ÙˆÏly!

ÓK˛yl
~ܲyò¢ ˆ◊!îÓ˚ õyë˛ƒÓ•z

≤Ûï˛Ü˛Ó˚î

çyï˛#Î˚ !¢«˛y àˆÏÓ£Ïîy G ≤Ã!¢«˛î ˛õ£Ï≈òñ lï%˛l !ò!Õ‘ –

xl%Óyò G x!˲ˆÏÎyçl
Ó˚yçƒ !¢«˛y àˆÏÓ£Ïîy G ≤Ã!¢«˛î ˛õ£Ï≈òñ !e˛õ%Ó˚y §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ –
 Ë)˛!Ùܲy
2006 §y° ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó˚yçƒ !¢«˛y àˆÏÓ£Ïîy G ≤Ã!¢«˛î ˛õ£Ï≈ò ≤ÃÌÙ ˆÌˆÏܲ xT˛Ù ˆ◊!î ˛õÎ≈hs˝
≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ G í˛zFã˛≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õyë˛ƒ˛õ%hflψÏܲÓ˚ Ù%oî G ≤ÃܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ òy!Î˚c ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚ xy§ˆÏSÈ–
Ó˚yˆÏçƒÓ˚ !Óòƒy°Î˚hflψÏÓ˚ í˛zß¨ï˛ G §Ù,Âôï˛Ó˚ ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛Ù ã˛y°% ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ °ˆÏ«˛ƒ !e˛õ%Ó˚y Ó˚yçƒ !¢«˛y
òƈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤ÈÏã˛T˛yÎ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ ˆÌˆÏܲ xT˛Ùñ lÓÙ G ~ܲyò¢ ˆ◊!îÓ˚ çlƒ 2019 !¢«˛yÓ£Ï≈ ˆÌˆÏܲ
çyï˛#Î˚ !¢«˛y àˆÏÓ£Ïîy G ≤Ã!¢«˛î ˛õ£Ï≈ˆÏòÓ˚ å~l !§ •z xyÓ˚ !ê˛ä ˛õyë˛ƒ˛õ%hflÏܲ§Ù)• @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
!§Âôyhs˝ ˆlGÎ˚y •Î˚–
ÓyÇ°y !Ó£ÏÎ˚ SÈyí˛¸y xlƒylƒ !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ çlƒ çyï˛#Î˚ !¢«˛y àˆÏÓ£Ïîy G ≤Ã!¢«˛î ˛õ£Ï≈ˆÏòÓ˚
≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ ˛õ%hflÏܲà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ xl)!òï˛ G x!˲ˆÏÎy!çï˛ §ÇflÒÓ˚î 2019 §yˆÏ° ≤ÃÌÙ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚
~ÓÇ ~ ÓSÈÓ˚ G•z§Ó ˛õ%hflÏܲà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˛õ%lÙ%≈oî ܲÓ˚y •°– ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ ò¢Ù G myò¢
ˆ◊!îÓ˚ ÓyÇ°y !Ó£ÏÎ˚ SÈyí˛¸y xlƒylƒ !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ çlƒ çyï˛#Î˚ !¢«˛y àˆÏÓ£Ïîy G
≤Ã!¢«˛î ˛õ£Ï≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ ˛õ%hflÏܲà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ xl)!òï˛ G x!˲ˆÏÎy!çï˛ §ÇflÒÓ˚î 2020
!¢«˛yӈϣÏ≈ ≤ÃÌÙ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~áyˆÏl í˛zˆÏՑრˆÎñ ÓyÇ°y !ӣψÏÎ˚ ˛õyë˛ƒ˛õ%hflÏܲ
≤Ãܲy¢lyÓ˚ òy!Î˚cG Ó˚yçƒ !¢«˛y àˆÏÓ£Ïîy G ≤Ã!¢«˛î ˛õ£Ï≈ò ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚ xy§ˆÏSÈ–
!Ó¢y° ~•z ܲÙ≈ܲyˆÏ[˛ ˆÎ§Ó !¢«˛Ü˛ÈüÈ!¢!«˛Ü˛yñ xôƒy˛õܲÈüÈxôƒy!˛õܲyñ !¢«˛y!Óòñ
xl%Óyòܲñ xl%ˆÏ°áܲñ Ù%oîܲÙ#≈ G !¢“#Ó˚y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ˆÌˆÏܲ !lÓ˚°§Ë˛yˆÏÓ xÜœ˛yhs˝
˛õ!Ó˚◊ˆÏÙ ~•z í˛zˆÏòƒyà ÓyhflÏÓy!Î˚ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §Óy•zˆÏܲ §Ü,˛ï˛K˛ ôlƒÓyò çyly!FSÈ–
≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ ~•z ˛õyë˛ƒ˛õ%hflÏܲ!ê˛Ó˚ í˛zÍܲ£Ï≈ G ˆ§Ô®Î≈ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ çlƒ !¢«˛yl%Ó˚yà# G à%î#çˆÏlÓ˚
Ùï˛yÙï˛ G ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈ !ÓˆÏÓ!ã˛ï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
í˛z_Ù Ü%˛ÙyÓ˚ ã˛yܲÙy
x!ôܲï≈˛y
xyàÓ˚ï˛°y
Ó˚yçƒ !¢«˛y àˆÏÓ£Ïîy G ≤Ã!¢«˛î ˛õ£Ï≈ò
Ùyã≈˛ñ 2020
!e˛õ%Ó˚y–
í˛z˛õˆÏòT˛y
1– í˛É xî≈Ó ˆ§lñ §• xôƒy˛õܲñ ~l •z xyÓ˚ xy•z •zñ !¢°Çñ ~l !§ •z xyÓ˚ !ê˛˛
2– í˛É xÓ˚)˛õ Ü%˛ÙyÓ˚ §y•yñ §• xôƒy˛õܲñ xyÓ˚ xy•z •zñ Ë%˛ÓˆÏlŸªÓ˚ñ ~l !§ •z xyÓ˚ !ê˛

xl%Óyò
1– í˛ı x!˛õ≈ï˛y xyã˛yÎ≈ƒñ !¢!«˛Ü˛y
2– í˛ı §%ˆÏò£÷Ïy ã˛Ü ˛Óï˛#≈ñ !¢!«˛Ü˛y
3– í˛ı !•ˆÏÕ‘y° Ù%ˆÏáy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ñ !¢«˛Ü˛
4– xÙ,ï˛y ˆòÓÓÙ≈yñ !¢!«˛Ü˛y
5– ˆ§yÙy°# Ó˚yÎ˚ ÓÙ≈îñ !¢!«˛Ü˛y
6– í˛ı ˆ°y˛õyÙ%oy §y•yñ !¢!«˛Ü˛y
7– !ÓçÎ˚y Ùç%ÙòyÓ˚ñ !¢!«˛Ü˛y
8– §yÎ˚!hs˝Ü˛y ˆòñ !¢!«˛Ü˛y

˛õ!Ó˚Ùyç≈ly
1– ˆ§yly!° ˲Ryã˛yÎ≈ñ xÓ§Ó˚≤ÃyÆ !¢!«˛Ü˛y
2– •z®%ÙyôÓ ã˛Ü ˛Óï˛#≈ñ xÓ§Ó˚≤ÃyÆ !¢«˛Ü˛
3– ≤ÃÓ%Âô§%®Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ñ !¢«˛Ü˛
4– ˆ§Ô!Ùe !ܲˆÏ¢yÓ˚ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ñ !¢«˛Ü˛
≤Ãy܉˛Ü˛Ìl
çyï˛#Î˚ ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy å2005äÈüÈ~Ó˚ !lˆÏò≈¢ xl%ÎyÎ˚#ñ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ fl%Ò°ç#Ól G fl%҈ϰÓ˚
Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï §¡õÜ≈˛ Ìyܲy á%Ó ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚îñ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ !¢«˛y Î!ò ¢%ô%Ùye
fl%Ò° ~ÓÇ ˛õyë˛ƒÓ•zˆÎÏ Ó˚ ˚ à![˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §#!Ùï˛ ÌyˆÏܲñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ˆ§•z§Ó !¢¢%ˆòÏ Ó˚ fl%Ò°ñ Óy!í˛¸ ~ÓÇ §¡±òyÎ˚ÈüüüÈ ~•z
!ï˛l çyÎ˚àyÓ˚ !¢«˛yÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ÓˆÏí˛¸y ÊÑ˛yܲ ÌyܲyÓ˚ §Ω˛yÓly Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– Ù)°ï˛ ~•z ¢)lƒfiÌylê˛yˆÏܲ ˛õ)Ó˚î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
°ˆÏ«˛ƒ•z çyï˛#Î˚ ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ Ó˚˛) õˆÏÓá˚ yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ lï%˛l ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛Ù G lï%˛l ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ ˛õyë˛ƒÓ•z ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
í˛zˆÏòƒyà ˆlGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ Ù%áfiÌ Ü˛Ó˚y ~ÓÇ !¢«˛yÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ !ӣψÎÏ Ó˚ ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ï˛#Ӡ˲yˆÏÓ xyÓÂô ܲˆÏÓ˚
!¢«˛y ≤ÃòyˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛y Órô •ˆÏÓ ÓˆÏ° ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏFSÈ– ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ ~ê˛yG xy¢y ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏFSÈ ˆÎñ ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l
çyï˛#Î˚ !¢«˛yl#!ï˛Ó˚ å1986ä !¢¢%ˆÏܲ!wܲ !¢«˛yÓ˚ °«˛ƒˆÏܲ í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒË˛yˆÏÓ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ–

ï˛ˆÏÓ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÈÏã˛T˛yÓ˚ §yÊ˛°ƒ xˆÏlܲê˛y•z !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ fl%҈ϰÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl !¢«˛Ü˛ ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ
!¢«˛Ü˛‡!¢!«˛Ü˛yˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ñ ÎÑyÓ˚y !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ !¢ál §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ≤ß¿ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ !Ó!˲ߨ ܲyˆÏç !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚
ܲ“ly¢!=˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ í˛zͧy!•ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓl– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ~ê˛y ÙˆÏl Ó˚yáy á%Ó çÓ˚%!Ó˚ñ !¢¢%Ó˚y Î!ò §ÙÎ˚ñ
fiÌyl ~ÓÇ fl∫yô#l˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ˛õyÎ˚ñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ÓˆÏí˛¸yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤ÃyÆ K˛yl !lˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚y lï%˛l
xˆÏlܲ !ܲS%È §,!T˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ~ܲÙye ˛õyë˛ƒÓ•z ˛õˆÏí˛¸•z ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÎ˚ ˛õy§ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ÈüÈ Ù)°ï˛ ~•z ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚
Ê˛ˆÏ°•z !¢«˛yÓ˚ xlƒylƒ !òܲà%ˆÏ°y §Ó≈òy í˛zˆÏ˛õ!«˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Ë%˛ˆÏ° ˆàˆÏ° ã˛°ˆÏÓ lyñ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ §,çl¢#°ï˛yÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ ï˛ál•z §Ω˛Óñ Îál xyÙÓ˚y GˆÏòÓ˚ ~•z ˆàyê˛y !¢ál ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye @˝Ã•#ï˛y
ly ˆË˛ˆÏÓ ~ܲê˛y ˛õ)î≈ xÇ¢#òyÓ˚ ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚Ó–

ï˛ˆÏÓ ~•z °«˛ƒ˛õ)Ó˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ° fl%҈ϰÓ˚ ˜òl!®l ܲyÎ≈§)!ã˛ G ÓƒÓfiÌy˛õlyÎ˚ xˆÏlܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l x!lÓyÎ≈– fl%҈ϰÓ˚ ˜òl!®l §ÙÎ˚ §)!ã˛ ˆÎÙl lÙl#Î˚ •GÎ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ñ !ë˛Ü˛ ˆï˛Ùl•z Óy!£Ï≈ܲ ܲyÎ≈§)!ã˛
~Ùl˲yˆÏÓ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •GÎ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçlñ ÎyˆÏï˛ !¢«˛yòyˆÏlÓ˚ !òlà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §ÇáƒyÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ly xyˆÏ§– ï˛ˆÏÓ
ÓyhflˆÏ ÓÏ ~•z lï%˛l ˛õyë˛ƒÓ•z !¢¢%ˆòÏ Ó˚ ܲï˛ê%˛Ü%˛ ܲyˆÏç °yàˆÏÓñ GˆÏòÓ˚ fl%Ò°ç#Ól ܲï˛ê˛y §Ù,Âô ܲÓ˚ˆÓÏ !ܲÇÓy GˆÏòÓ˚
fl%Ò°ç#ÓlˆÏܲ ò%!Ó≈£Ï• ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛°ˆÏÓ !ܲlyñ §Óê˛y•z !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ !¢«˛Ü˛‡!¢!«˛Ü˛yÓ˚y ܲ# ˛õÂô!ï˛ xÓ°¡∫l ܲˆÏÓ˚
~•z Ó•z!ê˛ fl%҈ϰ ˛õí˛¸yˆÏÓl ~ÓÇ Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ ˆ§•z ˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚l ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓl– !Óàï˛ !òlà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ lƒyÎ˚ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚
ÎyˆÏï˛˛ ˛õyë˛ƒÓ•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆÓyV˛y Ó•zˆÏï˛ ly •Î˚ñ ~•z lï%˛l ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛Ù ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ~•z Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï lçÓ˚
ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ï˛yÓ˚ çlƒ !¢«˛yòyˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ãò_ §ÙÎ˚ ~ÓÇ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ Ùyl!§Ü˛ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ܲÌy ÙyÌyÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá
≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õyë˛ƒÓ•zˆÏÎ˚ xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛ !¢«˛yÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›à%ˆÏ°y ~ܲ lï%˛l ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aà !lˆÏÎ˚ ˛õ%là≈ë˛l ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
~•z ≤ÈãÏ ˛T˛yˆÏܲ xyˆÏÓy˚ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÓyÓ˚ çlƒ ~•z ˛õyë˛ƒÓ•zˆÎÏ Ó˚ ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !¢¢%ˆòÏ Ó˚ lylyÓ˚Ü˛Ù ≤ß¿ ܲÓ˚yñ lï%˛l
!Ó£ÏÎ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ ˲yÓlyÈüÈ!ã˛hs˝yñ ï˛Ü≈˛ÈüÈ!Óï˛Ü≈˛ñ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y @˝Ã%˛õ Óy!lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ •yˆÏï˛ÈüÈܲ°ˆÏÙ !¢«˛y
~•z§Ó !ܲS%ÈÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
 ˛õyë˛ƒÓ•z í˛zߨÎ˚l ܲ!Ù!ê˛Ó˚ òy!Î˚c≤ÃyÆ §Ü˛° Óƒ!=˛Óà≈ ÎÑyÓ˚y ܲˆÏë˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚◊Ù Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~•z Ó•z!ê˛
Ó˚)˛õyÎ˚l ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ ~l !§ •z xyÓ˚ !ê˛ ≤âǧy çylyˆÏFSÈ– ~•z ܲ!Ù!ê˛Ó˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲ°y˛õˆÏܲ §!ë˛Ü˛ ˛õˆÏÌ
ã˛y!°ï˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ §Ùyç!ÓK˛yl !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õˆÏòT˛y ܲ!Ù!ê˛Ó˚ ˆã˛Î˚yÓ˚˛õy§≈l xôƒy˛õܲ •!Ó˚ Óy§%ˆÏòÓlñ •z!ï˛•y§
!Ó˲yàñ ˆÜ˛y°Ü˛yï˛y !ÓŸª!Óòƒy°Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z ˛õyë˛ƒ Ó•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ù%რí˛z˛õˆÏòT˛y xôƒy˛õܲ xyÓ˚ !§ !e˛õyë˛# ~ÓÇ
xôƒy˛õܲ §%•y§ ˛õy° وϕyòÎ˚àˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ xyhs˝!Ó˚ܲ Ü,˛ï˛K˛ï˛y ~ÓÇ ôlƒÓyò K˛y˛õl ܲÓ˚!SÈ– ~•z ˛õyë˛ƒÓ•z
˛õ%là≈ë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !˛õSȈÏl Ó•% !¢«˛Ü˛‡!¢!«˛Ü˛yÓ˚ xÓòyl xlfl∫#ܲyÎ≈–

xyÙÓ˚y ˆ§•z§Ó fl%Òˆ° Ï Ó˚ ≤Ãôyl !¢«˛Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚G !ӈϢ£Ï˲yˆÏÓ ôlƒÓyò çyly!FSÈ– ~•z ˛õyë˛ƒÓ•z ˜ï˛!Ó˚Ó˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÎ§Ó ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yl ~ÓÇ §Çàë˛l ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ó•%Ù)°ƒ §¡õòñ í˛z˛õyòyl ~ÓÇ ˆ°yܲӰ !lˆÏÎ˚ ܲyç ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
xl%Ù!ï˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ í˛zòyÓ˚ ÙˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈlñ ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §ÓyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ xyÙÓ˚y !ӈϢ£Ï˲yˆÏÓ Ü,˛ï˛K˛ï˛y fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚!SÈ
~ÓÇ ôlƒÓyò çyly!FSÈ– ÙylÓ §¡õò í˛zßΨ l˚ ÙsfˆÜÏ ˛Ó˚ å~Ù ~•zã˛ xyÓ˚ !í˛ä ˆã˛Î˚yÓ˚˛õy§≈l xôƒy˛õܲ Ù,îy° !Ù!Ó˚
~ÓÇ xôƒy˛õܲ !ç !˛õ ˆò¢˛õyˆÏu˛Ó˚ ï˛_¥ÓôyˆÏl Ùyôƒ!Ùܲ ~ÓÇ í˛zFã˛ï˛Ó˚ !¢«˛y !Ó˲yà myÓ˚y !lÎ%=˛ çyï˛#Î˚
˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î §!Ù!ï˛Ó˚ §ò§ƒˆÏòÓ˚ Ó•%Ù)°ƒ §ÙÎ˚ G xÓòyˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õ£Ï≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ«˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï ôlƒÓyò
K˛y˛õl ܲÓ˚!SÈ– !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãܲy¢ly ~ÓÇ ÓƒÓfiÌy˛õlyÓ˚ à%îàï˛ Ùyl §ÇflÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲyˆÏç !lÓ˚hs˝Ó˚ !lˆÏÎ˚y!çï˛ Ìyܲy
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§ÇˆÏ¢yôl# ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yà%ˆÏ°y §Ê˛°Ë˛yˆÏÓ §¡õߨ •ˆÏï˛ õyˆÏÓ˚–

