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òy¢Ïñ §%fl¨yï˛ ≠ ÓyÇ°y ܲÌyÈÙȧy!•ˆÏï˛ƒ ˆï˛û˛yày Ü,˛£ÏܲÈÙȧÇ@ˇÃyü
International Journal of Bengal Studies, Vol. : 2-3, 2011-2012, PP 100-125
ÓyÇ°y ܲÌyÈÙȧy!
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≤Ã!ï˛ú˛°ö ܲï˛ê˛y Ä Ü˛#Ó˚ܲü ˛õˆÏí˛¸!åÈ°–
ÓyÇ°y ܲÌy§y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ §ÓˆÏ̈Ïܲ §ü,k˛ ôyÓ˚y ˆåÈyê˛àˆÏ“Ó˚ üyôƒˆÏü @ˇÃyü ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ åÈ!Ó
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í˛zˆÏՑზ !ܲv Ü,˛£Ïܲ çyàÓ˚îñ xyˆÏ®y°ö Ä §Ç@ˇÃyü ˆ§áyˆÏö ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚⁄ ç!üòy!Ó˚ ≤ÃÌy
§¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ï˛yÓ˚y¢B˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ üˆÏö §üÌ≈öܲyÓ˚# ˆüy• öy ÌyܲˆÏ°Ä ï˛y í˛zˆÏFåȈÏòÓ˚ !Ó®%üye
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ÓyÇ°y ܲÌyÈÙȧy!•ˆÏï˛ƒ ˆï˛û˛yày Ü,˛£ÏܲÈÙȧÇ@ˇÃyü 103
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ˆ§öñ xyÓ% •z§•y܉˛ ≤Ãü%á– ~шÏòÓ˚ Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ xhsˇï˛ Ü%˛!í˛¸!ê˛ à“ ÓyÇ°y §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ ˆåÈyê˛àˆÏ“Ó˚
üyôƒˆÏü ˆï˛û˛yày xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏöÓ˚ ôyÓ˚yˆÏܲ Ó•ö ܲˆÏÓ˚ ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏåÈ–
ˆï˛û˛yày Ü,˛£Ïܲ §Ç@ˇÃyˆÏü xÇ¢@ˇÃ•îܲyÓ˚# Ü,˛£ÏܲÈÙÈçöï˛yÓ˚ ç#ÓöÎy˛õö Ä ã˛y!Ó˚!eܲ
˜Ó!¢ˆÏ‹TƒÓ˚ öyöy ≤çDñ Îy Ä•z xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏöÓ˚•z òyöÈÙÙÙÈà“=!°ˆÏï˛ öyöy üyeyÎ˚ Ä
û˛!DˆÏï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ!¢ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– ~•z à“=!°ˆÏï˛ ˆÎÈÙÈ!Ó£ÏÎ˚=!° Ó˚*˛õy!Î˚ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ˆï˛û˛yày
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1– û˛yàã˛y!£Ïñ Óà≈yòyÓ˚ ~üöܲ# û)˛!ü•#ö ã˛y!£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ xyd§ˆÏã˛ï˛öï˛y ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ
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2– Ü,˛£Ïܲ §üyˆÏçÓ˚ xyd≤Ãï˛ƒÎ˚ñ °í˛¸yÜ%˛ üyö!§Ü˛ï˛yñ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yôÈÙÈflõ,•y–
3– §yühsˇï˛y!sfܲ ˛õy!Ó˚Óy!Ó˚ܲ xö%¢y§öñ Ó˚«˛î¢#°ï˛y Ä ôü#≈Î˚ ˆàÑyí˛¸y!üÓ˚ xÓ§yö–
4– Ü,˛£Ïܲ Ó˚üî#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆï˛û˛yày §Ç@ˇÃyˆÏü §!e´Î˚ xÇ¢@ˇÃ•î Ä xydÓ!°òyö–
5– ˆï˛û˛yàyÓ˚ °í˛¸y•z ã˛°yܲy°#ö Ó˚y‹T…¢!_´Ó˚ §sfyˆÏ§Ó˚ ú˛ˆÏ° Ìü̈Ïü Ä xyï˛!B˛ï˛
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢–
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7– !•®%ÈÙÈü%§°üyö Ü,˛£ÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ §y¡±òy!Î˚ܲ ˙ܲƒ Ä §¡±#!ï˛–
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ˆã˛Ô!ܲòyÓ˚ Sˆçyï˛òyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ =Æã˛Ó˚Ä ÓˆÏê˛V Îáö áÓÓ˚ ˆçyàyí˛¸ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ xyˆÏ§ Ó˚§%ˆÏ°Ó˚
ܲyˆÏåÈ ÙÙÙÈï˛áö ܲÌyÓyï≈˛y ~Ó˚ܲü•z •Î˚ÈÙÙÙÈÓ˚§%°ñ ˆï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õyí˛¸yÎ˚ xyçܲy° öy!ܲ
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ˆ◊î#§ˆÏã˛ï˛ö •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏåÈ ÙÙÙȈÓшÏã˛ ÌyܲyÓ˚ Ä x!ôܲyÓ˚ Ó˚«˛yÓ˚ °í˛¸y•zˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ xï%˛°ö#Î˚
åÈ!Ó xÑyܲy •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏåÈ ÙÙÙÈܲÌy §y!•!ï˛ƒÜ˛ öö# ˆû˛Ô!üˆÏܲÓ˚ Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ˆåÈyê˛à“ Ú§!°ˆÏüÓ˚
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S1961VÈÙÈˆï˛ ˆï˛û˛yày Ü,˛£Ïܲ xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏöÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ Ü,˛£Ïܲ Ó˚üî#ˆÏòÓ˚ xydüÎ≈yòyÓ˚
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§ˆÏ®• ˆö•z ˆï˛û˛yày Ü,˛£Ïܲ xyˆÏ®y°ö ~•zû˛yˆÏÓ xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ §yüy!çܲ xyˆÏ®y°ö àˆÏí˛¸
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≤Ã!ï˛!Ó!¡∫ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ Ü,˛!ï˛c xÓ¢ƒ•z ˆ§ÔÓ˚# âê˛ˆÏܲÓ˚– ÚܲüˆÏÓ˚í˛Û à“!ê˛ S~ÓÇ ÚxÓ˚ˆÏîƒÓ˚
fl∫≤¿ÛÄV ˆ°áy •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ° ˆï˛û˛yày §Ç@ˇÃyˆÏüÓ˚ xhsˇï˛ ˛õˆÏöˆÏÓ˚y ÓåÈÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚– !ܲv ~Ó˚ û˛y£Ïyñ
!Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›ñ Óî≈öyû˛!D ~ï˛ ç#Óhsˇ ˆÎ üˆÏö •Î˚ ˛õyë˛Ü˛Ä ˆÎö âê˛öyˆÏܲˆÏwÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ
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ÚÜ,˛£Ïܲ §!ü!ï˛Ó˚ ܲü#≈ ܲy°#˛õò ü%!ã˛Ó˚ öyˆÏü ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÓÔ §%®Ó˚# öy!°¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ §!ü!ï˛Ó˚
x!ú˛ˆÏ§– xܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ˆÜ˛ö ï˛yˆÏܲ ܲy°#˛õò ˆüˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ ï˛yÓ˚ !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ˆ¢ï˛°í˛yäy
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ï˛yÓ˚ xyÓyÓ˚ !Óã˛yÓ˚Ê Ü˛y°#˛õò Ü,˛£Ïܲ §!ü!ï˛Ó˚ ~ܲçö ˆåÈyê˛áyˆÏê˛y ˆöï˛y ï˛yÓ˚ Ó_´Óƒê˛yÄ
ˆï˛y xyÓ˚ ˆú˛°öy öÎ˚–
ˆ¢£Ï ˛õÎ≈hsˇ !Óã˛yÓ˚ §û˛yÎ˚ ܲy°#˛õò ˆòy£Ï# §yÓƒhflÏ •Î˚– !ܲv xy§° öyê˛Ü˛ ˆï˛y°y
ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ âˆÏÓ˚ÈÙÙÙȈÎáyˆÏö ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ çˆÏ° xyÓ˚ ˆ≤Ãüy!°DˆÏö Ü,˛£Ïܲ Óô)Ó˚ §ˆÏD ï˛yÓ˚
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ÚxÓ˚ˆÏîƒÓ˚ fl∫≤¿Û à“!ê˛ xÓ¢ƒ ~ܲê%˛ !§!Ó˚Î˚y§ ôü#≈– ˆï˛û˛yày xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏöÓ˚ §ˆÏD
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~ê˛y– ˆï˛û˛yày Ü,˛£Ïܲ §Ç@ˇÃyˆÏü ã˛y!£Ï ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óƒy˛õܲ ˆüˆÏÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ xÇ¢@ˇÃ•î öï%˛ö ܲÌy
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˛õy¢!Óܲ xï˛ƒyã˛yÓ˚– ï˛yÓ˚ !ܲå%È !ÓÓÓ˚î ~•z àˆÏ“ !ú˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ§– !ü!°ê˛y!Ó˚Ó˚ °y!̈Ïï˛
!öï˛ƒÓ˚ º*î öˆÏ‹TÓ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ˆ§ÔÓ˚# âê˛Ü˛Ä ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– !ܲv ~•z àˆÏ“Ó˚ ü)° ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ !Ìü
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§Ç@ˇÃyü ã˛°yܲy°#ö ~Ó˚ܲü âê˛öy Ó‡ âˆÏê˛!åÈ°– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ §üyç !ܲ û˛yÓï˛⁄
