Óòƒy¢ ˛ôk˛!ì˛ Á ú«˛ƒ xÇˆÏü Óúy £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ É
!ü÷ Ñ˛,ˆÏ°åÓ˚ ãß√ Óyúƒ ú#úy / ÓyÍ¢úƒ Á ¢Öƒ Ó˚ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ Ó˚yïy
Ñ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ ˆÎÔÓòú#úyÓ˚ ˛ôî =!ú !Óòƒhfl˛ xì˛É˛ôÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚£ সˆÏΩ˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ !Ó!â˛e
!ÓòƒyˆÏ¢ Ó,®yÓò ú#úyÓ˚ õïƒ !îÎ˚y ˜Ó°åÓ Ñ˛!Óì˛yÓ˚ Ü#ì˛ v˛zÍ¢ÓõyˆÏG˛
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ÎyÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú ¶˛yÓ¢!¡øúˆÏòÓ˚ ãß√ xÓ!ï≈ ˜£ˆÏì˛ Á ˛Ó˚&˛ô !ò£y!Ó˚ò% ˛ôˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ÇˆÏÎyãòyÓ˚ õïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚
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26 ãòƒ£z Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ ˆÜÔÓ˚yD !Ó°ÏÎ˚ ˛ôîˆÏÑ˛ ˆüˆÏ°Ï Î%_´ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– ì˛ˆÏÓ @˘Ãs˛i!›˛Ó˚ ¢¡ôyîòy Ñ˛yˆÏú ˆÎ
e%´!›˛ áˆÏ›˛ˆÏäÈ ì˛yÓ˚ v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !Óõyò !Ó£yÓ˚# õã%õîyÓ˚ ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈò É
˛ôîÓ˚byÓú#ˆÏì˛ ˛ôî ¢!ß¨ˆÏÓˆÏüÓ˚ Ó˚#!ì˛ ˆõÔ!úÑ˛ Á Ó˚ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏ˛ôy°ÏÑ˛ ÓˆÏ›˛ñ
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Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò–
!›˛Øò#
2.9 !ú!Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛D# Á ¶˛y°Ïy
≤Ãyâ˛#ò Ñ˛yˆÏú Î˚%ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛ô Lyre Óy Ó#òyãyì˛#Î˚ Óyîƒ Îs˛f ¢£ˆÏÎyˆÏÜ ˆÎ Üyò ÜyÁÎ˚y £ˆÏì˛y ì˛yˆÏÑ˛
Lyric òyˆÏõ x!¶˛!£ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú Lyric üˆÏ∑Ó˚ xò%¢Ó˚ˆÏí ÓyÇúy Ü#!ì˛ Ñ˛!Óì˛y ü∑!›˛ Ü,£#ì˛
£ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ì˛ˆÏÓ ˛ô%Ó˚yì˛ò Î%ˆÏÜÓ˚ Lyric xy xyï%!òÑ˛ ~Ñ˛ ãyì˛#Î˚ òÎ˚– ˛≤Ãyâ˛#ò Óy õïƒÎˆÏÜÓ˚ মì˛
~ Î%ˆÏÜ xyÓ˚ Óyîƒ Îs˛f ¢£ˆÏÎyˆÏÜ Üyò ˆÜˆÏÎ˚ Lyric Óy Ü#!ì˛ Ñ˛!Óì˛y ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓüò Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚ òy–
˛ô%Ó˚yì˛ò Î%ˆÏÜÓ˚ Lyric Á xyï%!òÑ˛ Î%ˆÏÜÓ˚ Lyric-~Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ =òÜì˛ ˛ôyÌ≈ˆÏÑ˛ƒÓ˚ £z!DˆÏì˛ !îˆÏÎ˚
£zÇˆÏÓ˚ã Ñ˛!Ó ≤ÃyÓ!ı˛Ñ˛ Á ¢õyˆÏúyÑ˛ Ruskin ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈò É
Lyric Poetry is the expression by the poet of his own feelings
ˆ≤Ãõ ˛ô,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ¢Ó ˆîˆÏü£z Lyric Óy Ü#!ì˛ Ñ˛!Óì˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãïyò v˛z˛ôÑ˛Ó˚ò !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ ÜÈ,£#ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–
õïƒ Î%ˆÏÜÓ˚ ˆÜy¤#Ók˛ã#Óò ÎyeyÎ˚ xybÑ˛ÌˆÏòÓ˚ ¢%ˆÏÎyÜ òy ÌyÑ˛yÎ˚ Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚y !òˆÏãˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy
Óƒ_´ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ ˆÎ¶˛yˆÏÓ ˆîÓ ˆîÓ#Ó˚ xy◊Î˚ @˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ò ˜Ó°åÓ Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚yÁ ˆ¢¶˛yˆÏÓ !òˆÏãˆÏîÓ˚
õˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛ÌyˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚yïy Ñ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ ¢y£yˆÏÎƒ ˛˛≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ xyï%!òÑ˛ Ü#!ì˛ Ñ˛!Óì˛yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ˛ôyÌ≈Ñ˛ƒ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏúÁ
˜Ó°åÓ Ñ˛!Óì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ÎÌyÌ≈ Ü#!ì˛ Ñ˛!Óì˛y ÓˆÏú @˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚–
Ü#!ì˛ Ñ˛!Óì˛yÎ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚!õì˛ Ñ˛y‡˛yˆÏõyÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ Ñ˛!ÓõˆÏòÓ˚ xyˆÏÓÜ ¢yõã¢ƒ˛ô)í≈ ¶˛D#ˆÏì˛
˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓ!üì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ ~ÓÇ ì˛yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ x¢yïyÓ˚í !ü“ ˆ¢Ô®ˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ˜Ó°åÓ
Ñ˛!Óì˛yÓ˚ Ó˚yïy Ñ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚£ !õúò ˛ô)í≈ ú#úy Ó˚ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ !îˆÏì˛ !ÜˆÏÎ˚ ˜ÏÓ°åÓ Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚y x¢yïyÓ˚í
Ñ,˛!ì˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò– î%!›˛ òÓ˚ òyÓ˚#Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚£ ˆÓîòyˆÏÑ˛ ì˛y§Ó˚y !â˛Ó˚hs˛ò õyòÓ õyòÓ#Ó˚ £*îˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
£y£yÑ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ¢«˛õ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò ÓˆÏú£z Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ ì˛y§ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÃŸ¿ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò É
¢ì˛ƒ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛£ ˆõyˆÏÓ˚ ˆ£ ˜Ó°åÓ Ñ˛!Ó ˆÑ˛yÌy ì%˛!õ ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏú ~£z ˆ≤Ãõ äÈ!Ó
ˆÑ˛yÌy ì%˛!õ !üˆÏÖ!äÈˆÏú ~£z ˆ≤Ãõ Üyò !ÓÓ˚£ ì˛y!˛ôì˛ ˆ£!Ó˚ Ñ˛y£yÓ˚ òÎ˚yò
Ó˚y!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ x◊& xy§!Ö ˛ôˆÏv˛¸!äÈú õˆÏò
ˆ≤Ãõ õyòÓ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ õ)úƒÓyò xò%¶)!ì˛– !Ñ˛ls˛ !≤ÃÎ˚ !õúˆÏòÓ˚ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ !ÓÓ˚ˆÏ£Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ£z
ˆ≤ÃˆÏõÓ˚ õyï%Î≈ƒ x!ïÑ˛ì˛Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚fl˛≥%˛›˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛– ˜Ó°åÓ ˛ôîyÓú#Ó˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ˛ôÎy≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏîÓ˚
õˆÏïƒ ˆÎ £*îÎ˚ !Óî#≈ò £y£y Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ˛ôîÓ˚byÓú# ˆì˛ Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ÎÌyÎÌ
¶˛yˆÏÓ ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò–
ìÓ˚&õ)ˆÏú ◊#Ñ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ ÓÇü# ïπ!ò ÷ˆÏò ÷ï% ◊#Ó˚yïy òÎ˚ ˛ôy!Ì≈Ó òyòy Ólfl˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ì˛yÓ˚ ˛≤Ã!ì˛!e´Î˚y
ú«˛ƒ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôîÑ˛ì≈˛y xòhs˛ îy¢ ÓˆÏúò É fl˛∫ÈÙÈxïƒyÎ˚ ¢yõ@˘Ã#
27
õ%Ó˚ú#Ó˚ xyúy˛ôˆÏò ˛ôÓò Ó˚!£Î˚y ÷ˆÏò
Îõ%òyÎ˚ Ó£ˆÏÎ˚ v˛zãyò
òy â˛ˆÏú Ó˚!ÓÓ˚ Ó˚Ìñ Óy!ã òy!£ ˛ôyÎ˚ ˛ôÌ
îÓ˚ÓˆÏÎ˚ îyÓ˚& ˛ôy°Ïyò––
¢y«˛yÍ îü≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú Ó˚yïyÓ˚ xÓfl˛iy Óí≈òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ì˛!ò ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈò É
!Ñ˛ ˆ£!Ó˚ò% Ñ˛î¡∫ ì˛úyˆÏì˛–
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!ãˆÏì˛ !Ñ˛ ˛ôy!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ô¢y!Ó˚ˆÏì˛––
ˆ≤ÃˆÏõÓ˚ ãyÜÓ˚ˆÏò Ó˚yïyÓ˚ õyò!¢Ñ˛ xÓfl˛iyÓ˚ Óí≈òy !îˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôîÑ˛ì≈˛y â˛u˛#îy¢ ÓˆÏúò É
Ó˚yïyÓ˚ !Ñ˛ ˜£ú xhs˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏì˛ ÓƒÌy
Ó!¢Î˚y !ÓÓ˚ˆÏúñ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛ˆÏú
òy ÷ˆÏò Ñ˛y£yÓ˚& Ñ˛Ìy––
Ó˚yïyÓ˚ î,!‹TˆÏì˛ Ñ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ ˛Ó˚&˛ô Óí≈òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜy!Ó® îy¢ ˆÎõò ÓˆÏúò É
ë˛ú ë˛ú Ñ˛y§â˛y xˆÏD§Ó˚ úyÓò#
xÓò# Ó!£Î˚y ÎyÎ˚
{°ÏÍ £y!¢Ó˚ ì˛Ó˚D !£ˆÏúyˆÏú
õîò õ)Ó˚äÈy ˛ôyÎ˚––
xyÓyÓ˚ â˛u˛#îy¢ ˆì˛õ!ò Ñ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ î,!‹TˆÏì˛ Ó˚yïyÓ˚ ˛Ó˚&˛ô Óí≈òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÓˆÏúò :
Ó˚õò#Ó˚ õ!ò ˆ˛ôÖú% xy˛ô!ò
xy¶˛Ó˚í ¢!£ì˛ ÜyÎ˚
ˆî!ÖˆÏì˛ ˆî!ÖˆÏì˛ !Óã%Ó˚#õÎ˚
˜ïÓ˚ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˜ïÓ˚Î˚ ÎyÎ˚––
Ñ,˛°å ˆ≤ÃˆÏõ î?˛ Ó˚yïyÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ K˛yòîy¢ x¢yïyÓ˚í Ñ˛!ÓˆÏcÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD Ó˚£¢ƒõÎ˚ì˛yÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚
!îˆÏÎ˚ ÓˆÏúò É
â˛®ò â˛y§ˆÏîÓ˚ õyˆÏG˛ õ,ÜõˆÏî ïy®y–
ì˛yÓ˚õyˆÏG˛ !£Î˚yÓ˚ ˛ô%ì˛ú# ˜Ó˚ú Óyı˛y––
Ñ˛!›˛ ˛ô#ì˛ Ó¢òÓ˚¢òy ì˛yˆÏ£ ãv˛¸y
!Ó!ï !òÓ˚!õÓ Ñ%˛ú Ñ˛úˆÏB˛Ó˚ ˆÑ˛§yv˛¸y––
ãy!ì˛ Ñ%˛ú ü#ú ¢Ó ˆ£ò Ó%!G˛ ˆÜú–
¶%˛Óò ¶˛!Ó˚Î˚y ˆõyÓ˚ ˆáy°Ïòy Ó˚!£ò––
!Ó!¶˛ß¨ Ó˚¢ ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ õïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yïy Ñ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ !õúò Á õÌ%Ó˚yÜõˆÏòÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú Ó˚yïyÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚£
ˆÓîòyÓ˚ ì˛#Óì˛yÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ ˜Ó°åÓ Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚y ˆÎõò ˆ≤Ãõ õòhflˆ Ó˚ ¢%!ò˛ô%ò Ó˚&˛ôÑ˛yÓ˚ £ˆÏÎ˚
fl˛∫ÈÙÈxïƒyÎ˚ ¢yõ@˘Ã# v˛zˆÏ‡˛ˆÏäÈòñ ˆì˛õ!ò Ó˚yïyÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚£ ˆÓîòy ¢£ƒ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ òy ˆ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ¶˛yÓˆÏúyˆÏÑ˛ Óy õˆÏòyãyÜˆÏì˛ Ó˚yï
28
Ñ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ !õúò á!›˛ˆÏÎ˚ ì˛yÓ˚y Ñ˛yÓƒ Ó˚â˛òyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe x¢yõyòƒ ˜Ïò˛ô%ˆÏòƒÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ !îˆÏÎˆ˚ ÏäÈò– ˛ôîÓ˚byÓú#
ˆì˛ Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ Ó˚yïy Ñ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ ú#úyÓ˚ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚¢õy!Æ á!›˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò ¶˛yˆÏÓyÕ‘yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏî– ÎyÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú
˜Ó°åÓ ˛ôîyÓú#ˆÏì˛ ˆÏÎ– xyïƒy!bÑ˛ì˛yÓ˚ xyâ˛Ó˚ˆÏí ˆ≤ÃõˆÏÑ˛ xyÓ,ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yÖy £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ
ì˛y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚yïy Ñ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ ˆ≤ÃõˆÏÑ˛ õyòÓ õ%Ö# Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì%˛úˆÏì˛ ¢«˛õ ˛£ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò–
ˆÓ˚yõy!r›˛Ñ˛ Ü#!ì˛Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚y ˆÎõò ˆ≤ÃˆÏõÓ˚ xB%˛Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛ v˛zˆÏß√y!â˛ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ ˛≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˛ô›˛¶)˛!õ
!£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ @˘Ã£í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ò ˜Ó°åÓ Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚yÁ ˆì˛õ!ò Ó˚yïy Ñ,˛ˆÏ°åÓ˚ ˆ≤ÃõˆÏÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ò!ì˛Ó˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ ~!ÜˆÏÎ˚
!òˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ !ÓˆÏü°Ï ¶˛yˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– Ó˚yïyÓ˚ õyò!¢Ñ˛ !Ó˛ôÎ≈Î˚ˆÏÑ˛ ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛Ó˚ !›˛Øò#
ˆ≤Ã«˛y˛ôˆÏ›˛ ˛≤Ã!ì˛!‹Tì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ x!¶˛¢yÓ˚ ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏî Ó˚yÎ˚ ˆüÖÓ˚ ÓˆÏúò É
ÜÜˆÏò xÓáò ˆõ£ îyÓ˚%ò
¢áˆÏò îy!õò# G˛úÑ˛£z
Ñ%˛!úü ˛ôyì˛ò üyÓî G˛ò G˛òñ
˛ôÓò ÖÓ˚ì˛Ó˚ ÓúÜ£z––
÷ï% Ó°Ï≈yÓ˚ áòyı˛Ñ˛yÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓü Óí≈òy òÎ˚ñ ö%˛ÕÑ‘ ˛% ¢!õì˛ Ó¢ˆÏhs˛Ó˚ Óò≈òy !îˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜy!Ó® îy¢ x¢yïyÓ˚ò
!â˛e ˆ¢Ô®Î≈ Ó˚â˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÓˆÏúò É
ìÓ˚% ìÓ˚& òÓ !Ñ˛üúÎ˚ îú úy!Ü– Ñ
%˛¢%õ ¶˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛ì˛ xÓòì˛ üyÖ# ì˛!£
÷Ñ˛ ¢y!Ó˚ò# ˆÏÑ˛y!Ñ˛ú ˆÓyú Ñ%˛ãì˛
!òÑ%˛ãì˛ ºõÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚& ˆÓ˚yú––
Ü#ì˛Ñ˛!Óì˛yÓ˚ xy Üì˛ ¶˛yÓ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £Î˚ ¶˛y°ÏyÓ˚ x¢yïyÓ˚ò ÓÎ˚ˆÏò– ü∑ xúB˛yÓ˚ Á
äÈˆÏ®yÓ˚#!ì˛Ó˚ ¢%°Ïõ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yˆÏÜ ì˛yÓ˚ ˆ¢Ô®Î≈ Ó,!k˛ ˛ôyÎ˚– õïƒ Î%ˆÏÜÓ˚ Ñ˛!Ó £ˆÏÎ˚Á ˜ÏÓ°åÓ ˛ôîÑ˛ì˛≈yÓ˚y
xòyÎ˚yˆÏ¢ @˘Ãyõƒì˛y Óy fl˛i(úì˛yˆÏÑ˛ x!ìe´õ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛!Óì˛yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ¢)«ò ˆ¢Ô®Î≈ ¢,!‹TˆÏì˛ Ñ,˛!ì˛ˆÏcÓ˚
˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ !îˆÏì˛ ¢«˛õ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò– ÓãÓ%!ú Á ÓyÇúy v˛z¶˛Î˚ ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ ˛ôî Ó˚â˛òyÎ˚ ì˛y§Ó˚y ÎˆÏÌ‹T òyÜ#Ó˚Ñ˛
˜ÓîˆÏ?˛ƒ ì§˛yÓ˚ ˛ôî ˆÎõò v˛zIμú ˆì˛õ!ò ì§˛yÓ˚ xò%Üyõ# ˆÜy!Ó®!mì˛#Î˚ !Óîƒy˛ô!ì˛Ó˚ ˛ôî Ó˚â˛òyÎ˚ˆÏ¢£z
˜Óîüïƒ ˆÎõò ≤Ã!ì˛˛ö˛!úì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ˆì˛õò ˆÜy!Ó® îyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏî !â˛e ï!õ≈ì˛y ›˛Ñ˛#Î˚ ¢Çúy˛ô Á
v˛zÍÑ˛t˛yÓ˚ (suspense) ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ ú«˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÎ˚ â˛u˛#îyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ¢£ã ¢Ó˚ú ¶˛y°Ïy ≤ÃyK˛ú ≤Ã¢yî =ˆÏò
ˆÎõò ¶˛Ó˚y ˆì˛õ!ò ãì˛yòîyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏî xy≤’%ì˛ !ÓÓ˚£ !õúˆÏòÓ˚ xò%¶)˛!ì˛Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD !õ!◊ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ
Ó˚£¢ƒõÎ˚ì˛y Á õÓ˚!õÎ˚y (Mystic) î,!‹T¶˛D#– õïƒÎ%ˆÏÜÓ˚ ÓyÇúyÓ˚ ¶˛y°y ¶˛D#Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD ˆ˛ôÖò%
ˆîÖú% ˆ¶˛ú ˆîò £zì˛ƒy!îÓ˚ õì˛ !e´Î˚y ˛ôˆÏîÓ˚ ÓƒÓ£yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD !òÓ˚î® îÓ˚ÓˆÏÎ˚ !˛ô!Ó˚!ì˛ ïÓ˚õ
õ%Ñ˛!ì˛ ãyì˛#Î˚ fl˛∫Ó˚¶˛!_´Ó˚ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yÜ ì˛yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ Ó˚ˆÎ˚ˆÏäÈ xyÓyÓ˚ ‘G˛ò G˛ò üÓî Ñ%˛!úü G˛ò G˛yò’ Óy
‘áò áò G˛ò G˛ò ÓãÓ˚ !ò˛ôyì˛’-˛ôÇ!_´Ó˚ õì˛ G˛ò G˛ò áò áò ãyì˛#Î˚ ïπòƒy ˛ üˆÏ∑Ó˚ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yÜ
xò%≤Ãy¢ Á v˛z˛ôÓ˚y ãyì˛#Î˚ !Ó!Óï xúB˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ ˜Ó°åÓ Ñ˛!Óì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ¢õ,k˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì%˛ˆÏúˆÏäÈ
Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒÓ˚ Ñ˛yÎ˚y Ü‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˛ôÎ˚yÓ˚ Á !e˛ôî#ˆÏì˛ â˛Ó˚í !Óòƒy¢ ÑÓ˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ì˛y£z Óúy ÎyÎ˚ ˜Ó°åÓ
Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚y ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛ò !ü“#Ó˚ õì˛£z Ó˚yïy Ñ,˛°å !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ñ˛ ˛ôî Ó˚â˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ õïƒÎˆÏÜÓ˚ ÓyÇúy ¢y!£ì˛ƒˆÑ˛
˙ŸªÎ≈õ!u˛ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì%˛ˆÏúˆÏäÈò–
29
Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ !äÈˆÏúò xyÓyúƒ ˜Ó°åÓ ˛ôîyÓú#Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!ò¤˛ ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛– ˜Ó°åÓ ˛ôîyÓú#Ó˚ xò%¢Ó˚ˆÏí
¶˛yò%!¢ÇˆÏ£Ó˚ ˛ôîyÓú# Ó˚â˛òy Óy ˜Ó°åÓ ˛ôîyÓú#Ó˚ xò%°ÏˆÏD Ñ˛!Óì˛y Ó˚â˛òy äÈyv˛¸yÁ !â˛!‡˛˛ôe Á
!Ó!¶˛ß¨ ≤ÃÓˆÏı˛ Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ˛ôîÑ˛ì≈˛y Ó˚!â˛ì˛ ˜Ó°åÓ ˛ôîˆÏÑ˛ ˆÎ¶˛yˆÏÓ ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò ì˛yÓ˚
ö˛ˆÏú Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ ˜Ó°åÓ ˛ôˆÏîÓ˚ Ó˚¢@˘Ãy!£ì˛yÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ fl˛ô‹T £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ˆÏäÈ !äÈß¨ ˛ôeyÓú#Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛
!â˛!‡˛ˆÏì˛ ˛Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ Ó°Ï≈y ˛≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛Ó˚ ˆ¢ÔòîÎ≈ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ ˛ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈò ~£z ˆ¢Ô®ˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ˜Ó°åÓ Ñ˛!ÓˆÏîÓ˚
!›˛Øò# ˆ¢£z xòhs˛ Ó,®yÓò Ó˚ˆÎ˚ ˆÜˆÏäÈ ‘ˆõáî)ì˛’ ≤ÃÓı˛ Á ¢y!£ì˛ƒ @˘ÃˆÏs˛iÓ˚ xhs˛Üì≈˛ ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ ì˛yÍ˛ôÎ≈
≤ÃÓˆÏı˛ Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ ˜Ó°åÓ Ñ!Ó ÓúÓ˚yõ îyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ¶)˛Î˚¢# ≤ÃüÇ¢y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò Ó¢hs˛ Ó˚yÎ˚ ≤ÃÓˆÏı˛ Ó¢hs˛
Ó˚yÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ˜Ó°åÓ Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ Üyò ≤ÃÓˆÏı˛ K˛yò îy¢ Ó˚!â˛ì˛ “õˆÏòÓ˚ õÓ˚ò Ñ˛Ìy” ü#°Ï≈Ñ˛ ˛ôî!›˛Ó˚
Ó˚Ó#wòyÌÑ,˛ì !üˆÏÓ˚yòyõ “fl˛∫≤¿” ˛Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ ì§˛y£yÓ˚ “üƒyõú#” Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒ ~Ñ˛£z !üˆÓ˚yòyˆõÓ˚ Ñ˛!Óì˛yÎ˚
K˛yòîyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛ôî!›˛Ó˚ !ò!£ì˛ ¶˛yÓ!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ~ Ñ˛yˆÏúÓ˚ ¢#õyòyÎ˚ xy!òÎ˚y !îÎ˚yˆÏäÈò ¢Ó˚úyˆÏîÓ#Ó˚ ˆúÖy
ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ G˛Ó˚y˛ôyì˛y @˘ÃˆÏs˛i ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ãyòy ÎyÎ˚ Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ !Óîƒy˛ô!ì˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛y!ïÑ˛ ˛ôˆÏî %Ó˚yˆÏÓ˚y˛ô
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò ‘ÎÓ ˆÜyï)!ú ¢õÎ˚ ˆÓ!ú’ ˛ôÇ!_´Î%_´ !Óîƒy˛ô!ì˛ Ó˚!â˛ì˛ ˛ôî!›˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚
x!ì˛!Ó˚_´ xyÑ˛°Ï≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ˜Ó°åÓ Ñ!Óì˛yÓ˚ ¢yfl˛∫yîò ˛Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ~õò
ì˛#Ó £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛zˆÏ‡˛!äÈú ˆÎ !ì˛!ò ˜ÏÓ°åÓ Ñ˛!Óì˛yÓ˚ ˆÏÎ ¢õfl˛i £zÇˆÏÓ˚!ã xò%Óyî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈú ‘The
Fugitie’(1921) @˘ÃˆÏs˛iÓ˚ ì˛y ¢ÇÑ˛!úì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ‘˛ôîÓ˚byÓú#Ó˚’ ˛ô!Ó˚!ü‹T-2 xÇˆÏü ì˛y fl˛iyò
ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–
2.11 xybõ)úƒyÎ˚ò ïõ#≈ ≤ÃŸ¿