!lí˛z !ò!Õ‘ x!ôܲï≈˛y

20 !í˛ˆÏ§¡∫Ó˚ 2005 Ó˚yT˛…#Î˚ !¢«˛y àˆÏÓ£Ïîy ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!¢«˛î ˛õ!Ó˚£Ïò
å~l !§ •z xyÓ˚ !ê˛ä
Ù%áÓrô

ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl ~ܲ!ê˛ lÓ#lï˛Ù !ܲv o%ï˛à!ï˛ˆÏï˛ !Óܲ!¢ï˛ •GÎ˚y !ÓK˛yl– x!ôܲyÇ¢ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ !ÓŸªy§ ˆÎ
~ܲ!ÓÇ¢ ¢ï˛y!∑!ê˛ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ !ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ ç#Ó !ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚G ¢ï˛y∑# •ˆÏï˛ ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈ–
fl¨yÎ˚!Óܲ !ÓK˛yl ï˛Ìy ˆË˛Ôï˛˛ !ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ¢yáyÎ˚ •GÎ˚y !Óܲy¢ ÙylÓ xyã˛Ó˚î ~ÓÇ ÙˆÏlÓ˚ Ó˚•§ƒ í˛zò‰âyê˛l
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ lï%˛l Ó˚yhflÏy á%ˆÏ° !òˆÏFSÈ– lÓà!ë˛ï˛ K˛yl ˆÌˆÏܲ ÙylÓ ≤ÃÎ˚yˆÏ§Ó˚ ~Ùl ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó˚)˛õ ˆl•z Îy
x≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈ– ˆÜ˛Ó° ~•z ≤Ãï˛ƒy¢y ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ ~ˆÏï˛ Ùyl%£Ï x!ôܲ §yÌ≈ܲ˲yˆÏÓ ç#ÓlÎy˛õl
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~•z ˛õyë˛ƒ˛õ%hflÏܲ!ê˛Ó˚ !°ál ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ù!°ï˛ ≤ÃÎ˚yˆÏ§Ó˚ Ê˛°fl∫Ó˚)˛õ– ~ˆÏï˛ !Ó!˲ߨÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ !Ó!˲ߨ !Ó£ÏÎ˚
!ӈϢ£ÏK˛ Ù•y!Óòƒy°Î˚ ~ÓÇ !Óòƒy°Î˚ !¢«˛Ü˛ ~ÓÇ !¢«˛yÌ#≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲG !lˆÏÓ¢ ≤ÃyÆ Ü˛Ó˚y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•z
˛õyë˛ƒ˛õ%hflÏܲ!ê˛ ˆ°áyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~•z ˛õyë˛ƒ˛õ%hflψÏܲÓ˚ ˆÎ ˛õ)Ó≈ §ÇflÒÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚îܲyÓ˚# myÓ˚y í˛zay!˛õï˛ !ܲS%È
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!Ó£ÏÎ˚– ~ܲçl ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ !¢«˛Ü˛ ˆÎ ≤Ãôyl Óyôy!ê˛Ó˚ §¡ø%á#l •l ~!ê˛ •ˆÏ°y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !¢«˛yÌ#≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙylÓ
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ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ≤Ã›ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly xlƒ K˛yl ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏl ~ܲ ˆâˆÏÎ˚ ܲÌyÓyï≈˛y •GÎ˚yÓ˚ V%Ñ˛!ܲ
ÌyˆÏܲ– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xy¢y xyˆÏSÈ ˆÎ !¢«˛yÌ#≈Ó˚y ~•z ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛Ù!ê˛ ˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ ~ÓÇ xlƒˆÏòÓ˚
xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ÓK˛yl§¡øï˛ ÙˆÏly˲yÓ !Óܲ!¢ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ !lˆÏçÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛àï˛ §Ù,!ÂôÓ˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏeG ~Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
~•z ˛õyë˛ƒ˛õ%hflÏܲ!ê˛ !¢«˛yÌ#≈ ~ÓÇ !¢«˛Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛ ï%˛ˆÏ° !òˆÏï˛ xyl®ˆÏÓyô •ˆÏFSÈ ~ÓÇ xyÙÓ˚y G•z§Ó
Óƒ!=˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ñ ÎyÓ˚y ~Ó˚ ˆ°ál ~ÓÇ ≤Ãܲy¢ˆÏl xy¢yï˛#ï˛ §y•y΃ ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ôlƒÓyò
K˛y˛õl ܲÓ˚!SÈ–
 Change the World by Changing Me

The Sufi Bayazid says this about himself:

“I was a revolutionary when I was young
and all my prayer to God was: ‘Lord, give
me the energy to change the world.’ ”

“As I approached middle age and realised

that half my life was gone without my
changing a single soul, I changed my
prayer to: ‘Lord, give me the grace to
change all those who come in contact
with me. Just my family and friends,
and I shall be content.’ ”

“Now that I am an old man and my days

are numbered, my one prayer is: ‘Lord,
give me the grace to change myself.’
If I had prayed for this right from
the start I should not have wasted
my life.”

SOURCE : “THE SONG OF THE BIRD” ANTHONY DE MELLO, S.J.

(ANAND: GUJARAT SAHITYA PRAKASH), 1987
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

National Council of Educational Research and Training, New Delhi thanks Professor
Sushma Gulati, Head, Department of Educational Psychology and Foundations of
Education for her support during the various stages of textbook development.
Acknowledgements are due to Professor L.B. Tripathi (Retired, DDU Gorakhpur
University), Professor Sagar Sharma (Retired, H.P. University, Shimla), Dr. Kailash
Tuli (Zakir Hussain College, New Delhi) and Dr. Sarla Jawa (Lady Shri Ram College,
New Delhi) for the feedback and suggestions given for the improvement of the
textbook.
Special thanks are due to Shveta Uppal, Chief Editor, NCERT and Vandana
Singh, Consultant Editor for going through the manuscript and suggesting relevant
changes.
The Council also gratefully acknowledges the contributions of Pavnesh Verma,
DTP Operator, G.R. Upadhyaya, Copy Editor, Rakesh Kumar, Proof Reader and
Pankaj Kakkar, Incharge Computer Station, in shaping this textbook. Last but not the
least, the efforts of the Publication Department, NCERT are also duly acknowledged.
The efforts of the Publication Department, NCERT in bringing out this publication
are also appreciated.
TEXTBOOK DEVELOPMENT COMMITTEE

CHIEF ADVISOR
R.C. Tripathi, Professor & Director, G.B. Pant Social Science Institute, Jhusi, Allahabad
MEMBERS
A.K. Mohanty, Professor, Zakir Hussain Centre for Educational Studies, SSS II, JNU,
New Delhi
A.K. Srivastava, Reader, DERPP, NCERT, New Delhi
B.D. Tiwari, Professor, Department of Psychology, Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapeeth,
Varanasi
B.N. Puhan, Retired Professor, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar
C. Suvasini, Lecturer, Gargi College, New Delhi
Namita Pande, Professor, Department of Psychology, University of Allahabad,
Allahabad
Nandita Babu, Reader, Department of Psychology, University of Delhi, Delhi
Neelam Srivastava, PGT, Vasant Valley School, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi
Manas K. Mandal, Director, Defence Institute of Psychological Research (DIPR),
Timarpur, Delhi
R.C. Mishra, Professor, Department of Psychology, Benaras Hindu University, Varanasi
Shakuntla S. Jaiman, Principal, CSKM School, Satbari, Chattarpur, New Delhi
Sunita Arora, Senior Counsellor, Govt. Girls Senior Secondary School No.1, Roop
Nagar, Delhi
Sushma Gulati, Professor, DEPFE, NCERT, New Delhi
Usha Anand, PGT, St. Thomas Girls Senior Secondary School, Mandir Marg, New
Delhi

MEMBER-COORDINATORS
Anjum Sibia, Reader, DEPFE, NCERT, New Delhi
Prabhat K. Mishra, Lecturer, DEPFE, NCERT, New Delhi
!¢«˛Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ !lˆÏò≈¢
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xˆÏß∫£Ïî ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ˆÏܲ xl%≤Ãy!îï˛ Óy çyà!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ °«˛ƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•zÓ˚)˛õ ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aà ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛àï˛ !Óܲy¢ ï˛Ìy !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛Ó˚
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˛õyë˛ƒÓ•z!ê˛ ~Ùl˲yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ!“ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Îy !¢«˛yÌ#≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ)Ó≈ K˛yl ~ÓÇ x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ ΈÏÌT˛ §%ˆÏÎyà
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xyÙÓ˚y ≤ÃhflÏyÓ Ü˛!Ó˚ xy˛õlyÓ˚y !¢«˛yòyl !¢ál ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏܲ xyl®òyÎ˚ܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛y°yÓ˚ °ˆÏ«˛ƒ !¢«˛yÌ#≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÎyàòyl
ܲÓ˚yˆÏï˛ñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xy@˝Ã• ~ÓÇ í˛zòƒÙ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ !ÙÌ!‹;˛Î˚y ò,!T˛Ë˛!AàÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛– à“ñ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyñ í˛zòy•Ó˚îñ ≤ß¿ñ
í˛z˛õÙy §Ù§ƒ §ÙyôyˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ñ ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ x!˲lÎ˚ ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ ˆÜ˛Ô¢° ˛õyˆÏë˛ƒÓ˚ xhs˝@˝Ã≈!Ìï˛ xÇ¢– ~•zê˛y ˲yˆÏ°y •ˆÏÓ
Î!ò !¢«˛yÌ#≈ˆÏòÓ˚ !lˆÏçˆÏÓ˚ à“ ~ÓÇ í˛zòy•Ó˚î §ÙyˆÏl ï%˛ˆÏ° ôˆÏÓ˚–
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ÈÓ˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ~ÓÇ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §¡õÜ≈˛ fiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ !¢«˛yÌ#≈ˆÏòÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ~ÓÇ
!ÓÓ˚!ï˛ ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒ ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ !l!Óí˛¸ï˛yˆÏܲ ܲÙyˆÏlyÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï ≤ÈÏã˛T˛y ˆlGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›Ó˚ xyòyl
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ˆÌˆÏܲ à,!•ï˛ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ myÓ˚y ~•z ˛õÓ≈à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ xÌ≈ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~•zê˛yˆÏܲ !¢ál í˛y•z!Ó˚ Ó°y
ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
~ܲyò¢ ˆ◊!îÓ˚ !¢«˛yÌ#≈ˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ lï%˛l !Ó£ÏÎ˚ •ˆÏÓñ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛Ó˚ «˛Ùï˛yñ ˜òl!®l
ç#ÓˆÏl ï˛yÓ˚ Ù)°ƒ ï˛Ìy !Ó!˲ߨ ˆ˛õ¢yÓ˚ §Ω˛yÓlyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ Ó§Óy§ ܲÓ˚y à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~•zê˛y ≤Ãï˛ƒy¢y ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ !¢«˛yÌ#≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ~•z K˛ylˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÙ)°Ü˛ fl∫Ó˚)˛õ ~ÓÇ ÙylÓ xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ xôƒÎ˚l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ
ò,!T˛Ë˛!AàÓ˚ ˲y£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ §ˆÏã˛ï˛l ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÓ–
 ~•z ˛õyë˛ƒÓ•z!ê˛ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛yÎ˚ܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ§≈Ó˚ çlƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ӈϰ àîƒ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚ ~Ùl lÎ˚!ê˛ xôƒyÎ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚
à!ë˛ï˛– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ !¢ál °«˛ƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ §%Ó˚% •Î˚– Ù)რ§)ã˛#à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy xôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §yÙ!@˝Ãܲ
ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aà ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢%Ó˚%ˆÏï˛ Ë)˛!Ùܲy!ê˛ !¢«˛yÌ#≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ)Ó≈ K˛ylˆÏܲ Óyí˛¸yˆÏlyÓ˚ çlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛ÌƒÙ)°Ü˛
~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ï˛m!®µï˛yÙ)°Ü˛ §)ã˛ly ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ù)° §)ã˛# ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚îñ í˛z˛õ°!kôˆÏܲ §•çï˛Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
í˛zòy•Ó˚îñ !ã˛eîñ ˆê˛!Ó°ñ ܲyÎ≈ ~ÓÇ Óy: !Ó!«˛Æ– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï §yÓ˚yÇ¢ Îy ˛õí˛¸y Óy ˛õí˛¸yˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛yˆÏܲ
˛õ%îı¢!=˛ §M˛y°l ï˛Ìy ò,ì˛¸ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– xy˛õlyÓ˚y §yÓ˚yÇ¢ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏï˛ í˛zͧy!•ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓl– xôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï
˛õÎ≈yˆÏ°yã˛lyÙ)°Ü˛ ≤ß¿à%ˆÏ°y í˛zFã˛Ü ˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝lˆÏܲ í˛zß¨ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ çlƒ í˛z˛õ°!kôñ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛Ô¢ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆ«˛eˆÏܲ ˆÎyàyl
ˆòÎ˚– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï ˆòGÎ˚y ≤ÃܲˆÏ“Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îy !¢«˛yÌ#≈ˆÏòÓ˚ !Ê˛”˛GÎ˚yˆÏÜ≈˛ !lˆÏÎ˚y!çï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ï˛Ìy x!˲K˛ï˛y
°yˆÏ˲ °«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•zê˛y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓÙ)ï≈˛ ôyÓ˚îyà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!òˆÏlÓ˚ âê˛lyÓ°#Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §¡õÜ≈˛fiÌy˛õl ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏÓ˚y
xÌ≈˛õ)î≈˲yˆÏÓ í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– xyÙÓ˚y xy¢y ܲ!Ó˚ ˆÎ ~•zà%ˆÏ°y lï%˛l !¢ál §Ω˛yÓly ˜ï˛!Ó˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
xy˛õlyˆÏòÓ˚ myÓ˚y ÎÌyÎÌ˲yˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
Î!òG ˛õyë˛ƒ Ó•zÈüÈ~Ó˚ §)ã˛#˛õe !Ó!˲ߨ !¢ˆÏÓ˚ylyÙ ˆÎÙlñ !¢álñ !ã˛hs˝lñ flø,!ï˛ã˛yÓ˚îñ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛î ~ÓÇ ≤Èϫ˛y˲
•zï˛ƒy!ò myÓ˚y §Çà!ë˛ï˛ñ ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛ï˛y ~ÓÇ §Ù@˝Ãï˛yÓ˚ ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aà ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ xôƒyÎ˚à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §ÇˆÏÎyà ≤Ãòyl
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ≤ÈÏã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˛õyë˛ƒÓ•zÈüÈ~ ˆòGÎ˚y ܲyçà%ˆÏ°y ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ !¢«˛yÌ#≈Ó˚ xÇ¢à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ Ó,•òyÎ˚_ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ °ˆÏ«˛ƒ
Îb§•Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚ ÓySÈy•z ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– x!ôܲyÇ¢ ≤ÃhflÏy!Óï˛ Ü˛yÎ≈à%ˆÏ°y á%Ó §•ˆÏç•z ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛yl !ӈϢ£Ï §yÙ!@˝ÃÓ˚
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚ ly– ~•zà%ˆÏ°y ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛Ó˚ xÓfiÌyˆÏl ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ xÌÓy à,•Ü˛yÎ≈ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˆòGÎ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
Îál !ܲS%È Ü˛yÎ≈ ò°àï˛ ï˛ál ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !ܲS%È §Ç჈ÏܲÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚)˛õ xyÓyÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛àï˛– ò° àë˛lñ ˲yà ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ xylˆÏ®Ó˚ ˛x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚
ˆlGÎ˚y ï˛Ìy ~ˆÏܲ x˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ò,!T˛ˆÏܲyˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ §¡øyl !Óܲ!¢ï˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çˆÏlƒ ò°àï˛ Ü˛yÎ≈ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈– ܲyˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ ˛õÓ≈
˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ñ ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛Ó˚ xyÓ•yGÎ˚y Îy ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ §¡øylñ xyd!ÓŸªy§ ~ÓÇ §•ˆÏÎy!àï˛y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
!ӈϢ£Ï Îb ˆlGÎ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛– ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆ◊!î xy°yòy ~ÓÇ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ !¢«˛Ü˛ !¢!«˛Ü˛yG xy°yòyñ ~•z ܲyÎ≈à%ˆÏ°y !˲ߨ
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y ~ÓÇ ≤çAà xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
~•zê˛y §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛lyÙ)°Ü˛ ˆÎ ~•z ˆÜ˛y§≈!ê˛ ˛õí˛¸yˆÏlyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeñ xyÙˆÏòÓ˚ ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ ~ÓÇ ˛õÓ˚#«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ ò,!T˛Ë˛!AàÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ §Ùß∫Î˚ §yôˆÏl §ˆÏã˛T˛ •ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ˛–
!¢«˛yÌ#≈ˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ !lˆÏò≈¢
~•z ˛õyë˛ƒÓ•z!ê˛ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ≤Ã›ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
K˛ylˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ Ù)° K˛yl ≤Ãòyl Óƒ!ï˛ï˛ñ ~•zê˛y ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛Ôï)˛•° ~ÓÇ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ï˛Ìy !lˆÏçÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛z˛õ°!kô
Ó,!ÂôˆÏï˛ ò,!T˛!lˆÏ«˛˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˛õyë˛ƒÓ•z!ê˛Ó˚ !ÙÌ!‹;˛Î˚y fl∫Ó˚)˛õ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛ylˆÏܲ K˛ylˆÏ«˛e !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˆ§•z§yˆÏÌ
ˆòl!®l ç#ÓˆÏl ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•y!Ó˚ܲ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~Ó˚ çlƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ˆÎ
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ܲyˆÏÎ≈ §¡õ)Ù≈˲yˆÏÓ xÇ¢@˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ≤Èϫ˛˛õîG ܲÓ˚–
¢%Ó˚%ˆÏï˛ñ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚§)ã˛#Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ GÎ˚y!ܲӕy° •GÎ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÎ !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%ˆÏ°y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly
ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÓ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y ï˛Ìy xôƒyÎ˚à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ Ü ˛Ù §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ôyÓ˚îy ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ ï˛Ìy §)ã˛#Ó˚
Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy xyˆÏSÈ– í˛zˆÏj¢ƒà%ˆÏ°y ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ~•zê˛y çylyÎ˚ ˆÎ xôƒyÎ˚à%ˆÏ°y ˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !ܲ !ܲ çylˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
xôƒyÎ˚à%ˆÏ°y Ë)˛!Ùܲy !òˆÏÎ˚ ¢%Ó˚% •Î˚ Îy ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ˆÏï˛ !ܲ xyˆÏSÈ ï˛yÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ç!«˛Æ ôyÓ˚îy ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚–
§)ã˛#˛õˆÏe Óy: ~ÓÇ Ü˛yçG xyˆÏSÈ– Óy:à%ˆÏ°y xyô%!lܲ ï˛_¥ ~ÓÇ ˛õÓ˚#«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛ Îy ˜òl!®l ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛
˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ ï˛Ìy ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ï˛yÓ˚y ~•z Ó•zÈüÈ~Ó˚ xá![˛ï˛ xÇ¢ ~ÓÇ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ˆÎ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚
!òàhs˝ ≤çy!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ xˆÏß∫£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ çˆÏlƒ ~•zà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˛õí˛¸y í˛z!ã˛ï˛– ~•z ˛õyë˛ƒÓ•zÈüÈ~ ˆòGÎ˚y
í˛zòy•Ó˚îà%ˆÏ°y ÓyhflÏÓ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ âê˛ly ~ÓÇ x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛– ~•z§Ó Îy !ܲS%È ˛õí˛¸y ~ÓÇ í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚y
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛y ò,ì˛¸ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï ~ܲ!ê˛ §yÓ˚yÇ¢ á%шÏç ˛õyˆÏÓ– ~Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ xl%§,ï˛ •Î˚ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏ°yã˛lyÙ)°Ü˛
≤ß¿– ~•z ≤ß¿à%ˆÏ°y §Ω˛Óï˛ §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛lyÙ)°Ü˛ !ã˛hs˝l í˛zͲõyòl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ !lˆÏçÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ≤ß¿ ~ÓÇ ˆÎÔ!=˛Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚
«˛Ùï˛ !Óܲ!¢ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– xyÙÓ˚y ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ~•z ≤ß¿à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ≤ÈÏã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ í˛zͧy!•ï˛ ܲ!Ó˚– ~•z ≤ß¿à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yñ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õí˛¸yˆÏly ôyÓ˚îyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õE˛ï˛yÓ˚ Ùyey ï˛Ìy ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ò,ì˛¸ï˛y í˛z˲ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
§¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ •z!Aàï˛ ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
~•zê˛y à%%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ˆÎ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï ˆòGÎ˚y Ù)áƒ˛õò ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §ÇK˛yà%ˆÏ°y ˆ¢ˆÏáy– ˛õyë˛ƒÓ•zÈüÈ~Ó˚
ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï ¢∑ˆÏܲy£Ï !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚â%ˆÏ°y §%flõT˛ ~ÓÇ ÙyçyÈüÈâ£Ïy ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ òyÓ˚%î §y•yÎƒÜ˛yÓ˚# í˛z˛õyòyl !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ
≤ÃÙy!îï˛ •ˆÏÓ–ê˛
ã˛ˆÏ°y xyÙÓ˚y ~ál ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘!áï˛ Ü˛yç ~ÓÇ ≤ÃܲˆÏ“Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ò,!T˛ !lˆÏ«˛˛õ ܲ!Ó˚– ~•z
ܲyçà%ˆÏ°y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y x!˲K˛ï˛y ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ ~ÓÇ xlƒˆÏòÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyˆÏÓ˚y ˆÓ!¢ çylˆÏï˛ §y•y΃
ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ~•zà%ˆÏ°y ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ ˛õí˛¸yˆÏly ôyÓ˚îyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ÓyhflÏÓ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §¡õÜ≈˛ fiÌy˛õl
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– Îï˛ê%˛Ü%˛ §Ω˛Ó !lˆÏçˆÏܲ ~•z §Ó ܲyˆÏç !lÎ%=˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚ ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ~•zê˛y ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ
ôyÓ˚îyà%ˆÏ°y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ í˛z˛õ°!kôˆÏܲ §•çï˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°– ≤ÃܲˆÏ“Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îyà%ˆÏ°y ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ܲyˆÏÓ˚yÓ˚ §y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚ !lˆÏï˛ xÌÓy ï˛Ìƒ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛Ó˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– §Óà%ˆÏ°y
≤Ãܲ“ §¡õyòl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ˆÏï˛y §Ω˛Ó˛õÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏÓ ly !ܲv ˆÎà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ÙçyòyÓ˚ ӈϰ ÙˆÏl •Î˚ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y ÓySÈy•z ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚y–
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~•z !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ¢yáyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ xl%§rôyˆÏlÓ˚ Îyey ¢%Ó˚% ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÎyFSÈ– Îï˛•z ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y x@˝Ã§Ó˚ •ˆÏÓñ
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˛õyë˛ƒ˛õ%hflÏܲˆÏܲ ~Ùl !ܲS%È ôy˛õ ˆòáˆÏÓ ˆÎáyˆÏl ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !lˆÏçÓ˚ Úfl∫Û ~ÓÇ ˆÎ•z çàˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ xÇ¢
Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y Ó§Óy§ ܲÓ˚SÈ ~•z !Ó£ÏÎ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ çylˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ~Ó˚çlƒ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ myÓ˚ ˛õÌ ˆáy°y xyˆÏSÈ– ~!ê˛Ó˚
í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚– Î!ò ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y •zrê˛yÓ˚ˆÏlˆÏê˛ Ü˛yç ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ çyˆÏly ï˛y•ˆÏ° ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ §•yÎ˚ï˛yÎ˚ ~Ùl §y•zê˛
ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y Îy ~•z Ó•z!ê˛Ó˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó› §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ §)ã˛ly ˆòÎ˚–
 CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
Part IV A (Article 51 A)