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ï˛yˆÏܲ ÓÑyã˛yˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ° ˆ§áyö ˆÌˆÏܲ x!Ó°ˆÏ¡∫ §!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ xyöy òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚– !ܲv ï˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
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xy=ö– ï˛y•ˆÏ° ˆï˛y ˆÜ˛yˆÏöy Ü,˛£Ïܲ ˆüˆÏÎ˚•z xyÓ˚ xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏö xy§ˆÏÓ öy– •!Ó˚˛õòÓ˚ ~ܲ
ˆàÑyÈÙÙÙÈô!£Ï≈ï˛y ˆüˆÏÎ˚ !öˆÏÎ˚ Ü,˛£Ïܲ §!ü!ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y ã˛ˆÏ°ñ ï˛yˆÏܲ âˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óí˛z ܲÓ˚y ã˛ˆÏ° öy–
à“ܲyÓ˚ ê˛yöê˛yö í˛zˆÏ_çöy ~ÓÇ ë˛y§Ó%ˆÏöyê˛ §Ç°yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ üôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ï˛Íܲy°#ö Ü,˛£Ïܲ
xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏöÓ˚ ~•z xû˛ƒhsˇÓ˚#î §ÇÜ˛ê˛ˆÏܲ Ó˚*˛õòyö ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– ˆ¢£Ï ˛õÎ≈hsˇ xÓ¢ƒ
≤Ãyã˛#ö˛õsi# •!Ó˚˛õòÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚yçÎ˚•z âê˛°ñ çÎ˚# •° öï%˛ö ç#ÓöˆÏÓyôñ öÓ ≤Ãçß√–
!öÎ≈y!ï˛ï˛yÈÙÈô!£Ï≈ï˛y ˛õy!á xӈϢˆÏ£Ï ï˛yÓ˚ !öï˛yhsˇ xy◊Î˚ á%шÏç ˆ˛õ° fl∫yü#Ó˚ Ó%ˆÏܲ–
•!Ó˚˛õòÓ˚ !ÓöÎ˚# ˆåȈϰ =îôÓ˚ xӈϢˆÏ£Ï ÓyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ !öˆÏçÓ˚ !ÓÓy!•ï˛y flf#ˆÏܲ
âˆÏÓ˚ fliyö !ò°– xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏöÓ˚ !û˛ï˛Ó˚ xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ öï%˛ö xyˆÏ®y°ö çÎ˚# •°–
ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ àˆÏ“ Ü,˛£Ïܲ Ó˚üî#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆï˛û˛yày xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏö ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ Óy ˛õˆÏÓ˚y«˛
xÇ¢@ˇÃ•ˆÏîÓ˚ Ó,_yhsˇ !°!˛õÓk˛– xyüÓ˚y çy!ö !òöyç˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ã˛!Ó˚Ó˚ Ó®Ó˚•z ˆ•yܲñ !ܲÇÓy
áÑy˛õ%Ó˚ñ ‡à!°Ó˚ í%˛!ÓÓ˚ˆÏû˛Ó˚# ˆ•yܲ !ܲÇÓy §%®Ó˚ÓˆÏöÓ˚ ܲyܲm#˛õ §Ó≈e•z ˆï˛û˛yày
xyˆÏ®y°ö ã˛°yܲy°#ö ˛õ%!°ˆÏ¢Ó˚ =!° Óy ˆçyï˛òyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ °y!ë˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õ%Ó˚&ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢
òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãyî !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈöñ Ó˚_´ é˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö Ü,˛£Ïܲ Ó˚üî#Ó˚y– üÎ˚üö!§ÇˆÏ•Ó˚ •yçÇ Ó˚üî#
Ó˚y§ü!î ˆÌˆÏܲ ܲyܲm#ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ã˛®ö !˛õÖ!í˛¸Ó˚ x•°ƒyñ Óyï˛y§#ñ §ˆÏÓ˚y!çö#ñ í˛z_ü#ÈÙÙÙÈxyç
˛õÎ≈hsˇ ÓyÇ°yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏöy xyˆÏ®y°ö §Ç@ˇÃyˆÏü ~ï˛ öyÓ˚# ç#Óö !Ó§ç≈ö !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö ӈϰ
çyöy ÎyÎ˚ öy– Ü,˛£Ïܲ Ó˚üî#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ§•z Ó#Ó˚c !öˆÏÎ˚ xyç ˆï˛û˛yày §Ç@ˇÃyˆÏüÓ˚
ÓyÇ°y ܲÌyÈÙȧy!•ˆÏï˛ƒ ˆï˛û˛yày Ü,˛£ÏܲÈÙȧÇ@ˇÃyü 109
ˆò!¢ÈÙÈ!ÓˆÏò!¢ Ó‡ àˆÏÓ£Ïܲ àˆÏÓ£Ïîy@ˇÃsi Ó˚ã˛öy ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– ~шÏòÓ˚ ~•z xydòyö
xö%≤Ãy!îï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!åÈ° ÓyÇ°yÓ˚ §y!•!ï˛ƒÜ˛ÈÙÈà“ܲyÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚Ä– ˆï˛û˛yày Ü,˛£Ïܲ §Ç@ˇÃyˆÏü
öyöyû˛yˆÏÓ Ä û˛!DˆÏï˛ Ü,˛£ÏܲÓ˚üî#ˆÏòÓ˚ §!e´Î˚ xÇ¢@ˇÃ•î ~ÑÓ˚y xüÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏáˆÏåÈö
ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ˆåÈyê˛à“=!°ˆÏï˛– Óí˛zñ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yôñ çÎ˚oÌñ ˜ã˛ï˛y°# xy¢y SÚÓƒyˆÏu˛çÛV
à“=!° ~Ó˚ܲü•z !ܲå%È Ó˚ã˛öy–
§%¢#° çyöyÓ˚ à“ ÚÓí˛zÛˆÏï˛ Ü,˛£Ïܲ xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏöÓ˚ ܲü#≈ xç%≈öˆÏܲ ˛õ%!°¢ ôˆÏÓ˚ !öˆÏÎ˚
ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲˆÏÓ˚Ê üyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ •zFåÈyÎ˚ !ÓˆÏÎ˚ê˛y ˆ§ˆÏÓ˚ !öˆÏï˛ ˆày˛õˆÏö Óy!í˛¸ !ú˛ˆÏÓ˚!åÈ° xç%≈ö–
öï%˛ö Óí˛zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏD ܲy!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ˆ§ üye ~ܲ!ê˛•z ò%°≈û˛ Ó˚y!e– ú%˛°¢ÎƒyÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ˆû˛yÓ˚
Ó˚yˆÏe•z ˛õ%!°¢ ï˛yˆÏܲ ˆê˛ˆÏö !öˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– xç%≈ö ˆã˛‹Ty ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˛õy°yˆÏï˛– ˛õ%!°¢
ˆï˛yˆÏ° Ó®%ܲ– ˆ¢£Ï ü%•)ˆÏï≈˛ å%ȈÏê˛ ~ˆÏ§ Ó®%ˆÏܲÓ˚ §yüˆÏö éÑ˛y!˛õˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ xç%≈ˆÏöÓ˚
öÓ˛õ!Ó˚î#ï˛y Óô)– ï˛yÓ˚ xy¢y Ä fl∫ˆÏ≤¿Ó˚ §üy!ô Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ •Î˚– à“ܲyÓ˚ ˆ¢£Ï åÈ!Ó!ê˛
~шÏܲˆÏåÈö ~•zû˛yˆÏÓÈÙÙÙÈ
ÚÓ%ˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ •°%ò ¢y!í˛¸Ó˚ IJõˆÏÓ˚ Ó%ˆÏ°ê˛ ˆû˛ò ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÄÎ˚yÓ˚ !ã˛•´– •°ˆÏò ¢y!í˛¸Ó˚
•°%ò Ó˚ˆÏä ˆ°ˆÏàˆÏåÈ ˆ˛õyí˛¸yÓ˚ òyà– xç%≈ö ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏåÈ ÙÙÙÈÄ•záyˆÏö ܲy° ˆ§ ˛õyàˆÏ°Ó˚
üˆÏï˛y üyÌy =шÏç!åÈ° öy–Û
~ê˛y Î!ò !öåÈܲ•z ˛õ!ï˛˛õÓ˚yÎ˚îy öÓ ˛õ!Ó˚î#ï˛y Óô)Ó˚ xˆÏã˛ï˛ö xydòyö üye ӈϰ
ˆÜ˛í˛z û˛yˆÏÓö ï˛ˆÏÓ ˛õyë˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚ §üˆÏÓ˚¢ Ó§%Ó˚ Ú≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yôÛ à“!ê˛– §üˆÏÓ˚¢ Ó§%Ó˚
ˆ°yܲyÎ˚ï˛ Ü˛°ˆÏü àÑyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §Ó≈çö!≤ÃÎ˚ ܲ!ÓÎ˚y° §%Ó° §áyÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ò¢≈ˆÏö ˆ§•z Ó˚_´y_´
Ó,_yhsˇ ~•z û˛y£ÏyÎ˚ ú%˛ˆÏê˛ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏåÈ–
ÚÓ˚yôy àˆÏç≈ ĈÏë˛ñ Úxy!ü !¢Óòy§ ˆüyí˛¸ˆÏ°Ó˚ üy•zÎ˚y öy⁄ ôyö ܲyí˛¸Ó!ö xyüyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ
ˆÌ•zܲƒy⁄ Ü˛ï˛ üyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ò%ô áy•zˆÏåÈ ì˛ƒyüöÓ˚y ˆò•záƒy °ü%– ï%˛!ü ÎyÄ àyÈÙÙÙȈò!Ó˚ ܲ•zˆÏÓ˚y
öy–Û
§%Ó° ˆÜ˛yÌyÄ ˆÎˆÏï˛ xfl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– üöy•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ܲyˆÏö ܲyˆÏö ӈϰñ Úˆï˛yüyÓ˚ Óí˛z
ˆÎ ˆ˛õyÎ˚y!ï˛ñ xyüyˆÏÓ˚ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ••zÓ öy⁄Û
Ú•⁄Û üöy•zÄ xyÓyÓ˚ ˆÓшÏܲ ӈϧ– ӈϰñ Úï˛ˆÏÓ xyÓ˚ Îyü%öy– ˛õÓ˚yî !òˆÏï˛ •Î˚
~áyˆÏö•z !òü%–Û
!ܲv Ó˚yôy ò,ì˛¸ à°yÎ˚ xy˛õ!_ çyöyÎ˚ñ Úˆï˛yüyˆÏÓ˚ ô•zÓ˚y °•zÎ˚y Îy•zÓ ˆÎÊ ï%˛!ü
ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚Óy öyÈÙÙÙÈÎyÄ–Û ˆçyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§ üöy•zˆÏܲ §!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÎ˚– ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ §Óy•z
Ó˚&k˛!öÉŸªyˆÏ§ ≤Ãï˛#«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– §ühflÏ @ˇÃyüê˛y•z ≤Ãï˛#«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ x!öÓyÎ≈