1 ‘˛ôîÓ˚byÓú#’-Ó˚ ¢Ç!«˛Æ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ !îò
2 ‘˛ôîÓ˚byÓú#’-Ó˚ ˜Ó!ü‹Tƒ =!ú ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚&ò
3 ‘˛ôîÓ˚byÓú#’-Ó˚ Ñ˛!Óì˛y Ñ˛# ¶˛yˆÏÓ xyïƒy!bÑ˛ òy £ˆÏÎ˚ õyò!ÓÑ˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ˆÏäÈ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚&ò–
4 ‘˛ôîÓ˚byÓú#’-ˆÏì˛ ¢ÇÑ˛!úì˛ Ó˚Ó#w¢%Óy!¢ì˛ ˜Ó°åÓ Ñ˛!Óì˛yÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ !îò–
2.12 v˛z_Ó˚ !úˆÏÖ ˛ôy‡˛yˆÏòyÓ˚ ãòƒ ≤ÃŸ¿yÓú# ˚

1 ‘˛ôîÓ˚byÓú#’-Ó˚ !Óòƒy¢ ˛ôk˛!ì˛ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚&ò–
2 ‘ˆîÓì˛yˆÏÓ˚ !≤ÃÎ˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚ !≤ÃˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÓ˚ ˆîÓì˛y’ - ¶˛yÓ!›˛ ˛ôîÓ˚byÓú#ˆÏì˛ Ñ˛# ¶˛yˆÏÓ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ
ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚&ò–
3 ˜Ó°åÓ Ñ˛!Óì˛yˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ !ÓÓ˚£ !õúˆÏòÓ˚ õyò¢ Ó˚yãƒ ÓˆÏú ˆÑ˛ò v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò ì˛y
Ó%!G˛ˆÏÎ˚ !îò–
4 ‘˛ôîyÓ˚byÓú#’-ˆÏì˛ ˆÜÔÓ˚yD !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ñ˛ ˛ôî ˆüˆÏ°Ï xhs˛¶%≈˛_´ £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚í ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy
fl˛∫ÈÙÈxïƒyÎ˚ ¢yõ@˘Ã# Ñ˛Ó˚&ò–
30
5 !ú!Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¶˛D# Á ¶˛y°Ïy ‘˛ôîÓ˚byÓú#’-ˆÏì˛ Ñ˛# ¶˛yˆÏÓ ïÓ˚y ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ˆÏäÈ ì˛y xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚&ò–
6 ˜Ó°åÓ Ñ˛!Óì˛yÎ˚ ˆ≤ÃˆÏõÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ˛≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛Ó˚ ˆÎyÜyˆÏÎyˆÏÜÓ˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚!›˛ ˛ôîÓ˚byÓú#Ó˚ ¢y£yÎƒ !òˆÏÎ˚
Ó%!G˛ˆÏÎ˚ !îò
7 ˜Ó°åÓ ˛ôîÑ˛ì˛≈yÓy Ñ˛# ¶yˆÏÓ ˆ≤Ãõõòhfl˛ˆÏ_¥ Ó˚ ¢%!ò˛ô%ò Ó˚&˛ôÑ˛yÓ˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ˆÏäÈò ì˛y ‘˛ôîÓ˚byÓú#’-
ˆÏì˛ xÇÑ˛!úì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛!›˛ ˛ôˆÏîÓ˚ ¢y£yÎƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚&ò
8 ˜Ó°åÓ ˛ôî ¢ÇÑ˛úˆòÓ˚ !ò!Ó˚ˆÏÖ ‘˛ôîÓ˚byÓú#’ Ñ˛# ¶˛yˆÏÓ !Ó!ü‹Tì˛y xã≈ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ xyˆúyâ˛òy
!›˛Øò#
ÑÓ˚&ò–
2.13 ¢£yÎ˚Ñ˛ @˘Ãs˛i˛ôO#