Fundamental Duties
Fundamental Duties – It shall be the duty of every citizen of India —
(a) to abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National
Flag and the National Anthem;
(b) to cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle for
freedom;
(c) to uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India;
(d) to defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so;
(e) to promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people
of India transcending religious, linguistic and regional or sectional diversities; to
renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women;
(f) to value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture;
(g) to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers,
wildlife and to have compassion for living creatures;
(h) to develop the scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform;
(i) to safeguard public property and to abjure violence;
(j) to strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity so
that the nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavour and achievement;
(k) who is a parent or guardian, to provide opportunities for education to his child or,
as the case may be, ward between the age of six and fourteen years.
§) ã˛# ˛õ e
!¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ çlƒ !lˆÏò≈¢
!¢«˛yÌ#≈ˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ !lˆÏò≈¢
xôƒyÎ˚ÈüÈ1 1
ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl ܲ#⁄
xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ 2 22
ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ xl%§rôyˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛§Ù)•
xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ 3 43
ÙylÓ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !˲!_
xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ 4 64
ÙylÓ !Óܲy¢
xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ 5 84
§ÇˆÏÓòlñ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà ~ÓÇ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y
xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ 6 107
!¢ál
xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ 7 131
ÙylÓ flø,!ï˛
xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ 8 149
!ã˛hs˝l
xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ 9 169
ˆ≤ãÏîy ~ÓÇ xyˆÏÓà
¢∑ˆÏܲy¢ 188
 ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ lyà!Ó˚ܲˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÙÔÏ!°Ü˛ ˛x!ôܲyÓ˚
å˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ §Ç!Óôylñ ôyÓ˚y 14ÈüÈ30 32G 226ä
1ä §yˆÏÙƒÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚ı
D xy•zˆÏlÓ˚ ò,!T˛ˆÏï˛ §Óy•z §Ùyl ~ÓÇ xy•zl §Ü˛°ˆÏܲ §Ùyl˲yˆÏÓ Ó˚«˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
D çy!ï˛ñôÙ≈ñ Óî≈ñ lyÓ˚#ÈüÈ˛õ%Ó˚%£Ïñ çß√fiÌyl ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ Ü˛yÓ˚ˆÏî Ó˚yT˛… ˆÜ˛yˆÏly lyà!Ó˚ˆÏܲÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ˜Ó£ÏÙƒÙ)°Ü˛ xyã˛Ó˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ ly–
D §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ã˛yÜ%˛!Ó˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÎyàƒï˛y xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ §Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ §Ùyl x!ôܲyÓ˚–
D xflõ,¢ƒï˛y !l!£ÏÂô ~ÓÇ xy•zl xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ ò[˛l#Î˚ x˛õÓ˚yô–
2ä fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚ ı
D Óy܉˛ fl∫yô#lï˛y G Ùï˛yÙï˛ ≤ÃܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚–
D ¢y!hs˝˛õ)î≈ G !lÓ˚flf˲yˆÏÓ §ÙˆÏÓï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚–
D §Çâ G §!Ù!ï˛ àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚–
D ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ §Ó≈e fl∫yô#l˲yˆÏÓ ã˛°yˆÏÊ˛Ó˚y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚–
D ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˆÎˆÏܲyˆÏly fiÌyˆÏl fl∫yô#l˲yˆÏÓ Ó§Óy§ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚–
D ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly ç#!Óܲyñ ˆ˛õ¢y Óy ÓƒÓ§y Óy!îçƒ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚–
D ç#Ól G Óƒ!=˛àï˛ fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚–
3ä ˆ¢y£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓÓ%̊ˆÏÂô x!ôܲyÓ˚ı
D ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ Ü ˛Î˚ñ !ÓÜ ˛Î˚ ܲÓ˚y Óy ˆÓàyÓ˚ áyê˛yˆÏly ÎyˆÏÓ ly–
D ˆã˛Ôj ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ü˛Ù ÓÎ˚flÒ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ á!lñ ܲyÓ˚áyly ˛Óy xlƒˆÏܲyˆÏly !Ó˛õIlܲ ܲyˆÏç !lÎ%=˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ ly–
4ä ôÙ#≈Î˚ fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚ ı
D §Ü˛° ôˆÏÙÏ≈Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ §Ùyl ◊Âôy G §Ùyl !lÓ˚y˛õ_yñ ܲyˆÏÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ôˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ ˜Ó£ÏÙƒ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÓ ly ~ÓÇ
≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ ôÙ≈yã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ õ)î≈ x!ôܲyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ §Ùyly!ôܲyÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏÓ–
D ˆÎˆÏܲyˆÏly ôˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ ≤çyˆÏÓ˚ xÌ≈ òyl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ fl∫yô#lï˛y–
D Ó˚yT˛… ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ Óy §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ §y•y΃≤ÃyÆ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !¢«˛y ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yˆÏl !¢«˛y °yˆÏ˲Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ ôˆÏÙ≈Ó˚
!˲!_ˆÏï˛
Ó!M˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ ly–
D §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ !¢«˛y ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yˆÏl ˆÎ˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ôÙ#≈Î˚ xl%¤˛yˆÏlÓ˚ xyˆÏÎ˚yçl G ï˛yˆÏï˛ ˆÎyàòyˆÏlÓ˚ fl∫yô#lï˛y–
D ôÙ≈ xÌÓy ˲y£Ïy!˲!_ܲ §Çáƒy°â% §¡±òyÎ˚à%ˆÏ°y !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õSÈ®Ùï˛ !¢«˛y ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yl fiÌy˛õl G ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
5ä §ÇflÒÈ ,!ï˛ G !¢«˛y !Ó£ÏÎ˚ܲ x!ôܲyÓ˚ ı
D ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˆÎˆÏܲyˆÏly lyà!Ó˚ˆÏܲÓ˚ !lç !lç ˲y£ÏyÈüÈ!°!˛õ G §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ §ÇÓ˚«˛î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
D ôÙ≈ çy!ï˛ Óy ˛Ë˛y£ÏyÓ˚ òÓ˚%l ܲyí˛zˆÏÜ ˛ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ xÌÓy §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ Îy•y΃ ≤ÃyÆ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !¢«˛y ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yˆÏl ≤ÈÏÓ¢y!ôܲyÓ˚
ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó!M˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ ly–
6ä §yÇ!Óôy!lܲ ≤Ã!ï˛Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚ ı
D ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ x!ôܲyÓ˚à%ˆÏ°y Ó°ÓÍ G ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ lyà!Ó˚ܲÓ˚y §%!≤ÃÙˆÏܲyˆÏê≈˛ G •y•zˆÏܲyˆÏê≈˛Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ xyˆÏÓòl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓÈüüÈ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçˆÏl !ӈϢ£Ï ˆ°á çy!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
ˆ•!ÓÎ˚y§ ܲ˛õ≈y§ñ Ùƒy[˛yÙy§ñ §yÓ˚!¢ˆÏÎ˚yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚y•zñ ≤Ã!•!Ó¢l G Ü%˛ˆÏÎ˚y GÎ˚yÓ˚yˆÏrê˛y–
 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl ܲ#⁄
xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ 1 Sensory, Attentional
and
WhatPerceptual
What isisPsychology?
Psychology⁄
Processes
~•z xôƒyÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y §ÙÌ≈ •ˆÏÓ
• Ùl ~ÓÇ xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ñ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛–
• ~•z ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ Ó,!Âô Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ñ
• ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ¢yáy §¡õˆÏܲ≈ çylˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ G ˆ˛õ¢yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ~Ó˚
§¡õÜ≈˛ çylˆÏï˛ñ
• ˜òl!®l ç#ÓˆÏl ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÓ˚ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyôˆÏܲ í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Îy ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !lˆÏçˆÏܲ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛
~ÓÇ xlƒˆÏòÓ˚G ˲y°Ë˛yˆÏÓ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ–

The growth of the human mind
is still high adventure,
in many ways the highest
adventure on earth.
– Norman Cousins
!Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›
Ë)˛!Ùܲy
ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl ܲ#⁄
K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛e !•§yˆÏÓ ÙˆÏly!Óòƒy
≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ !ÓK˛yl !•§yˆÏÓ ÙˆÏly!Óòƒy
§yÙy!çܲ !ÓK˛yl !•§yˆÏÓ ÙˆÏly!Óòƒy
Ùl G xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛z˛õ°!kô
ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe çl!≤ÃÎ˚ ôyÓ˚îy§Ù)•
ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ !ÓÓï≈˛l
xyô%!lܲ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ !ÓÓï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !ܲS%È xyܲ£Ï≈î#Î˚ âê˛ly åÓy: 1É1ä
˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ !Óܲy¢
ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ¢yáy
àˆÏÓ£Ïîy ~ÓÇ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›
ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ ˆ«˛e§Ù)•
ܲÙ≈Ó˚ï˛ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl#
˜òl!®l ç#ÓˆÏl ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
Ù%áƒ˛õò–
§yÓ˚yÇ¢
˛ õÎ≈yˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ ≤ß¿§Ù)•
≤ÃܲˆÏ“Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îy–
 Ë)˛!Ùܲy
§Ω˛Óï˛ñ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !¢«˛Ü˛ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ !çK˛y§y ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y xlƒ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ ˆSȈÏí˛¸ ˆÜ˛l
ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl ˆÓˆÏSÈ !lˆÏÎ˚SÈ⁄ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ܲ# !¢áˆÏï˛ xy¢y ܲÓ˚⁄ Îál ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ~•z ≤ß¿!ê˛ !çK˛y§y ܲÓ˚y
•ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ܲ# !SÈ°⁄ §yôyÓ˚îï˛ñ ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ ~•z ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ í˛z_ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ùyey §!ï˛ƒ•z !Óºy!hs˝Ü˛Ó˚–
x!ôܲyÇ¢ SÈyeÓ˚y !lÓ˚Ì≈ܲ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y !òˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲñ ï˛yÓ˚y çylˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚ ˆÎ xlƒ ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚y ܲ# ˲yÓˆÏSÈ– !ܲv
ˆÜ˛yl ˆÜ˛yl ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ÙlG í˛z_Ó˚ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆÎÙlÈüÈ!lˆÏçˆÏܲ çylyñ xlƒˆÏòÓ˚ çyly xÌÓy !ӈϢ£Ï !ܲS%È
≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yó ˆÎÙlÈüÈÙyl%£Ï fl∫≤¿ ˆÜ˛l ˆòˆÏáñ ˆÜ˛l Ùyl%£Ï ~!àˆÏÎ˚ !àˆÏÎ˚ xlƒˆÏòÓ˚ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚ xÌÓy ~ˆÏܲ
x˛õÓ˚ˆÏܲ xyâyï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– §ÙhflÏ ≤Ãyã˛#l ˙!ï˛•ƒà%!°ˆÏï˛ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ≤ß¿ xÓ¢ƒ•z ˆÌˆÏܲ ÌyˆÏܲ–
˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ò¢≈lÙ)°Ü˛ ˙!ï˛•ƒà%ˆÏ°y !ӈϢ£ÏÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ ˆÎ•z ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ Ù%ˆÏáyÙ%!á •l ï˛y •° ˆÎ Ùyl%£Ï ˆÎ Ó˚Ü˛Ù xyã˛Ó˚î
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y ˆÜ˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÜ˛l Ùyl%£Ï x!ôܲyÇ¢ §ÙÎ˚•z x§%á# ÌyˆÏܲ⁄ Î!ò ï˛yÓ˚y !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏl §%á ã˛yÎ˚ñ
ï˛y•ˆÏ° !lˆÏçÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ܲ# ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ܲÓ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛⁄ §Ó K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y•zñ Ùyl!§Ü˛ K˛yl G ÙylÓ
ܲ°ƒyˆÏî xˆÏlܲ xÓòyl Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚– Î!ò ˛õ,!ÌÓ# ò%/ˆÏá ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)î≈ •Î˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ ~!ê˛ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚ ˲yà•z Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚
ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî– §Ω˛Óï˛ñ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !çK˛y§y ܲˆÏÓ˚SÈ ˆÎ 9‡11 Óy •zÓ˚yܲ Î%Âô ˆÜ˛l •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°⁄ !ò!Õ‘ñ Ù%¡∫y•zñ ◊#làÓ˚
xÌÓy í˛z_Ó˚ÈüÈ˛õ)Ó≈yM˛ˆÏ° !lÓ˚#• Ùyl%£ÏˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛l ˆÓyÙy G Ó%ˆÏ°ˆÏê˛Ó˚ ˆÙyܲy!Ó°y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚⁄ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲÓ˚y
!çK˛y§y ܲˆÏÓ˚l ˆÎ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ï˛Ó˚%îÓ˚y §sfy§# Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚⁄ !ܲv ÙylÓ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ!ê˛ Ó˚)˛õG
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏS– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y §Ω˛Óï˛ ˆÙçÓ˚ ~•zã˛ñ !˛õñ ~§ xy•°%GÎ˚y!°Î˚yÓ˚ lyÙ ¢%ˆÏlSÈñ !Î!l ˛õy!ܲhflÏyˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ
Î%ˆÏÂôÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ xyâyˆÏï˛Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ˆÜ˛yÙˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !lˆÏã˛ ˛õ«˛yâyï˛@˝ÃhflÏ •ˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl ~ÓÇ !ï˛!l Ùyí˛zrê˛ ~˲yˆÏÓ˚fiê˛˛
xyˆÏÓ˚y•î ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ï˛ í˛zFã˛ï˛yÎ˚ xyˆÏÓ˚y•ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚îy ˆÜ˛yÌy ˆÌˆÏܲ ~°⁄ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
!•§yˆÏÓ ÙylÓ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ !•§yˆÏÓ ¢%ô%Ùye ~•z ≤ß¿à%ˆÏ°y•z ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z!jT˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó› lÎ˚–
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆçˆÏl !Ó!fløï˛ •ˆÏÓ ˆÎ xyô%!lܲ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl xflõT˛ «%˛o hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ âê˛ly ˆÎÙl ˆã˛ï˛lyñ ˆày°ˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà !lÓÂô ܲÓ˚yñ xÌÓy Î!ò ˆÜ˛í˛z ï˛yÓ˚ ˙!ï˛•ƒÓy•#˛ ≤Ã!ï˛m®µ#Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ Ê%˛ê˛Ó° ˆá°yˆÏï˛ çÎ˚# •Î˚
ï˛ˆÏÓ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô#òˆÏ°Ó˚ §ÙÌ≈ܲˆÏòÓ˚ myÓ˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ ÓƒÓ§y!Î˚ܲ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛ylˆÏܲ ˆ˛õyí˛¸yˆÏlyÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y •zï˛ƒy!ò
!ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ ã˛ã≈˛yG ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl ~•z òy!Ó Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ly ˆÎ ~!ê˛ §ÙhflÏ ç!ê˛° ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚ !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
!ܲv ~ê˛y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛ â!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ xyÙÓ˚y ~•z §ÙhflÏ âê˛lyÓ˚ xÌ≈ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛
¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ– ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ §Ó≈yˆÏ˛õ«˛y °«˛ƒl#Î˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ •ˆÏ°y ~•z ˆÎñ ~!ê˛ xlƒylƒ !ÓK˛yl ˆÌˆÏܲ xy°yòy˲yˆÏÓ
ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yà%ˆÏ°y xôƒÎ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ Îy Ù)°ï˛ x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#îñ ï˛ySÈyí˛¸y Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ !lçfl∫ x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î !Ó£ÏÎ˚§Ù)•ˆÏܲ
˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛ˆÏî §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚–