°í˛¸y•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ò,ì˛¸ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏôÓ˚ çöƒ– ¢e%´Ó˚ xye´üˆÏîÓ˚ çöƒ ≤Ã›ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ §Óy•z–
K˛yö ܲÓ%°ñ ï˛Ó% ôyö åÈyí˛¸ˆÏÓ öy ˆÜ˛í˛z– ~ÈÙÈï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xû˛yÓÈÙÈxöê˛ö ˆÓ˚yàÈÙȈ¢yܲˆÏܲ
åÈy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ÓÑyã˛yÓ˚ x!û˛Îyö–Û
ˆ¢£Ï ˛õÎ≈hsˇ ˛õ%!°¢ §ˆÏD !öˆÏÎ˚ ˆçyï˛òyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ °y!ë˛Î˚y° Óy!•ö# xye´üî ܲˆÏÓ˚ @ˇÃyü–
çμy!°ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÎ˚ Ü,˛£Ïܲ §!ü!ï˛Ó˚ x!ú˛§– á%ö ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚!•üˆÏܲ– í˛z°Dñ üyö%Ó˚ Óí˛zˆÏܲ ï˛yí˛¸y
ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ§ ˛õ÷Ó˚ ò°– ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ÚüyÓ˚ÈÙÈüyÓ˚...Û
Ó‡ò)Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆüˆÏÎ˚Ó˚y å%ȈÏê˛ xy§ˆÏåÈ òy Ü%˛í˛Y° °y!ë˛ éÑ˛yê˛y Îy ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ï˛y•z !öˆÏÎ˚–
110 ÓD!Óòƒy
§Ó≈yˆÏ@ˇÃ Ó˚!•ˆÏüÓ˚ Óí˛zÈÙÙÙÈ•yˆÏï˛ Ü˛yê˛y!Ó˚– xyÿ˛Î≈– ~ܲ!òö ˆ˛õˆÏê˛Ó˚ çμy°yÎ˚ Ó˚!•üˆÏܲ ˆåȈÏí˛¸
öy ˆ§ x˛õÓ˚ˆÏܲ !öܲy ܲˆÏÓ˚!åÈ°– x˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õò≈yö¢#ö !Ó!Ó ˆ§–
í˛yܲyï˛=!° ï˛ï˛«˛ˆÏî ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆú˛ˆÏ°ˆÏåÈ üyö%Ó˚ ˆÓÔˆÏܲ– •z¢‰Ê ˛õy¢!Óܲ ô£Ï≈ˆÏîÓ˚ ~üö
Ó#û˛Í§ Ó˚*˛õ ܲ“öy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ öy §%Ó°– ôyö ܲyê˛y üyˆÏë˛ ¢_´ ˆáÑyã˛y ˆáÑyã˛y
íÑ˛yê˛y=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆú˛ˆÏ° !•ÇflÀ Ü%˛Ü%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y éÑ˛y!˛õˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸° §Ó– ˆû˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ flõ‹T
xyˆÏ°y é˛y˛õ§y •ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ§ §%ӈϰÓ˚ ˆã˛yˆÏá– ˛õ#ï˛y¡∫Ó˚ §yÛÓ˚ í˛zÕ‘!§ï˛ ü%áê˛y Ü%˛Í!§ï˛
xR•yˆÏ§ƒ ˆÜ˛üö û˛Î˚B˛Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏåÈ–Û
ˆüˆÏÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏôÓ˚ ü%ˆÏá öÓ˚Ó˚y«˛§ ˛õ#ï˛y¡∫Ó˚ §y ò°Ó° §• ˛õ%!°¢ !öˆÏÎ˚ xyÓyÓ˚
@ˇÃyˆÏüÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ ˆì˛yˆÏܲ– Ó˚yôy ~ܲ°y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ üˆÏö •ˆÏï˛•z §%Ó° ˆåÈyˆÏê˛ àÑyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ– !ܲv
ˆ¢£Ï Ó˚«˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ öy– ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó®%ˆÏܲÓ˚ ¢ˆÏ∑ ˆàyê˛y @ˇÃyü ˆÜÑ˛ˆÏ˛õ ˆÜÑ˛ˆÏ˛õ
ĈÏ벖 ˆ§•z §ˆÏD §%ӈϰÓ˚ Ó%ܲĖ å%ȈÏê˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ ˆòˆÏá ôyö ÓÑyã˛yˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ Ó®%ˆÏܲÓ˚ =!°ˆÏï˛
xhsˇÉ§_¥y Ó˚yôyÓ˚ ¢Ó˚#Ó˚ °y¢ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏåÈ–
ˆï˛û˛yày xyˆÏ®y°ö òüˆÏö §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ òüöö#!ï˛Ó˚ öyÓ˚ܲ#Î˚ !ÓÓÓ˚î §üˆÏÓ˚¢ Ó§% Îy
!òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö ~ܲüye ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛•z ˆÓyô•Î˚ ï˛y ˆòÄÎ˚y §Ω˛Ó– §ˆÏ®• ˆö•z ܲyܲm#ˆÏ˛õÓ˚
¢•#ò xhsˇÉ§_¥y x•°ƒyÓ˚ flø,!ï˛ ˆ°áܲ!ã˛ˆÏ_ §òy çyà!Ó˚ï˛ !åÈ°–
§y!•!ï˛ƒÜ˛ §%¢#° çyöyÓ˚ xyˆÏÓ˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆåÈyê˛à“ ÚˆÓ!ê˛Û– ˆ°áˆÏܲÓ˚ ÚÓí˛zÛ à“!ê˛Ó˚
üï˛ö•z ~üö ~ܲ!ê˛ ò%°≈û˛ öyÓ˚# ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ ˆÓòöyüÎ˚ •z!ï˛Ó,_ ~•z àˆÏ“ ï%˛ˆÏ° ôÓ˚y
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ÙÙÙÈÎyÓ˚ xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏö xÇ¢@ˇÃ•ˆÏîÓ˚ ܲÌy öÎ˚ÈÙÙÙÈ!ܲv ˆàyê˛y @ˇÃyüˆÏܲ xÓyܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚
!òˆÏÎ˚ ˆ§ ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚!åÈ° !öˆÏçÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ !Ó!öüˆÏÎ˚ ã˛Ó˚üï˛ü «˛!ï˛ fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚Ä–
•ï˛û˛yàƒ ˛õy!hsˇˆÏܲ ˛õ%Ó˚&£Ï¢y!§ï˛ §üyˆÏçÓ˚ §Ü˛° xï˛ƒyã˛yÓ˚ÈÙÈx!Óã˛yÓ˚ Ä òÇ¢ˆÏöÓ˚ Îsfîy
§•ƒ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ xyçß√– Óy˛õ ï˛yˆÏܲ xˆÏÌ≈y˛õyç≈ˆÏöÓ˚ í˛z˛õܲÓ˚î Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ ˆ¢y£Ïî
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ– ˛õ%!°¢ xyÓ˚ ç!üòyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ òy°y° ˆ≤Ã!üܲ ˆ§ˆÏç ï˛yˆÏܲ ≤Ãï˛yÓ˚îy ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈñ
~üö!ܲ xyˆÏ®y°öÓ˚ï˛ @ˇÃyüÓy§#Ó˚y ˛õÎ≈hsˇ ˛õy!hsˇˆÏܲ ¢e&!¢!ÓÓ˚û%˛_´ ˆû˛ˆÏÓ x!ÓŸªy§ Ä
â,îy ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ– !ܲv ôyö °%ˆÏë˛Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ àÑyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §Ü˛° üÓ˚ò Îáö ˛õ°yï˛Ü˛ÈÙÙÙÈ˛õ%!°¢
˛õy!hsˇˆÏܲ•z !öˆÏÎ˚ ˆà° ê˛yöˆÏï˛ ê˛yöˆÏï˛– òy°y° •yÓ˚yôˆÏöÓ˚ ÓyÎ˚öy ܲÓ˚y Sx!@ˇÃü xÌ≈
˛õy!hsˇÓ˚ Óy˛õˆÏܲ !òˆÏÎ˚!åÈ° •yÓ˚yôöV û˛yÓ# Óí˛z ˛õy!hsˇÈÙÙÙÈ§Ü˛ˆÏ° û˛yÓ° •Î˚ˆÏï˛y öyü ӈϰ
!òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ˆ§ §Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ÈÙÙÙÈüyÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ÓyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ öyü!ê˛ ˛õÎ≈hsˇÈÙÙÙÈ~ÓyˆÏÓ˚ ‡!°Î˚y xy§ˆÏÓ
~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚– ~ÓyÓ˚ ܲy!•ö#Ó˚ ˆ¢£Ï xÇ¢–
Ú!ܲv ‡!°Î˚y ~° öy ܲyÓ˚&Ó˚ öyˆÏüÈÙÙÙÈ~° ˛õy!hsˇ– ˆÜ˛ ~ܲê˛y û)˛ˆÏï˛Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y !ö¢yã˛Ó˚
ˆ°yܲ x¶˛Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚ °y°àˆÏOÓ˚ ˆû˛!í˛¸ ÓÑyˆÏôÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ÌüˆÏܲ òÑyí˛¸y° !ï˛ö!òö
˛õˆÏÓ˚ @ˇÃyü §#üyˆÏhsˇÓ˚ áyˆÏ°Ó˚ §ÑyˆÏܲyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ– ˆàyÓ˚& û˛yàyˆÏí˛¸ !öˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÄÎ˚yÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚
ÓÑyˆÏ¢ •yï˛ ˛õy ˆÓшÏô §ÑyˆÏܲyÓ˚ ôyˆÏÓ˚ ˆú˛ˆÏ° ˆàˆÏåÈ ˛õy!hsˇˆÏܲ– ˆ§ ܲyÓ˚&Ó˚ öyü ӈϰ!åÈ°
!åÈ° !ܲöy ˆÜ˛ çyˆÏö ï˛ˆÏÓ !çû˛ê˛y ï˛yÓ˚ ü%ˆÏáÓ˚ ˆû˛ï˛Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆë˛ˆÏ° ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏåÈ
~ܲ ˛õy¢ !òˆÏÎ˚ñ ÓÑy ˆã˛yáê˛y ú%˛ˆÏ° í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏåÈ öy ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ !í˛üê˛y ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏåÈ ˆë˛ˆÏ° ï˛y
x¶˛Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓyé˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õyÎ˚ ˆö•zñ ú%˛ˆÏ° ˆúÑ˛ˆÏ˛õ ˆàyòy •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏåÈ ˛õy ò%ˆÏê˛yÈÙÙÙÈ•Î˚ï˛ é%˛!°ˆÏÎ˚