1 õïƒ Î%ˆÏÜÓ˚ Ñ˛!Ó Á Ñ˛yÓƒ üÇÑ˛Ó˚# ≤Ã¢yî Ó¢%
2 ˜Ó°åÓ ¢y!£ì˛ƒ ≤ÃˆÏÓ!üÑ˛y !£õyÇ÷ ˆâ˛Ôï%Ó˚#
3 ˜Ó°åÓ ¢y!£ì˛ƒ !e˛ô%Ó˚yüB˛Ó˚ ˆ¢ò üyfl˛f#
4 ˛ôîÓ˚byÓú# Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚ Á ◊#üâ˛wõã%îyÓ˚ ¢¡ôy!îì˛
5 ÓyÇúy ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ £z!ì˛Ó,_ v˛É x!õì˛ Ñ%˛õyÓ˚ ÓˆÏıy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚–
6 ˜Ó°åÓ Ó˚¢ ≤ÃÑ˛yü v˛É «%˛!îÓ˚yõ îy¢
31
!›˛Øò#
32
ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ xïƒyÎ˚
–– ˛ôpyÓì˛#––
3.0 ¶)˛!õÑ˛y
3.1 v˛zˆÏjüƒ !›˛Øò#
3.2 Ñ˛!Ó ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚
3.3 Ñ˛!Ó ≤Ã!ì˛¶˛y
3.4 xydõ)úƒyÎ˚ò ïõ≈# ≤ÃŸ¿
3.5 Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒÓ˚ v˛zÍ¢
3.6 Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒÓ˚ Ñ˛y!£!ò
3.7 ˛ôpyÓì˛# Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ¶˛y°Ïy
3.8 ˛ôpyÓì˛# Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒ ¢D#ì˛
3.9 ˛ôpyÓì˛# Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒ ¢õyã Á ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛
3.10 òõ%òy ≤ÃŸ¿yÓú#
3.11 ¢£yÎ˚Ñ˛ @˘Ãs˛i
3.0 ¶)˛!õÑ˛y É
õïƒÎ%ˆÏÜ xyÓ˚yÑ˛yò Ó˚yã¢¶˛yˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛w Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !£®%ÈÙÈõ%¢úõyò ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛Ó˚ !õúòˆÏ¢ì%˛ Ó˚!â˛ì˛ £Î˚
~ÓÇ ˆ¢£z !õúˆÏòÓ˚ ö˛ú◊&!ì˛Ó˚*ˆÏ˛ô ÜˆÏv˛¸ ÁˆÏ‡˛ ¢Æîü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛ x!¶˛òÓ Ó˚#!ì˛Ó˚ õ%¢úõyò#
¢y!£ì˛ƒ– xyÓ˚yÑ˛yò Ó˚yã¢¶˛yÓ˚ ˛ô,¤˛ˆÏ˛ôy°ÏÑ˛ì˛yÎ˚ ~£z ¢y!£ì˛ƒ ¢,!‹T ¢Ω˛Ó £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú ÓˆÏú ~ˆÏÑ˛
xyÓ˚yÑ˛yò Ó˚yã¢¶˛yÓ˚ ¢y!£ì˛ƒ ÓˆÏú x!¶˛!£ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛– xyÓ˚yÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ òyõ
!äÈú ˆÓ˚y¢yD– ì˛y£z ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ £z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢ ~£z ¢y!£ì˛ƒˆÏÑ˛ ˆÓ˚y¢yˆÏDÓ˚ ¢y!£ì˛ƒÁ Óúy £ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛–
õ%¢úõyò# ¢y!£ì˛ƒ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy ≤Ã¢ˆÏD ˆÓ˚y¢y_ Ó˚yã ¢¶˛yÓ˚ v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö xÓüƒ£z Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £Î˚– ~
xM˛Èú!›˛ Óì≈˛õyˆÏò Ó·˛ˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ xyÓ˚yÑ˛yˆÏò xÓ!fl˛iì˛ £ˆÏúÁ ~Ñ˛ ¢õˆÏÎ˚ ~ÖyˆÏò Óy·˛í Á
ˆÓÔk˛ïõ≈Á ÎˆÏÌ‹T ≤Ã¢yÓ˚ úy¶˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈú xyÓyÓ˚ õ%¢úõyòÜí ÓyÇúy ˆîˆÏü ≤Ã¶˛yÓ !Óhfl˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ
xyˆÏÜ£z ~ xM˛Èú!›˛ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ myÓ˚y xï)ƒ!°Ïì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– ö˛ˆÏú ˆÓ˚y¢y Ó˚yã¢¶˛y ˛ô!Ó˚íì˛
£ˆÏúÁ Óy·˛íñ ˆÓÔk˛ Á £z¢úyõ# ¢¶˛ƒì˛yÓ˚ !eˆÏÓí# ¢DˆÏõ– ˆÓÔk˛ïõ≈yÓú¡∫# ˆÓ˚y¢y
Ó˚yãyˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ¶˛ì˛Ó˚ xˆÏòˆÏÑ˛£z õ%¢!úõ v˛z˛ôy!ïì˛ @˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ò– fl˛∫ÈÙÈxïƒyÎ˚ ¢yõ@˘Ã#
33
~£z ˆÓ˚y¢y¶‰˛ Ó˚yã¢¶˛yÓ˚ ˛ô,¤˛ˆÏ˛ôy°ÏÑ˛ì˛yÎ˚ ˆÓü !Ñ˛ä%È õ%¢úõyò Ñ˛!Ó ~ÖyˆÏò ÜˆÏv˛¸ ì%˛ˆÏú!äÈˆÏúò
~Ñ˛ !Ó!ü‹T ¢y!£ì˛ƒ ¢¡ôî– òyˆÏõ õ%¢úõyò# ¢y!£ì˛ƒ £ˆÏúÁ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ïõ≈#Î˚ ¶˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ¢õß∫Î˚ ≤ÃˆÏâ˛‹Ty
~ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ≤ÃÑ˛›˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÁˆÏ‡˛– !ÓˆÏü°Ïì˛ ˆÓ˚y¢y Óy xyÓ˚yÑ˛yò Ó˚yã¢¶˛yÓ˚ ˛ô,¤˛ˆÏ˛ôy°ÏÑ˛ì˛yÎ˚
õ%¢úõyò# ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒ£z õïƒÎ%Ü#Î˚ ˆîÓ!ò¶≈˛Ó˚ì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛y!£!òÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ÓˆÏì≈˛ ¢%fl˛ô¤˛¶˛yˆÏÓƒ Ó˚!â˛ì˛ £ì˛
¢¡ô)í≈ñ ˆúÔ!Ñ˛Ñ˛ ˆ≤Ãõ Ñ˛y!£!òÓ˚–
~ˆÏîÓ˚ Ó˚!â˛ì˛ Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒÓ˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ Ö%Ó x“£z £ˆÏì˛y ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ !Ñ˛ls˛ ˆ¢ !Ó°ÏÎ˚=ˆÏúy ~ˆÏÑ˛ÓyˆÏÓ˚£z
!›˛Øò# xÓD#Î˚– ~ ãyì˛#Î˚ ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ ˛ô,¤˛ˆÏ˛ôy°ÏÑ˛ì˛yÁ ~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈ ~õò ~Ñ˛ Ó˚yãƒ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆÎÖyˆÏò ãy!ì˛Üì˛
Á ¶˛y°ÏyÜì˛¶˛yˆÏÓ Óyày!ú Á ÓyÇúyÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ≤Ãì˛ƒ«˛ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y ÌyÑ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy òÎ˚– ì˛ˆÏÓ Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚y
!äÈˆÏúò !òÉ¢ˆÏ®ˆÏ£ Óyày!ú Á ÓyÇúyÈÙÈ¶˛y°Ïy¶˛y°Ï#– ~§ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ î%ãò Ñ˛!Ó v˛zˆÏÕ‘ÖˆÏÎyÜƒ ÈÙÈ ~Ó˚y
£ˆÏúò ˆîÔúì˛ Ñ˛yã# Á ˜¢Î˚î xyúyÁú– ~§Ó˚y ~§ˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒ õyò%°ÏˆÏÑ˛ Óyî !îˆÏÎ˚ ˆîÓì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ≤Ãïyò
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆì˛yˆÏúò !ò– õyò%°Ï£z Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒÓ˚ òyÎ˚Ñ˛ ÈÙÈ ~£z ¶˛yÓòyÓ˚ ≤ÃÌõ ≤ÃÓì≈˛Ñ˛ïõ≈# ¢yÌ≈Ñ˛ Ñ˛!Ó â˛R@˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚
xyÓ˚yÑ˛yò Ó˚yã¢¶˛yÓ˚ õ%¢úõyò Ñ˛!Ó £ˆÏúò ˆîÔúì˛ Ñ˛yã#– ~ äÈyv˛¸y xyÓ˚Á ~Ñ˛ãò ≤Ã!ì˛¶˛yïÓ˚
˛ô!u˛ì˛ Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ xy!Ó¶≈˛yˆÏÓ xyÓ˚yÑ˛yò Ó˚yã¢¶˛y Á ÓyÇúy ¢y!£ì˛ƒ ˆÜÔÓ˚Óy!ß∫ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– !ì˛!ò
Ñ˛!Ó ˜¢Î˚î xyúyÁú– !ì˛!ò äÈÖy!ò @˘Ãs˛i Ó˚â˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– ˛ôpyÓì≈˛# S1646V ì§˛yÓ˚ ˆ◊¤˛ @˘Ãs˛i–
@˘Ãs˛i!›˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ £z!ì˛£y¢ !¶˛!_Ñ˛ Ñ˛y!£!ò Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ¶˛yÓò%Óyî– õ£¡øî ãyÎ˚¢# Ó˚!â˛ì˛ !£!® Ñ˛yÓƒ
“˛ôî%õyÓÍ” ~Ó˚ ¶˛yÓyò%Óyî–
3.1 v˛zˆÏjüƒ É
xˆÏòÑ˛ ¢y!£ì˛ƒ ¢õyˆÏúyâ˛Ñ˛£z xyúyÁú Ó˚!â˛ì˛ ˛ôpyÓì˛# Ñ˛yÓƒˆÏÑ˛ ≤ÃÌõ ˙!ì˛£y!¢Ñ˛ ˆÓ˚yõy™
Ó˚â˛òy ÓˆÏú v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– ‘˛ôpyÓì˛#’ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ˆÏõÔ!úÑ˛ Ñ˛yÓƒ @˘Ãs˛i òÎ˚– õ£¡øî ãyÎ˚¢# !£®#
¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ ˛ôî%õyÓÍ òyˆÏõ ˆÎ Ñ˛yÓƒ Ó˚â˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚òñ Ñ˛!Ó xyúyÁú ì˛yˆÏÑ˛£z ÓyÇúy ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ xò%Óyî
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– xò%!îì˛ @˘Ãs˛i £ˆÏúÁ ~ÖyˆÏò xyõÓ˚y xˆÏòÑ˛ ãyÎ˚ÜyˆÏì˛£z Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ fl˛∫yï#ò !â˛hs˛yÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚
˛ôy£z– õ£¡øî ãyÎ˚¢#Ó˚ ‘˛ôîõyÓÍ’ Ñ˛yÓƒ!›˛ xyõÓ˚y Ó˚*˛ôÑ˛ Ñ˛yÓƒ !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ£z !ÓˆÏÓâ˛òy Ñ˛!Ó˚– ãyÎ˚¢#
ì§˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒ !â˛ˆÏì˛yÓ˚ Ó˚yãˆÏÑ˛ õò Ó˚*ˆÏ˛ôñ Óyã# Ó˚bˆÏ¢òˆÏÑ˛ ã#Óyì˛õyÓ˚*ˆÏ˛ôñ Ó˚yò# ˛ôpyÓì˛#ˆÏÑ˛
!ÓˆÏÓÑ˛Ó˚*ˆÏ˛ô !â˛!eì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò xyÓ˚ üÑ˛ ˛ôyÌ≈ ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ïõ≈=Ó˚&– !Ñ˛ls˛ xyúyÁˆÏúÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓƒ!›˛
£ˆÏÎ˚ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ˆÏäÈ xòÓîƒ ~Ñ˛ ˆ≤ÃˆÏõÓ˚ Ñ˛y!£!ò– ~ äÈyv˛¸y õ)ú Ñ˛y!£!òˆÏì˛ ˆÎÖyˆÏò ¢¡Ày›˛ xyúyv˛z!jˆÏòÓ˚
!ÓãˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢ÇÓyî Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈñ xyúyÁú ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò ¢¡ÀyˆÏ›˛Ó˚y ˛ôÓ˚yãÎ˚ ˆáy°Ïíy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– Ñ˛y!£!òÓ˚ ~£z
˛ôyÌ≈ˆÏÑ˛ƒÓ˚ ˆ˛ôäÈˆÏò Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ î,!‹T¶˛!DÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚£z xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ õ%?˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– Ñ˛!Ó xyúyÁú õˆÏò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ò
ïˆÏõ≈Ó˚ ãÎ˚ Á xïˆÏõ≈Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚yãÎ˚£z ¢ì˛ƒ– ˛ôpyÓì˛# Ñ˛yÓƒ ˛ôyˆÏ‡˛ xyõÓ˚y Ñ˛!ÓˆÏÑ˛ ¢Ñ˛ú ≤ÃÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢B˛#í≈ì˛y
Á ¢y¡±îy!Î˚Ñ˛ì˛yÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ˆ¢yFâ˛yÓ˚ £ˆÏì˛ ˆî!Ö– Ñ˛!Ó õ%¢úõyò £ˆÏúÁ õ%¢úõyò ¢¡Ày›˛
xyúyv˛z!jˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚yãÎ˚ ì§˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒ xyõÓ˚y ˆîÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôy£z– fl˛∫ãy!ì˛ ≤Ã#!ì˛ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ !Ñ˛ls˛ !ÓŸªõyò!ÓÑ˛ì˛yÓ˚
˛ôÌ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¢!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆîÎ˚!ò–
3.2 Ñ˛!Ó ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ É

fl˛∫ÈÙÈxïƒyÎ˚ ¢yõ@˘Ã# Ñ˛!Ó xyúyÁˆÏúÓ˚ ãß√ xyò%õy!òÑ˛ ¢Æîü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛– ö˛!Ó˚î˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xhs˛Ü≈ì˛ ãyúyú˛ô%Ó˚ @˘ÃyˆÏõ–
34
ì§˛yÓ˚ !˛ôì˛y !äÈˆÏúò ˆ¢ÖyòÑ˛yÓ˚ üy¢òÑ˛ì˛≈y õã!ú¢ Ñ%˛ì%˛ˆÏÓÓ˚ xyõyì˛ƒ– xyúyÁˆÏúÓ˚ Óƒ!_´Üì˛
ã#ÓˆÏò !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ¢õˆÏÎ˚ òyòyÓ˚Ñ˛õ !Ó˛ôÎ≈Î˚ ˆîÖy ˆîÎ˚– x“ÓÎ˚ˆÏ¢£z !˛ôì˛yÓ˚ ¢ÇˆÏÜ ãú˛ôˆÏÌ ºõí
Ñ˛Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ ãúî¢%ƒˆÏîÓ˚ myÓ˚y xyeýhs˛ £ò– ì˛yˆÏì˛£z ì§˛yÓ˚ !˛ôì˛yÓ˚ õ,ì%˛ƒ £Î˚– ãúî¢%ƒÓ˚y ì˛yˆÏÑ˛
îy¢ !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ xyÓ˚yÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ £yˆÏ›˛ !Ó!e´ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆîÎ˚– ˆÏ¢Öyò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòyÓ˚Ñ˛ˆÏõ !ì˛!ò ˛ôy!úˆÏÎ˚
ˆÎˆÏì˛ ¢«˛õ £ò– ˛ôy!úˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏúò !ì˛!ò xyÓ˚yÑ˛yò Óy ˆÓ˚y¢y – ˆÓ˚y¢yˆÏ Ó˚ Ó˚yã
ˆ¢òy˛ô!ì˛Ó˚ xï#ˆÏò xŸªyˆÏÓ˚y£# ˜¢òƒ îˆÏú ˆÎyÜ ˆîò– õ%Öƒ ˛ôyˆÏ›˛ŸªÓ˚# ÎÌy!fl˛∫ò#Ó˚ xyõyì˛ƒ
õÜò ‡˛yÑ%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢Çfl˛ôˆÏü≈ ~ˆÏúòñ ì§˛yÓ˚ xy◊Î˚ úy¶˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúò– Ñ˛!Ó !úˆÏÖˆÏäÈòñ ÈÙÈ
Ñ˛!£ˆÏì˛ xˆÏòÑ˛ Ñ˛Ìy î%ÉÖ xy˛ôòyÓ˚– ˆÓ˚y !›˛Øò#
¢yˆÏD xy!¢Î˚y ˆ£ú%õ Ó˚yãÈÙÈxyˆÏ¢yÎ˚yÓ˚–
xyúyÁú ˆÑ˛Óú Ñ˛!Ó !äÈˆÏúò òyñ ò,ì˛ƒ Ü#ˆÏì˛Á !ì˛!ò !äÈˆÏúò ˛ôyÓ˚îü≈ – xyúyÁˆÏúÓ˚
Ñ˛ Ócñ ˛ôy!u˛ì˛ƒñ ò,ì˛ƒ Ñ%˛üúì˛y Á ¢D#ì˛ ˜ò˛ô%ˆÏòƒÓ˚ ãòƒ õyÜò ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ xì˛ƒhs˛ ◊k˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ =Ó˚&Ó˚
õˆÏì˛y ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ¢õyîÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyõyì˛ ¢¶˛yÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ¢ò– ~ÓÇ ì§˛yÓ˚£z ~Ñ˛yhs˛ xò%ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏï xyúyÁú
õ£¡øî ãyÎ˚¢#Ó˚ñ !£®# Ñ˛yÓƒ ˛ôî%õyÓÍÈ ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ xò%Óyî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôpyÓì˛# Ñ˛yÓƒ Ó˚â˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– xò%Óyî
Ñ˛yÓƒ £ˆÏúÁ ˛ôpyÓì˛# Ñ˛yÓƒ!›˛ äÈ!ÓÓ˚ !òãfl˛∫ Ñ˛!Ó ≤Ã!ì˛¶˛yÓ˚ ˆõÔ!úÑ˛ì˛yÓ˚£z ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ Ó£ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ ã#ÓˆÏò xyÓ˚yÓ˚ òì%˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ !Ó˛ôÎ≈Î˚ ˆòˆÏõ ~ˆÏúy– õ%Öú ¢¡Ày›˛ ËÓ˚DˆÏãˆÏÓÓ˚ òãÓ˚
~!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ì˛yÓ˚£z ~Ñ˛ ¶˛y£z üy£ÈÙÈ¢%ãy ì˛Öò !äÈˆÏúò ˆÓ˚y¢yˆÏ¶‰˛– Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ ¢ÇˆÏÜ !äÈú ì˛yÓ˚ £*îƒì˛›˛–
¢%ãyÓ˚ ¢ÇˆÏÜ Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ ~£z Óı%˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ÖÓÓ˚ ËÓ˚DˆÏãÓ ãyòˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏúò– xyÓ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú£z Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚
ã#Óò xyÓyÓ˚ î%! ˛ôyˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ñ˛ÓˆÏú– Ñ˛!ÓˆÏÑ˛ ì˛y£z ˆ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £Î˚ ˛ôM˛Èyü !îˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚yÎs˛fíy–
xÓüƒ !Ñ˛ä%È !îˆÏòÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ£z Ñ˛!Ó Ñ˛yÓ˚yõ%_´ £ˆÏúò Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛ãò Ó˚yãÑ˛õ≈â˛yÓ˚#Ó˚ xyò%Ñ)˛ˆÏúƒ– !Ñ˛ls˛
ì˛yÓ˚ ¢¡ô!_ ÓyˆÏãÎ˚yÆ £ˆÏúy– ì˛y£z !îò Ñ˛y›˛yˆÏì˛ £ˆÏúy x¢#õ îy!Ó˚oƒ xyÓ˚ î%ÉˆÏÖÓ˚ ˆ¶˛ì˛Ó˚
!îˆÏÎ˚– î#á≈ îü ~ÜyˆÏÓ˚y ÓäÈÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ 1671 Ö#‹TyˆÏ∑ õã!úˆÏ¢Ó˚ xò%@˘ÃˆÏ£ xyÓyÓ˚ ì§˛yÓ˚ ã#ÓˆÏò
¢%!îò ~ˆÏúy– Ñ˛yÓƒ Ó˚â˛òyÎ˚ xyd!òˆÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúò–
xyúyÁˆÏúÓ˚ â˛!Ó˚ˆÏe Ó˚ˆÏÎˆ˚ ÏäÈ v˛zîyÓ˚ õyò!ÓÑ˛ì˛yÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚– ˆÑ˛yˆÏòyÓ˚*˛ô ¢B˛#í≈ì˛yñ ¢y¡±îy!Î˚Ñ˛ì˛yñ
fl˛∫ãy!ì˛≤Ã#!ì˛ ì˛§yÓ˚ â˛!Ó˚ˆÏe !äÈú òy– !ì˛!ò !£®%ÈÙÈõ¢% úõyˆÏòÓ˚ !õ!úì˛ v˛zîyÓ˚ õyò!¢Ñ˛ì˛y Á ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛ˆÏì˛
!ÓŸªy¢# !äÈˆÏúò–
¢%ö˛# ¢¡±îyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤Ãïyò ì˛yÓ˚ ¢¡±îyÎ˚¶%˛_´– xyúyÁˆÏúÓ˚ ã#Óò !äÈú òyòyò v˛zayòÈÙÈ ôì˛ò
xyÓ˚ Óı%˛Ó˚ ã#Óò–
xyò%õy!òÑ˛ 1673 xÌÓy 1674 Ö#‹TyˆÏ∑ Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ xÓ¢yò £Î˚–
3.3 Ñ˛!Ó ≤Ã!ì˛¶˛y É