~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈ– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl •ˆÏ°y xydy xÌÓy ÙˆÏlÓ˚ xôƒÎ˚l–

ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl ܲ#⁄ åWhat is Psychologyä
ˆÎˆÏܲyˆÏly K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛eˆÏܲ §ÇK˛y!Î˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y ܲ!ë˛l– ≤ÃÌÙï˛ñ
~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ü ˛ÙÓô≈Ùyl í˛zߨÎ˚l •ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– !mï˛#Î˚ï˛ñ âê˛lyÓ˚ ˆÎ
§#Ùy ˛õÎ≈hs˝ xôƒÎ˚l ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲê˛y §ÇK˛yÎ˚ xyly
ÎyÎ˚˛ ly– ~•z Ó=˛Óƒ!ê˛ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeG ≤ÈÏÎy烖 xˆÏlܲ!òl
xyˆÏàñ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y SÈyeˆÏܲ ~ê˛y Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ˆÎ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
¢∑!ê˛ ò%!ê˛ !@˝Ãܲ §y•z!ܲ åPsycheä xÌ≈yÍ xydy ~ÓÇ ˆ°yˆÏày§
åLogosä xÌ≈yÍ !ÓK˛yl Óy ~ܲ!ê˛ !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ xôƒÎ˚l ˆÌˆÏܲ
!ܲv ~!ê˛ ~Ó˚ ˆÜ˛w ˆÌˆÏܲ xˆÏlܲ §ˆÏÓ˚ !àˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ
ˆ«˛e Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ !lˆÏçˆÏܲ ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ Îy Ùyl!Óܲ x!˲K˛ï˛y
~ÓÇ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ìyܲy ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yà%ˆÏ°y !lˆÏÎ˚˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ÙˆÏly!Óòƒy ˆÜ˛yˆÏly âê˛lyÓ˚ ˆÎ §ÙhflÏ !òܲà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ xôƒÎ˚l ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ
ˆÎà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xyÙÓ˚y í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ !ܲS%È í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈñ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y !Ó!˲ߨ
hflψÏÓ˚ SÈí˛¸yˆÏly Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈó ˆÎÙlÈüÈÓƒ!=˛ñ Î%@¬ åò%•z Óƒ!=˛ä ˆày¤˛# ~ÓÇ
§Çàë˛lÙ)°Ü˛– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˜ç!Óܲ !˲!_Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ §yÙy!çܲ
!˲!_G ÌyˆÏܲ–

2 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
 ï˛y•z fl∫y˲y!Óܲ˲yˆÏÓ•zñ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲçl ˆÎ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ xôƒÎ˚l
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~•z xôƒÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒG xˆÏlܲyLjϢ !˲ߨï˛y ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– ~ܲ!ê˛ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛eˆÏܲ
~•z !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ §ÇK˛y!Î˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚ñ ~ܲñ ~!ê˛ Ü˛#
xôƒÎ˚l ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ !mï˛#Î˚ ~!ê˛ Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ xôƒÎ˚l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ÓyhflψÏÓñ
ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ Óy ܲ# ˛õÂô!ï˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏFSÈñ ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚G ˆçyÓ˚
ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚– ~•z ܲÌy!ê˛ ÙˆÏl ˆÓ˚ˆÏáñ ≤ÃÌyàï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛ylˆÏܲ
Ùyl!§Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yñ x!˲K˛ï˛y ~ÓÇ xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆ≤ë˛y˛õˆÏê˛
xôƒÎ˚l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ !ÓK˛ylÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ §ÇK˛y!Î˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
í˛z˛õy_ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˜ç!Óܲ G §yÙy!çܲ !ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚
ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl ~•z í˛z˛õy_à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ xÌ≈ ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚
ÎyˆÏï˛ ~à%ˆÏ°y K˛yl xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ §Çà!ë˛ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ã˛ˆÏ°y xyÙÓ˚y
~áyˆÏl ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ !ï˛l!ê˛ ˛õòÈüÈÙyl!§Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yñ x!˲K˛ï˛y ~ÓÇ
xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲ!Ó˚–
Îál xyÙÓ˚y Ó!° ˆÎ x!˲K˛ï˛y •° x!˲K˛ï˛y°kôܲy!Ó˚˛ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚
xyhs˝!Ó˚Üñ ï˛ál xyÙÓ˚y ˆã˛ï˛lyˆÏÓyôñ §ˆÏã˛ï˛lï˛y Óy Ùyl!§Ü˛
≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yà%ˆÏ°y Îál xyÙÓ˚y
!ã˛hs˝y ܲ!Ó˚ Óy §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §ÙyôyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲ!Ó˚ñ !ܲS%È çylˆÏï˛
Óy ÙˆÏ l ܲÓ˚ ˆ Ï ï ˛ ã˛y•z ï˛ál xyÙÓ˚ y xyÙyˆÏ ò Ó˚ Ùyl!§Ü˛
≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲ!Ó˚– ~ܲ!ê˛ hflÏÓ˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl ~•z ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yà%ˆÏ°y
≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛!°ï˛ •Î˚ñ ˆ§!ê˛ •° Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲ°y˛õ– Îál xyÙÓ˚y
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly à!îˆÏï˛Ó˚ §Ùyôyl xÌÓy !ã˛hs˝y ܲ!Ó˚ñ ï˛ál xyÙÓ˚y Ù!hflÏˆÏ‹Ò˛
!Ó!˲ߨ Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ˛õrÌy ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚– Îy•zˆÏ•yܲñ
xyÙÓ˚y Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ly ˆÎ Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲ°y˛õ ~ÓÇ Ùyl!§Ü˛
≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y ~ܲ•zñ Î!òG ~Ó˚y ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#°– Ùyl!§Ü˛
ܲyÎ≈ܲ°y˛õ ~ÓÇ fl¨yÎ˚!Óܲ ܲyÎ≈ܲ°y˛õ ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ˆÏܲ x!ôÜ ˛ÙîܲyÓ˚#
≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yñ !ܲv ~à%ˆÏ°y x!˲ߨ lÎ˚– Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ÙˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
ˆË˛Ô!ï˛Ü˛ àë˛l Óy xÓfiÌyl ˆl•z– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zayl ~ÓÇ
x!Ë˛Óƒ!=˛ •Î˚ Îál xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !ÙˆÏÌy!fl;Î˚y ~ÓÇ x!˲K˛ï˛yà%ˆÏ°y
~•z çàˆÏï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ à!ï˛¢#°Ë˛yˆÏÓ §Çà!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚ Îy
!Ó!˲ߨ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y â!ê˛ï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe òyÎ˚#– Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚
ܲyÎ≈ܲ°y˛õ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Ùl ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ ≤Ãòyl
ܲˆÏÓ˚– !ܲv xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !lçfl∫ x!˲K˛ï˛y ~ÓÇ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚
ˆã˛ï˛ly fl¨yÎ˚!Óܲ ~ÓÇ Ù!hflÏ‹Ò≤Ãò_ ܲyÎ≈ܲ°yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚G xˆÏlܲ
ˆÓ!¢– Îál xyÙÓ˚y â%!ÙˆÏÎ˚ Ìy!ܲ ï˛álG !ܲS%È Ùyl!§Ü˛ ܲyÎ≈ܲ°y˛õ
ã˛°ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– xyÙÓ˚y Îál â%!ÙˆÏÎ˚ Ìy!ܲ ï˛ál fl∫≤¿ ˆò!á ~ÓÇ
!ܲS%È ï˛ÌƒG §Ç@˝Ã• ܲ!Ó˚ñ ˆÎÙl òÓ˚çy áê˛áê˛yˆÏlyÓ˚– ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲçl
ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl# ï˛yG ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl ˆÎ xyÙÓ˚y â%ˆÏÙÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !¢áˆÏï˛
~ÓÇ ÙˆÏl Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚– Ùyl!§Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎÙlñ
˛õ% l Ó˚ % ˆ Ï o ܲñ !¢álñ K˛ylñ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îñ xl% Ë ) ˛ !ï˛ •°
ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲˆÏòÓ˚ xy@˝ÃˆÏ•Ó˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚– í˛zlyÓ˚y ~•z ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ
xôƒÎ˚l ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl Ùl ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ çlƒ ~ÓÇ
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎñ !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ ~•z Ùyl!§Ü˛
«˛Ùï˛yà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ G ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàˆÏܲ í˛zß¨ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚–
ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲÓ˚y Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ x!˲K˛ï˛yà%!° !lˆÏÎG ˚ xôƒÎ˚î ܲˆÏÓl˚ –
x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚)˛õ •Ï° Óƒ!=˛!˲!_ܲ– xyÙÓ˚y §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ ˲yˆÏÓ xlƒ
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲçˆÏlÓ˚ x!˲K˛ï˛yˆÏܲ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Óy çylˆÏï˛
˛õy!Ó˚ ly– ¢%ô%Ùye x!˲K˛ï˛y≤ÃyÆ Óƒ!=˛•z ï˛yÓ˚ x!˲K˛ï˛y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛
§ˆÏã˛ï˛l ~ÓÇ §K˛yl ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~•z˲yˆÏÓ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛à%ˆÏ°y
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏã˛ï˛lï˛y Óy ˆã˛ï˛lyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !l!•ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ÙˆÏly!ÓòÓ˚y
Ù,ï%˛ƒ˛õÌÎye# ˆÓ˚yà#Ó˚ ˆÎ ˛õ#í˛¸y Óy !≤ÃÎ˚çˆÏlÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÎ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˆÎ
˛õ#í˛¸yÓ˚ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ •Î˚ ~Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ò,!T˛ !lˆÏ«˛˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlñ ~SÈyí˛¸yG
˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ •z!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛à%ˆÏ°y Îy ˆÓ˚yÙy™ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ xl%˲Ó
ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚G ò,!T˛!lˆÏ«˛˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– !ܲS%È Ó˚•§ƒÙ)°Ü˛
xl%Ë)˛!ï˛G Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Îy ÙˆÏly!ÓòˆÏòÓ˚ ò,!T˛ xyܲ£Ï≈î ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈñ ˆÎÙl
Îál ~ܲçl ˆÎyà# ôƒyˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆã˛ï˛lyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xlƒ hflψÏÓ˚
ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚ ~ÓÇ lï%˛l ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ x!˲K˛ï˛y §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Óy Îál
~ܲçl Ùyòܲy§=˛ Óƒ!=˛ñ ÙyòܲoÓƒ á%Ó•z «˛!ï˛Ü˛yÓ˚ܲ •GÎ˚y
§ˆÏcGñ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ùyòܲ oÓƒ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ í˛z_y° •GÎ˚yÓ˚
çlƒ– x!˲K˛ï˛yà%ˆÏ°y x!˲K˛ï˛y°kôܲyÓ˚# Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î ~ÓÇ
Óy!•ƒÜ˛ xÓfiÌyˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– Î!ò ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ë˛í˛¸ ÓyˆÏ§
@˝Ã#‹øܲyˆÏ° ºÙî ܲˆÏÓ˚y ï˛y•ˆÏ° §ã˛Ó˚yã˛Ó˚ ˆÎ xfl∫!hflψÏÓyô ܲˆÏÓ˚y
ˆ§!ê˛ !ܲS%È Órô%ˆÏòÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ÓlˆÏ˲yçˆÏl ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ lyG ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚y– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛Ó˚ fl∫Ó˚)˛õˆÏܲ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ° ˆÜ˛yˆÏly x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î
~ÓÇ Óy!•ƒÜ˛ xÓfiÌyÓ˚ ç!ê˛° !Ólƒy§ˆÏܲ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚–
xyã˛Ó˚î •° ˆ§•z ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y Îy xyÙÓ˚y ܲ!Ó˚ Óy ˆÎ ܲyˆÏç
xyÙÓ˚y !lÎ%=˛ Ìy!ܲ– Îál ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó› ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ á%Ó
ˆçyˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏ«˛!˛õï˛ •Î˚ñ ï˛ál §Ó˚° ≤Ã!ï˛Óï≈˛ !Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî
ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ ˛õ°Ü˛ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÎ˚– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y
!lˆÏFSÈ ~ÓÇ ~•z §ÙÎ˚ •,òˆÏÎ˚ ã˛y˛õ xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛Ó˚SÈ– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y Órô%Ó˚
§yˆÏÌ !ӈϢ£Ï ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ã˛°!ã˛e ˆòáˆÏï˛ ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ !§Âôyhs˝ !lˆÏï˛
˛õyÓ˚– xyã˛Ó˚î §Ó˚° Óy ç!ê˛°ñ Ü˛Ù Óy fiÌyÎ˚# •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– !ܲS%È
xyã˛Ó˚î xyÓyÓ˚ ≤Ãܲy¢ƒÙyl˛– ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ Óy
~ܲçl ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛Ü˛ myÓ˚y xl%Ë)˛ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– !ܲS%È xyÓyÓ˚
x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î Óy x≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •Î˚– Îál ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ç!ê˛°
xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ 1 • ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl ܲ#⁄ 3
˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲy ˆÎÙl òyÓy ˆá°yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y Îál ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
~ܲ!ê˛ ã˛y° ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚y ï˛ál ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ •yï˛
~ÓÇ ˆ˛õ¢#ˆÏï˛ ê˛yl xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y– §ÙhflÏ xyã˛Ó˚îñ Îy flõT˛ ~ÓÇ
xflõT˛ ï˛y Óy!•ƒÜ˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ !ܲS%È í˛zj#˛õܲ Óy x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î
!ܲS%È ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ myÓ˚y í˛zˆÏ_!çï˛ •Î˚–
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y Î!ò ~ܲ!ê˛ Óyâ ˆòÏá ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆòÔˆÏí˛¸ ˛õy!°ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y
Óy Óyâ xyˆÏSÈ ˆË˛ˆÏÓ ˛õy!°ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ !§Âôyhs˝ !lˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y–
ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲçl ÙˆÏly!Óò xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ í˛zj#˛õܲ ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
xl%£ÏAà !•§yˆÏÓ xôƒÎ˚l ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ~•z í˛zj#˛õܲ ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y
ò%!ê˛•z x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î ~ÓÇ Óy!•ƒÜ˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛e !•§yˆÏÓ ÙˆÏly!Óòƒy åPsychology
as a Disiplineä
xyÙÓ˚y xyˆÏà•z í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈñ ˆÎ ÙˆÏly!Óòƒy
xyã˛Ó˚îñ x!˲K˛ï˛y ~ÓÇ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y !lˆÏÎ˚ xôƒÎ˚l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
~!ê˛ Ùl ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ Óƒyáƒy ~ÓÇ í˛z˛õ°!kôÓ˚ xl%ôyÓl
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !Ó!˲ߨ xyã˛Ó˚î ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ !Ó!˲ߨ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚
Ê˛°yÊ˛° •Î˚ ï˛yG çylˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚– Îál xyÙÓ˚y xlƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §yôyÓ˚î
Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲ!Ó˚ñ ï˛ál xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ~•z çà͈Ïܲ í˛z˛õ°!kô
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aà!ê˛ í˛zlyˆÏòÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ˆÏܲ Óƒyáƒy
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ÙˆÏly!Óòàî xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚
ÓƒyáƒyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~•z §ÙhflÏ ˛õ«˛˛õyï˛à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ myÓ˚y
•…y§ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚l– xyÓyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛í˛z ˆÜ˛í˛z í˛zlyˆÏòÓ˚ !ӈϟ’£ÏîˆÏܲ
!ÓK˛yl§¡øï˛ G ˜lÓ≈ƒ!=˛Ü˛ Ó˚)˛õ ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ~Ùl ܲˆÏÓ˚
ÌyˆÏܲl– xlƒÓ˚y xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ çlƒ x!˲K˛ï˛y°kôܲyÓ˚#˛
Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ !lçfl∫ ò,!T˛ˆÏܲyl !òˆÏÎ˚ xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛ˆÏï˛ ã˛ylñ ܲyÓ˚î
í˛zlyÓ˚y ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚l ˆÎ ÙylÓ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aà
•° Óƒ!=˛!˲!_ܲ– ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ˆÏï˛ xyd í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õly ~ÓÇ
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆã˛ï˛l xl%Ë)˛!ï˛Ó˚ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ í˛z˛õ°!kôÓ˚
≤Ãôyl í˛zͧ !•§yˆÏÓ ôÓ˚y •Î˚– x!ôܲyÇ¢ ˛õ!Ÿã˛Ù# ÙˆÏly!ÓòàîG
ÙylÓ xyã˛Ó˚î G xl%Ë)˛!ï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õ°!kôÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xyd í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õly
~ÓÇ xydK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ Ë)˛!ÙܲyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆçyÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl– ÙˆÏly!Óòàî
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xôƒÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˛ṏÏܲ x@˝Ãy•ƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚•z xyã˛Ó˚îñ Ùyl!§Ü˛
≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y ~ÓÇ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ xôƒÎ˚ˆÏl ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ Îylñ í˛zlyÓ˚y !lÎ˚Ùyl%ÎyÎ˚#
~ÓÇ ˛≤Ã!ï˛˛õyòƒ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ~à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ í˛z˛õ°!kô ~ÓÇ ÓƒyáƒyÓ˚ ˛õÌ
ˆáÑyˆÏçl–
Î!òG ÙˆÏly!Óòƒy ~ܲ!ê˛ x!ï˛ ≤Ãyã˛#l K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛eñ !ÓK˛yl
!•§yˆÏÓ !ܲˆÏ¢yÓ˚ñ Î!ò ôÓ˚y •Î˚ ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyàyÓ˚
fiÌy!˛õï˛ •GÎ˚ y Ó˚ §y°!ê˛ñ ï˛ˆÏ Ó ˆ§!ê˛ •ˆÏ ° y 1879 §y°ñ
!°˛õ!çˆÏܲ– !ܲvñ ÙˆÏly!Óòƒy ܲ# ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !ÓK˛ylñ ~!ê˛ ~áˆÏly
~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛ˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ !•§yˆÏÓ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈñ !ӈϢ£Ïï˛ Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl
~!ê˛Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ lï%˛l !òܲ í˛z!òï˛
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyˆÏܲ §yôyÓ˚îï˛ §Ùyç !ÓK˛yl !•§yˆÏÓ ˆ◊!îË%˛=˛
ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– !ܲv ~!ê˛ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ xyŸã˛Î≈ ly °yày•z í˛z!ã˛ï˛ ˆÎ
¢%ô% xlƒ ˆòˆÏ¢•z lÎ˚ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Gñ ~!ê˛ˆÏܲ !ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˛¢yáyÎ˚
xôƒÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ x!˛õ≈ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚ñ fl¨yï˛Ü˛ ~ÓÇ fl¨yï˛ˆÏܲy_Ó˚
ò%!ê˛ hflψÏÓ˚•z– Ó•% SÈyeÓ˚y•z !ÓÉ~§É!§ñ ~ÙÉ~§É !§ ~Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ§≈
!ÓŸª!Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ !í˛!@˝Ã °y˲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÎyÎ˚– ÓyhflÏ!ÓˆÏܲñ ò%!ê˛ á%Ó í˛zò#Î˚Ùyl
ˆ«˛e Îy x!ÓÓ˚ï˛ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl ˆÌˆÏܲ K˛yl ôyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y
•ˆÏ°y fl¨yÎ˚% !ÓK˛yl ~ÓÇ Ü˛!¡õí˛zê˛yÓ˚ !ÓK˛yl– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
xˆÏlˆÏܲ•z •Î˚ˆÏï˛y Ù!hflÏ‹Ò ≤Ã!ï˛Ù)!ï≈˛ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢ ≤ÃÎ%!=˛Ó˚ o%ï˛ !Óܲy¢
ÎÌyÈüÈfMRI, EEG ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ çyˆÏlñ Îy Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚
§!ë˛Ü˛ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ xôƒÎ˚lˆÏܲ §Ω˛Ó ܲˆÏÓ˚ – ~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓñ ï˛Ìƒ ≤ÃÎ%!=˛Ó˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏeñ Ùyl%£Ï ~ÓÇ Ü˛!¡õí˛zê˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ !ÙÌ!‹;Î˚y ~ÓÇ
Ü,˛!eÙ Ó%!ÂôÓ˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ K˛yl
SÈyí˛¸y §Ω˛Ó lÎ˚– Î!òGñ Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl xôƒÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛e !•§yˆÏÓ
ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ §Ùyhs˝Ó˚y° ¢yáy Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ܲ!ê˛ Îy ˆË˛Ôï˛ ~ÓÇ
ç#Ó!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛à%!°Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ myÓ˚y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ
xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ!ê˛ ÙˆÏly!Óòƒy ~ÓÇ §yÙy!çܲ âê˛lyÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xôƒÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
çlƒ §yÙy!çܲ ~ÓÇ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ !ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛à%ˆÏ°y ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– xˆÏlܲ §ÙÎ˚ ~•z ¢yáy ò%!ê˛ ~ܲ•z !Ó®%ˆÏï˛
!Ù!°ï˛ •Î˚ ¢%ô%Ùye ˛õ,Ìܲ˲yˆÏÓ §M˛y!Ó˚ï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚y
˛õ,Ìܲ ˛õˆÏÌ ã˛ˆÏ° ÎyÎ˚– ≤ÃÌÙ xÓfiÌy!ê˛ˆÏï˛ñ ÙˆÏly!Óòƒy !lˆÏçˆÏܲ
~ܲ!ê˛ ˆ«˛e !•§yˆÏÓ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ Îy ˜ç!Óܲ l#!ï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ x!ôܲ
ò,!T˛ !lˆÏ«˛˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚ÈüÈ ÙylÓ xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ– ~!ê˛
xl%Ùyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ §ÙhflÏ xyã˛Ó˚îàï˛ âê˛lyÓ˚ !ܲS%È Ü˛yÓ˚î Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ
ˆÎ!ê˛ !lÎ˚!sfï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˛¢,C°yÓÂô˲yˆÏÓ xyÙÓ˚y Î!ò í˛z˛õy_˛
§Ç@˝Ã• ܲ!Ó˚ñ ~Ó˚ myÓ˚y í˛zˆÏß√yã˛l ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ~áyˆÏlñ àˆÏӣψÏܲÓ˚
í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ •Ï° ܲyÎ≈ÈüÈܲyÓ˚î §¡õÜ≈˛ çyly ÎyˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly xyã˛Ó˚îàï˛
âê˛lyÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xl%Ùyl ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Î!ò òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ •Î˚
xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ !lÎ˚sfîG ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– x˛õÓ˚˛õˆÏ«˛ñ §yÙy!çܲ
!ÓK˛yl !•§yˆÏÓ ÙˆÏly!Óòƒy Óƒ!=˛ ˆÎ ly!ܲ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ xÇ¢ñ ˆÎáyˆÏl
Óƒ!=˛ ~ÓÇ §Ùyç §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ù)°Ü˛ !ÙˆÏÌy!fl;Î˚yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˆÎ xyã˛Ó˚îàï˛
âê˛lyÓ˚ í˛zqÓ •Î˚ ˆ§!ê˛Ó˚ ÓƒyáƒyÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ò,!T˛ !lˆÏ«˛˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~!ê˛
xl%Ùyl ܲÓ˚y ˆÎ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ xyã˛Ó˚îÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y Ó•% ܲyÓ˚î Óï≈˛Ùyl–
ã˛ˆÏ°y ~ál xyÙÓ˚y ~•z ò%!ê˛ ¢yáy ˛õ,Ìܲ˲yˆÏÓ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲ!Ó˚–