ˆÓ˚ˆÏá!åÈ° ˆÜ˛yÌyÄ– ÓÑy¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ •yï˛ ˛õyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÓÑyôö á%ˆÏ° û)˛ˆÏï˛Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y ˆ§•z
ÓyÇ°y ܲÌyÈÙȧy!•ˆÏï˛ƒ ˆï˛û˛yày Ü,˛£ÏܲÈÙȧÇ@ˇÃyü 111
ˆ°yܲê˛y òÑyí˛¸ ܲÓ˚yˆÏï˛ ˆàåÈ° ˛õy!hsˇˆÏܲÈÙÙÙÈò%ü ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ˆà° í˛zˆÏŒê˛– ï˛Ó% ≤Ãyî
!åÈ°ÈÙÙÙÈܲyÓ˚î ܲ!ܲˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛!åÈ° ˆÎö– !é˛üyˆÏöy í˛yö ˆã˛yáê˛yÎ˚ §ühflÏ ¢!_´ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˛õÓ˚ü
xy@ˇÃˆÏ• ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòˆÏá!åÈ°ÈÙÙÙȈ°yܲê˛y !ܲ ï˛yÓ˚ Óy˛õñ öy ˆ§•z ˆåÈyܲÓ˚y ã˛y!£Ï!ê˛ÈÙÙÙȈΠ~ܲ!òö
Ó˚yˆÏï˛ ï˛yˆÏܲ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°ÈÙÙÙÈ!ã˛öˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚° öy–Û
öö# ˆû˛Ô!üˆÏܲÓ˚ fl∫“ÈÙÈ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ à“ ÚÓyòyÛÄ fl∫yô#öï˛y ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ܲyˆÏ° §%®Ó˚ÓˆÏöÓ˚
°yê˛òyÓ˚ÈÙȈçyï˛òyÓ˚ ¢y!§ï˛ ˆ¢y£ÏîÓƒÓfliy Ä ï˛yÓ˚ §yüˆÏö Ü,˛£ÏˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ü˛yÓ˚•#ö
x§•yÎ˚ï˛yÓ˚ !ã˛e– ÚÓyòyÛÓ˚ x¶˛ ܲöƒy Ä §%¢#° çyöyÓ˚ ÚˆÓ!ê˛Û ~ܲ•z x!Óã˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !¢Ü˛yÓ˚–
ˆï˛û˛yày Ü,˛£Ïܲ §Ç@ˇÃyˆÏüÓ˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàÔÓ˚ˆÏÓyçμ° ˜Ó!¢‹Tƒ !öɧˆÏ®ˆÏ• !åÈ° Ü,˛£Ïܲ
˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ öyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ Óƒy˛õܲñ §ˆÏã˛ï˛ö Ä §!e´Î˚ xÇ¢@ˇÃ•î– xyÓyÓ˚ öyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚•z í˛z˛õÓ˚
ˆöˆÏü ~ˆÏ§ˆÏåÈ §yüy!çܲÈÙÈÓ˚y!‹T…ܲ Ä ˛õy!Ó˚Óy!Ó˚ܲ Ó‡ü%á# ˆ¢y£Ïî Ä !öÎ≈yï˛ö–
~•z ≤çˆÏD í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ üy!öܲ ӈϮƒy˛õyôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ú•yÓ˚yˆÏöÓ˚ öyï˛çyüy•zÛ !Óáƒyï˛
à“!ê˛Ó˚ ܲÌy §Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚•z çyöy– Ü,˛£Ïܲ ˆöï˛y û%˛Óö ü[˛°ˆÏܲ ˛õ%!°ˆÏ¢Ó˚ •yï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ
ÓÑyã˛yÓyÓ˚ çöƒ @ˇÃyˆÏüÓ˚ §yôyÓ˚î ~ܲ Ü,˛£ÏܲÓ˚üî# üÎ˚öyÓ˚ üy !öˆÏçÓ˚ ˆüˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ âˆÏÓ˚ çyüy•z
§y!çˆÏÎ˚ û%˛Óö ü[˛°ˆÏܲ Ó˚yï˛ Ü˛yê˛yˆÏï˛ ˛õy!ë˛ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°– ˛õ%!°¢ û%˛ÓöˆÏܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ~ˆÏ§Ä
á%шÏç ˛õyÎ˚!ö– ˆï˛û˛yày xô%ƒ!£Ïï˛ @ˇÃyüyM˛ÈˆÏ° ï˛áö Ü,˛£ÏܲˆÏüˆÏÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ~•z ˆã˛ï˛öyÓ˚ í˛z_Ó˚î
!åÈ° ˆ§•z §üˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ~ܲ ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ ˜Ó!¢‹Tƒ– ò!«˛î ã˛!Óù¢ ˛õÓ˚àîyÓ˚ ˆï˛û˛yày
xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏöÓ˚ xöƒï˛ü Ü,˛£Ïܲ ˆöï˛y ˆ•ühsˇ ˆây£ÏyˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ~ܲ•z Ó˚ܲü x!û˛K˛ï˛y
•ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ° ˛õM˛ÈyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ò¢ˆÏܲ– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ˆ•ühsˇ ˆây£Ïy°ˆÏܲ x§%fli fl∫yü# §y!çˆÏÎ˚ §yÓ˚y Ó˚y!e
ïÑ˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏD ~ܲ ¢ÎƒyÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆ§ Îyey ˛õ%!°ˆÏ¢Ó˚ •yï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó˚«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚!åȈϰö xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ
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Ó˚ã˛öyÓ˚ xˆÏöܲ ˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ âê˛öy ˆ•ühsˇ ˆây£ÏyˆÏ°Ó˚ x!û˛K˛ï˛y– ~Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓyé˛y ÎyÎ˚ Ü,˛£Ïܲ
Ó˚üî#ˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ ~•z çyï˛#Î˚ ˆ◊î#ˆÏã˛ï˛öyÓ˚ ôyÓ˚y e´ü!Óܲy¢üyö !åÈ°– üy!öܲ
ӈϮƒy˛õyôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÚˆåÈyê˛ ÓÜ%˛°˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Îye#Û à“!ê˛ˆÏï˛Ä S≤ÃÌü ≤Ãܲy¢ Ú¢yÓ˚ò#Î˚ §ÇÓyòÛñ
1948V !öÓ˚#• Ü,˛£Ïܲ Óô)!ê˛ §y•§ Ä ≤Ãï%˛ƒÍ˛õߨü!ï˛ˆÏcÓ˚ í˛zÍÜ,˛‹T !öò¢≈ö– üy!öܲÓyÓ%
ˆï˛û˛yày Ü,˛£Ïܲ xyˆÏ®y°ö !öˆÏÎ˚ Îï˛ à“ !°ˆÏá!åȈϰö S§Ó à“ ˆÓyô•Î˚ ~áöÄ
xy!Ó‹,Òï˛ •Î˚!öV ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚Ä ˆÓ!¢ ï˛yÓ˚ í˛yˆÏÎ˚!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ Îï˛ àˆÏ“Ó˚ ≤’ê˛ ˆû˛ˆÏÓ Ä
!°ˆÏá ˆÓ˚ˆÏá!åȈϰö S§Ó ≤’ê˛•z ˆ¢£Ï ˛õÎ≈hsˇ ˆåÈyê˛ àˆÏ“Ó˚ Ó˚*˛õ ˛õyÎ˚!öVñ ï˛yÓ˚ ö!çÓ˚ ÓyÇ°y
§y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ xyÓ˚ xyˆÏåÈ !ܲöy §ˆÏ®•– ~Ó˚ܲü ò%!ê˛ à“ ÚçÎ˚oÌÛ S1947 §yˆÏ° ≤Ãú%˛Õ‘ =•
§¡õy!òï˛ Úˆ§yöyÓ˚ ÓyÇ°yÛÎ˚ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛V Ä ÚÓƒyˆÏu˛çÛ SÚ˜ã˛ï˛y°# xy¢yÛ Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ ܲ!üí˛z!öfiê˛
˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ ü%á˛õe Ó˚!ÓÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Úfl∫yô#öï˛yÛñ 1947ÈÙÈ~ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛V– ~•z à“!ê˛ ò#â≈!òö !Óflø,ï˛
ÌyܲyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ §¡±!ï˛ xôƒy!˛õܲy üy!°ö# û˛Ryã˛yÎ≈ í˛zk˛yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö ӈϰ çyöy ˆàˆÏåÈ–
ˆï˛û˛yày Ü,˛£Ïܲ §Ç@ˇÃyˆÏü öyÓ˚#ÈÙȧüyˆÏçÓ˚ xÇ¢@ˇÃ•ˆÏîÓ˚ !ã˛e!ê˛ §%flõ‹T–
ÚçÎ˚oÌÛ à“!ê˛Ó˚ ≤’ê˛ !åÈ° ~Ó˚ܲüÈÙÙÙÈàÑyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛õ%Ó˚&ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚y Ó˚yˆÏï˛ üyˆÏë˛ ˆàˆÏåÈ
Ó˚yï˛ˆÏû˛yˆÏÓ˚ ôyö ˆÜ˛ˆÏê˛ §!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ !öˆÏï˛ Sˆï˛û˛yày xyˆÏ®y°öVÈÙÙÙÈÜ%˛ê%˛ü ~°ÈÙÙÙÈ~ܲ°y
ˆÓÔ!ê˛ˆÏܲ x˛õüyˆÏöÓ˚ ˆã˛‹TyÈÙÙÙÈàÑyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆüˆÏÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ myÓ˚y ¢y!hflÏÈÙÙÙˆçyï˛òyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃
SçÎ˚oˆÏÌÓ˚ ˆÎüö ü•yˆÏòˆÏÓÓ˚ ÓˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃V ˆ°yܲçö ˛õ%!°¢ ~ˆÏö @ˇÃyˆÏü •yöy–
Ú˜ã˛ï˛y°# xy¢yÛ Óy ÚÓƒyˆÏu˛çÛ à“!ê˛Ó˚ ≤’ê˛ !åÈ° ~•z≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ã˛y!£Ï ˆÓÔˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ~ܲáyöy
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ΈÏbÓ˚ ܲy˛õí˛¸ ≤ÃyˆÏîÓ˚ §üyöÈÙȈï˛y°y ÌyˆÏܲÈÙÙÙÈí˛zͧˆÏÓ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÓyÓ˚ §yôÈÙÙÙÈ˛õ%!°ˆÏ¢Ó˚
=!°ˆÏï˛ xy•ï˛ˆÏòÓ˚ çöƒ ˆ§•z ܲy˛õí˛¸ !åÈÖˆÏí˛¸ ˆú˛°ˆÏï˛ •° xy•ï˛ Ü,˛£Ïܲ ܲü#≈Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î≈yÓ˚