˜¢Î˚î xyúyÁú !äÈˆÏúò õïƒÎ%ˆÏÜÓ˚ õ%¢úõyò Ñ˛!ÓˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆ◊¤˛– ì§˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓƒ ì§˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛¶˛y
˛ô!Ó˚â˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢y«˛ƒ ˆîÎ˚ñ ¢ı˛yò ˆîÎ˚ Ó!ú¤˛ ã#ÓòyîˆÏü≈Ó˚– ì˛yÓ˚ @˘Ãs˛i =ˆÏúy £ˆÏúy ÈÙÈ
Ñ˛V ˛ôîõyÓì˛# S1946V
ÖV ˆúyÓ˚â˛wyò# Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ˆü°Ï xÇü S1659V fl˛∫ÈÙÈxïƒyÎ˚ ¢yõ@˘Ã#
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ÜV ¢Î˚ö%˛úõ)úÑ˛ ÈÙÈ Ó!îv˛zãyãõˆÏú S1657ÈÙÈ70V
áV £Æ˛ôÎ˚Ñ˛Ó˚ S1660V
àV ˆì˛y£ö˛y S1663ÈÙÈ69V
â˛V îyÓ˚yÈÙÈˆÏ¢ˆÏÑ˛®yÓ˚ òyõy S1672V
Ñ˛!Ó xyúyÁú !äÈˆÏúò =í Óƒ!_´– x¢yïyÓ˚í ì§˛yÓ˚ ˛ôy!u˛ì˛ƒ– ˆÑ˛Óú Ñ˛yÓƒ Ó˚â˛òyÎ˚ òÎ˚ñ
!›˛Øò# ¢D#ì˛üyˆÏfl˛f Óy ò,ì˛ƒÑ˛úyÎ˚_ !ì˛!ò !äÈˆÏúò ˛ôyÓ˚îü≈#– xˆÏòÑ˛ =ˆÏúy ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ ÈˆÏÎõò ÈÙÈ ¢Çfl˛,Òì˛ñ
ÓyÇúyñ xyÓ˚Ó#ñ ö˛yÓ˚¢# Á !£®#ˆÏì˛ñ ì§˛yÓ˚ îÖú !äÈú xì˛ƒhs˛ ˆÓü#– ì§˛yÓ˚ ¶˛y°Ïy !äÈú õy!ã≈ì˛ñ
≤Ã¢yîK˛yò ¢¡ôß¨– xyÓ˚ ˆ¢ ¶˛y°Ïy ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ !ÜˆÏÎ˚ Ñ˛!Ó ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò ì§˛yÓ˚ xyúÇÑ˛y!Ó˚Ñ˛
î«˛ì˛yÓ˚–
˛ôpyÓì˛# Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒÓ˚ Ñ˛y!£!ò ÷Ó˚% £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ !¢Ç£úm#˛ô Óí≈òy ˆÌˆÏÑ˛– !¢Ç£úm#˛ô Óí≈òyÎ˚
Ñ˛!Ó xˆÏòÑ˛ ãyÎ˚ÜyÎ˚ ÓyÇúy ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ ö˛ú ö%˛ú úì˛y˛ôyì˛yÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛ì˛ î,üƒ ~§ˆÏÑ˛ˆÏäÈò– !¢Ç£ú
m#ˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ Óí≈òy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ !ÜˆÏÎ˚ xyúyÁú ì§˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒ xˆÏòÑ˛ ãyÎ˚ÜyˆÏì˛£z ÓD ò,˛ô!ì˛Ó˚ õã!úˆÏ¢Ó˚
xy¢Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì%˛ˆÏúˆÏäÈò– xyúyÁú ˛ôpyÓì˛# â˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÁ ~ˆÏòˆÏäÈò ã#Óò â˛yM˛ÈúƒõÎ˚# ~Ñ˛ òyÓ˚#Ó˚
¶)˛!õÑ˛y– ˛ôpyÓì˛#Ó˚ ˆÏÎÔÓò v˛zˆÏŸ¬ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ Óí≈òyÎ˚ xyúyÁˆÏúÓ˚ Ó˚â˛òy õ)ú Ñ˛yÓƒ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛Á xˆÏòÑ˛ ˆÓü#
v˛zIμú Á ã#Óhs˛– õ)ú Ñ˛yÓƒˆÏÑ˛ xò%¢Ó˚í òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyúyÁú ˆÎÖyˆÏò fl˛∫yì˛s˛f ˆî!ÖˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò
ì˛y â˛õÍÑ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓƒ ˆ¢Ô®Î≈ úy¶˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– xyúyÁˆÏúÓ˚ v˛z˛ôõy Ñ˛ÖòÁ Ñ˛ÖòÁ õ)úy!ì˛e´õ#
¶˛yÓÓƒOò# úy¶˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– xïÓ˚ Óí≈òyÎ˚ õ)ˆÏú ˆÎÖyˆÏò xyˆÏäÈ ‘˛ôyˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏ¢ xïÓ˚ õ!O¤˛yÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y
Ó˚!_´õ’ñ xyúyÁú ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò !úˆÏÖˆÏäÈòñ ‘ì˛y¡∫%ú Ó˚yì%˛ú ˜£ú xïÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ˆÏü’– õ)ˆÏú Îy ¢yïyÓ˚í
~Ñ˛!›˛ v˛z˛ôõyñ xò%Ó ˆÏî ì˛y x¢yïyÓ˚í ~Ñ˛!›˛ v˛zÍˆÏ≤Ã«˛y £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛z‡˛ú–
¢õyã Á ã#Óò ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ x!¶˛K˛ì˛y !äÈú Óƒy˛ôÑ˛– Ó˚â˛òyÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ Óyày!úc£z ≤Ãyïyòƒ
ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ˛ôpyÓì˛#Ó˚ !ÓÓy£ Óí≈òyÎ˚ xyúyÁú Óyày!úˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ñ Ó˚#!ì˛ Á fl˛f# xyâ˛yÓ˚ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛
ì§˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãì˛ƒ«˛ K˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò– ÓyÇúyÓ˚ ¢õyã ÓƒÓfl˛iy ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ ì§˛yÓ˚ x!¶˛K˛ì˛y ÎÌyÌ≈£z
!äÈú !ÓŸ¬Î˚Ñ˛Ó˚– xyúyÁˆÏúÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒ !£®% ˛ô%Ó˚yí Á ˆúyÑ˛ ¢Çfl˛ÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xˆÏòÑ˛ !òîü≈ò£z ˛ôyÁÎ˚y
ÎyÎ˚–
xyúyÁú !£®%ÈÙÈõ%¢úõyˆÏòÓ˚ !õ!úì˛ v˛zîyÓ˚ õyò!¢Ñ˛ì˛y Á ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛ˆÏì˛ !äÈˆÏú !ÓŸªy¢#– ïˆÏõ≈Ó˚
ˆÑ˛yòÁ ˆÜ§yv˛¸y! !äÈú òy– ì˛§yÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓƒ ˆÑ˛yòÁ ˆÜ§yv˛¸y!õ myÓ˚y xyv˛¸‹T £Î˚ !ò– ãß√ ¶)˛!õÓ˚ Óí≈òyÎ˚
!£®%ÈÙÈõ%¢!úõ ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛Ó˚ Ñ˛Ìy£z !úˆÏÖˆÏäÈò–
ˆÓ˚yõy!r›˛Ñ˛ £*îÎ˚ ï!õ≈ì˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ì§˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒÓ˚ xyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ≤Ãïyò ˜Ó!ü‹Tƒ– ì˛ˆÏÓ ˆÓ˚yõy!r›˛Ñ˛
£*îÎ˚ï!õ≈ì˛yÓ˚ ¢ÇˆÏÜ x ƒyì˛õ xò%¶)˛!ì˛Ó˚ !õúˆÏÑ˛ ì§˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒ x!¶˛òÓ Ó˚¢¢,!‹T ¢yÌ≈Ñ˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–
≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛ Óí≈òyÎ˚ Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ ã#Óòõ%Ö òì˛y Á Ó˚¢¢,!‹TÓ˚ ≤ÃÎ˚y¢ xÓüƒ£z v˛zˆÏÕ‘ÖˆÏÎyÜƒ–
¢D#ì˛üyˆÏfl˛f ì˛§yÓ˚ ˛ôyÓ˚î!ü≈ì˛yˆÏì˛y !äÈú£z Óƒ!_´ã#ÓˆÏòÁ !ì˛!ò !äÈˆÏúò ~Ñ˛ãò ¢D#ì˛K˛–
÷ï% ì˛y£z òÎ˚ ˛ôpyÓì˛# Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒ ì§˛yÓ˚ Ñ,˛!ì˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ˆì˛ˆÏÓ˚y!›˛ Ü#ì˛Ó˚â˛òyÎ˚–
ˆÑ˛Óú ˛ôpyÓì˛# Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒ£z òÎ˚ñ xòƒyòƒ xò%Óyî Ñ˛yÓƒÁ !ì˛!ò fl˛∫Ó˚!â˛ì˛ Ü#ì˛ Ó˚â˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò–
36
¶˛y°Ïyñ äÈ® Á xúÇÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÓƒÓ£yˆÏÓ˚Á ì§˛yÓ˚ Ñ,˛!ì˛c v˛zˆÏÕ‘ÖˆÏÎyÜƒ– ì§˛yÓ˚ ¶˛y°Ïy !äÈú ≤Ã¢yî=!ò
¢¡ôß¨ñ ì˛yˆÏì˛ ¢Çfl˛,Òì˛ ¶˛y°ÏyK˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ xyˆÏäÈñ ˆì˛õ!ò xyˆÏäÈ xyúÇÑ˛y!Ó˚Ñ˛ î«˛ì˛y– x“
ãyÎ˚ÜyˆÏì˛£z xyÓ˚Ó#ñ ö˛yÓ˚¢# ü∑ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò v˛z˛ôÎ%_´ ˆîü# ü∑ ˆ˛ôyú xyÓ˚ !ÓˆÏîü# ü∑
ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò !ò–
!ì˛ò ≤Ãïyò ÓyÇúy üˆÏ∑Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ xyúyÁú x!ïÑ˛ ˛ôyÓ˚î!ü≈ì˛y ˆî!ÖˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò ì˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãïyò Á
ïπ!ò ≤Ãïyò äÈˆÏ®Ó˚ ÓƒÓ£yˆÏÓ˚– xyúyÁú ì§˛yÓ˚ ˛ôpyÓì˛# Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒ Óí≈òydÑ˛ ˛ôÎ˚yÓ˚ñ Ü#ì˛ydÑ˛ úyâ˛y!v˛¸
Á ¢D#ì˛õÎ˚ ˛ôîÓ˚#!ì˛Ó˚ !e!Óï ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yˆÏÜ äÈˆÏ®Ó˚ òyòy ˜Ó!â˛eƒ ¢,!‹T Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò Îy !Ñ˛ls˛ õ)ú Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒ
xyõÓ˚y ˛ôy£z òy– !›˛Øò#
3.4 xydõ)úƒyÎ˚ò ïõ≈# ≤ÃŸ¿ É

1V Óƒ!_´Üì˛ ¶˛yˆÏÓ Ñ˛!Ó xyúyÁˆÏúÓ˚ ã#Óò Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ Ñ˛ì˛ÓyÓ˚ !Ó Î≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢¡ø%Ö#ò £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ⁄
2V õ£¡øî ãyÎ˚¢#Ó˚ =î%õyÓÍ Ñ˛yÓ˚ xÓú¡∫ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyúyÁú ˛ôpyÓì˛# Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ó˚â˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúÁ ~Ó˚
ˆ˛ôˆÏäÈò ≤Ãïyò v˛zÍ¢y£ äÈyv˛¸y ˆÑ˛ !äÈˆÏúò ÈÙÈ ì˛yÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ îyÁ–
3V xyúyÁˆÏúÓ˚ Ó˚!â˛ì˛ Ñ˛!›˛ @˘ÃˆÏs˛iÓ˚ ¢õyïyò ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ ì˛§yÓ˚ ˆ◊¤˛ @˘Ãs˛i ˆÑ˛yò‰!›˛⁄
3.5 Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒÓ˚ v˛zÍ¢ É

xyúyÁú Ó˚!â˛ì˛ ˛ôpyÓì˛# Ñ˛yÓƒ!›˛ ˆõÔ!úÑ˛ @˘Ãs˛i òÎ˚– ~!›˛ xò%!îì˛ @˘Ãs˛i– õ£¡øî ãyÎ˚¢#Ó˚
!£®# ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ ˆúÖy ˛ôî%õyÓÍ Ñ˛yÓƒ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ~›˛y xò%Óyî Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ãyÎ˚¢# ÎÖò Ñ˛yÓƒ!›˛
!ú!Öì˛ ˆüÓ˚üy£ ì˛Öò !îÕ‘#Ó˚ ¢%úì˛yò–
xò%Óyî Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ !ÜˆÏÎ˚ xyúyÁú ãyÎ˚¢#Ó˚ ˛ôî%õyÓÍ Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ≤ÃÌõ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆü°Ï ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ ˝Ó˝
xò%Óyî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!ò– !ì˛!ò õ)ú Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒÓ˚ xˆÏòÑ˛ ãyÎ˚ÜyÎ˚ Óã≈ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò xyÓyÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yÌyÁ Óy òì%˛ò
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¢ÇˆÏÎyãò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò–
Ñ˛y!£ò# ¢)ˆÏe ÈÙÈ ¢)ˆÏeÓ˚ v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò !Ñ˛ls˛ á›˛òyÓ˚ Óí≈òy Á ¢õyˆÏÓ˚y£ Óã≈ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò–
Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ~ˆÏÑ˛ÓyˆÏÓ˚ ˆü°ÏyÇü ÓyˆÏî x!ïÑ˛yÇü hfl˛ÓÑ˛£z =Ó˚&c ¢£Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚ ˝Ó˝ xò%ÓyˆÏî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò–
ˆ¢!îÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ÓúˆÏì˛ £Î˚ñ ÎÌyÌ≈ !ò¤˛yÓyò xò%ÓyîˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ õÎ≈yîy xÓüƒ£z ì˛§yÓ˚ ≤Ãy˛ôƒ– xÓüƒ ~
Ñ˛ÌyÁ v˛zˆÏÕ‘ÖˆÏÎyÜƒ ˆÎ @˘ÃˆÏs˛iÓ˚ ˆü°ÏyÇˆÏü ~ˆÏ¢ Ñ˛!Ó xyÓ˚ ãyÎ˚¢#ˆÏÑ˛ xò%¢Ó˚í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò !ò ÈÙÈ fl˛∫yï#ò
!â˛hs˛yÓ˚ myÓ˚y ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛!“ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò– ¢)!â˛ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ õ)ú Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ¢ÇˆÏÜ xò%!îì˛ @˘ÃˆÏs˛iÓ˚ ˛ôyÌ≈Ñ˛ƒ–
!Ñ˛ls˛ ì˛Ó% ˛ôpyÓì˛#Ó˚ xò%ÓyîÑ˛ !£¢yˆÏÓ xyúyÁˆÏúÓ˚ õ)úƒyÎ˚ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏú ~Ñ˛Ìy xÓüƒ£z ÓúˆÏì˛
£ˆÏÓ ˆÎ õïƒÎ%ˆÏÜ ÓyÇúy xò%Óyî ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒ Ñ˛!Ó xyúyÁˆÏúÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y ~õò ~Ñ˛ãò !ò¤˛yÓyò xò%ÓyîÑ˛
Ö§%ˆÏã ˛ôyÁÎ˚y Ñ˛¤˛Ñ˛Ó˚–
3.6 Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒÓ˚ Ñ˛y!£!ò É