4 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ !ÓK˛yl !•§yˆÏÓ ÙˆÏly!Óòƒy
åPsychology as a Natural Scicenceä
~ê˛y xyˆÏà•z í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎñ ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÓ˚ ˆ¢Ü˛í˛¸ ò¢≈ˆÏl
!l!•ï˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– Î!òGñ xyô%!lܲ ÙˆÏly!Óòƒy !Óܲy¢ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Ü˛yÓ˚î
ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ âê˛lyà%!°Ó˚ xôƒÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ !ÓK˛yl!˲!_ܲ ˛õÂô!ï˛
≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– !ÓK˛yl Ó›!l¤˛ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚•z x!ôܲ ˆçyÓ˚
ˆòÎ˚ñ Îy ~ܲ!ê˛ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ §ÇK˛y ≤Ãy!Æ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~!ê˛ Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ Ùy˛õy
ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ~•z !Ó£ÏÎ˚ ò%!ê˛ §•Ùï˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ ≤ÃyÆ Ü˛Ó˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ÙˆÏly!Óòƒy ˆí˛Ü≈˛yˆÏï˛§ åDecartesä ~Ó˚ myÓ˚y ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛
•ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ~ÓÇ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ˆË˛Ôï˛ !ÓK˛yˆÏl !Óܲy¢ ~•z!ê˛˛ myÓ˚y
Ó,!Âô °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ÎyˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ hypothetico-
deductive model – ~•z ÙˆÏ í ˛°!ê˛ xl% Î yÎ˚ # ˆÜ˛yˆÏ l y
!ÓK˛yl!˲!_ܲ x@˝Ãà!ï˛ ï˛ál•z •Î˚ Îál ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ~ܲ!ê˛
ï˛_¥ ÌyˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly âê˛lyˆÏܲ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ
˛õòyÌ≈!Óò‰ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛_¥ xyˆÏSÈ˛ !ÓàÈüÈÓƒyAà ï˛_¥ åBig-
bang theoryä Ó°y •Î˚ ~•z!ê˛ Ó ·y[˛ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ à!ë˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ
ï˛y Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ï˛_¥ xyÓ˚ !ܲS%È•z ly ܲï˛Ü˛à%ˆÏ°y
!ÓÓ,!ï˛Ó˚ !Ólƒy§ñ ÎyˆÏï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ç!ê˛° âê˛lyˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚
§¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛ ≤ÃhflÏyˆÏÓÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ
ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚– ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ˜ÓK˛y!lܲàî ~ܲ!ê˛ xl%Ùyl
≤ÃhflÏyÓ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚lñ ÎyˆÏï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ âê˛ly ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ â!ê˛ï˛ •Î˚ ï˛yÓ˚ §Ω˛yÓƒ
Óƒyáƒy ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚y ÌyˆÏܲ– ~ܲçˆÏlÓ˚ §Çà,!•ï˛ í˛z˛õy_ myÓ˚y
xl%Ùyl!ê˛ §ï˛ƒ Óy !Ù̃y !ܲ ly ï˛y ≤ÃÙyî ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ˆÎ í˛z˛õy_˛
§Ç@˝Ã• ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤ÃÓ!ï≈˛ï˛ xl%ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲG
!Ó!˲ߨ !òˆÏܲ §Çà,!•ï˛ í˛z˛õy_ myÓ˚y ï˛_¥ˆÏܲ ˲yˆÏ°y˲yˆÏÓ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏ°yã˛ly
ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ Îy ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲçˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ãò_ xl%Ùyl ˆÌˆÏܲ xy°yòy–
í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aà!ê˛ˆÏܲ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl#Ó˚y !¢álñ flø,!ï˛ñ
ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyàñ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îñ ˆ≤ãÏîy ~ÓÇ xyˆÏÓà ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ï˛_¥ !Óܲ!¢ï˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏï˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ í˛zߨ!ï˛ °y˲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl–
~ál ˛õÎ≈hs˝ñ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚ ˲yà ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÓ˚ àˆÏÓ£Ïîy ~•z ò,!T˛Ë˛!AàˆÏܲ˛
xl%§Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~à%ˆÏ°y ÓyˆÏòG ÙˆÏly!Óòàî !ÓÓï≈˛lÓyˆÏòÓ˚
ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aà myÓ˚y ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Îy ç#Ó!ÓK˛yˆÏlG ≤Ã˲yÓ¢y°#
ӈϰ çyly ÎyÎ˚– !Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õ ˆÎÙl
xy§!=˛ Óy xyÜ ˛Ùîydܲï˛yˆÏܲ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ~•z ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aà!ê˛
ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
§Ùyç !ÓK˛yl !•§yˆÏÓ ÙˆÏly!Óòƒy
åPsychology as a social scienceä
xyÙÓ˚y xyˆÏà•z í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ ˆÎñ ÙˆÏly!Óòƒy §Ùyç !ÓK˛yl
!•§yˆÏÓ ˆÓ!¢ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ñ ܲyÓ˚î ~!ê˛ ÙylÓ xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §Ùyç
§Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ù)°Ü˛ ˛õê˛Ë)˛!ÙˆÏï˛ xôƒÎ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ùyl%£ ¢%ô% ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §Ùyç
§Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ù)°ï˛ ˛õê˛Ë)˛!Ù myÓ˚y ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ lÎ˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚y §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ §,!T˛G
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ÙˆÏly!Óòƒy §Ùyç !ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛e !•§yˆÏÓ Ùyl%£Ï ˆÎ §yÙy!çܲ
ç#Ó ~•z !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ò,!T˛ !lˆÏ«˛˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ó˚!Oï˛y ~ÓÇ ¢ÓlÙ
~Ó˚ ~•z à“!ê˛ ˆò!á–
Ó˚!Oï˛y ~ÓÇ ¢ÓlÙ ~ܲ•z Üœ˛yˆÏ§ !SÈ°– Î!òG ï˛yÓ˚y ~ܲ•z
Üœ˛yˆÏ§ !SÈ°ñ ï˛yÓ˚y ~ˆÏܲ x˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛G !ܲv ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
ç#Ól !SÈ° ~ܲòÙ ˛xy°yòy– Ó˚!Oï˛y !SÈ° Ü,˛£Ïܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÙˆÏÎ˚–
ï˛yÓ˚ òyò%ñ !˛õï˛yÙyï˛yÈ ~ÓÇ ÓˆÏí˛¸y ˲y•z §Óy•z ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆáˆÏï˛ Ü˛yç
ܲÓ˚ï˛– ï˛yÓ˚y @˝ÃyˆÏÙ ~ܲ§yˆÏÌ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Óy!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ ÌyÜ˛ï˛– Ó˚!Oï˛y
~ܲçl ˲yˆÏ°y ˆáˆÏ°yÎ˚yí˛¸ ~ÓÇ Ë˛yˆÏ°y °Ç !í˛§ê˛ƒy™ Ó˚ylyÓ˚
!Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚– ˆ§ ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ !Ù¢ˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ Órô%c ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õSÈ®
ܲÓ˚Ïï˛–
GÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xy°yòyñ ¢ÓlÙ ï˛yÓ˚ ÙyÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ~ܲ•z @˝ÃyˆÏÙ
ÌyܲˆÏï˛y– ï˛yÓ˚ ÓyÓyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ•z ~•z ¢•ˆÏÓ˚ òƈÏÓ˚ ܲyç ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛l
~ÓÇ S%È!ê˛Ó˚ !òˆÏl•z Óy!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ xy§ˆÏï˛l– ¢ÓlÙ ~ܲçl ˲yˆÏ°y
!¢“# !SÈ° ~ÓÇ âˆÏÓ˚ ÌyܲˆÏï˛y ~ÓÇ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ˲y•zˆÏܲ ˆòˆÏá Ó˚yÏáˆÏï˛y–
ˆ§ á%Ó °yç%ܲ ~ÓÇ ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ˆÙ¢y ˛õSÈ® ܲÓ˚ï˛ ly–
àï˛ ÓSÈÓ˚ ˆ§áyˆÏl á%Ó Ë˛yÓ˚# Ó,!T˛˛õyï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ @˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚
!lܲê˛Óï≈˛# lò#!ê˛ @˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ !˲ï˛Ó˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ≤’y!Óï˛ •Î˚– l#ã%˛ fiÌyˆÏl
xÓ!fiÌï˛ xˆÏlܲ Óy!í˛¸ ÓlƒyÎ˚ ≤’y!Óï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– @˝ÃyÙÓy§#Ó˚y
~ܲ!eï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃Ó˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˛õ#!í˛¸ï˛ ˆ°yܲˆÏòÓ˚
xy◊Î˚ ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– §ÓlˆÏÙÓ˚ âÓ˚!ê˛G ˆË˛ˆÏ§ ˆà!SÈ° ~ÓÇ ˆ§
ï˛yÓ˚ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ˲y•z ~ÓÇ ÙyˆÏܲ !lˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚!Oï˛yÓ˚ Óy!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ ~ˆÏ§!SÈ°–
Ó˚!Oï˛y á%Ó á%!¢ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ˆÏܲ §y•y΃ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ Óy!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ fl∫yFSÈ®ƒ ˆÓyô ܲÓ˚yˆÏlyÓ˚ çlƒ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚!S°È–
Îál ÓlƒyÓ˚ ç° Ü˛ˆÏÙ ÎyÎ˚ñ Ó˚!Oï˛yÓ˚ Ùy ~ÓÇ ë˛yÜ%˛Ùy ¢ÓlÙÈüÈ~Ó˚
ÙyˆÏܲ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ âÓ˚!ê˛ xyÓyÓ˚ ˆï˛y°yÓ˚ çlƒ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ò%!ê˛
˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ á%Ó Ü˛ySÈyܲy!SÈ ã˛ˆÏ° xyˆÏ§– Ó˚!Oï˛y ~ÓÇ ¢ÓlÙ á%Ó
˲yˆÏ°y Órô%ˆÏï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚–
~•z âê˛ly!ê˛ˆÏï˛ Ó˚!Oï˛y ~ÓÇ ¢ÓlÙó ò%çˆÏl•z ˛õ,Ìܲ Óƒ!=˛–
ï˛yÓ˚y xy°yòy ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ í˛zˆÏë˛ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ ç!ê˛° §yÙy!çܲ ~ÓÇ
xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ xÓfiÌy Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆòáˆÏï˛y ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y ˆÎ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
§yÙy!çܲ ~ÓÇ ÓyhflÏ!Óܲ˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ñ xl%˲Ó
~ÓÇ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ˆÎ §¡õܲ≈ ï˛yˆÏï˛ ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛ï˛y !SÈ°–
!ܲv ~ܲ•z §ÙˆÏÎ˚ñ xyÓyÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚î ~ÓÇ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ˆÏï˛
!Ó!˲ߨï˛yG Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSñÈ Îy ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ l#!ï˛Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚ xl%Ùyl ܲÓ˚y ܲ!ë˛l– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲçl §•ˆÏç•z Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚
ˆÎ §ÙyˆÏç ~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛ ˆÜ˛l ~ÓÇ Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ §y•yÎƒÜ˛yÓ˚# ~ÓÇ
xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ 1 • ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl ܲ#⁄ 5
xydÓ!°òyl# •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛ xlƒ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ !Ó˛õˆÏòñ ˆÎÙl!ê˛ Ó˚!Oï˛y
~ÓÇ ¢ÓlˆÏÙÓ˚ @˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ ˆ°yˆÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– !ܲv ~•z
âê˛lyˆÏï˛Gñ §Ó @˝ÃyÙÓy§#Ó˚y•z §Ùyl˲yˆÏÓ §y•yÎƒÜ˛yÓ˚# ll ~ÓÇ
~ܲ•z ˛õ!Ó˚!fïÏï˛ §Ó §¡±òyÎ˚•z ~ˆÏï˛y x@˝Ãî# •Î˚ lyó ÓyhflÏ!Óܲñ
xˆÏlܲ §ÙÎ˚ñ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ê˛y•z §ï˛ƒ •Î˚ÈüüüÈ ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚y x§yÙy!çܲ
•ˆÏÎ˚ GˆÏë˛ñ ~•z ~ܲ•z ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ Îál ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !Ó˛õò âˆÏê˛
ï˛ál °%ê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆ¢y£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫yÌ≈ ã˛!Ó˚ï˛yÌ≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
~!ê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~•z ≤Ãò!¢≈ï˛ •Î˚ ˆÎ ÙˆÏly!Óòƒy ÙylÓ xyã˛Ó˚î ~ÓÇ
xl%Ë)˛!ï˛Ó˚ §Ùyç ~ÓÇ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ Ù)°Ü˛ ˛õê˛Ë)˛!Ù !lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly
ܲˆÏÓ˚– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ ÙˆÏly!Óòƒy •° ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ùyç !ÓK˛yl Îy
Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ~ÓÇ §¡±òyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §Ùyç §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ~ÓÇ ÓyhflÏ!Óܲ
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ò,!T˛!lˆÏ«˛˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
Ùl ~ÓÇ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛z˛õ°!kô
åUnderstading Mind and Behaviourä
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòˆÏáy ˆÎ ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyˆÏܲ ~ܲ§ÙÎ˚ ÙˆÏlÓ˚
!ÓK˛yl !•§yˆÏÓ §ÇK˛y!Î˚ï˛˛ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ≤ÃyÎ˚ xˆÏlܲ ¢ï˛Ü˛ñ
ôˆÏÓ˚•z ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÎ˚ ÙlÈ !l!£ÏÂô Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈ– ܲyÓ˚î ~!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
Ù)ï≈˛ xyã˛Ó˚îàï˛ ˛õò myÓ˚y §ÇK˛y!Î˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚!l ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚
xÓfiÌylˆÏܲG !lˆÏò≈¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l!l– ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÎ˚ ÚÙlÛ
¢∑!ê˛ˆÏܲ !Ê˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ xylyÓ˚ çlƒ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ fl¨yÎ˚% !ÓK˛yl# ˆflõ!Ó˚
~ÓÇ ˛õòyÌ≈!Óò ˆ˛õlˆÏÓ˚yçˆÏܲ ôlƒÓyò K˛y˛õl ܲÓ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ñ ÎyÓ˚y
ÚÙlÛ ¢∑!ê˛ˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÎyàƒ ÙÎ≈yòy !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl ~ÓÇ !òˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏFSÈl–
ÙˆÏly!Óòƒy §• xlƒylƒ K˛ylˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚Ó˚ !ÓK˛yl#Ó˚ ÙˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
§¡∫!rôï˛ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ (Unified theory of mind) í˛zqyÓlyÓ˚ ܲÌy
!ã˛hs˝y ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlñ !ܲv ~•z Ó˚)˛õ !ã˛hs˝yôyÓ˚y ~áˆÏly ÓyhflÏÓ ˆÌˆÏܲ
xˆÏlܲ ò)ˆÏÓ˚–
Ùl ܲ#⁄ ~!ê˛ !ܲ Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y•z ~ܲ⁄ ~!ê˛ §ï˛ƒ ˆÎ ÙˆÏlÓ˚
Ù!hflÏ‹Ò SÈyí˛¸y x!hflÏc ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ lyñ !ܲv Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ xy°yòy
§_¥y– ~!ê˛ !Ó!˲ߨ ÙçyòyÓ˚ !ܲS%È âê˛lyÎ˚ í˛z˛õ°kô •Î˚ ÎyÓ˚ ≤ÃÙyî
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ – !ܲS%È ˆÓ˚yà#Ó˚˚ x!:!˛õê˛y° ˆ°yÓ!ê˛ˆÏܲñ Îy ly!ܲ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚
çlƒ òyÎ˚#ñ xflf ≤Ãã˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ x˛õ§yÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏ° ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚
ò¢≈l§ÇÜ ˛yhs˝ §ÇˆÏܲˆÏï˛Ó˚ fiÌyl ~ÓÇ xyˆÏ˛õ!«˛Ü˛ xÓfiÌyl §!ë˛Ü˛
˲yˆÏÓ !lÓ˚)˛õî ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓñ ~ܲçl xˆÏ˛õ¢yòyÓ˚
~ÌˆÏ°ê˛ ï˛yÓ˚ Óy•%!ê˛ ˆÙyê˛Ó˚ §y•zˆÏܲ° ò%â≈ê˛lyÎ˚ •yÓ˚yˆÏ°G ˆ§ ~ܲ!ê˛
Óy•% xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ §M˛y°lG xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
Îál ï˛yˆÏܲ ܲ!Ê˛ §yôy •Î˚ ï˛ál ï˛yÓ˚ Úx°#ܲ Óy•%Û !ê˛ Ü˛!Ê˛
ܲyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ Óyí˛¸yÎ˚ ~ÓÇ Îál ˆÜ˛í˛z ܲy˛õ!ê˛ˆÏܲ ò)ˆÏÓ˚ ˆë˛ˆÏ° ˆòÎ˚ñ
ˆ§ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô#ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~áyˆÏl xyÓ˚G xˆÏlܲ ~ܲ•z Ó˚Ü˛Ù xlƒ
6 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
âê˛lyG Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Îy fl¨yÎ˚% !ÓK˛yl# myÓ˚y ≤ÃÙy!îï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ܲçl
Î%Óܲ ˆÎ ly!ܲ ò%â≈ê˛lyÎ˚ Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ xyâyˆÏï˛ ˛õ#!í˛¸ï˛ñ ˆ§ •y§˛õyï˛y°
ˆÌˆÏܲ âˆÏÓ˚ ˆÊ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ òy!Ó Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ ï˛yÓ˚ xy§° !˛õï˛yÙyï˛yÓ˚
çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Úlܲ°Û Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– í˛zlyÓ˚y ly!ܲ SÈpˆÏÓ¢#– ~•z
≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ âê˛lyÎ˚ñ Óƒ!=˛ Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xLjϢÓ˚ «˛!ï˛@˝ÃhflÏï˛yÎ˚
ˆË˛yà!SÈ°– !ܲv ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ùl x«˛ï˛ !SÈ°– ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ !ÓK˛yl#Ó˚y !ÓŸªy§