çöƒÈÙÙÙÈ~•z ˆ◊î#ˆÏã˛ï˛öyÓ˚ çyàÓ˚î ¢Ó˚Íã˛wÈÙÈx!B˛ï˛ òÎ˚yüÎ˚# Ó˚üî#ˆÏòÓ˚ fløÓ˚ˆÏî ˆÓ˚ˆÏáÄ
Ó°y ã˛ˆÏ° ÓyÇ°y §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ !ÓÓ˚°–
˛õM˛Èü ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ ˆï˛û˛yàyÈÙÈˆÜ˛!wܲ !ܲå%È à“ Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ° xyˆÏ®y°ö ã˛°yܲy°#ö
§üˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛õ%!°¢# §sfy§ñ Ó˚y‹T…#Î˚ Ä ˆçyï˛òyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ òüö˛õ#í˛¸ö Ä Ü˛ü#≈ˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
xï˛ƒyã˛yÓ˚ÈÙÈ!öÎ≈yï˛ˆÏöÓ˚ Ìü̈Ïü ˛õê˛û)˛!üܲyÎ˚– í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ à“ Ú•yí˛z§Ûñ Ú≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yôÛñ
ÚˆåÈyê˛ ÓÜ%˛°˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Îye#Û ≤Ãû,˛!ï˛–
!ü!•Ó˚ ˆ§ö Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ Ú•yí˛z§Û à“!ê˛ xï˛ƒhsˇ üü≈flõ¢#≈û˛yˆÏÓ ˆï˛û˛yày xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏöÓ˚
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ˆåÈyRˆÏåȈϰ ˆ˛õy•y°%– ˆ˛õy•y°%Ó˚ Óí˛¸ •yí˛z£Ï S§yôV !åÈ° ¢•Ó˚ ˆòáˆÏÓ– ˆ§•z ¢•Ó˚ ò¢≈ö
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ï˛áö ~ܲ ü,ï%˛ƒ˛õÌÎye#ÈÙÙÙȈï˛û˛yày xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏöÓ˚ !ܲˆÏ¢yÓ˚ ˜§!öܲ– @ˇÃyü ÓyÇ°yÓ˚
¢§ƒ¢ƒyü° §Ó%ç ≤ÃyhsˇˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ó˚îˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ˆçyï˛òyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ°ˆÏë˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ xye´üî ˆÌˆÏܲ Óy˛õˆÏܲ
ÓÑyã˛yˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ °y!ë˛Ó˚ xyâyˆÏï˛ ò%•z úÑ˛yܲ •ˆÏÎ˚ !àˆÏÎ˚!åÈ° ˆ˛õy•y°%Ó˚ üyÌyñ Ó˚ˆÏ_´ °y°
•ˆÏÎ˚ !àˆÏÎ˚!åÈ° ˆ§yöy!° ú˛§°– çy° ˆâÓ˚y ˛õ%!°ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ܲyˆÏ°y üy!Ó˚Î˚y !≤Ãçö û˛ƒyˆÏö
¢•#ò Ü,˛£Ïܲ §hsˇyö ˆ˛õy•y°%ˆÏܲ ˆòˆÏá Úˆã˛yá ˆÌˆÏܲ ç° à!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ §ÓyÓ˚– ˆã˛yˆÏá
çˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚Ä çμy°y ˆÓ!¢ñ x«˛ü xyˆÏe´yˆÏ¢ òÑyˆÏï˛ òÑyï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏ˛õ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏ¢yˆÏôÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛K˛y
ˆÎö ˆöÎ˚ ˆàшÏÎ˚y üyö%£Ï=ˆÏ°y–Û
§üˆÏÓ˚¢ Ó§%Ó˚ Ú≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yôÛ àˆÏ“ §sfyˆÏ§Ó˚ !ã˛e ~ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ Ó#û˛Í§ âê˛öyÓ°#Ó˚
üôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛– ˆçyï˛òyÓ˚ ˛õ#ï˛y¡∫Ó˚ §y ò°Ó° §• ˛õ%!°¢ñ Ó®%ܲ !öˆÏÎ˚ @ˇÃyˆÏü
ˆì˛yˆÏܲ ôyö °%ë˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛– ≤Ã̈Ïü ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚ öyÓ˚# ô£Ï≈î– üyö%Ó˚ Óí˛zˆÏܲ í˛z°D ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yí˛¸y
ܲˆÏÓ˚ !öˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ ˛õ÷Ó˚ ò°– ôyöÈÙÈܲyê˛y üyˆÏë˛ ¢_´ ˆáÑyã˛y íÑ˛yê˛y=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆú˛ˆÏ° !•ÇflÀ
Ü%˛Ü%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ üˆÏï˛y éÑ˛y!˛õˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ó ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ °y°§y ã˛!Ó˚ï˛yÌ≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆì˛yˆÏܲ @ˇÃyˆÏüÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ–
âÓ˚ˆÏòyÓ˚ ï˛åÈöåÈñ á%öáyÓ˚y!˛õñ ôÓ˚˛õyÜ˛í˛¸ ã˛y°yˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ xÓ°#°ye´ˆÏü– öÓ˚˛õ÷ˆÏòÓ˚
Ó®%ˆÏܲÓ˚ ¢ˆÏ∑ ˆÜÑ˛ˆÏ˛õ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ @ˇÃyü– =!°ˆÏï˛ ≤Ãyî ˆòÎ˚ Ü,˛£Ïܲ xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏöÓ˚ ܲü#≈
üöy•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xhsˇ§_¥y Óô) Ó˚yôy–
üy!öܲ ӈϮƒy˛õyôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÚˆåÈyê˛ ÓÜ%˛°˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Îye#ÛˆÏï˛ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛û˛yˆÏÓ Ó˚_´˛õyï˛ ˆö•z–
xö%˛õ!fliï˛ Ú≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yôÛ Ó!î≈ï˛ ˛õy¢!Óܲ §sfyˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆ§•z !ã˛e– ï˛Ìy!˛õ Ìü̈Ïü ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ
ܲ# xçyöy xyï˛ˆÏB˛ ê˛yöê˛yö Ó˚&k˛Ÿªy§ í˛zˆÏ_çöyÎ˚ àˆÏ“Ó˚ ü%•)ï≈˛=!° ˛õyÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚–
üy!öܲÓyÓ%Ó˚ §y!•!ï˛ƒÜ˛ ≤Ã!ï˛û˛y Ä !öü≈yî ˜¢°#Ó˚ flõˆÏ¢≈ ç#Óhsˇ •ˆÏÎ˚ ĈÏë˛ ˆï˛û˛yày
xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏöÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §üÎ˚ܲy°–
ÚˆåÈyê˛ ÓÜ%˛°˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Îye#ÛÓ˚ ˛õê˛û)˛!üܲy ‡à!°Ó˚ Óí˛¸ ܲü°y˛õ%Ó˚ xM˛È°– üy!öܲ
ӈϮƒy˛õyôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ àˆÏ“ ~•z Óí˛¸ ܲü°y˛õ%Ó˚•z ÚˆåÈyê˛ ÓÜ%˛°˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚Û ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– fl∫yô#öï˛y
˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ܲyˆÏ° 1948ÈÙÈ49 §yˆÏ° ~•z xM˛ÈˆÏ° ˆï˛û˛yàyÓ˚ òy!ÓˆÏï˛ Ü,˛£Ïܲ §Ç@ˇÃyü ï˛#Ó ï˛Ó˚
Ó˚*˛õ !öˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°– à“!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ï%˛ˆÏ° ôÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ï˛yÓ˚•z ~ܲ!ê˛ åÈ!Ó– ˆåÈyê˛ ÓÜ%˛°˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ @ˇÃyˆÏü
ÓyÇ°y ܲÌyÈÙȧy!•ˆÏï˛ƒ ˆï˛û˛yày Ü,˛£ÏܲÈÙȧÇ@ˇÃyü 113
ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏåÈ Ü,˛£ÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏD ˆçyï˛òyÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ §Ç@ˇÃyü– ˛õ%!°¢ñ ˆàyˆÏÎ˚®y ~ÓÇ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚
Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ òˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲü#≈Ó˚y @ˇÃyˆÏü ÎyÓyÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌ ˆüyˆÏí˛¸ ˛õy•yÓ˚y !òˆÏFåÈ– ˛õ%!°¢ !òˆÏÎ˚
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ÓyÇ°y ܲÌyÈÙȧy!•ˆÏï˛ƒ ˆï˛û˛yày Ü,˛£ÏܲÈÙȧÇ@ˇÃyü 117
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ˆ°áˆÏܲÓ˚ x!û˛K˛ï˛yÈÙÈ≤ç)ï˛ Ó˚ã˛öyÈÙÈ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓòöÈÙÈflø,!ï˛Ü˛ÌyˆÏÜ˛Ä xyüÓ˚y §yòˆÏÓ˚ fliyö ܲˆÏÓ˚
!òˆÏÎ˚!åÈ– ~Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚î !ö!•ï˛ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ Ä °ˆÏ«˛ƒ– ÓyÇ°y §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚
~ܲçö «%˛o ˆ§ÓܲÓ˚*ˆÏ˛õ Óï≈˛üyö xyˆÏ°yã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ ˆÎüö ˆÜ˛yˆÏöy Ó˚ã˛öyÓ˚ §y!•ï˛ƒ=î
xyòÓ˚î#Î˚ñ ˆï˛ü!ö •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚ ~ܲçö àˆÏÓ£ÏܲÈÙÈåÈye Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ ü)ˆÏ° !Ìü Óy !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ˆÏܲÄ
ˆ§ í˛zˆÏ˛õ«˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ öy– xyç ˛õÎ≈hsˇ ÓyÇ°yÓ˚ ≤Ãôyöï˛ü ˆàÔÓ˚ÓüÎ˚ Ä =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈
Ü,˛£Ïܲ §Ç@ˇÃyü §üܲy°#ö Ä ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ Óyäy!° Ó%!k˛ç#Ó#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˜ã˛ï˛öƒˆÏܲ ܲ#û˛yˆÏÓ
xyˆÏ°y!í˛¸ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!åÈ°ÈÙÙÙÈï˛y ÓyÇ°y ܲÌy§y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ö!ôcü)°Ü˛ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ ¢yáyÓ˚
üyôƒˆÏü ï%˛ˆÏ° ôÓ˚y•z !åÈ° í˛z!j‹T– xy¢yܲ!Ó˚ ~•z xyˆÏ°yã˛öy ˆ§•z ã˛y!•òy ˛õ)Ó˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
§«˛ü •ˆÏÓ xˆÏöܲê˛y•z– ï˛ˆÏÓ xyˆÏ«˛˛õ ~ܲê˛y•zÈÙÙÙÈˆÜ˛yˆÏöy ü!•°y ˆ°áˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆ°áy
~ܲ!ê˛Ä à“ Óy ˆï˛û˛yày §Çe´yhsˇ ˆÜ˛yˆÏöy §y!•ï˛ƒ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓòˆÏöÓ˚ §¶˛yö öy ˆü°yÎ˚
xyˆÏ°yã˛öyÈÙÈû%˛_´ ܲÓ˚y ˆà° öy– çy!ööy ò,!‹TÓ˚ xˆÏàyã˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~üö Ó˚ã˛öy ܲyˆÏÓ˚y xyˆÏåÈ
!ܲöyÊ §%ˆÏ°áy §yöƒy°ñ åÈ!Ó Ó§% Óy §y!Óe# Ó˚yÎ˚ S~ÑÓ˚ Ú˛õyܲy ôyˆÏöÓ˚ àyöÛ í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§
xÓ¢ƒ ˆï˛û˛yàyÓ˚ xö%£ÏD í˛z˛õ!fliï˛V ˆï˛û˛yày xyˆÏ®y°ö !öˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜ˛ö ~ܲ!ê˛Ä ˆåÈyê˛à“
!°áˆÏ°ö öyÈÙÙÙÈ~ê˛y xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ á%Ó•z !ÓfløˆÏÎ˚Ó˚– Ó˚yî# ü%áy!ç≈ Óy ܲ°ƒyî# òy¢=ÆÓ˚y
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Îy !°ˆÏáˆÏåÈö ï˛y ü)°ï˛ x!û˛K˛ï˛y !öû≈˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÓ¶˛ÈÙÙÙÈÚˆï˛û˛yàyÓ˚ à“Û ï˛y •ˆÏÎ˚
ĈÏë˛!öÈÙÙÙȈÎüö!ê˛ öyÓ˚yÎ˚î ӈϮƒy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ Óy ˆày˛õy° òyˆÏ§Ó˚ flø,!ï˛ã˛yÓ˚î ò%!ê˛ xˆÏöܲê˛y•z
•ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏåÈ–
ˆï˛û˛yày xyˆÏ®y°ö !åÈ° xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ §Ó≈yˆÏ˛õ«˛y xӈϕ!°ï˛ Ä ˆ¢y!£Ïï˛
§üyˆÏçÓ˚ xöƒyÎ˚ÈÙÈx!Óã˛yÓ˚ÈÙȘӣÏüƒÈÙÈ«˛üï˛yÓ˚ òΩ˛ÈÙÈܲï,≈˛cÓyò Ä üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚•#öï˛yÓ˚
!ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ üyÌy ï%˛ˆÏ° òÑyí˛¸yÓyÓ˚ §Ç@ˇÃyü– ï˛yˆÏܲ !öˆÏÎ˚ ü•Í í˛z˛õöƒy§ ˆÓ¢ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ Ó˚!ã˛ï˛
•ˆÏÓ ~üö xy¢y ܲÓ˚y ÓyÇ°y §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ ˛õyë˛Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ xöƒyÎ˚ öÎ˚– !ܲv ò%û˛≈yˆÏàƒÓ˚
!Ó£ÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ˆåÈyê˛ÈÙÈà“ Îï˛ê˛y §ú˛°ñ í˛z˛õöƒy§ ï˛ï˛ê˛y öÎ˚– §y!Ó!e Ó˚yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛õyܲy
ôyˆÏöÓ˚ àyö ˛õM˛ÈyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ò¢ˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤Ã̈Ïü ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ~!˛õܲôü#≈ í˛z˛õöƒy§ ˆÎáyˆÏö
≤ÃÌü ˆï˛û˛yày xyˆÏ®y°öˆÏܲ ò%•z ܲ!üí˛z!öfiê˛ ï˛Ó˚&îÈÙÈï˛Ó˚&î#Ó˚ ≤ÃîÎ˚ÈÙÈxyáƒyˆÏöÓ˚
ˆ≤ë˛y˛õˆÏê˛ å%ÈшÏÎ˚ ˆòáyÓ˚ xyhsˇ!Ó˚ܲ ≤ÈÏã˛‹Ty Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– ˆ§Ô!Ó˚ âê˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲüˆÏÓ˚í˛ S1964V
öyüܲ í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§– ~Ó˚ xyˆÏà ÓyÇ°y í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§ Ü,˛£Ïܲ §Ç@ˇÃyüˆÏܲ ï%˛ˆÏ° ôÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÃÌü
Ü,˛!ï˛c !öɧˆÏ®ˆÏ• üˆÏöyÓ˚Oö •yçÓ˚y Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ˆöyDÓ˚•#ö ˆöÔܲy S1940V– ~åÈyí˛¸y
1930ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ò¢ˆÏܲÓ˚ Ü,˛£ÏܲÈÙÈxyˆÏ®y°ˆÏöÓ˚ §)ã˛öyÓ˚ Î%à !öˆÏÎ˚ ˛õ)Ó≈ÓD#Î˚ í˛yÎ˚yˆÏ°ˆÏQ Ó˚!ã˛ï˛
x§yôyÓ˚î xyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛z˛õöƒy§ Ó˚ˆÏü¢ã˛w ˆ§ˆÏöÓ˚ Ü%˛Ó˚˛õy°y S1946V– !ܲv ~•z
ò%!ê˛ˆÏï˛•z ˆï˛û˛yày ˆö•z– ˆï˛û˛yàyÓ˚ ˆ≤ë˛y˛õê˛ ï%˛ˆÏ° ôˆÏÓ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛z˛õöƒy§
ˆ°ˆÏáö Ü,˛£ÏܲÈÙȧû˛yÓ˚ ˆöï˛y xyÓò%Õ‘y• Ó˚§%ˆÏ°Ó˚ ¢•Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ @ˇÃyü S1970V– ç!üòyÓ˚#
Ä ü•yçö# ≤ÃÌy !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏöÓ˚ §)ã˛öyܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ ÓyÇ°yÓ˚ @ˇÃyˆÏü ≤Ãà!ï˛¢#°
ü%§°üyö Ü,˛£ÏܲÈÙȧÇàë˛Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ xÓòyö Ó˚§%° §yˆÏ•Ó ~•z í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§ ï%˛ˆÏ° ôˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö–
Ó›ï˛ ˛õ)î≈yD ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆï˛û˛yày xyˆÏ®y°ö ˆÜ˛!wܲ í˛z˛õöƒy§ xyüÓ˚y ˛õy•z 1982
§yˆÏ° ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ !¢!¢Ó˚Ü%˛üyÓ˚ òy§ Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ¢,C!°ï˛ ü,!_ܲyÈÙÈÓ˚ üyôƒˆÏü– fl∫yô#ˆÏöy_Ó˚
ܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ §%®Ó˚ÓöÈÙÈܲyܲm#ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ˆï˛û˛yày xyˆÏ®y°öˆÏܲ ç#Óhsˇû˛yˆÏÓ ˆ°áܲ ~•z í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§
ï%˛ˆÏ° ôˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– ˆï˛û˛yày xyˆÏ®y°öˆÏܲ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ úœ˛y¢ÓƒyˆÏܲÓ˚ û˛D#ˆÏï˛ í˛z_Ó˚y!ôܲyÓ˚
≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yÓ˚ à“ ÓˆÏ°ˆÏåÈö ü•yˆÏŸªï˛y ˆòÓ# ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ӈϮyÓhflÏ# SܲÓ˚&îy ≤Ãܲy¢öV í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§–
xyô%!öܲ ~ܲ Î%Óܲ ÎyÓ˚ ÓyÓy !åÈ° ܲ!üí˛z!öfiê˛ §Çàë˛Ü˛ Ä ˆï˛û˛yàyÓ˚ ~ܲ ˆöï˛y ˆ§
!ܲû˛yˆÏÓ xyçˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆã˛yˆÏá ˆï˛û˛yàyÓ˚ âê˛öy Ä ã˛!Ó˚e=!°ˆÏܲ !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ àˆÏӣψÏܲÓ˚
ò,!‹TˆÏï˛ ï˛y•z í˛z˛õöƒy§!ê˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õç#Óƒ–
xyˆÏà•z í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚!åÈ ˆÎ ÓyÇ°yˆÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ xܲy°≤ÃÎ˚yï˛ ï˛Ó˚&î ܲÌy§y!•!ï˛ƒÜ˛
xyáï˛yÓ˚&Iyüyö •z!°Î˚yˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆáyÎ˚yÓöyüyÈÙÈˆï˛ ˆò¢!Óû˛yˆÏàÓ˚ ˆ≤ë˛y˛õˆÏê˛ öyöyû˛yˆÏÓ
ˆï˛û˛yày xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏöÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó› í˛z˛õ!fliï˛– ˛õ)Ó≈ÓˆÏD ü%§°üyö Ü,˛£ÏܲÈÙȧüyç ˆÜ˛yö‰