ˆÓ˚y¢y¶‰˛ Ó˚yã¢¶˛yÓ˚ xòƒì˛õ ˆ◊¤˛ Ñ˛!Ó xyúyÁú ì§˛yÓ˚ ˛ô,¤˛ˆÏ˛ôy°ÏÑ˛ õyÜò ‡˛yÑ%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏî≈ü
¢Æîü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôpyÓì˛# Ñ˛yÓƒ!›˛ Ó˚â˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– @˘Ãs˛i!›˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ £z!ì˛£y¢ !¶˛!_Ñ˛ Ñ˛y!£!ò Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒÓ˚ 37
¶˛yÓyò%ÓyîÓ˚*ˆÏ˛ô Ó˚!â˛ì˛– õ)ú Ñ˛yÓƒ!›˛ õy!úÑ˛ õ£¡øî ãyÎ˚¢# ÈÙÈ Ó˚!â˛ì˛ !£®# ˛ôî%õyÓÍ–
˛ôpyÓì˛#ˆÏì˛ Ñ˛y!£!ò Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ î%!›˛ xÇˆÏü– ≤ÃÌõ xÇˆÏü !â˛ˆÏì˛yÓ˚ Ó˚yã Ó˚bˆÏ¢ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ÇˆÏÜ !¢Ç£ú
Ó˚yãÑ˛òƒy ˛ôpyÓì˛#Ó˚ !ÓÓy£ ~ÓÇ !â˛ˆÏì˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãì˛ƒyÓì≈˛ò Ñ˛y!£!ò Ó!í≈ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– xyÓ˚ Ñ˛y!£!òÓ˚
!mì˛#Î˚ xÇˆÏü ˛ôy yòÈÙÈ¢¡Ày›˛ xyúyv˛z!jò Ñ˛ì≈,˛Ñ˛ ˛ôpyÓì˛#ˆÏÑ˛ x!ïÜì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ xyÑ˛yCyÎ˚ !â˛ˆÏì˛yÓ˚
xye´õíñ Î%ˆÏk˛ xyúyv˛z!jˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚yãÎ˚ !Ñ˛ls˛ Ó˚bˆÏ¢ˆÏòÓ˚ õ,ì%˛ƒ ~ÓÇ ˛ôpyÓì˛#Ó˚ ¢£õÓ˚í Ñ˛y!£!ò
Óí≈òy Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–
!›˛Øò# ≤ÃÌõ Ñ˛y!£!ò!›˛ˆÏì˛ xyˆÏäÈ òyÜõ!ì˛ ÈÙÈ ˛ôpyÓì˛# ÈÙÈ Ó˚bˆÏ¢ˆÏòÓ˚ !òúÑ˛yhs˛ Ñ˛y!£!ò ÎyˆÏì˛ ≤Ãyïyòƒ
ˆÏ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ˆ≤ÃˆÏõÓ˚ ˆÓ˚yõy™– xyÓ˚ xòƒ!›˛ £ˆÏúy Ó˚bˆÏ¢ò ÈÙÈ xyúyv˛z!jò ÈÙÈ ˛ôpyÓì˛#Ó˚ !e¶)˛ã ˆ≤Ãõñ
ÎyˆÏì˛ õ)Öƒ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ Î%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ v˛zˆÏ_ãòy–
≤ÃÌõ Ñ˛y!£!ò!›˛ £ˆÏúy É

!¢Ç£ú Ó˚yãÑ˛òƒy ˛ôpyÓì˛#Ó˚ !äÈú ~Ñ˛!›˛ ÷Ñ˛˛ôy!Ìñ òyõ ì˛yÓ˚ £# yõ!ò– ~Ñ˛!îò ˆ¢ Ó òÓ˚
ˆ¶˛ì˛Ó˚ ˛ôyúyì˛ ˆÜˆÏú ~Ñ˛ ÓƒyˆÏïÓ˚ ØˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôv˛¸ú– Óƒyï!›˛ ˛ôy! !›˛ !Ó!e´ Ñ˛Ó˚ú ~Ñ˛ Óy·˛òˆÏÑ˛–
Óy·˛ò xyÓyÓ˚ !â˛ˆÏì˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ Ó˚yãy Ó˚bˆÏ¢òˆÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛ú«˛ fl˛∫í≈õo) yÓ˚ !Ó!òõˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôy!Ì!›˛ !Ó!e´ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !äÈˆÏúò–
Ó˚yãy ˛ôy! !›˛Ó˚ õ%ˆÏÖ !¢Ç£ú Ó˚yãÑ˛òƒy ˛ôpyÓì˛#Ó˚ Ó˚*ˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ ≤ÃüÇ¢y ÷ˆÏò õ%?˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ !¢Ç£ú Îyey
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúò– ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò ˛ôpyÓì˛#ˆÏÑ˛ ˆîˆÏÖ Ó˚yãy ~ˆÏÑ˛ÓyˆÏÓ˚ K˛yò £yÓ˚yˆÏúò– ~Ó˚˛ôÓ˚ xˆÏòÑ˛ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚
˛ôÓ˚ Ó˚yãyÓ˚ ÎÌyÌ≈ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ !â˛ˆÏì˛yÓ˚ Ó˚yãy Ó˚bˆÏ¢ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ÇˆÏÜ !¢Ç£ú Ó˚yãy Üı˛Ó≈ ˆ¢ò ì˛yÓ˚
Ñ˛òƒy ˛ôpyÓì˛#Ó˚ !ÓˆÏÎ˚ !îˆÏúò– Ó˚bˆÏ¢ò ˛ôpyÓì˛#ˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ !â˛ˆÏì˛yÓ˚ !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ xy¢ÓyÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ ¢õ%ˆÏo
˛ôˆÏÓ≈ !Ó˛ôÎ≈hfl˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ˆü°Ï ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ Ó˝Ñ˛ˆÏ‹T ˆîˆÏü ≤Ãì˛ƒyÓì≈˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúò– ≤ÃÌõy fl˛f# òyÜõ!ì˛ ~ÓÇ
!mì˛#Î˚y fl˛f# ˛ôpyÓì˛#ˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yãy Ó˚bˆÏ¢ò ¢%ˆÏÖ£z !îò Ñ˛y›˛y ì˛ úyÜˆÏúò– ˛ôpyÓì˛#
Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ≤ÃÌõ Ñ˛y!£!òÓ˚ !õúòydÑ˛ ¢õy!Æ ~ÖyˆÏò£z–
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Ó˚yãyÓ˚ ¢ÇˆÏÜ ≤Ãì˛yÓ˚íy Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ !â˛ˆÏì˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ó˚yã¢¶˛y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !Óì˛y!v˛¸ì˛ £ú Ó˚yáÓˆÏâ˛ì˛ò–
ì˛yÓ˚˛ôÓ˚ !îÕ‘#Ó˚ ¢%úì˛yò xyúyv˛zj#ˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ !ÜˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôpyÓì˛#Ó˚ ˆ¢Ô®ˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ Ñ˛Ìy Óí≈òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
Ó˚yáÓˆÏâ˛ì˛ò– ˆ¢ Ñ˛Ìy ÷ˆÏò ˛ôpyÓì˛#ˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôyÓyÓ˚ ãòƒ v˛zß√_ £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛z‡˛ˆÏúò xyúyv˛zj#ò– ì˛y£z
Ó˚bˆÏ¢ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ÇˆÏÜ ¢Çáyì˛ ÷Ó˚& £ˆÏúy– ÓäÈˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ÓäÈÓ˚ !â˛ˆÏì˛yÓ˚ Ó˚yãƒ xÓˆÏÓ˚yï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yÖˆÏúò
xyúyv˛z!jò ÈÙÈ !Ñ˛ls˛ ˛ôpyÓì˛#ˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÎ˚_ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ òy ˆ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúò ˛ôyüy ˆÖúyñ ì˛yÓ˚˛ôÓ˚
Ó˚bˆÏ¢òˆÏÑ˛ Ó®# Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜˆÏúò Ó˚yãïyò#– ˛ôpyÓì˛#Ó˚ ì˛Í˛ôÓ˚ì˛yÎ˚ î%ãò Ó˚yã˛ô%e ˆáyk˛y
äÈ®ˆÏÓˆÏü !îÕ‘#ˆÏì˛ !ÜˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚bˆÏ¢òˆÏÑ˛ õ%_´ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !â˛ˆÏì˛yˆÏÓ˚ !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ú–
~ÓyÓ˚ Ñ%˛Ω˛úˆÏãÓ˚ Ó˚yãy ˆîÓ˛ôyˆÏúÓ˚ ¢ÇˆÏÜ Ó˚bˆÏ¢ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢Çáyì˛ ÷Ó˚& £ˆÏú ˆîÓ˛ôyú !ò£ì˛
£ˆÏúò !Ñ˛ls˛ Ó˚bˆÏ¢ò xy£ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚Á !â˛ˆÏì˛yÓ˚ !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏúò– xy£ì˛ xÓfl˛iyˆÏì˛£z !ì˛!ò ˆÓ§ˆÏâ˛ Ó˚£zˆÏúò
xyˆÏÓ˚y ˆÓü !Ñ˛ä%È ÓäÈÓ˚– £z!ì˛õˆÏïƒ ˛ôpyÓì˛#Á î%£z ˛ô%ˆÏeÓ˚ ãòò# £ˆÏúò– â˛wˆÏ¢ò Á £zwˆÏ¢ò
òyˆÏõ Á£z î%ãˆÏòÓ˚ ˆäÈˆÏúÓ˚ ÓÎ˚¢ ÎÖò ¢yì˛ xyÓ˚ ˛ô§yâ˛ ì˛Öò õ,ì%˛ƒ á›˛ú Ó˚bˆÏ¢ˆÏòÓ˚– xyÓ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ î%£z
fl˛∫ÈÙÈxïƒyÎ˚ ¢yõ@˘Ã# fl˛f# òyÜõ!ì˛ Á ˛ôpyÓì˛# fl˛∫yõ#Ó˚ !â˛ì˛yÎ˚ ≤ÃˆÏÓü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¢£õÓ˚ˆÏí ˆÜˆÏúò– â˛wˆÏ¢ò Á £zwˆÏ¢ò
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~ÖyˆÏò£z–
3.7 ˛ôpyÓì˛# Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ¶˛y°Ïy É

¢Æîü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ÓyÇúy ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ xòƒì˛õ ˆ◊¤˛ Ñ˛!Ó £ˆÏúò xyúyÁú– ‘˛ôpyÓì˛#’
xyúyÁˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ◊¤˛ Ó˚â˛òy– ‘˛ôpyÓì˛#’ Ñ˛yÓƒ!›˛ õ£¡øî ãyÎ˚¢#Ó˚ ˆúÖy ‘˛ô%îõyÓÍ’ Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒÓ˚ xò%Óyî–
xò%!îì˛ @˘Ãs˛i £ˆÏúÁ ~ Ñ˛yÓƒ Ó˚â˛òyÎ˚ xyúyÁˆÏúÓ˚ xÜyï ˛ôy!u˛ì˛ƒ xòfl˛∫#Ñ˛yÎ≈–
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ãyÎ˚¢#Ó˚ ˛ôî%õyÓÍ Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ¶˛y°Ïy xÓï# !£®#– ˆ¢Öyò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xò%Óyî Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ !ÜˆÏÎ˚ xyúyÁú
!£®# ¶˛y°ÏyˆÏÑ˛ ~ˆÏÑ˛ÓyˆÏÓ˚£z v˛zˆÏ˛ô«˛y Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ò !òñ ì˛y£z Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒÓ˚ õyˆÏG˛ õyˆÏG˛£z !£®# üˆÏ∑Ó˚
ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ xyõÓ˚y ˆî!Ö– ì˛yäÈyv˛¸y xyÓ˚Ó#ñ ö˛yÓ˚¢# ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ xyúyÁˆÏúÓ˚ ˛ôy!u˛ì˛ƒ ÌyÑ˛y ¢ˆÏcÁ ÎÌy¢Ω˛Ó
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xyM˛È!úÑ˛ v˛z˛ô¶˛y°ÏyÓ˚ ú«˛íñ ˆÎõò ÈÙÈ
x!˛ô!ò!£!ì˛ É ¢ì˛ƒ È> ˜¢ì˛ƒñ Î«˛ È> ˜Î«˛ñ Ó˚«˛Ñ˛ È> ˜Ó˚«˛Ñ˛ ≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛
ÁÈÙÈÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ v˛z Ñ˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÓíì˛y É ˆÑ˛y!Ñ˛ú È> Ñ%˛!Ñ˛úñ õˆÏòy£Ó˚ È>È õò%£Ó˚
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‘v˛¸’ ÈÙÈ ¢Ó¢õÎ˚£z ‘Ó˚’ ÈÙÈ ˆì˛ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò É Óv˛¸ È> ÓÓ˚– ˆáyv˛¸y È> ˆáyÓ˚y– Óy!v˛¸ú
È>È Óy!Ó˚ú–
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Ñ˛ì≈,˛Óyâ˛Ñ˛ ¢Ó≈òyõñ ~Ñ˛Óâ˛ò É
xy!õñ xy!«˛ñ ì%˛!õñ ì%˛!«˛ñ xy˛ôˆÏòñ xy˛ôò
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xyÓ˚Ó#ñ ö˛yÓ˚¢# ü∑ ~ˆÏÑ˛ÓyˆÏÓ˚£z ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò !òñ ì˛y òÎ˚– ~ ¢Ó üˆÏ∑Ó˚ òõ%òy !Ñ˛ä%È !Ñ˛ä%È
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ˆÎõò ÈÙÈ xy!ã≈ñ ˆÑ˛FäÈyñ £zòyõñ ˆäÈyúì˛yò £zì˛ƒy!î–
¢Çfl˛,Òì˛ üˆÏ∑Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ x!ïÑ˛ xò%Ó˚yÜ !äÈú ÓˆÏú£z £z¢úyõ# ü∑ ˆ ˚ˆÏ£hfl˛ ~Ó˚ ÓîˆÏú fl˛∫Ü≈ ~ÓÇ
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Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ xyˆÏúyÁˆÏúÓ˚ Ó˚â˛òyÎ˚– ˆÏÎõò ÈÙÈ
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S˛ôpyÓì˛# Ó˚*˛ôâ˛â≈˛y Öu˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛V
ì˛yò≤Ãïyò äÈˆÏ®Ó˚ úá%â˛yˆÏúÓ˚ úá% !e˛ôî# äÈ® É

òy¢y ¢%ú!úì˛ Ñ˛!Ó˚ â˛M%˛È !ãì˛
¢%â˛yÓ˚& ˆÓ¢Ó˚ Ó˚yˆÏã–
ì˛!v˛¸ì˛ ã!v˛¸ì˛ ì˛yÓ˚Ñ˛ ú!úì˛
ˆî!Öú â˛yˆÏ®Ó˚ õyˆÏG˛––
SÓ˚bˆÏ¢òÈÙÈ˛ôpyÓì˛# !ÓÓy£ Öu˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛V
xyúyÁˆÏúÓ˚ ‘˛ôpyÓì˛#’ ˛ô§yâ˛yú# ãyì˛#Î˚ Ó˚â˛òy– ãyÎ˚¢# ˛ôî%õyÓÍ Ñ˛yÓƒ !úˆÏÖ!äÈˆÏúò xÓï#
!£®# Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ïyÓ˚y xò%ÎyÎ˚#– xyúyÁú ‘˛ôî%õyÓÍ’ Ñ˛yÓƒ!›˛Ó˚ ÓyÇúyÎ˚ xò%Óyî Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ !ÜˆÏÎ˚
õïƒÎ˚ˆÏÜÓ˚ ÓyÇúy ˛ô§yâ˛yú# Ó˚#!ì˛£z ˆÓˆÏäÈ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò– Óí≈òyõ)úÑ˛ ˛ôÎ˚yÓ˚ Ü#ì˛yÑ˛ úyâ˛y!v˛¸ ~ÓÇ
¢D#ì˛õÎ˚ ˛ôîÓ˚#!ì˛Ó˚ !e!Óï ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yˆÏÜ xyúyÁú ì§˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒ ~ˆÏòˆÏäÈò äÈˆÏ®Ó˚ òyòy ˜Ó!â˛eƒ– äÈ®
!òõ≈yˆÏí ~ÓÇ ì˛yÓ˚ ˜Ó!â˛eƒ ¢yïˆÏò Ñ˛!Ó xyúyÁˆÏúÓ˚ x¢yïyÓ˚í ≤Ã!ì˛¶˛y !äÈú ÈÙÈ ~ Ñ˛Ìy xòfl˛∫#Ñ˛yÎ≈–
3.8 ˛ôpyÓì˛# Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒ ¢D#ì˛ É