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛l ˆÎ Ùl ~ÓÇ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §¡õÜ≈˛ ˆl•z ~ÓÇ ˆÎ
~Ó˚y ~ˆÏܲ x˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §Ùyhs˝Ó˚y° Óy §Ùï%˛°ƒ– §y¡±!ï˛Ü˛ !Ó!˲ߨ
xyˆÏÓà §¡∫rô#Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚!Óܲ !ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ xôƒÎ˚ˆÏî §%flõT˛ ˲yˆÏÓ ˆòáyˆÏly
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎ Ùl ~ÓÇ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ §¡õÜ≈˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~!ê˛
ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎ •z!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ Ùyl§ !ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ≤ÃÎ%!=˛ ~ÓÇ •z!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛
xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ xl%˲) !ï˛Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ~ܲçl ï˛yÓ˚ ˜ò!•Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÎ˚ à%Óc%̊ ˛õ)î≈
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l xylˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– GÓ˚!l§ åOrnishä í˛zlyÓ˚ ˆÓ˚yà#ˆÏòÓ˚
§yˆÏÌ Ü˛ˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ xôƒÎ˚ˆÏl ~•z !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ~•z
xôƒÎ˚Èlà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛ ÎyÓ˚ xÓÓ˚%Âô ôÙl# Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSñ ï˛yˆÏܲ
ܲ“ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ó°y •° ˆÎ ï˛yÓ˚ xÓÓ˚%Âô ôÙl# !òˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚=˛ §ÇÓy!•ï˛
•ˆÏFSÈ– !ܲS%È!òl §ÙÎ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ ~•z˛ xl%¢#°l!ê˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆÓ˚yà#!ê˛
ï˛yÓ˚ x§%!Óôy ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚eyî ˛õyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ôÙ!lˆÏï˛ xÓÓ˚%!ÂôÓ˚
ÙyeyˆÏï˛G xË)˛ï˛˛õ)Ó≈ •…y§ ˆòáy ˆàˆÏSÈ– Ùyl!§Ü˛ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õ xÌ≈yÍ
ܲyç 1É1
!lˆÏ ç ˆÏ Ü ˛ í˛z  ô, ï ˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ ! fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏ ï ˛ ܲ“ly ܲˆÏ Ó ˚ y – ~Ó˚
≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ˆÏï˛ xhs˝!l≈!•ï˛˛ !ï˛l!ê˛ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÎ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚–
1É ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤ÃÓrô ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÎ˚ ≤ÃÓrô !°áSÈ–
2É ~ܲ!ê˛ ÙçyòyÓ˚ !ӣψÏÎ˚ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Órô%Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ Ü˛ÌyÓyï≈˛y
Ó°SÈ–
3É ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y Ê%˛ê˛Ó° ˆá°SÈ–
4É ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !ê˛!˲ˆÏï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛ lyê˛Ü˛ ˆòáSÈ–
5É ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !≤ÃÎ˚ Órô% ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲT˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
6É ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y !òFSÈ–
7É ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~ܲçl à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ x!ï˛!Ì xy§yÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛#«˛yÎ˚
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚SÈ–
8É ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó=+˛ï˛y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚SÈ fl%҈ϰ Ó°yÓ˚ çlƒ–
9É ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y òyÓy ˆá°SÈ–
10É ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ ç!ê˛° xˆÏAܲÓ˚ §Ùyôyl ÓyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚SÈ–
~•z §ÙhflÏ í˛z_Ó˚à%ˆÏ°y ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §•˛õyë˛# ~ÓÇ !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚
§yˆÏÌ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
~Ùl ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õñ Îy Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ Ùl myÓ˚y §,T˛ñ ˆ§!ê˛ˆÏܲ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚
!Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ˆÊ˛y!ÓÎ˚y åPhobiaä åÓ› G ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ
xˆÏ•ï%˛Ü˛ ˲Î˚ä ~Ó˚ !ã˛!ܲͧy ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~•z ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ lï%˛l
K˛yl ˆ«˛ˆÏ e Ó˚ í˛z q Ó •ˆÏ Î ˚ ˆ Ï S È ÎyˆÏ Ü ˛ ˛ Psychoneuro-
immunology Ó°y •Î˚ñ ˆ§ê˛y Ùl myÓ˚y ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yô «˛Ùï˛yˆÏܲ
¢!=˛¢y°# ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛°ˆÏï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ˛Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÓ˚ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ çl!≤ÃÎ˚ ôyÓ˚îy §Ù)•
(Popular Notions about the discipline
of psychology)
xyÙÓ˚y í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ ˆÎ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!òló ≤ÃyÎ˚ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
§Óy•z ~ܲçl ÙˆÏly!ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y xyã˛Ó˚î ܲ!Ó˚– xyÙÓ˚y ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚
ˆã˛T˛y ܲ!Ó˚ ˆÎ ˆÏܲl ~ܲçl ~Ùl ˲yˆÏÓ xyã˛Ó˚î ܲÓ˚Ï°ñ ˆÎ˲yˆÏÓ
ˆ§ ܲÓ˚° ~ÓÇ ã˛ê˛˛õê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ÓƒyáƒyÎ˚ í˛z˛õl#ï˛ ••z– ¢%ô% ï˛y•z lÎ˚ñ
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xˆÏlˆÏܲ•z !lˆÏç•z !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ÙylÓ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ï˛_¥
!Óܲ!¢ï˛ ܲ!Ó˚– Î!ò xyÙÓ˚y ã˛y•z ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲçl ܲÙ≈# xyˆÏàÓ˚ ã˛y•zˆÏï˛
xyÓ˚G ˲yˆÏ°y ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲÓ˚%ܲ ï˛y•ˆÏ° xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ôyE˛y ˆòGÎ˚y
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– xyÙÓ˚y °y!ë˛G ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚î Ùyl%£Ï
xy§ˆÏ°•z á%Ó xy°ˆÏ§– ~•z !Óáƒyï˛ ÙylÓ xyã˛Ó˚î §ÇÜ ˛yhs˝
ï˛_¥à%ˆÏ°y Îy §yôyÓ˚î !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ àˆÏí˛¸ í˛zë˛yñ ï˛y
§!ë˛Ü˛ •ˆÏï˛G ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ lyG •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ Î!ò !ÓK˛yl§¡øï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ
˛õÓ˚#«˛y ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– Î!òG ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆòáˆÏÓ ˆÎ ÙylÓ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚
§yôyÓ˚î !ã˛hs˝yôyÓ˚yÓ˚ Óƒyáƒyà%ˆÏ°y xy§ˆÏ° §Çâê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓyˆÏôyòÎ˚
Ùye ~ÓÇ ÎyˆÏï˛ á%Ó x“ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ Î!ò
ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Órô% ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ò)ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly çyÎ˚àyÎ˚
ã˛ˆÏ° ÎyÎ˚ñ GÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xyܲ£Ï≈ˆÏîÓ˚ ܲ# •ˆÏÓ⁄ ~áyˆÏl ò%!ê˛
!Óáƒyï˛ í˛z!=˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Îy ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y ~•z ≤ß¿!ê˛Ó˚
í˛z_Ó˚ !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ •° Ú ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ xyí˛¸y° ÙyˆÏl ÙˆÏlÓ˚
xyí˛¸y°ÛÛñ xyÓyÓ˚ !mï˛#Î˚!ê˛ •°ñ ÚÚò)Ó˚c •,òˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆfl¨•ˆÏܲ Ó,!Âô
ܲˆÏÓ˚–ÛÛ ò%ˆÏê˛y !ÓÓ,!ï˛•z ~ˆÏܲ x˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ˆÜ˛yl‰!ê˛
§!ë˛Ü˛– ˆÎ•z Óƒyáƒy!ê˛ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆÓˆÏSÈ ˆlˆÏÓ ~•z!ê˛Ó˚ !˲!_ •ˆÏÓ
ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Órô% ò)ˆÏÓ˚ ã˛ˆÏ° ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏl ܲ#
âˆÏê˛ˆÏSÈ ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ – ôˆÏÓ˚y ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~ܲçl lï%˛l Órô%
áÑ%çˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù •ˆÏ° ~•z ӈϰ ˆÎ ÚÚˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ xyí˛¸y° ÙyˆÏl ÙˆÏlÓ˚
xyí˛¸y°ÛÛñ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !lˆÏç Óy xlƒÓ˚y ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚î ˆòˆÏá Ó°ˆÏÓ–
Î!ò ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Órô% áÑ%çˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù ly •G ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y
Órô%Ó˚ ܲÌy ˆfl¨•˛õ)Ó≈ܲ ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÌyܲˆÏÓ– ~•z ˆ«˛ˆÏe ÚÚ ò)Ó˚c
•,òˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆfl¨• Ó,!Âô ܲˆÏÓ˚ÛÛ ~•z ܲÌy!ê˛ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ Óƒyáƒy
ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– °«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòˆÏáy ~•z ò%!ê˛ âê˛lyˆÏï˛•z xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §Çâê˛ˆÏlÓ˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚•z Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– §yôyÓ˚î !ã˛hs˝yôyÓ˚yÓ˚ !˲!_
•° âê˛lyÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ í˛zˆÏß√£Ï–
!ÓK˛yl§¡øï˛ K˛yl Îy ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÓ˚ myÓ˚y í˛zq$ï˛ ï˛y xˆÏlܲ
§ÙÎ˚ §yôyÓ˚î K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚%ˆÏÂô ÎyÎ˚– ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zòy•Ó˚î •°
!í˛í˛zܲ åDewck, 1975ä myÓ˚y ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ xôƒÎ˚l–
!ï˛!l ˆ§ §ÙhflÏ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ í˛z!m@¿ !SȈϰl ÎyÓ˚y á%Ó §•ˆÏç•z
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ç!ê˛° §Ù§ƒy Óy ÓƒÌ≈ï˛yÓ˚ Ù%ˆÏáyÙ%!á •ˆÏ°•z ~•z ç!ê˛°Ï
˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ ï˛ƒyà ܲˆÏÓ˚– !ï˛!l !Ó!fløï˛ !SȈϰl ˆÎ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ
§y•y΃ ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– §yôyÓ˚î !ã˛hs˝y ӈϰ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §•ç §Ù§ƒy
!òˆÏï˛ ÎyˆÏï˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §yÊ˛ˆÏ°ƒÓ˚ •yÓ˚ Ó,!Âô ˛õyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xyd!ÓŸªy§
ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ í˛zˆÏ벖 ˆÜ˛Ó° ˛õˆÏÓ˚•z ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲ!ë˛l §Ù§ƒy ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÓ
ÎyˆÏï˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ lï%˛l˲yˆÏÓ ˛õyGÎ˚y xyd!ÓŸªy§ !òˆÏÎ˚ §Ù§ƒy!ê˛
§Ùyôyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù •ˆÏÓ– !í˛í˛zܲ ~•z xôƒÎ˚l!ê˛Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
!ï˛!l ò%ˆÏê˛y SÈyˆÏeÓ˚ ò°ˆÏܲ !lˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ 25!òˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ xˆÏAܲÓ˚
§Ù§ƒyÓ˚ §ÙyôyˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!¢«˛î ˆòÎ˚– ≤ÃÌÙ ò°!ê˛ˆÏܲ §•ç §Ù§ƒy
ˆòGÎ˚y •° Îy ï˛yÓ˚y §Ó§ÙÎ˚ §Ùyôyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù– !mï˛#Î˚
ò°!ê˛ˆÏܲ !Ù◊ §Ù§ƒy xÌ≈yÍ §•ç ~ÓÇ ç!ê˛° §Ù§ƒy ˆòGÎ˚y
•°– flõT˛ï˛˛ñ ç!ê˛° §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeñ ï˛yÓ˚y ÓƒÌ≈ •Î˚– Îál•z
~•z!ê˛ âê˛° !í˛í˛zܲ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÓƒÌ≈ï˛y!ê˛Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚î !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Ó°ˆÏ°l ˆÎ
ï˛yÓ˚y á%Ó Ü˛ˆÏë˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚◊Ù Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!l ~ÓÇ ~G !ÓŸªy§ ˆòl ˆÎ ï˛yÓ˚y
ˆÎl ˆSȈÏí˛¸ ly ˆòÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆã˛T˛y ã˛y!°ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– ~•z ≤Ã!¢«˛ˆÏîÓ˚
˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ò%!ê˛ ò°ˆÏܲ•z ~ܲ!ê˛ lï%˛l xˆÏAܲÓ˚ §Ù§ƒy ˆòGÎ˚y
•°– !í˛í˛zܲ §yôyÓ˚î !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚%ˆÏÂô !àˆÏÎ˚ ܲ# ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ ÎyÓ˚y §Ó§ÙÎ˚ §•ç §Ù§ƒy §Ùyôyl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ §Ê˛°ï˛y
ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛yÓ˚y ÓƒÌ≈ï˛yÓ˚ §¡ø%á#l •ˆÏï˛•z ï˛yí˛¸yï˛y!í˛¸ ˆSȈÏí˛¸ ˆòÎ˚
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ÎyÓ˚y §Ê˛°ï˛y ~ÓÇ ÓƒÌ≈ï˛y ò%•z!ê˛Ó˚ §¡ø%á#l •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ
~ÓÇ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ¢áyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎ ÓƒÌ≈ï˛yÓ˚ °«˛î •ˆÏ°y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
≤ÃÎ˚yˆÏ§ âyê˛!ï˛–
~áyˆÏl xyÓ˚G xˆÏlܲ §yôyÓ˚î !ã˛hs˝yôyÓ˚y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Îy ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y
§!ë˛Ü˛ lyG ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y– ~ê˛y ˆÓ!¢!òl xyˆÏàÓ˚ ܲÌy lÎ˚ñ ˆÎ
!ܲS%È §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ~ê˛y Ùyly •ˆÏï˛y ˆÎ ˛õ%Ó˚%£ÏÓ˚y Ù!•°yˆÏòÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚
ˆÓ!¢ Ó%!ÂôÙyl Óy ˛õ%Ó˚%£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ Ù!•°yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ˆÓ!¢
ܲyç 1É2
!Ù◊ ¢yáyÓ˚ SÈyeˆÏòÓ˚ !çK˛y§y ܲˆÏÓ˚y ˆÎ ï˛yÓ˚y ÙˆÏly!Óòƒy
§¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ܲ# !ã˛hs˝y ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄ ˛õyë˛ƒÓ•z ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z_ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
~ܲ!ê˛ ï%˛°ly ï%˛ˆÏ° ôˆÏÓ˚y– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ܲ# !§ÂôyˆÏhs˝ ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyˆÏ°⁄
xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ 1 • ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl ܲ#⁄ 7
ò%â≈ê˛ly •Î˚– àˆÏÓ£Ïîy°kô xôƒÎ˚ˆÏl ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎ ~•z ò%!ê˛
!ã˛hs˝y•z x§ï˛ƒ– §yôyÓ˚î !ã˛hs˝y xyˆÏÓ˚yG ӈϰ ÌyˆÏܲ ˆÎ ~ܲçl
ï˛yÓ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ ˲yˆÏ°y ≤Ãò¢≈l ï˛ï˛«˛î ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ˆòáyˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly
Îï˛«˛î ly ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó,•Í §ÇáƒyÓ˚ §yÙˆÏl ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ó°y •Î˚–
ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ xôƒÎ˚ˆÏl ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎ Î!ò ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˲yˆÏ°y
xl%¢#°l ܲÓ˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y xy§ˆÏ° ˲yˆÏ°y ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y
ܲyÓ˚î xlƒˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãò¢≈lˆÏܲ ¢%ô% §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
~•z xy¢y ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y Îï˛•z ~•z ˛õyë˛ƒÓ•z!ê˛ˆÏï˛ x@˝Ã§Ó˚
•ˆÏÓ ï˛ï˛ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ ˆÎ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙylÓ xyã˛Ó˚î
§¡õܲ≈#Î˚ !Ó!˲ߨ !ÓŸªy§ ~ÓÇ í˛z˛õ°!kôÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l •ˆÏÓ– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y
xyÓ˚G çylˆÏÓ ˆÎ ÙˆÏly!ÓòÓ˚y ˆçƒy!ï˛!£Ï ï˛y!sfܲ ~ÓÇ •hflψÏÓ˚áy
˛õÓ˚#«˛yܲyÓ˚# ˆÌˆÏܲ xy°yòy ܲyÓ˚î ÙˆÏly!ÓòˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛°kô ˛õÓ˚#«˛y
!lÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ !˲!_ •ˆÏ°y í˛z˛õy_˛ñ ÎyÓ˚ myÓ˚y í˛zlyÓ˚y ÙylÓ xyã˛Ó˚î
~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ âê˛lyÓ˚ l#!ï˛ !Óܲ!¢ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ !ÓÓï≈˛l
(Evolution of Psychology)
ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl xyô%!lܲ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛e !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˛õyŸã˛yï˛ƒ !Óܲy¢
myÓ˚y Óƒy˛õܲ˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÎyÓ˚˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y •z!ï˛•y§