ˆã˛yˆÏá ˆï˛û˛yàyÈÙÈxyˆÏ®y°öˆÏܲ ˆòˆÏá!åÈ°ó ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ü%§!ü° !°ˆÏàÓ˚ !ÓˆÏû˛òü)°Ü˛
ö#!ï˛ !ܲ !ÓÓ˚*˛õ ≤Ãû˛yÓ ˆú˛ˆÏ°!åÈ° ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛Ó˚yüˆÏï˛Ó˚ àyö ÷ˆÏö x!û˛û)˛ï˛ ï˛y!üˆÏçÓ˚
üˆÏö ~•z xyˆÏ®y°öñ ˛õy!ܲhflÏyö òy!Óñ ˆò¢!Óû˛yˆÏàÓ˚ Ó˚yçö#!ï˛ Ü˛# !ü◊ ç!ê˛° üyö!§Ü˛
˜ÓܲˆÏ°ƒÓ˚ §,!‹T ܲÓ˚!åÈ° ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛ö•z Óy Óyäy°# ü%§°üyˆÏöÓ˚ fl∫≤¿ Óy ˆáyÎ˚yÓ x!hflψÏcÓ˚
§ÇܲˆÏê˛Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ ˛õˆÏí˛¸!åÈ° ï˛yÓ˚ x§yüyöƒ ܲÌܲï˛y xyáï˛yÓ˚&IüyˆÏöÓ˚ ~•z í˛z˛õöy§!ê˛ˆÏܲ
!ÓŸªÈÙȧy!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ xöƒï˛ü ˆ§Ó˚y @ˇÃˆÏsiÓ˚ §¡øyö ˆòÄÎ˚yÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÎyà#–
ÓyÇ°y ܲÌyÈÙȧy!•ˆÏï˛ƒ ˆï˛û˛yày Ü,˛£ÏܲÈÙȧÇ@ˇÃyü 123
ÓyÇ°y ܲÌy§y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ ˆï˛û˛yày xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏöÓ˚ xyˆÏÓ˚y ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ ˛õyÄÎ˚y §Ω˛Ó
ÓyÇ°yˆÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ §y!•ï˛ƒ û˛yˆÏ°yû˛yˆÏÓ xôƒÎ˚ö ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°– ˆ§ ≤ÃÎ˚y§ ã˛°ˆÏåÈ– §yü!@ˇÃܲû˛yˆÏÓ
§y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ xöƒyöƒ ¢yáyÎ˚ ˆÎüö öyê˛Ü˛ÈÙÈܲ!Óï˛yÈÙÈàyˆÏöÓ˚ çàˆÏï˛Ä ˆï˛û˛yàyÓ˚ ≤Ãû˛yÓ Ü˛#
!åÈ° ï˛y !öˆÏÎ˚ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÈÙÈܲyÎ≈ xÓƒy•ï˛– xy¢y Ó˚y!á ~!ӣψÏÎ˚ ˛õ)î≈yD ú˛°yú˛° §cÓ˚
˛õyë˛Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛ ï%˛ˆÏ° !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚Ó– ï˛Ìy!˛õ ò%ÈÙÈ~ܲ ܲÌyÎ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ öyê˛ˆÏܲÓ˚
!Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛– üy!öܲ ӈϮƒy˛õyôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ àˆÏ“Ó˚ !ü!•Ó˚ ˆ§ˆÏöÓ˚ öyê˛ƒÓ˚*˛õ ˆòÄÎ˚y •°%òˆÏ˛õyí˛¸yñ
•yÓ˚yˆÏöÓ˚ öyï˛çyüy•z Óy ˆåÈyê˛ÓÜ%˛°˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Îye# åÈyí˛¸y 1950ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ò¢ˆÏܲ û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚
àîöyê˛ƒ §Çâ ˆÓ¢ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ öyê˛Ü˛ §yú˛ˆÏ°ƒÓ˚ §ˆÏD üM˛Èfli ܲˆÏÓ˚!åÈ°– ˆÎüö öÎ˚yö˛õ%Ó˚ñ
í˛zòÎ˚yhflÏñ ~•z üy!ê˛ˆÏï˛ñ ˆì˛í˛zñ ï˛Ó˚Dñ í˛yܲ ≤Ãû,˛!ï˛– ~Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ ܲyܲm#ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ã˛®ö˛õ#!í˛¸ˆÏï˛
1948 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ 6 öˆÏû˛¡∫Ó˚ Ü,˛£Ïܲ !ü!åȈϰÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ Ü˛ÇˆÏ@ˇÃ§# §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ =!°ã˛y°öyÎ˚
¢•#ò •ÄÎ˚y x•°ƒyñ Óyï˛y§#ñ §ˆÏÓ˚y!çö#ñ í˛z_üyñ x!Ÿªö#ñ àˆÏçö Ä ˆòˆÏÓöˆÏòÓ˚ Ó#Ó˚c
!öˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ öÎ˚yö˛õ%Ó˚ !åÈ° í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ– û˛yÓˆÏï˛ !ÓfløÎ˚ °yˆÏà ˆÎ xyçˆÏܲ ܲ°Ü˛yï˛yÓ˚
Ó˚yç˛õˆÏÌ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ Ü˛ÇˆÏ@ˇÃˆÏ§Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚y!ôܲyÓ˚ Ó•öܲyÓ˚# Ä ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏD ˆçyê˛Ók˛ ï,˛îü)°
öyüܲ ò°!ê˛Ó˚ ˆöe# Ü˛ï˛ !ö°≈I •ˆÏ° ˆï˛û˛yày xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏöÓ˚ ¢•#òˆÏòÓ˚ ܲÌy í˛zFã˛yÓ˚î
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !môy ܲˆÏÓ˚ö öy– Ó%ˆÏç≈yÎ˚y Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ û˛[˛y!ü ˆ§!òöÄ !åÈ°ó !ܲv xyç ˆÎö
ï˛y §Ü˛° §#üy x!ï˛e´ü ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆàˆÏåÈ–
ÎyˆÏ•yܲ !Óáƒyï˛ ˆ°áܲ öö ~üö xyˆÏÓ˚y xˆÏöˆÏܲÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏ§y_#î≈ Ó˚ã˛öy §üÎ˚ Ä
fliyöyû˛yˆÏÓ xyˆÏ°yã˛öy ܲÓ˚y ˆà° öy– !ӈϢ£Ïï˛ í˛z˛õöƒy§ Ä öyê˛Ü˛ !öˆÏÎ˚ ˛õ,Ìܲ xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ!ê˛
!öÓ¶˛ ˆ°áyÓ˚ •zFåÈy Ó˚•z°– ~•z ü%•)ˆÏï≈˛ •yˆÏï˛ xyˆÏåÈ §%ò)Ó˚ ò!«˛î !òöyç˛õ%Ó˚ ˆç°yÓ˚
Ü%˛¢ü[˛# ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ ◊#Î%_´ á%¢# §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆï˛û˛yày xyˆÏ®y°ö !Ó£ÏÎ˚ܲ
öyê˛Ü˛ ˆï˛û˛yày S2003V– x§yôyÓ˚î @ˇÃyü#î Îyey˛õy°yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ö ˜¢°# ï˛yÓ˚–
~Ó˚ܲü xyˆÏåÈ •Î˚ˆÏï˛y xyˆÏÓ˚y xˆÏöܲ xyˆÏ°yã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ öçˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚– ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ~=!°ˆÏï˛
xyˆÏ°yܲ˛õyˆÏï˛Ó˚ xû˛#∞y Ó˚•z°– ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆï˛û˛yày xyˆÏ®y°ö !öˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ÓyÇ°y §y!•ï˛ƒ
Ä !¢“ !öÓ˚«˛Ó˚ Ä fl∫“ ˆ°áy˛õí˛¸y çyöy Ü,˛£Ïܲ §üyçˆÏܲ ܲï˛ê˛y §Çà!ë˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Óy
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §Ç@ˇÃyˆÏü ˆ≤ÃÓ˚îy Î%!àˆÏÎ˚!åÈ° ˆ§ ≤ß¿ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛•z ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– !ܲv ~•z ≤çˆÏD ˆÎ ܲÌy!ê˛
§ï˛ƒ ï˛y •° ˆï˛û˛yày xyˆÏ®y°ö §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ܲ°Ü˛yï˛y §• ¢•Ó˚yM˛ÈˆÏ°Ó˚ üôƒ!Ó_
ˆ˛õ!ê˛ÈÙÈÓ%ˆÏç≈yÎ˚y öyà!Ó˚ܲ §üyˆÏçÓ˚ ò,!‹Tû˛D# !åÈ° !ü◊– !ӈϢ£Ïï˛É §yühsˇï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ §ˆÏD
àÑyê˛åÈí˛¸y ÓÑyôy û)˛!üfl∫_¥ˆÏû˛yà# öyà!Ó˚ܲˆÏòÓ˚ ò,!‹Tû˛D# ˆÎ §¡õ)î≈ï˛•z !ÓÓ˚*˛õ !åÈ° ï˛y Ó°y•z
Óy‡°ƒ– ܲy°e´ˆÏü xÓ¢ƒ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ !¢!«˛ï˛ ¢•Ó˚Óy§#ñ !ӈϢ£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛Ó˚&î åÈye Ä
Î%ÓܲÓ,ˆÏ®Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ x¶˛Ü˛yÓ˚ ò)Ó˚#û)˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ~ÓÇ !ÓÓ˚*˛õï˛yÄ xˆÏöܲ ˆÜ˛ˆÏê˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ–
~шÏòÓ˚ xˆÏöˆÏܲ @ˇÃyˆÏü !àˆÏÎ˚ Ü,˛£ÏܲÈÙÈxyˆÏ®y°ö §Çàë˛ˆÏöÄ §!e´Î˚ ˆÌˆÏܲˆÏåÈö– §ˆÏ®•
ˆö•z §#!üï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚§ˆÏÓ˚ •ˆÏ°Ä ~•z •z!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏö ˆï˛û˛yàyÓ˚ §y!•ï˛ƒ Ä
§yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ §,çˆÏöÓ˚ !Ó!¢‹T xÓòyö !åÈ° Îy xfl∫#ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õyÎ˚ ˆö•z–
124 ÓD!Óòƒy ÓyÇ°y ܲÌyÈÙȧy!•ˆÏï˛ƒ ˆï˛û˛yày Ü,˛£ÏܲÈÙȧÇ@ˇÃyü 125
§•yÎ˚ܲ @ˇÃsi˛õO# revolt in India, New Delhi, Criterion Publication. 1986. (ed.) Agrarian
Structure and peasant revolt in India, New Delhi, Criterion Publica-
û˛Óyö# ˆ§ö Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ˛õ%hflÏܲy!òÈÙÙÙÈ tion. 1986.