˜¢Î˚î xyúyÁú !äÈˆÏúò õïƒÎ%ˆÏÜÓ˚ Ñ˛!ÓˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆ◊¤˛– ‘˛ôpyÓì˛#‘ Ñ˛yÓƒ!›˛ ãyÎ˚¢#Ó˚ ˆúÖy
‘˛ôî%õyÓÍ’ Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒÓ˚ xò%Óyî– ~ Ñ˛y!£!òˆÏì˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ î%!›˛ v˛z˛ôÖƒyò– ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó˚bˆÏ¢ò ÈÙÈ òyÜõ!ì˛ ÈÙÈ
˛ôpyÓì˛#Ó˚ ≤ÃòÎ˚ Ñ˛y!£!òñ xyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ xyúyv˛zj#ò ÈÙÈ Ó˚bˆÏ¢ò ÈÙÈ ˛ôpyÓì˛#Ó˚ ˆ≤Ãõ Ñ˛y!£!ò– xyúyÁú
ˆÑ˛Óú ≤Ã!ì˛¶˛yüyú# Ñ˛!Ó£z !äÈˆÏúò òy ÈÙÈ !ì˛!ò !äÈˆÏúò ~Ñ˛ãò v˛z§â%˛îˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢D#ì˛K˛– Ó˚yã¢¶˛yÓ˚
¢¶˛y¢ˆÏîÓ˚ v˛z˛ô!fl˛i!ì˛ˆÏì˛ !ì˛!ò òyòy ¢õˆÏÎ˚ ¢D#ì˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓüò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ò– ˆüyòy ÎyÎ˚ xˆÏòÑ˛ ¢¶˛y¢î
~õò !Ñ˛ õyÜˆÏòÓ˚Á ¢D#ì˛ !ü«˛Ñ˛ !äÈˆÏúò !ì˛!ò–
Ó˚yã¢¶˛yÎ˚ ˆÑ˛Óú ¢D#ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛ãò î«˛ !ü“# !äÈˆÏúò ì˛y£z òÎ˚ñ ¢D#ì˛ Ó˚â˛òyˆÏì˛Á ì˛yÓ˚
˛ôyÓ˚î!ü≈ì˛yÓ˚ ò!ãÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ˛ôpyÓì˛# Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒ– ~õò !Ñ˛ Á Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒÓ˚ î% ~Ñ˛!›˛ ãyÎ˚ÜyÎ˚ ¢D#ì˛
üyˆÏfl˛fÓ˚ xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÁ Ñ˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ ÏäÈò !ì˛!ò– üyfl˛fì˛_¥ ÖˆÏu˛ ~ÓÇ Ó˚yãyÈÙÈÓyîüy£ Î%k˛ ÖˆÏu˛ ˆ¢ xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÓ˚
¢ˆÏD ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ áˆÏ›˛–
fl˛∫ÈÙÈxïƒyÎ˚ ¢yõ@˘Ã# ˆÑ˛Óú ~Ñ˛!›˛ Óy î%!›˛ òÎ˚ñ ¢õ@˘Ã ˛ôpyÓì˛# Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒ xyúyÁú Ó˚!â˛ì˛ ˆì˛ˆÏÓ˚y!›˛ ˛ôîÜyˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ı˛yò
42 xyõÓ˚y ˛ôy£z– ˛ô§yâ˛yú# Ó˚#!ì˛Ó˚ xyîˆÏü≈£z ‘˛ôpyÓì˛#’ Ñ˛yÓƒ!›˛ Ó˚!â˛ì˛– !ì˛ò ïÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Ó˚â˛òyÇü ÌyÑ˛ì˛
~£z ˛ô§yâ˛yú# Ó˚#!ì˛ˆÏì˛–
~Ñ˛ ÈÙÈ Óí≈òyõ)úÑ˛ ˛ôÎ˚yÓ˚– î%£z ÈÙÈ Ü#ì˛ydÑ˛ úyâ˛y!v˛¸– !ì˛ò ÈÙÈ ¢D#ì˛õÎ˚ ˛ôîÜ#!ì˛– ÜyˆÏòÓ˚
v˛z˛ôˆÏÎyÜ# xÇü£z !äÈú Óí≈òyõ)úÑ˛ ˛ôÎ˚yˆÏÓ˚– Ü#ì˛ydÑ˛ úyâ˛y!v˛¸ £ú ≤Ãïyòì˛ ÓyÜÎ%_´ !m˛ôî# Óy
!e˛ôî# Ü#ì˛– xyÓ˚ ì˛yˆÏú ~ÓÇ Ó˚yˆÏÜ ˆÜÎ˚ ˛ôî=ˆÏúy £ˆÏúy ¢D#ì˛õÎ˚ ˆÜÎ˚ ˛ôî–
‘˛ôpyÓì˛#’ Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ‘÷Ñ˛’ Öu˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ‘˛ôpyÓì˛# Ó˚*˛ôâ˛â≈˛y’ Öu˛ ÈÙÈ xÌ≈yÍ ~£z
òÎ˚!›˛ ÖˆÏu˛£z ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Üyò !ì˛!ò !úˆÏÖˆÏäÈò– ~ äÈyv˛¸y ‘ˆîÓ˛ôyú î)ì˛#’ ÖˆÏu˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ â˛yÓ˚!›˛
ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ !òîü≈ò– !›˛Øò#
¶˛!ò yÎ˚ xyˆÏúyÁú ≤ÃyÎ˚£z ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈòñ ÈÙÈ
‘˛ôÎ˚yÓ˚ Ó˚!â˛Î˚y Ñ˛ˆÏ£ £#ò xyˆÏúyÁú–’
î#á≈ äÈˆÏ®Ó˚ yâ˛y!v˛¸ !úÖÓyÓ˚ ¢õˆÏÎ˚Á ì§˛yÓ˚ ¶˛!òì˛y ÈÙÈ
¢î=í õyÜò òyõ ˆÓ˚y¢yˆÏDì˛ xò%˛ôyõ
xyúyÁˆÏú ˛ô%!òÎ˚y xyÓ˚!ì˛–
¶˛y!DÎ˚y ˆâ˛Ô˛ôy£z äÈ® Ó˚!â˛ú ˛ôÎ˚yÓ˚ Óı˛
˛ ôˆÏî ˛ôˆÏî xõ,ì˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#––
S˛ôpyÓì˛# ÷Ñ˛ !õúò Öu˛V
ÓyÇúyñ ¢Çfl˛,Òì˛ ~ÓÇ ÓãÓ%!ú ÈÙÈ !ì˛ò Ó˚Ñ˛õ ¶˛y°ÏyˆÏì˛£z xyúyÁú ˛ôî=ˆÏúy Ó˚â˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– !Ñ˛ä%È
Üyò xyÓyÓ˚ ì˛Í¢õ üˆÏ∑ ¶˛Ó˚˛ô%Ó˚– ˆÎõò ÈÙÈ
õîò ïò%Ñ˛ ¶%˛Ó˚& !Ó¶˛D–
x˛ôyD £z!DˆÏì˛ Óyí Ó˚D––
òy¢y ÎÜ˛ô!ì˛ òˆÏ£ ¢õì%˛ú–
¢%ÓD xïÓ˚ Óyı%˛!ú ö%˛ú––
òy¢y ÎÜ˛ô!ì˛ òˆÏ£ ¢õì%˛ú–
¢%Ó˚D xïÓ˚ Óyı%˛!ú ö%˛ú––
S˛ôpyÓì˛# Ó˚*˛ôâ˛â≈˛y Öu˛V
Ñ˛!Ó ãÎ˚ˆÏîˆÏÓÓ˚ ¶˛y°Ïy¶˛D#Ó˚ xò%Ñ˛Ó˚í ú«˛ƒ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛!›˛ ˛ôˆÏîñ ˆÎõò ÈÙÈ
Ó¢ˆÏhs˛ òyÜÓ˚Ó òyÜÓ˚# !ÓúyˆÏ¢–
ÓÓ˚Óyúy õ%Ö £z®% fl˛ÀˆÏÓ ¢%ïy !Ó®% !Ó®%
õ,î%õ® ú!úì˛ xïÓ˚ õï%£yˆÏ¢––
≤Ãö%˛!Õ‘ì˛ Ñ%˛¢%õ õï%Óì˛ G˛B,˛ì˛
˝B,˛ì˛ ˛ôÓ˚¶,˛ì˛ Ñ%˛!ãì˛ Ó˚yˆÏÓ–
õúÎ˚y ¢õ#Ó˚ ¢%ˆÏ¢ÔÓ˚ˆÏ¶˛ ¢%ü#ì˛ú
!Óú%!úì˛ ˛ô!ì˛ x!ì˛ Ó˚¢¶˛yˆÏÓ––
S°Ï›‰˛ }ì%˛ Óí≈ò Öu˛V
43
!Óîƒy˛ô!ì˛Ó˚ ¶˛yˆÏÓyÕ‘y¢ ˛ôˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ Ñ˛!Ó xyúyÁˆÏúÓ˚ ˛ôpyÓì˛# Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒ ÈÙÈ
xy!ã ¢%ˆÏÖÓ˚ òy!£ ÁÓ˚
xyòˆÏ® õò !ÓˆÏ¶˛yÓ˚–
!â˛Ó˚˛ô!ì˛ xyˆÏü !â˛ˆÏ_Ó˚ õyòˆÏ¢
òyÜÓ˚ ¢îˆÏò ˆÏõyÓ˚–– ï%Î˚y–
S!â˛ˆÏì˛yÓ˚ xyÜõò Öu˛V
!›˛Øò#
xyúyÁú xyÓyÓ˚ ÓyÇúy ¶˛y°ÏyˆÏì˛£z !Ñ˛ä%È Üyò !úˆÏÖˆÏäÈò– ˛ôv˛¸ˆÏì˛ ˛ôv˛¸ˆÏì˛ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ â˛u˛#îyˆÏ¢Ó˚
Ñ˛Ìy õˆÏò ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ ÎyÎ˚– â˛u˛#îyˆÏ¢Ó˚ õˆÏì˛y ¢£ã ¢Ó˚ú ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ Ó˚!â˛ì˛ ˆ¢ ˛ôî=ˆÏúy– ˆÎõò ÈÙÈ
˛ ô)Ó≈ãˆÏß√ õ£yì˛˛ô ˜Ñ˛ú%–
ì˛yÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú ˆ£ò fl˛∫yõ# ˛ôy£zú%––
!Ó˚°Ï¶˛yˆÏÓ ˛ôyˆÏäÈ òy â˛y!£ú%–
!òã ˆîyˆÏ°Ï Ó˚b £yÓ˚y£zú%––
ˆ£ò fl˛∫yõ# äÈy!v˛¸ ãyÎ˚ ÎyÓ˚–
!Ñ˛ ö˛ú ã#Óò ¢%Ö ì˛yÓ˚––
SòyÜõ!ì˛ !Óúy˛ôV
Ó ãÓ%!úˆÏì˛ ˆúÖy ~Ñ˛y!ïÑ˛ ˛ôî ú«˛ƒ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ ˛ôpyÓì˛# Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒ– ˛ôv˛¸ˆÏì˛ ˛ôv˛¸ˆÏì˛ ˆÜy!Ó®îyˆÏ¢Ó˚
‘˛ô)Ó≈Ó˚yÜ’ ˛ôˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy£z xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏò ~ˆÏ¢ ÎyÎ˚ñ ˆÎõò ÈÙÈ
â˛®ò ü#ì˛ú õúÎ˚y!òú äÈú

ˆ¢ÔÓ˚¶˛ !Ó!üÌ ÖÓ˚ì˛Ó˚ úyˆÏÜ–
ºõÓ˚ ˆÑ˛y!Ñ˛ú Ó˚Ó ÷òì˛ ˛ôÓy¶˛Ó
õß√Ì≈ÈÙÈÓyí xyòú v˛zÓ˚ ãyˆÏÜ––
!Ñ˛!M˛Èì˛ ≤Ãyí xyäÈÎ˚ áˆÏ›˛ ï%Ñ˛ ï%Ñ˛
ì%˛Î˚y xyŸªy¢ Óâ˛ò !ÓˆÏ¢yxyˆÏ¢–
◊#Î%ì˛ õyÜò Ó˚!¢Ñ˛ ¢%òyÎ˚Ñ˛
xyÓ˚!ì˛ £#ò xyúyÁú ¶˛yˆÏ°Ï––
S˛ôpyÓì˛#ÈÙÈÓ˚bˆÏ¢ò ˆ¶§˛›˛Öu˛V
ÓyÇúy ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ Ó˚!â˛ì˛ ¶˛y!›˛Î˚y!ú ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ î#á≈ !e˛ôî# ÈÙÈ

¶%˛!úÎ˚y ¢Ç¢yÓ˚ ˛ôyˆÏü Ó®# ˜£ú õyÎ˚y ö§˛yˆÏ¢
òy ¶˛!ãú% ˆì˛yõyÓ˚ â˛Ó˚ˆÏí––
~ˆÏÓ !eãÜì˛ ¢y!~å ì%˛!õ !ÓˆÏò Ü!ì˛ òy£z
ì˛Ó˚yÁ xy˛ôòy òyõ =ˆÏò–
fl˛∫ÈÙÈxïƒyÎ˚ ¢yõ@˘Ã# S˛ôpyÈÙÈ¢õ%o Öu˛V
44
xyúyÁˆÏúÓ˚ Ü#ì˛ Ó˚â˛òyÓ˚ x˛ô)Ó≈ !òîü≈ò xyÓ˚Á xˆÏòÑ˛ ˛ôˆÏî£z xyõÓ˚y ˆîÖyˆÏì˛ ˛ôy£z– xyúB˛y!Ó˚Ñ˛
Ó˚*˛ô Óí≈òyÓ˚ ¢ÇˆÏÜ ˆÎÖyˆÏò Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ¢yúB˛Ó˚y ¶˛y°Ïy¶˛D#– ˛ôîyÓú#Ó˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓÁ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ~ÖyˆÏò ÈÙÈ
â˛!úú Ñ˛y!õò# ÜˆÏãw Üy!õò#
ÖOò ÜOò ˆüy!¶˛ì˛y–
!Ñ˛!B˛ò# á§%ÌÓ˚ ÓyãÎ˚ G§˛yG˛Ó˚
G˛òyG˛ò ˆò˛ô%Ó˚ õï%Ó˚ Ü#ì˛y–– !›˛Øò#
¶%˛Ó˚& !Ó¶˛D õß√Ì ÈÙÈ õò ÈÙÈ ˆõy!£ì˛y–– Sï%Î˚yV
Ñ%˛!›˛ú ˆÑ˛ü Ñ%˛¢%õ ¢%ˆÏÓü
!¢®%Ó˚ â˛®ò !ì˛úÑ˛ ì˛Ìy–
SÓ˚bˆÏ¢ò ÈÙÈ ˛ôpyÓì˛# !ÓÓy£ÈÙÈÖu˛V
xyúyÁˆÏúÓ˚ Ó˚!â˛ì˛ Üyò=!úˆÏì˛ ï&Ó˛ôî¢£ â˛yÓ˚ xÌÓy ˛ô§yâ˛!›˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ hfl˛ÓÑ˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– v˛zî@˘Ãy£
hfl˛ÓÑ˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ ÷Ó˚& £ˆÏÎ˚ ˆü°Ï £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ¶˛!òì˛yÎ˚– xyÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÏì˛ƒÑ˛ ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ õyÌyÎ˚ Ó˚yˆÏÜÓ˚ Óy¢ xyˆÏäÈñ
Ñ˛ÖòÁ Ñ˛ÖòÁ äÈˆÏ®Ó˚ Á ì˛yˆÏúÓ˚Á v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò !ì˛!ò– xyúyÁú ˛ô§yâ˛yú#Ó˚ ~Ñ˛ˆÏáˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚#!ì˛Ó˚
õˆÏïƒ õyˆÏG˛ õyˆÏG˛ Ü#ì˛ Ó˚â˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xy!DÑ˛ ˜Ó!â˛eƒ xyòyÓ˚ ˆâ˛‹Ty Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò ÈÙÈ ~ÓÇ Ó˚yÜ!â˛!£´ì˛
ˆ¢£z ˛ôî=!ú ˛ôv˛¸ˆÏú£z ˆÓyG˛y ÎyÎ˚– ~£z ˆõÔ!úÑ˛ ˛ôî Üyò=!ú£z ~ Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ¢ÓˆÏâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ v˛zIμú
xÇü–
¢Æîü üì˛y∑#ˆÏì˛ Ñ˛!Ó xyúyÁú ˆÎ ÎÌyÌ≈£z ~Ñ˛ãò ¢D#ì˛K˛ Óƒ!_´ !äÈˆÏúò ÈÙÈ ~Ñ˛Ìy
xòfl˛∫#Ñ˛yÎ≈ƒ–
3.9 ˛ôpyÓì˛# Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒ ¢õyã Á ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛ É

xyúyÁˆÏúÓ˚ ˛ôpyÓì˛# Ñ˛yÓƒ ãyÎ˚¢#Ó˚ ˛ôî%õyÓÍ Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒÓ˚ xò%Óyî– ãyÎ˚¢# ˛ôî%õyÓÍ Ñ˛yÓƒ!›˛
!úˆÏÖ!äÈˆÏúò 1540 Ö#‹TyˆÏ∑– ~Ó˚ ~Ñ˛ü ÓäÈÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ 1640 Ö#‹TyˆÏ∑ xyúyÁú Ó˚â˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò
˛ôpyÓì˛#– xò%!îì˛ @˘Ãs˛i £ˆÏúÁ xyúyÁú xˆÏòÑ˛ ãyÎ˚ÜyˆÏì˛£z õ)ú @˘Ãs˛iˆÏÑ˛ xò%¢Ó˚í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò !òñ
xy˛ôò õˆÏòÓ˚ õyï%Ó˚# !õ!üˆÏÎ˚ Ñ˛y!£!ò!›˛ ~!ÜˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜˆÏäÈò–
˛ôpyÓì˛# Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒ ¢õÑ˛yú#ò Óyày!ú ¢õyã Á ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛Ó˚ xˆÏòÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ ÷ï%
ì˛y£z òÎ˚ ì˛ÍÑ˛yú#ò xyÓ˚yÑ˛yò Ó˚yãƒ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛Á xyõÓ˚y xˆÏòÑ˛ ì˛ˆÏÌƒÓ˚ ¢ı˛yò ˛ôy£z– Óy!òãƒ
ˆÑ˛w !äÈú xyÓ˚yÑ˛yò ì˛y£z ˛ô,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ≤Ãyhs˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ¢õyÜõ !äÈú ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò–
xyÓ˚Óñ !õüÓ˚#ñ ì%˛!Ñ≈˛ñ £yÓü#ñ Ó˚&õ#ñ ˆÖyÓ˚¢yò#ñ úyˆÏ£yÓ˚#ñ Ñ˛yŸ¬#Ó˚#ñ Óyày!úñ ˆõyÜúñ ˛ôy‡˛yò ≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛
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ÖˆÏu˛ ¶˛!íì˛yÎ˚ v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò É 47
◊#Î%ì˛ õyÜò Ó#Ó˚ Ñ˛yÓƒÓ˚ˆÏ¢ x!ì˛ ï#Ó˚
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3.10 òõ%òy ≤ÃŸ¿yÓú# É

1V ¢Æîü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛ õ%¢úõyò õ£yÑ˛!Ó xyúyÁˆÏúÓ˚ ¢y!£ì˛ƒ Ñ˛#!ì≈˛Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ îyÁ–
2V ¢Æîü üì˛y∑#Ó˚ xyÓ˚yÑ˛yò Ó˚yã¢¶˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛!Ó xyúyÁˆÏúÓ˚ ˛ôpyÓì˛# Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒÓ˚ v˛zÍ¢ Á Ñ˛y!£!ò
!ÓˆÏŸ’°Ïí Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y–
3V ˆÓ˚y¢yà‰ Ó˚yã¢¶˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛!Ó xyúyÁˆÏúÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓƒ ≤Ã!ì˛¶˛yÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ îyÁ–
4V ¢Æîü üì˛y∑#ˆÏì˛ Ó˚!â˛ì˛ xyúyÁˆÏúÓ˚ ˛ôpyÓì˛# Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒ ¢õÑ˛yú#ò ¢õyã Á ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛Ó˚ Ñ˛#
˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ÈÙÈ !Óhfl˛y!Ó˚ì˛ ¶˛yˆÏÓ v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y–
5V õyÜò ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚ ˆÑ˛⁄ ˛ôpyÓì˛# Ñ˛yÓƒ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ õyÜò ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ Îy ãyòy ÎyÎ˚ !Óhfl˛y!Ó˚ì˛
xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y–
6V xyúyÁˆÏúÓ˚ ˛ôpyÓì˛# Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒÓ˚ Ü#!ì˛ïõ≈#ì˛y !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚ ¢ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛ô ~Ñ˛!›˛ ≤ÃÓı˛ Ó˚â˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y–
7V ˛ôpyÓì˛# Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒ ¶˛y°Ïyñ äÈ® ~ÓÇ xúB˛yÓ˚ !òõ≈yˆÏò xyúyÁˆÏúÓ˚ Ñ,˛!ì˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ îyÁ–
3.11 ¢£yÎ˚Ñ˛ @˘Ãs˛i É

˛ôpyÓì˛# ÈÙÈ ¢¡ôyîòy É ˆîÓòyÌ ÓˆÏ®ƒy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ñ ÈÙÈ˛ô!ÿ˛õÓD Ó˚yãƒ ˛ô%hfl˛Ñ˛˛ô°Ï≈î–
48
˛ â˛ì%˛Ì≈ xïƒyÎ˚
õÎ˚õò!¢Ç£ ÈÙÈ Ü#!ì˛Ñ˛y
৪.0 ¶)˛!õÑ˛y–
৪.1 v˛zˆÏjüƒ– !›˛Øò#
৪.2 Ü#!ì˛Ñ˛yÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy Á ˜õõò!¢Ç£ Ü#!ì˛Ñ˛y–

৪.3 õÎ˚õò!¢Ç£ Ü#!ì˛Ñ˛yÓ˚ ¢,!‹Tñ ◊¤˛y Á ¢Ç@˘Ãy£Ñ˛–
৪.4 xydõ)úƒyÎ˚òïõ≈# ≤ÃŸ¿–
৪.5 õÎ˚õò!¢Ç£ Ü#!ì˛Ñ˛yÎ˚ ¢õyã¶˛yÓòy–
৪.6 õyò!¢Ñ˛ !e´Î˚yÈÙÈ≤Ã!ì˛!e´Î˚yÎ˚ õÎ˚õò!¢Ç Ü#!ì˛Ñ˛y–
৪.7 !òÓ≈y!â˛ì˛ Ü#!ì˛Ñ˛yÓ˚ ¢yïyÓ˚í ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚–
৪.8 õÎ˚õò!¢Ç£ Ü#!ì˛Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓƒ ¢¡ôî–
৪.9 xyîü≈ ≤ÃŸ¿yÓú#–
৪.10 ¢£yÎ˚Ñ˛ @˘Ãs˛iyÓú#–
.0 ¶)˛!õÑ˛y É
˜õõò !¢Ç£ Ü#!ì˛Ñ˛y SõÎ˚õò !¢Ç£V =!ú õ)úì˛ ˛ôÕ‘# Ü#!ì˛Ñ˛y– !òÓ˚«˛Ó˚ Óy @˘Ãyõ#ò fl˛∫“
!ü!«˛ì˛ Óƒ!_´ ãò◊&!ì˛õ)úÑ˛ ˆúÔ!Ñ˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛y!£ò#=!úÓ˚ ◊¤˛y– ~£z ˛ôyúyÜyò =!ú ˆúyÑ˛¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚
xhs˛¶)≈˛_´– ˜õõò!¢Ç£ Ü#!ì˛Ñ˛y ~ÓÇ ˛ô)Ó≈ÓD Ü#!ì˛Ñ˛yÓ˚ ˛ôyúyÜyò =!úˆÏÑ˛ !ì˛ò!›˛ ¶˛yˆÏÜ ¶˛yÜ
Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ ÈÙÈ Ñ˛V ˆúÔ!Ñ˛Ñ˛ ≤ÃíÎ˚ ÜyÌyñ ÖV ˙!ì˛£y!¢Ñ˛ ˆÓ˚yõy!r›˛Ñ˛ xyÖƒyòñ ÜV ˙!ì˛£y!¢Ñ˛
xyÖƒyò– õïƒÎ%ˆÏÜÓ˚ ˆ≤Ã«˛y˛ôˆÏ›˛ ˜õõò!¢Ç£ Ü#!ì˛Ñ˛y =!ú ˛ô)Ó≈ÓˆÏDÓ˚ ≤Ãì˛ƒhs˛ xM˛ÈˆÏú ãò!≤ÃÎ˚ì˛yÓ˚
!üÖÓ˚ fl˛ôü≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈú– ˛ôyúyÜyò=!ú ˛ô)Ó≈ÓˆÏDÓ˚ ¢yïyÓ˚í õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ≤ÃyˆÏíÓ˚ Ñ˛yäÈyÑ˛y!äÈ ˆ˛ôÔ§ˆÏäÈ!äÈú
˛ôyúyÜyò=!úÓ˚ òyõ Á !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ólfl˛ Á ì˛yÓ˚ Ó˚¢yˆÏÓîò xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ î,!‹T xyÑ˛°Ï≈í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ãò!≤ÃÎ˚
˛ôyúy=!ú £ú ÈÙÈ õ˝Î˚yñ õú%Î˚yñ Ñ˛B˛ Á ú#úyñ Ñ˛õúy– â˛wyÓì˛#ñ ˆîÁÎ˚yò¶˛yÓòyñ Ñ˛yãú ˆÓ˚Öyñ
˜õõò !¢Ç£ Ü#!ì˛Ñ˛y=!úÓ˚ â˛!Ó˚e Ö%Ó£z ã#Óhs˛ ÓˆÏú õˆÏò £Î˚ ì˛ˆÏÓ òy!Î˚Ñ˛y â˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ ¢õhfl˛ !ì˛_¥
m®μ ˆÓ!ü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ î%ˆÏú ÁˆÏ‡˛– Ü#!ì˛Ñ˛y=!úÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ !£®%ÈÙÈõ%¢!úõ ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛Ó˚ !õúˆÏòÓ˚ äÈy˛ô ¢%fl˛ô‹T–
˛ôÕ‘# Ñ˛!ÓÜí ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ !ò¶≈˛Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ òyÎ˚Ñ˛ òy!Î˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ˆ≤ÃˆÏõÓ˚ xyˆÏúÖƒ ¢y!ãˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈòñ ˆÎÖyˆÏò
≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛ Á õyòÓ £*îˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yò ÓƒÓïyò Ö§%ˆÏã ˛ôyÁÎ˚y î%‹ÒÓ˚– fl˛∫ÈÙÈxïƒyÎ˚ ¢yõ@˘Ã#
49
.1 v˛zˆÏjüƒ É
˜õõò !¢Ç£ Ü#!ì˛Ñ˛y =!ú @˘Ãyõ#ò Ñ˛!ÓˆÏîÓ˚ ˆúÔ!Ñ˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛y!£ò#– ì˛y£z ˆÏ¢§yîy õy!›˛Ó˚ áyí õyÖyˆÏòy
Ü#!ì˛Ñ˛y=!ú ˆúyÑ˛ ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ xhs˛¶%≈˛_´ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚– õïƒ Î%ˆÏÜ ˆÎÖyˆÏò Ñ˛yò%äÈyv˛¸y Ü#ì˛ òy£z ~õò
~Ñ˛ Î%ˆÏÜÓ˚ x!hs˛õ õ%£)ˆÏì≈˛ î§y!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ~Ö x¢y◊îy!Î˚Ñ˛ õyòÓ ã#Óò !ò¶≈˛Ó˚ ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ ãß√– ïõ≈yı˛
õïƒÎ%ˆÏÜ ã#Óò !ò¶≈˛Ó˚ Ó˚â˛òy x!ì˛¢yïyÓ˚í õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ õ%ˆÏÖ õ%ˆÏÖ !ö˛Ó˚ì˛ ì˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãõyí xyõÓ˚y ˆ˛ôúyõ–
~õò ïõ≈!òÓ˚ˆÏ˛ô«˛ ¢y!£ì˛ƒ ¢Æîü üì˛y∑#Ó˚ !mì˛#Î˚yï≈ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z Ñ˛!Ó˚Îy˚ Ó˚â˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓò˚ –
!›˛Øò# Ó˚â˛òy =!ú ì˛Íüú#ò ˛ô)Ó≈ÓˆÏDÓ˚ ¢õyãÈÙÈ¢Ç¢yÓ˚ñ £z!ì˛£y¢ñ õyòÓÈÙÈõyòÓ#Ó˚ ˆÓ˚yõy!r›˛Ñ˛ ≤ÃíˆÏÎ˚
ì˛ƒyÜÈÙÈ!ì˛!ì˛ı˛yñ ≤Ã!ì˛!£Ç¢yñ òy›˛Ñ˛#Î˚ì˛y fl˛iyò ˆ˛ôˆÏÎˆ˚ ÏäÈ– òyÓ˚#Ó˚ xydì˛ƒyÜñ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ Ñ˛yõˆÏúyú%‹ôì˛yñ
º‹Tyâ˛yÓ˚ î%!¶≈˛«˛ñ òîÈÙÈòî#ñ ˆòÔÎyeyñ üy¢òñ ˆüy°Ïíñ Ó˚y‹T…#Î˚ ˛ô#v˛¸ˆÏòÓ˚ !îÑ˛!›˛ Á Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚y xyÖƒyˆÏò
fl˛iyò !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò– ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ õ%ˆÏÖÓ˚ ¶˛y°Ïyñ ü∑ˆÏÎyãòyñ xyM˛È!úÑ˛ õ hfl˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ Óƒy˛ôÑ˛ ≤Ã!ì˛ö˛ú Ü#!ì˛Ñ˛y
=!úˆÏÑ˛ xyï%!òÑ˛ Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ¢õì%˛ú Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì%˛ˆÏúˆÏäÈ– ‘õÎ˚õò!¢Ç£ÈÙÈÜ#!ì˛Ñ˛y’Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛yÎ˚ ¢%ÖõÎ˚
õ%ˆÏÖy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ ãyòyˆÏúò ÈÙÈ ‘õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ òyòy xò%¶)˛!ì˛ Á ≤ÃÓ,!_Á ~£z Ü#!ì˛Ñ˛y=!úˆÏì˛ ¢yÌ≈Ñ˛
x!¶˛Óƒ!_´ úy¶˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈ– Ó˚*˛ôˆÏõy£ñ xhs˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyˆÏúyv˛¸òñ !õúˆÏòÓ˚ xyÑ%˛!ì˛ñ !ÓÓ˚ˆÏ£Ó˚ ãμyúy ~ÓÇ
!ÓîyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ £y£yÑ˛yÓ˚ ÈÙÈ ¢õhfl˛ !Ñ˛ä%ÈˆÏÑ˛£z Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚y xyÿ˛Î≈ Ñ%˛üúì˛yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ã#Óhs˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì%˛ˆÏúˆÏäÈò– ~£z
¢Ó ¶˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ Óí≈òyÎ˚ ˆÎõò ì§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛!Óc ü!_´Ó˚ !òîü≈ò ˆõˆÏúñ x˛ôÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ ˆì˛õ!ò ã#Óò
¢¡∫ˆÏı˛ ì§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ü¶˛#Ó˚ Á !Óhfl˛#í≈ x!¶˛K˛ì˛yÓ˚Á ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚–’
.2 Ü#!ì˛Ñ˛yÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy Á ˜õõò !¢Ç£ Ü#!ì˛Ñ˛y É

õïƒÎ%ˆÏÜ ÓyÇúyÎ˚ ˆúyÑ˛ õ%ˆÏÖ ¢,‹T Á ≤Ãâ˛!úì˛ xyÖƒyòïõ≈# Ü#!ì˛ˆÏÑ˛£z xyõÓ˚y Ü#!ì˛Ñ˛yñ
˛ôyúyÜyòñ ˆúyÑ˛ÜyÌyñ ˛ôÕ‘#Üyò !£¢yˆÏÓ !â˛!£´ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôy!Ó˚– xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ Ü#!ì˛Ñ˛yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ˛ôyÿ˛yì˛ƒ
!â˛hs˛y¶˛yÓòy ≤Ã¢)ì˛ ÈBalladÈ ~Ó˚ !õú Ö§%ˆÏã ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
‘õïƒÎ%Ü#Î˚ ˛ôyÿ˛yì˛ƒ ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒ ˆÎ ~Ñ˛ ïÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ xyÖƒyòõ)úÑ˛ ˆúyÑ˛Ü#!ì˛ ≤Ãâ˛!úì˛ !äÈú
£zÇÓ˚yã#ˆÏì˛ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛£z ÈBallad Óúy £ì˛–’
S‘õÎ˚õò !¢Ç£ÈÙÈÜ#!ì˛Ñ˛y’ñ ¢%ÖõÎ˚ õ%ˆÏÖy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚V
È Ballad -