1– Ü,˛£Ïܲ xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏöÓ˚ ö)ï˛ö ôyÓ˚yó S˛õy!ê≈˛ ≤Ãã˛yÓ˚ ˛õ%!hflÏܲyVó 1943– ˆã˛Ôô%Ó˚#ñ !ÓöÎ˚û)˛£Ïîó Å˛õ!öˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛ xyüˆÏ° ÓyÇ°yÓ˚ Ü,˛!£Ï •z!ï˛•y§ S1üVñ ܲ°Ü˛yï˛yñ
2– Ü,˛£Ïܲ §!ü!ï˛ Ü˛# ã˛yÎ˚ñ 1944– 2001 Sxö% ≠ xÓ˚&î ӈϮƒy˛õyôƒyÎ˚V–
3– úœ˛yí˛zí˛ Ü˛!ü¢ˆÏöÓ˚ !Ó˚ˆÏ˛õyê≈˛ Ä Ü,˛£ÏˆÏܲÓ˚ òyÓ#ñ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ó ◊yÓîñ 1347– Ó˚§%°ñ xyÓò%Õ‘y•ó Ü,˛£Ïܲ §û˛yÓ˚ •z!ï˛•y§ñ öÓçyï˛Ü˛ñ ܲ°Ü˛yï˛yñ 1978–
4– û˛yDˆÏöÓ˚ ü%ˆÏá ÓyÇ°yñ ˆüñ 1945– Ó˚yÎ˚ñ ôöOÎ˚ó ˆï˛û˛yày xyˆÏ®y°öñ xyö®ñ 2000–
5– ü%!_´Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÌ ÓyÇ°yñ !í˛ˆÏ§¡∫Ó˚ñ 1945– ˆ§ö §%ö#°ó ÓyÇ°yÓ˚ Ü,˛£Ïܲ §Ç@ˇÃyüó ܲ°Ü˛yï˛yñ 1975–
6– §Ç@ˇÃyˆÏüÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌ ÓyÇ°yñ çyö%Î˚yÓ˚#ñ 1946– ˆ§ö=Æñ xüˆÏ°®%ó í˛z_y° ã˛!Õ‘¢ ≠ x§üyÆ !Ó≤’Óñ ˛õy°≈ñ ܲ°Ü˛yï˛yñ 1989–
7– ˆï˛û˛yày ü%ƒû‰˛ˆÏürê˛ •zö ˆÓD°ñ !ò ܲü%ƒ!öfiê˛ñ ˆ§ˆÏ≤Wz¡∫Ó˚ñ 1947 S•zÇÓ˚y!çV– ˆ•yÓ˚ ˆ§yüöyÌñ ˆï˛û˛yàyÓ˚ í˛yˆÏÎ˚!Ó˚ó §%Óî≈ˆÏÓ˚áyó ܲ°Ü˛yï˛yñ 1991–
8– fl∫yô#ö û˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ fl∫yô#ö ÓyÇ°yñ ˆú˛Ó &Î˚y!Ó˚ñ 1947– ˆï˛û˛yày xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏöÓ˚ Ó˚çï˛ÈÙÈçÎ˚hsˇ# Ó£Ï≈ ˛õ)!ï≈˛ fløyÓ˚ܲ @ˇÃsiñ §¡õyòöy ≠ §%!üï˛ ã˛e´Óï˛#≈ñ
9– ÓyÇ°yÓ˚ Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏï˛ ôöï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ñ xˆÏQyÓÓ˚ñ 1948– ܲ°Ü˛yï˛yñ 1973–
!Óû)˛!ï˛ =•ÈÙÙÙÈ ˆï˛û˛yàyÓ˚ §Ç@ˇÃyüÈÙÙÙÈ!ú˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆòáyó §¡õyòܲÈÙÙÙÈ!ÓöÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yäyÓ˚ñ
1– ç!üòyÓ˚# ≤ÃÌyÓ˚ !ӈϰy˛õ ã˛y•zñ 1943– S˛õ!ÿ˛üÓD ≤ÃyˆÏò!¢Ü˛ Ü,˛£Ïܲ§û˛y ܲï,≈˛Ü˛ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ó ˆ§ˆÏ≤Wz¡∫Ó˚ 1996V
2– ú˛§° Ä ç!üÓ˚ °í˛¸y•z É ˆï˛û˛yày §Ç@ˇÃyüñ 1947– ˆï˛û˛yàyÓ˚ °í˛¸y•z S§Çܲ°ö @ˇÃsiVñ öƒy¢öƒy° Ó%ܲ ~ˆÏç!™ñ 1994ñ ܲ°Ü˛yï˛y–
Ü,˛£è!ÓˆÏöyò Ó˚yÎ˚ÈÙÙÙÈ §üyç §ü#«˛y Sˆï˛û˛yàyÓ˚ ˛õM˛Èy¢ ÓåÈÓ˚Vó !í˛ˆÏ§¡∫Ó˚ 1996ñ ܲ°Ü˛yï˛yñ §¡õyòܲ ≠ §%•y§
ã˛ˆÏRy˛õyôƒyÎ˚–
1– ç!üÓ˚ °í˛¸y•z–
~åÈyí˛¸y ≤Ãӈ϶˛Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ í˛zˆÏÕ‘!áï˛ !Ó!û˛ß¨ ˆ°áˆÏܲÓ˚ à“ÈÙÈ@ˇÃsi Ä í˛z˛õöƒy§y!òÓ˚ öyü
2– ã˛y£Ï#Ó˚ °í˛¸y•z– ˛õ,Ìܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˛õ%öÉü%!oï˛ •° öy–
3– ˆï˛û˛yàyÓ˚ °í˛¸y•z–
4– Ü,˛£ÏˆÏܲÓ˚ °í˛¸y•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ܲyÎ˚òy 1947–
5– üß∫hsˇˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛ Ä ˛õ%öà≈ë˛ˆÏöÓ˚ ˛õÌ S≤ÃyÉ Ü,˛£ÏܲÈÙȧû˛yV–
xˆÏ¢yܲ Ó§% S!öÜ%˛O ÄÓ˚ˆÏú˛ ≤Ãܲy¢ Ó˚yÎ˚Vñ Óyä°yÓ˚ !¢÷ ˆï˛ˆÏ°Dyöyñ °y°àOñ
1949– S!§ !˛õ xy•z 24 ˛õÓ˚àîy ˆç°y ܲ!ü!ê˛V ˆï˛û˛yày °í˛¸y•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !¢«˛yó !§.
!˛õ. xy•zñ ˛õÉÓD Ó˚yçƒ Ü˛!ü!ê˛ñ 1950ñ ò!«˛î Óyä°yÓ˚ üy!ê˛ˆÏï˛ öï%˛ö ˆï˛ˆÏ°Dyöyñ
1951–
ÓD#Î˚ ≤ÃyˆÏò!¢Ü˛ Ü,˛£Ïܲ §û˛y ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ É ˆï˛û˛yàyÓ˚ °í˛¸y•z Ó,•_ü °í˛¸y•zñ xyàfiê˛ñ
1947– xyàyü# ˆï˛û˛yàyÓ˚ °í˛¸y•zñ öˆÏû˛¡∫Ó˚ñ 1949–
˛õ!ÿ˛üÓD ≤ÃyˆÏò!¢Ü˛ Ü,˛£Ïܲ§û˛yÓ˚ 30ï˛ü Ó˚yçƒÈÙȧˆÏ¡ø°ö fløÓ˚!îܲyó 28ÈÙÈ31
!í˛ˆÏ§¡∫Ó˚ñ 1995ñ Ó#Ó˚û)˛ü Sˆï˛û˛yày §%Óî≈çÎ˚hsˇ# §ˆÏ¡ø°öV–
Cooper, Adrienne, Sharecropping and Sharecroppers’ Struggle in Ben-
gal : 1930-50, K.P.B; 1988.
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Dasgupta, Atis., Groundswell in Bengal in the 1940’s NBA, 1995.
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