‘A sentimet and simple narrative song.’
 ‘A song or poem that tells a story or (in popular music) a slow love
song.’
BalladÈ ˆúyÑ˛õ%ˆÏÖ ¢,!‹T Á ≤Ã¢y!Ó˚ì˛ ~Ñ˛ ãyì˛#Î˚ ò,ì˛ƒÜ#ì˛ ¢¡ô,_´ òy›˛ƒïõ≈# Ñ˛y!£ò#Ñ˛yÓƒ–
î#ˆÏòüâ˛w ˆ¢ò ‘˜õõò!¢Ç£ Ü#!ì˛Ñ˛y’Ó˚ £zÇˆÏÓ˚ã# xò%Óyî Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò ‘Eastern Bengali Bal-
lads Mymensingh’ òyˆÏõ– ˛ôyÿ˛yì˛ƒ ÈBalladÈ ~ÓÇ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ Ü#!ì˛Ñ˛yÓ˚ñ ˜Ó!ü‹Tƒ=!úÓ˚
ì%˛úòyõ)úÑ˛ xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÎ˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚!›˛ ˛ô!Ó˚fl˛≥%˛›˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÁˆÏ‡˛–
50  Ballad xyÖƒyòõ)úÑ˛ Á ¢Ç£ì˛ Ü#!ì˛Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛y!£ò#Ó˚ !ü!Ìúì˛y ú«˛ƒ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ ¢ˆÏD
üyÖy Ñ˛y!£ò# x≤Ãì%˛ú òÎ˚–
 Ballad ˆúyÑ˛õ%ˆÏÖ ¢,!‹T Á ≤Ã¢yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ¢ÇÜ#ì˛ ≤Ãïyò– Ü#!ì˛Ñ˛yÓ˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ ˆúyÑ˛ã#Óò
¢Çú@¿ñ Óí≈òy ≤Ãïyò xyÖƒyò–
 Ballad ~Ó˚ xyò%˛ô%!Ó≈Ñ˛ Ó˝ú !ÓÓÓ˚í Ó!ã≈ì˛ ~ÓÇ á›˛òy ≤Ãïyò Ü#!ì˛Ñ˛yÓ˚ ˆÓ˚yõy™
~ÓÇ òy›˛Ñ˛#Î˚ì˛y ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚–
 Ballad ¢Ó¢õÎ˚ äÈˆÏ®yÓk˛ñ Ü#!ì˛Ñ˛y ˆÓ˚yõ£°Ï≈Ñ˛ Ñ˛y!£ò# ú«˛ƒ Ñ˛Ó˚y ˆÜˆÏú Á ¢Ó ¢õÎ˚
!›˛Øò#
òÎ˚ ~!›˛ Ñ˛y!£ò# ≤Ãïyò Ó˚â˛òy–
 Ballad ~Ó˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ ˜Ó!â˛eƒ˛ô)í≈ñ ˆÓ˚yõ£°Ï≈Ñ˛ á›˛òy Î%_´– Ü#!ì˛Ñ˛y ¢Ó¢õÎ˚ ˆÓ˚yõ£°Ï≈Ñ˛
òÎ˚ ~ˆÏì˛ Ó˚â˛!Î˚ì˛yÓ˚ Óƒ!_´ xò%¶)˛!ì˛Ó˚ ≤Ãyïyòƒ ú!«˛ì˛ £Î˚–
 Ballad ~ ˛ô!Ó˚í!ì˛ òy›˛Ñ˛#Î˚ ~ÓÇ á›˛òy ˛ôÓ˚¡ôÓ˚yÓ˚ ì˛#Óì˛y òy›˛Ñ˛#Î˚ Ü!ì˛ xyˆÏò–
Ü#!ì˛Ñ˛y @˘Ãyõ#ò ˆúÔ!Ñ˛Ñ˛ xyÖƒyò £ˆÏúÁ ˆäÈy›˛ Ü“ïõ≈#–
ÓyÇúy Ü#!ì˛Ñ˛y=!úÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y Óƒyúyv˛ Ü#ì˛ £ÓyÓ˚ v˛zˆÏjüƒ !òˆÏÎ˚£z ¢,!‹T £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú ì˛ˆÏÓ ì˛y
Ñ˛ÖˆÏòy Óy ò,ì˛ƒˆÏÎyˆÏÜ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓ!üì˛ £Î˚– ‘ÓƒyúyˆÏv˛Ó˚ xòƒì˛õ ≤Ãïyò ú«˛í ˆÎ xyÖƒyò ï!õ≈ì˛y ì˛y
õÎ˚õò !¢Ç£ Ü#!ì˛Ñ˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ ˛ôyúyˆÏì˛£z xyˆÏäÈ ÈÙÈ ‘õ˝Î˚y’ñ ‘õú%Î˚y’ñ ‘â˛wyÓì˛#’ñ Ñ˛B˛ Á ú#úy
ÈÙÈ ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ ˛ôyúy£z fl˛∫ì˛s˛f Ñ˛y!£ò#Ó˚ xy◊ˆÏÎ˚ ÜˆÏv˛¸ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ˆÏäÈ– ~£z ¢Ó ˆ≤Ãõ Ñ˛y!£ò# Óyhfl˛Ó á›˛òy
xy◊ˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚!â˛ì˛– ˆ¢ á›˛òy ˛ô%ˆÏÓy˚ ˛ô%!Ó˚ ˙!ì˛£y!¢Ñ˛ òy £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ !Ñ˛ä%È›˛y £z!ì˛£y¢ !Ñ˛ä%È Óy !Ñ˛ÇÓîhs˛#Ó˚
xy◊ˆÏÎ˚ ˆúyˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ õ%ˆÏÖ õ%ˆÏÖ Ó˚!â˛ì˛ £ˆÏÎˆ˚ ÏäÈ– ˆÜy¤˛#Ó˚ x!¶˛K˛ì˛y ¢õ,k˛ !Ó°ÏÎÓ˚ lfl˛ xÓú¡∫ˆÏò õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚
!â˛Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ≤ÃõÈÙÈ¶˛yˆÏúyÓy¢yñ ¢%ÖÈÙÈî%ÉˆÏÖÓ˚ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚íyÎ˚ ˆúÖy ~£z Ü#!ì˛Ñ˛y=!úˆÏì˛ ˆÓˆÏäÈ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ˆÏäÈ
!ÓŸª¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ ¢%Ó˚–’
.3 ˜õõò !¢Ç£ Ü#!ì˛Ñ˛yÓ˚ ¢,!‹Tñ ◊‹Ty Á ¢Ç@˘Ãy£Ñ˛ É

˜õõò!¢Ç£ Ü#!ì˛Ñ˛y=!ú ˆúyÑ˛ ≤Ãâ˛!úì˛ ˆõÔ!ÖÑ˛ ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ xyÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚ ¢õyˆÏã ãò!≤ÃÎ˚ !äÈú–
~Ó˚ xyÖƒyò ÓyÇúyÓ˚ ˛ôÕ‘# ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃyˆÏíÓ˚ ¢¡ôî– ¢%ü#ú ¢õyˆÏã ~Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ !äÈú òy ¢y!£ì˛ƒ
Ó˚!¢Ñ˛ v˛. î#ˆÏòü â˛w ˆ¢ò ~£z Ü#!ì˛Ñ˛y=!úÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ õ%?˛ !Ó!fl˛øì˛ £ò– ~õò ¢y!£ì˛ƒ
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‘úIy òy£z !òú≈I ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚ úI òy£zˆÏÓ˚ ì˛Ó˚–
ÜúyÎ˚ Ñ˛ú¢# Óy£z®y ãˆÏú v%˛Óƒy õÓ˚–’
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‘ˆÑ˛yÌyÎ˚ ˛ôyÓ Ñ˛ú¢# Ñ˛£zòƒy ˆÑ˛yÌyÎ˚ ˛ôyÓ î!v˛¸–
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£*îÎ˚ !ÓîyÓ˚Ñ˛ Ñ˛yßÿ Ö%Ó£z Óyhfl˛Ó–
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¢%®Ó˚ ˛ô%Ó˚&°Ï ~Ñ˛ xá%ˆÏÓ˚ á%õyÎ˚––’
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v˛yÑ˛ !îÎ˚y ãyÜˆÏì˛ ì%˛!õ !¶˛ß¨ ˛ô%Ó˚&ˆÏ°ÏˆÏÓ˚––
~ì˛ Ó!ú Ñ˛ú¢# Ñ˛íƒy ãˆÏúˆÏì˛ ¶˛!Ó˚ú–
ãú ¶˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ üˆÏ∑ !ÓˆÏòyî ãy!ÜˆÏÎ˚ v˛z!‡˛ú––’
fl˛∫ÈÙÈxïƒyÎ˚ ¢yõ@˘Ã# ‘Ñ˛B˛ Á ú#úy’Î˚ Ñ˛B˛ Á ú#úyÓ˚ ¢Öƒì˛y– ì˛y ˆÎÔÓˆÏò Ü¶˛#Ó˚ ˆ≤Ãõ ÈÙÈ
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ˆÓ£zÓ˚y Ó˚yÖÓ Î%Üú â˛Ó˚í äÈy£zv˛¸y Îy£zÓ ˆÑ˛yÌy––’
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‘õ˝Î˚y’ ˛ôyúyˆÏì˛ ÈÙÈ
‘!˛ôK%˛Ó˚yÎ˚ Óy£zı˛y Ó˚yÖˆÏäÈ ˛ôyÜúy ˛ô!Cò#– 59
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61

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MADHHYA JUGER BANGLA

SAHITYA (SORAS THEKE

Directorate of Distance Education

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!¢ˆÏúÓy¢ Ó£z õƒy!˛ôÇ

≤ÃÌõ xïƒyÎ˚ ÈÉ ˜â˛ì˛òƒ â˛!Ó˚ì˛yõ,ì˛ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ÈÙÈ 1

ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ xïƒyÎ˚ ÈÉ ôpyÓì˛# ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ÈÙÈ 3

â˛ì%˛Ì≈ xïƒyÎ˚ ÈÉ õÎ˚õò!¢Ç£ ÈÙÈ Ü#!ì˛Ñ˛y ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ÈÙÈ 4

ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ xïƒyÎ˚ ÈÉ ˛ôpyÓì˛# Sô,¤˛y 33ÈÙÈ48V

õïƒÎ%ˆÏÜÓ˚ ÓyÇúy ¢y!£ì˛ƒ SˆÏ°Ïyv˛¸ü ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ x‹Tyîü üì˛y∑#Vñ Ó£z!›˛˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆÎ ¢Ó

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ÖV ˛ôîÓ˚byÓú# É Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚ Á ◊#üâ˛w õã%õîyÓ˚ ¢¡ôy!îì˛

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áV õÎ˚õò!¢Ç£ Ü#!ì˛Ñ˛y Sõ˝Î˚yñ õú%Îy˚ ñ â˛wyÓì˛#ñ Ñ˛B˛ Á ú#úyñ Ñ˛yãúˆÏÓÖ˚ yV

É ¢%ÖõÎ˚ õ%ˆÏÖy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ ¢¡ôy!îì˛–

1.2 Ñ,˛°åîy¢ Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚yã Á ˜â˛ì˛òƒâ˛!Ó˚ì˛yõ,ì˛ É

1.3 ˜â˛ì˛òƒâ˛!Ó˚ì˛yõ,ˆÏì˛Ó˚ Ü‡˛òñ Ó˚#!ì˛ Á !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ólﬂ˛ É

1.4 ì˛_¥Ólﬂ˛ É õïƒú#úy ÈÙÈ x‹Tõ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏFäÈî

ˆ≤Ãõ!Óúy¢ !ÓÓì≈˛ ÈÙÈ

1.5 ˜â˛ì˛òƒâ˛!Ó˚ì˛yõ,ì˛ ÈÙÈ õïƒú#úy ≠ x‹Tõ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏFäÈî

˜Ïâ˛ì˛òƒâ˛!Ó˚ì˛yõ,ì˛ ÈÙÈ õïƒú#úy É x‹Tõ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏFäÈî

˜â˛ì˛òƒâ˛!Ó˚ì˛yõ,ì˛ ÈÙÈ õïƒú#úy É x‹Tõ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏFäÈî

1.6 Ó˚yÎ˚ Ó˚yõyò® Á ◊#˜Ïâ˛ì˛òƒˆÏîˆÏÓÓ˚ ¢y«˛yÍÑ˛yÓ˚ É

1.7 Ñ,˛°åîy¢ Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚yˆÏãÓ˚ Ñ˛!Ó ≤Ã!ì˛¶˛y É

õïƒú#ú É x‹Tõ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏFäÈî

1.8 xydõ)úƒyÎ˚ ïõ#≈ ≤ÃŸ¿ É !›˛Øò#

1.9 v˛z_Ó˚ ! ˆÏ ˛ôy‡˛yÓyÓ˚ ãòƒ ≤ÃŸ¿yÓú# É

6V Ó˚yÎ˚ Ó˚yõyò® Á ˜â˛ì˛òƒˆÏîˆÏÓÓ˚ ¢y«˛yÍÑ˛yÓ˚ Óí≈òy Ñ˛Ó˚&ò–

1.10 ¢£yÎ˚Ñ˛ @˘Ãs˛i˛ôO# É

2.0 ¶)˛!õÑ˛y !›˛Øò#

2.2 ˛ôîÓ˚byÓú#Ó˚ ˛˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚

2.3 ˛ôîÓ˚byÓú#Ó˚ ˜Ó!ü‹Tƒ

Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ ˜Ó°åÓ ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ Ü¶˛#Ó˚ xò%Ó˚yˆÏÜÓ˚ xòƒì˛Ó˚ î,‹Tyhs˛ ñ ~£z

2.5 ˛ôîÓ˚byÓú#Ó˚ !Óòƒy¢ ˛ôk˛!ì˛

2.6 ˆîÓì˛yˆÏÓ˚ !≤ÃÎ˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚ñ !≤ÃˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÓ˚ ˆîÓì˛y

2.7 !ÓÓ˚£ !õúˆÏòÓ˚ õyò¢ Ó˚yãƒ

2.8 ˆüˆÏ°Ï ˆÜÔÓ˚yD !Ó°ÏÎ˚ Ñ˛!Óì˛y Ó¢yˆÏòyÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚í

2.11 xybõ)úƒyÎ˚ò ïõ#≈ ≤ÃŸ¿

2.12 v˛z_Ó˚ !úˆÏÖ ˛ôy‡˛yˆÏòyÓ˚ ãòƒ ≤ÃŸ¿yÓú# ˚

2.13 ¢£yÎ˚Ñ˛ @˘Ãs˛i˛ôO#

3.2 Ñ˛!Ó ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ É

3.3 Ñ˛!Ó ≤Ã!ì˛¶˛y É

3.4 xydõ)úƒyÎ˚ò ïõ≈# ≤ÃŸ¿ É

3.5 Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒÓ˚ v˛zÍ¢ É

3.6 Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒÓ˚ Ñ˛y!£!ò É

≤ÃÌõ Ñ˛y!£!ò!›˛ £ˆÏúy É

3.7 ˛ôpyÓì˛# Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ¶˛y°Ïy É

õy!úò# äÈˆÏ®Ó˚ !òîü≈ò É

¢Çﬂ˛,Òì˛ äÈˆÏ®Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ¶)˛ãD ≤ÃÎ˚yˆÏì˛Ó˚ !òîü≈ò É

ÓyÇúy ~ÓÇ Ó ãÓ%!ú v˛z¶˛Î˚ ˛ôˆÏî£z ïπ!ò≤Ãïyò äÈˆÏ®Ó˚ !Óòƒy¢ É

äÈÎ˚õyeyÓ˚ ïπ!ò ≤Ãïyò Óy õyeyÓ,_ äÈ® É

¢yì˛õyeyÓ˚ ïπ!ò ≤Ãïyò äÈ® É

xy›˛ õyeyÓ˚ ïπ!ò ≤Ãïyò äÈ® É

ì˛yòÓïyò ~Ñ˛yÓú# äÈ® S6 È+ 5 õyeyV É

ì˛yò≤Ãïyò äÈˆÏ®Ó˚ úá%â˛yˆÏúÓ˚ úá% !e˛ôî# äÈ® É

3.8 ˛ôpyÓì˛# Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒ ¢D#ì˛ É

â˛®ò ü#ì˛ú õúÎ˚y!òú äÈú

ÓyÇúy ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ Ó˚!â˛ì˛ ¶˛y!›˛Î˚y!ú ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ î#á≈ !e˛ôî# ÈÙÈ

3.9 ˛ôpyÓì˛# Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒ ¢õyã Á ¢Çﬂ˛,Ò!ì˛ É

3.10 òõ%òy ≤ÃŸ¿yÓú# É

3.11 ¢£yÎ˚Ñ˛ @˘Ãs˛i É

õÎ˚õò!¢Ç£ ÈÙÈ Ü#!ì˛Ñ˛y

৪.2 Ü#!ì˛Ñ˛yÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy Á ˜õõò!¢Ç£ Ü#!ì˛Ñ˛y–