xyˆÏSÈñ Îy ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ ï˛yͲõˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ç!í˛¸ï˛ ≤Ãyã˛#l
ò¢≈l ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zͲõߨ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– xyÙÓ˚y ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ ˆÎ
xyô%!lܲ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ xyl%¤˛y!lܲ §)ã˛lyÓ˚ í˛z!jT˛ – 1879ÈüÈ~
•Î˚ Îál ≤ÃÌÙ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yàyÓ˚ !°˛õ!çà åLeipzigä
çyÙ≈y!lˆÏï˛ í˛z°‰ˆÏ•Ù Ë%˛u˛ åWilhelm wundtä myÓ˚y fiÌy!˛õï˛
•Î˚– Ë%˛u˛ ˆã˛ï˛l x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ xôƒÎ˚ˆÏl xy@˝Ã•# !SȈϰl ~ÓÇ ÙˆÏlÓ˚
§Çàë˛Ü˛ åconstituentsä xÌÓy !Ó!”˛Ç ÓœÜ˛à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ !ӈϟ’£Ïî
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl– Ë%˛ˆÏu˛Ó˚ §Ùܲy°#l ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl#Ó˚y xhs˝ò¢≈l
myÓ˚y ÙˆÏlÓ˚ xÓÎ˚Ó §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚l ~ÓÇ ï˛y•z ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
xÓÎ˚ÓÓyò# Ó°y •Î˚– xhs˝ò¢≈l åintrospectionä ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛
˛õÂô!ï˛ !SÈ° ˆÎáyˆÏl~ܲ!ê˛ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ ˛õÓ˚#«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Óƒ!=˛
Óy ˛õÓ˚#«˛î ˛õyeˆÏܲ !lˆÏçÓ˚ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y xÌÓy x!˲K˛ï˛y
!ÓhflÏy!Ó˚ï˛ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ó°y •Î˚– Î!òGñ xhs˝ò¢≈l ~ܲ!ê˛
ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ ˛õÂô!ï˛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ xlƒylƒ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛yl#ˆÏòÓ˚ §vT˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚!l– ~ˆÏܲ˛ ˆ§Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ ӈϰ àîƒ Ü˛Ó˚y •ï˛ ly ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛
xhs˝ò≈¢≈!lܲ !ÓÓÓ˚îà%ˆÏ°y Óy!•ƒÜ˛ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛Ü˛ myÓ˚y Îyã˛y•z ܲÓ˚y
§Ω˛Ó lÎ˚– ~Ó˚ Ê˛°fl∫Ó˚)˛õ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ lï˛%l ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛Ó˚
§,!T˛ •Î˚–
~ܲçl xyˆÏ Ù !Ó˚ Ü ˛#Î˚ ÙˆÏ l y!ÓK˛yl#ñ í˛z • z ! °Î˚ y Ù ˆçÙ§
åWilliam Jamesä !Î!l !°˛õ!çˆÏàÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yàyÓ˚ fiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
8 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
˛õÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ • z ˆÜ˛Ù!Ó  ç Ùƒy§yã% ˛ ˆÏ § ê˛§ å Cambridge,
MassachusettsäÈüÈ~ ~ܲ!ê˛ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yàyÓ˚
fiÌy˛õl ܲˆÏÓ˚lñ !ï˛!l ÙylÓ Ùl xôƒÎ˚l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ÎyˆÏܲ
!Ü ˛Î˚yÓyò# åfunctionalist ä ò,!T˛Ë˛Aà#˛ !Óܲ!¢ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
William James !ÓŸªy§ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛l ˆÎ ÙˆÏlÓ˚ xÓÎ˚ˆÓÏ ò,!T˛ !lˆÏ«˛˛õ
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï≈˛ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl ÙˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈ ~ÓÇ xyã˛Ó˚î ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ
Ùyl%£ÏˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ x!˲ˆÏÎyçˆÏl §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚
xôƒÎ˚î ܲÓ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ !Ü ˛Î˚yÓyò#Ó˚y ò,!T˛!lˆÏ«˛˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚
ˆÎ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ xyã˛Ó˚î Ùyl%£ÏˆÏܲ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ï,˛!ƈÏï˛ §«˛Ù
ܲˆÏÓ˚– William James ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ñ ˆã˛ï˛ly Ùyl!§Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚
≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ ôyÓ˚y !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !Ü ˛Î˚y
ܲˆÏÓ˚ Îy ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ Ù)° fl∫Ó˚)˛õ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Ó˚)˛õy!Î˚ï˛ •Î˚– ˆ§•z
§ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ¢y°# !¢«˛y!Ó£ÏÎ˚ܲ !ã˛hs˝y!Óò John Dewey
!Ü ˛Î˚yÓyò ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛Ü≈˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚lñ ˆÎ Ùyl%£Ï ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚
x!˲ˆÏÎyçl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ü˛yÎ≈ܲyÓ˚#˲yˆÏÓ !Ü ˛Î˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚–
!ÓÇ¢ ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ ≤Ãy܉˛Ü˛yˆÏ°ñ ~ܲ!ê˛ lï%˛l ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ñ
çyÙ≈y!lˆÏï˛ ˆàfiê˛yŒê˛ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ åGestalt Psychologyä
§)e˛õyï˛ •Î˚ Ë%˛ˆÏu˛Ó˚ xÓÎ˚ÓÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛m!®µfl∫Ó˚)˛õ Îy ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛Ù)°Ü˛
x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ §Çàë˛ˆÏ l Ó˚ í˛z ˛ õÓ˚ ò, ! T˛!lˆÏ « ˛˛õ ܲˆÏ Ó ˚ – ÙˆÏ l Ó˚
í˛z ˛ õyòyl§Ù) ˆ Ï • ò, ! T˛ !lˆÏ « ˛˛õ ܲÓ˚ y Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ Ó ˆÏ ï ≈ ˛ ˆàfiê˛yŒê˛
ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl#Ó˚y ï˛Ü≈˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚l ˆÎ Îál xyÙÓ˚y ã˛yÓ˚˛õy¢ ˆò!áñ
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛Ù)°Ü˛ x!˲K˛ï˛yà%ˆÏ°y ≤Ãï˛ƒˆÏ«˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õyòyˆÏlÓ˚ §Ù!T˛
ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓ!¢ •Î˚– xlƒ ܲÌyÎ˚ñ xyÙÓ˚y Îy x!˲K˛ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ìy!ܲ
ï˛y ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ à,•#ï˛ ˆÎyàyl åinputsä ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓ!¢ •Î˚–
í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õ Îál Óy°‰ˆÏÓÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §y!Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xyˆÏ°y V˛°Ü˛yˆÏly
(flashing) xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓ˚!ê˛lyÎ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ñ xyÙÓ˚y Ó›ï˛ xyˆÏ°yÓ˚
à!ï˛ x!˲K˛ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ìy!ܲ– xyÙÓ˚y Îál ~ܲ!ê˛ ã˛°!Fã˛e ˆò!áñ
xyÙÓ˚y Ó›ï˛ o%ï˛àÙlܲyÓ˚# !fiÌÓ˚ SÈ!ÓÓ˚ §y!Ó˚ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆã˛yˆÏá
˛õˆÏí˛¸ ï˛yÓ˚ x!˲K˛ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ìy!ܲ– xï˛~Ó xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛Ù)°Ü˛
x!˲K˛ï˛y í˛z˛õyòyl ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓ!¢ ˛õy•z– x!˲K˛ï˛y •° ˆ•y!°!fiê˛Ü˛
åholisticäñ ~•z!ê˛ •ˆÏ°y ˆàfiê˛yŒê˛ Óy §yÙ!@˝Ãܲ– xyÙÓ˚y Îál
˛õM˛Ù xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ Ó˚)˛õ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚Ó ï˛ál
xyÙÓ˚y ˆàfiê˛yŒê˛ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyÓ˚G çylÓ–
xyÓyÓ˚G xÓÎ˚ÓÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛m!®µ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ xyˆÏÓ˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ
xyã˛yÓ˚îÓyˆÏò åBehaviourismä ~Ó˚ xyàÙl •Î˚–1910ÈüÈ~Ó˚
§ÙÎ˚ܲyˆÏ°ñ John Watson ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó› !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ
Ùl ~ÓÇ ˆã˛ï˛lyÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îyˆÏܲ ≤Ãï˛ƒyáƒyl ܲˆÏÓ˚l– !ï˛!l Ivan
Pavlov -~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚ !ÓK˛yl#Ó˚y ≤Ãyã˛#l xl%Óï≈˛l myÓ˚y
Óƒy˛õܲ˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl– Waston ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ñ Ùl
˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛îˆÏÎyàƒ lÎ˚ ~ÓÇ xhs˝ò≈¢≈l Óƒ!=˛!l¤˛˛ ܲyÓ˚î ~•zê˛y
xyˆÏÓ˚ܲçl ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛Ü˛ myÓ˚y Îyã˛y•z ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó lÎ˚– ï˛yÓ˚ Ùï˛yl%§yˆÏÓ˚ñ
!ÓK˛yl§¡øï˛ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl Îy ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛îˆÏÎyàƒ ~ÓÇ Îyã˛y•zˆÏÎyàƒ
ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ò,!T˛!lˆÏ«˛˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚– !ï˛!l ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛ylˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õˆÏÎyàƒ
~ÓÇ ˜lÓ≈ƒ!=˛Ü˛ xôƒÎ˚ˆÏl §«˛Ù xyã˛Ó˚î xÌÓy ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚
åí˛z j #˛õˆÏ Ü ˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ä xôƒÎ˚ l !•ˆÏ § ˆÏ Ó §ÇK˛y!Î˚ ï ˛ ܲˆÏ Ó ˚ l –
GÎ˚yê˛§ˆÏlÓ˚ xyã˛yÓ˚îÓyò í˛z˛õÓ˚v xˆÏlܲ ≤Ã˲yÓ¢y°# ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl#
myÓ˚y !Óܲ!¢ï˛ •Î˚ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ xyã˛yÓ˚îÓyò# åbehaviouristä Ó°y
•Î˚– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ !Ó!¢T˛ •ˆÏ°l !flÒlyÓ˚ åSkinnerä
!Î!l xyã˛yÓ˚îÓyòˆÏܲ ≤âhflÏ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚§ˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl
Óy: 1É1 xyô%!lܲ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ !ÓÓï≈˛ˆÏl !ܲS%È xyܲ£Ï≈î#Î˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ
1879 Wilhelm Wundt !°˛õ!çà‰ñ çyÙ≈y!lˆÏï˛ ≤ÃÌÙ
ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyàyÓ˚ fiÌy˛õl ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
1890 William James ÚPrinciples of
PsychologyÛ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
1895 !Ü ˛Î˚yÓyòˆÏܲ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ≤ÃîÎ˚l ܲÓ˚y
•Î˚ –
1990 Sigmund Freud ÙˆÏly§Ù#«˛îÓyò !Óܲ!¢ï˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
1904 Ivan Pavlov ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õyã˛l ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ܲyç Îy
≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ l#!ï˛à%ˆÏ°y í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃
ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚ çlƒ !ï˛!l ˆlyˆÏÓ° ˛õ%Ó˚flÒyÓ˚ °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
1905 Binet Simon myÓ˚y !Óܲ!¢ï˛ Ó%!Âô x˲#«˛y
1916 ≤ÃÌÙ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl !Ó˲yà ܲ°Ü˛yï˛y !ÓŸª!Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ fiÌy!˛õï˛
•Î˚–
1920 çyÙ≈y!lˆÏï˛ ≤ÃÌÙ ˆàT˛yŒê˛ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ çß√–
1922 •z!u˛Î˚yl §y•z™ Ü˛ÇˆÏ@˝Ã§ ~ˆÏ§y!§ˆÏÎ˚¢lÈåIndian
Science Congress AssociationäüÈ~
ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛ylˆÏܲ Î%=˛ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
1924 Indian Psychological Association
fiÌy!˛õï˛ •Î˚–
1924 John B Waston ÚBehaviourismÛ Ó•z!ê˛
≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚l Îy xyã˛Ó˚îÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃÓï≈˛ˆÏl §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
1928 N.N. Sengupta Radhakamal
Mukharjee §Ùyç ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ ˛õyë˛ƒÓ•z
≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚l– åLondon Allen & Unwin ä
1949 Defence Science Organisation of
India ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÓ˚ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ ¢yáy!ê˛ fiÌy!˛õï˛ •Î˚–
1951 ÙylÓï˛yÓyò# ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ Carl Rodgers Client
Centred Therapy ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
1953 B.F. Skinner xyã˛Ó˚îÓyòˆÏܲ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
≤Ãôyl Ùï˛Óyò !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ¢!=˛¢y°# ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ÚScience
~ÓÇ ~•z ò,!T˛Ë˛!AàˆÏܲ çl!≤ÃÎ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈl– xyÙÓ˚y !flÒlyˆÏÓ˚
ܲyç §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#ܲyˆÏ° ~•z ˛õyë˛ƒÓ•zÈüÈ~ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚Ó–
Î!òG GÎ˚yê˛§ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ §•flÀ ò¢Ü˛ ôˆÏÓ˚ xyã˛yÓ˚îÓyò#Ó˚y
ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xy!ô˛õï˛ƒ áy!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSlÈñ ˆÓ¢ !ܲS%È §ÇáƒÜ˛
ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ xlƒylƒ ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aà G x!˲Ùï˛ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›
G ~ܲ•z §ÙˆÏÎ˚ !Óܲ!¢ï˛ •!FSÈ°– ~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛ !Î!l ï˛yÓ˚ ÙylÓ
≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ §•çyï˛ ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aà myÓ˚y §yÓ˚y !ÓŸªˆÏܲ ly!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰlñ
!ï˛!l •ˆÏ°l !§àÙyu˛ Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚í˛ åSigmund Freudä– Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚í˛
ÙylÓ xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ xÓˆÏã˛ï˛l •zFSÈy G mˆÏ®µÓ˚ à!ï˛¢#° !Óܲy¢ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ
ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl– !ï˛!l ÙˆÏly§Ù#«˛îÓyòˆÏܲ åpsychoanalysisä
and Human BehaviourÛ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
1954 ÙylÓï˛yÓyò# ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl# Abraham
MaslowÚMotivation and personalityÛ
≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
1954 ~°y•yÓyˆÏò Bureau of Psychology fiÌy!˛õï˛ •Î˚
1955 ÓƒyAàyˆÏ°yˆÏÓ˚ National Institute of Mental
Health and Neuro science (NIMHANS)
fiÌy!˛õï˛ •Î˚–
1962 Ó˚yÑ!ã˛ˆÏï˛ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ˆÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ çlƒ •y§˛õyï˛y° fiÌy!˛õï˛ •Î˚–
1973 ≤Ãçy!ï˛Ó˚ !l!ò≈T˛ !ܲS%È ˛õ¢% xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ôÓ˚l Îy ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ)Ó≈
!lô≈y!Ó˚ï˛ x!˲K˛ï˛y ‡ !¢ál SÈyí˛¸y í˛zq(ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ~•z ܲyˆÏçÓ˚
çlƒ Konrad Lorenz ~ÓÇ Niko Tinbergen
ˆlyˆÏÓ° ˛õ%Ó˚flÒyÓ˚ °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl–
1978 Herbert Simon ï˛yÓ˚ !§Âôyhs˝Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ (decision
making) ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆlyˆÏÓ° ˛õ%Ó˚flÒyÓ˚ ≤ÃyÆ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚l–
1981 David Hubel ~ÓÇ Torsten Wiesel Ù!hflψϋÒ
ò¢≈lç!lï˛ Ü˛°yÓ˚ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ çlƒ ˆlyˆÏÏÓ° ˛õ%Ó˚flÒyÓ˚ ˛õyl–
1981 Roger Sperry !Ó˲=˛ Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ çlƒ ˆlyˆÏÓ°
˛õ%Ó˚flÒyÓ˚ !ÓçÎ˚# •l–
1989 National Academy of Psychology
(NAOP) India fiÌy!˛õï˛ •Î˚–
1997 à%ÑÓ˚àyGñ •!Ó˚Î˚ylyˆÏï˛ National Brain Research
Centre (NBRC) fiÌy!˛õï˛ •Î˚–
2002 Daniel Kahneman ï˛yÓ˚ x!lŸã˛Î˚ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ÙylÓ
!Óã˛yÓ˚ܲÓ˚î (judgement) ~ÓÇ !§Âôyhs˝Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ (deci
sion-making)àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ çlƒ ˆlyˆÏÓ° ˛õ%Ó˚flÒyÓ˚ °y˲
ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
2005 Thomas Schelling lˆÏÓ° ˛õ%Ó˚flÒyÓ˚ °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚l ï˛yÓ˚
ܲyç xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe m®µ ~ÓÇ §•ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÓ˚
ˆÓyô¢!=˛ˆÏï˛ Game TheoryÈüÈ~ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ~Ó˚ çlƒ–
xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ 1 • ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl ܲ#⁄ 9
Ùyl!§Ü˛ !ÓܲyÓ˚ˆÏܲ í˛z˛õ°!kô ï˛Ìy !ã˛!ܲͧy ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ
≤ÃÓ!ï≈˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚l– Îál Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏí˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏly§Ù#«˛yÓyò ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎñ
ܲyÙly ï,˛!ƈÏï˛ §ˆÏã˛T˛ Ùyl%£Ï å~ÓÇ ≤ÃyÎ˚¢•z ˆÎÔlàï˛ä xyܲyA«˛yÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚ï,˛!ÆÓ˚ xÓˆÏã˛ï˛l •zFSÈy myÓ˚y ˆ≤Ã!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚ñ ï˛ál ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚
ÙylÓï˛yÓyò# ˛ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aà åhumanistic perepectiveä ÙylÓ
fl∫Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ •z!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aà ï%˛ˆÏ° ôˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ÙylÓï˛yÓyò# Carl
Rogers ~ÓÇ Abraham Maslow Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ fl∫yô#l •zFSÈy¢!=˛
~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ Ó,!Âô ï˛Ìy §•çyï˛ «˛Ùï˛yˆÏܲ
≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚˛ à%Ó˚%c !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl– ïÑ˛yÓ˚y Î%!=˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ Ó%!V˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl
ˆÎñ xyã˛Ó˚îÓyò xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛
˛~!ê˛ õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ ¢ï≈˛ myÓ˚y !lô≈y!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲñ ï˛y•z ÙylÓ
fl∫yô#lï˛y ï˛Ìy ÙÎ≈yòyˆÏܲ xÓÙ)°ƒyÎ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ÙylÓ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ˆÏܲ
~ܲ!ê˛ Îy!sfܲ ò,!T˛Ë˛!AàˆÏï˛ ˆòˆÏá–
~•z !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õrÌyà%ˆÏ°y xyô%!lܲ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ •z!ï˛•y§ˆÏܲ
˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)î≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛Ìy ~Ó˚ !Óܲy¢˛ lyly!Óô ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aà ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–
≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛Ó˚ !lçfl∫ ò,!T˛ˆÏܲyî xyˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyàˆÏܲ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ç!ê˛°ï˛yÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ xyܲ!£Ï≈ï˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ ò,!T˛Ë˛!AàÓ˚ à%î Óy ˆòy£Ï Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•z ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aàà%ˆÏ°y
!ܲS%È !ܲS%È K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛eˆÏܲ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–
àƒyfiê˛yŒê˛ ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aà ~ÓÇ xÓÎ˚ÓÓyˆÏòÓ˚ Ùï˛ÓyòˆÏܲ §ÇÎ%=˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚ K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aà åcognitive perspectiveä
!Óܲ!¢ï˛ •Î˚ Îy xyÙÓ˚y ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ,!ÌÓ# §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xÓàï˛
••z ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ò,!T˛ !lˆÏ«˛˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚– !ã˛hs˝l åcognitionä •ˆÏ°y
çylyÓ˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y– ~•z!ê˛ !ã˛hs˝yñ í˛z˛õ°!kôñ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îñ flø,!ï˛ã˛yÓ˚îñ
§Ù§ƒy §Ùyôyl ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ !lÎ˚sfîܲï≈˛yñ Îy
myÓ˚y !l!ò≈T˛ í˛z˛õyˆÏÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ xyã˛Ó˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù ••z
~ÓÇ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ K˛ylˆÏܲ !Óܲ!¢ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
!ܲS%È K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl#Ó˚y ÙylÓ ÙlˆÏܲ ܲ!¡õí˛zê˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ lƒyÎ˚
~ܲ ï˛Ìƒ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yܲÓ˚î ˛õÂô!ï˛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˆòˆÏál– ~•z ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aà
xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ñ Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛!¡õí˛zê˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~!ê˛ ï˛Ìƒ §Ç@˝Ã•ñ
≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yܲÓ˚îñ Ó˚)˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ñ §ÇÓ˚«˛î ï˛Ìy ˛õ%lÓ˚%ˆÏoܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
xyô%!lܲ K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎñ Ùyl%£Ï ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛
~ÓÇ §yÙy!çܲ ò%!lÎ˚yˆÏï˛ §!Ü ˛Î˚ xˆÏß∫£Ïî myÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙlˆÏܲ
§Çà!ë˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ò,!T˛Ë˛!AàˆÏܲ ܲáˆÏly ܲáˆÏly !lÙ≈ylÓyò
åconstructivismä Ó°y •Î˚– PiagetüÈÓ˚ !¢¢%Ó˚ !Óܲy¢ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛
ôyÓ˚îy Îy !lˆÏÎ˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#ˆÏï˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÓñ ~!ê˛ˆÏܲ ÙˆÏlÓ˚
àë˛lÙ)°Ü˛ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ï˛_¥ !•§yˆÏÓ àîƒ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚– xyˆÏÓ˚ܲçl
Ó˚y!¢Î˚yl ÙˆÏly!Óò Vygotsky xyÓ˚G ~ܲê%˛ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ ôyÓ˚îy ˆòl
10 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
ˆÎ ÙylÓ Ùl §yÙy!çܲ ï˛Ìy §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y myÓ˚y !Óܲ!¢ï˛
•Î˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl Ùl ≤ÃyÆ ÓÎ˚flÒ ~ÓÇ !¢¢%Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎÔÌ !ÙÌ!fl;Î˚y
myÓ˚y §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ à!ë˛ï˛– xlƒ ܲÌyÎ˚ñ ˆÎáyˆÏl PiagetüÈÓ˚
çlƒ !¢¢%Ó˚y §!Ü ˛Î˚˲yˆÏÓ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ÙlˆÏܲ àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ
ˆ§áyˆÏlVygotsky ӈϰl ˆÎ Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÎÔÌ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ àë˛l
Îy !¢¢% ~ÓÇ ≤ÃyÆÓÎ˚flÒˆÏòÓ˚ !ÙÌ!‹;Î˚yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° í˛zq(ï˛ •Î˚–
˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ !Óܲy¢
Development of Psychology in India
˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ò¢≈lÙ)°Ü˛ ˙!ï˛•ƒ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yñ Ùyl!§Ü˛
ˆã˛ï˛lyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛°lñ x•Ùñ ˆò•ÈüÈÙˆÏlÓ˚ §¡õÜ≈˛ ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ
Ùyl!§Ü˛ ܲyÎ≈ܲ°y˛õ ˆÎÙlÈüÈ!ã˛hs˝lñ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îñ xôƒy§ñ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà
~ÓÇ Î%!=˛ •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛w#Ë)˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏe ΈÏÌT˛ §Ù,Âô– ò%Ë≈˛yàƒÓ¢ï˛ñ ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ˙!ï˛ˆÏ•ƒ òy¢≈!lܲ
!˲!_ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xyô%!lܲ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚!l– ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ~•z K˛ylˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ ˛õyŸã˛yï˛ƒ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚
xô#ˆÏl •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ Î!òG ˆòˆÏ¢ ~ÓÇ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ !ܲS%È ≤ÃÎ˚y§
ã˛y°yˆÏly •ˆÏFSÈ Óƒ!ï˛Ü ˛Ù# ò,!T˛ˆÏܲyîà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ §rôyl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ–
~•z ≤ÃÎ˚y§à%ˆÏ°y ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ myÓ˚y ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ò¢≈lÙ)°Ü˛
˙!ï˛ˆÏ•ƒÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ !ÓÓ,!ï˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ Ù)°ƒ ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–
˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ xyô%!lܲ Î%ˆÏàÓ˚ §)e˛õyï˛ •Î˚ ܲ!°Ü˛yï˛y
!ÓŸª!Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ò¢≈l !Ó˲yˆÏà ˆÎáyˆÏl ˛õÓ˚#«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚
≤ÃÌÙ ˛˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛Ù í˛z˛õfiÌy!˛õï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚ ~ÓÇ 1915 §yˆÏ° ≤ÃÌÙ
ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyàyÓ˚ fiÌy!˛õï˛ •Î˚– ܲ!°Ü˛yï˛y !ÓŸª!Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚
≤ÃÌÙ 1916 §yˆÏ° ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl !Ó˲yà ã˛y°% •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˛õˆÏÓ˚
≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÙ)°Ü˛ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl !Ó˲yà ã˛y°% •Î˚ 1938 §yˆÏ°– xyô%!lܲ
˛õÓ˚#«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ §)e˛õyˆÏï˛ Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ
Dr. N.N. Sengupta, !Î!l WundtÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ ≤ÃÌyÎ˚
USA ˆï˛ ≤Ã!¢«˛î ≤ÃyÆ !SȈϰl ï˛ÑyÓ˚ myÓ˚y ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°–
≤ÈÏÊ˛§yÓ˚È ÈG.Bose Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏí˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏly§Ù#«˛îÓyˆÏò ≤Ã!¢!«˛ï˛ !SÈ°ó
~!ê˛ xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ!ê˛ ˆ«˛Ïe Îy ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ãy܉˛Ü˛y°#l
í˛zߨÎ˚lˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°– ≤ÈÏÊ˛§Ó˚ Ó§% 1922 §yˆÏ° Indian
Psychoanalytical Association fiÌy˛õl ܲˆÏÓ˚l– Ùy•zˆÏ§yÓ˚
!ÓŸª!Óòƒy°Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˛õyê˛ly !ÓŸª!Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl !Ó˲yàà%ˆÏ°y
ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl ˛õí˛¸yˆÏly ï˛Ìy àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ ˆÜ˛w !SÈ°– ~•z˛ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y˛
§) e ˛õyï˛ ˆÌˆÏ Ü ˛ñ xyô% ! lܲ ÙˆÏ l y!ÓK˛yl ˆÓ¢ !ܲS% È §ÇáƒÜ˛
!¢«˛yòylñ àˆÏÓ£Ïîy G ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ˆÜ˛w §ˆÏÙï˛ Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈ ~ܲ!ê˛
¢!=˛¢y°# K˛ylˆÏ«˛e !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ àˆÏí˛¸ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏSÈ– Ë%˛ÓˆÏlŸªˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛zÍܲ°
!ÓŸª!Óòƒy°Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~°y•yÓyò !ÓŸª!Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ UGC myÓ˚y xl%ˆÙÏ y!òï˛
ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ ˆ◊¤˛ ˆÜ˛w xyˆÏSÈ– ≤ÃyÎ˚ 70 !ê˛ !ÓŸª!Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚
ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õyë˛ ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚–
Durganand Sinha ï˛yÓ˚ Ó•z ÚPsychology in a
Third World Country : The Indian ExperienceÛ
ˆÎê˛y 1986 §yˆÏ° ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •Î˚ñ ˆ§áyˆÏl ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ xyô%!lܲ
ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ •z!ï˛•y§ˆÏܲ §Ùyç !ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚Ü ˛Ù
!•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ñ ≤ÃÌÙ ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚Ü ˛Ù!ê˛ fl∫yô#lï˛y
°y˲ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ˛!SÈ°ñ ~•z ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ õÓ˚#«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ñ Ùl/§Ù#«˛îÓyò
ï˛Ìy ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ x˲#«˛yÓ˚ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ Îy
≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ˲yˆÏÓ ˛õyŸã˛yï˛ƒ ˆòˆÏ¢ ~•z K˛ylˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ í˛zߨÎ˚lˆÏܲ
≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛!°ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– !mï˛#Î˚ ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚Ü ˛Ùñ 1960 ˛õÎ≈hs˝ !SÈ° ˆÎ!ê˛
ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ¢yáy myÓ˚y ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚
§¡±§yÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚Ü ˛Ù !SÈ°– ~•z ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl#Ó˚y
˛õyŸã˛yï˛ƒ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ≤çAà ç%ˆÏí˛¸ ~ܲ!ê˛
˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ ˛õyGÎ˚yÓ˚ •zFSÈy ≤ÃÓ˚ܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ï˛yÓ˚y ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚
˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏܲ í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õyŸã˛yï˛ƒ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ §y•y΃
!lˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲl– Î!òG 1960ÈüÈÓ˚ ò¢ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛§Ù§ƒy §ÇÜ ˛yhs˝ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚
˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ §ÙyˆÏç
≤Ãy§!Aàܲ •ˆÏ Î ˚ GˆÏ ë ˛– ÙˆÏ l y!ÓK˛yl#Ó˚ y ˲yÓ˚ ï ˛#Î˚ §ÙyˆÏ ç Ó˚
§Ù§ƒyà%ˆÏ°y !lˆÏÎ˚ xyÓ˚G í˛z!m@¿ •ˆÏÎ˚ GˆÏë˛l– í˛z˛õÓ˚vñ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
§yÙy!çܲ ˛≤çˆÏAà ˛õyŸã˛yï˛ƒ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ xï˛ƒ!ôܲ
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ÙˆÏly!ÓòÓ˚y àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ ï˛yͲõˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl
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ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ lï%˛l ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆáÑyç ~ܲ!ê˛ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚
fl∫ˆÏò!¢Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §)e˛õyï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ 1970ÈüÈÓ˚ ò¢ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆ¢ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚
!òˆÏܲ– ˛õyŸã˛yï˛ƒ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyˆÏܲ ≤Ãï˛ƒyáƒyl ܲÓ˚y Óƒï˛#ï˛ñ ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚
ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲÓ˚y §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ G §yÙy!çܲ˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ãy§!Aàܲ
˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲ í˛z˛õ°!kôÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆçyÓ˚ ˆòl– ~•z ≤ÃÓîï˛y!ê˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl
@˝ÃrÌ ï˛Ìy ôÙ≈@˝ÃrÌ ˆÌˆÏܲ xy!ÓË)≈˛ï˛ ˙!ï˛•ƒÙ)°Ü˛ ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚
ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ò,!T˛Ë˛!AàÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !Óܲ!¢ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
§%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ~•z ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚!ê˛ ˆò!¢Î˚ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl myÓ˚y ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛– ˆÎ!ê˛
˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ≤çAà ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zqy!Óï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚
˙!ï˛•ƒÙ)°Ü˛ K˛yl ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ §Ùyç ï˛Ìy ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚
ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ÎÌyÎÌ !SÈ°– Î!òG ~•z í˛zߨ!ï˛ ã˛°ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ
˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl §yÓ˚y !ӈϟªÓ˚ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈
xÓòyl ˆÓ˚ˆÏá ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈ– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §yÙy!çܲ ï˛Ìy §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛
≤çˆÏAà !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ l#!ï˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
à%Ó˚%c xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~!ê˛ xyÓ˚G ≤ç!Aàܲ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏSÈ– ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ñ
xyÙÓ˚y xyÓ˚G ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚!SÈ ˆÎ !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚y ÓyˆÏÎ˚y°!ç ~ÓÇ fl∫yfĩ !ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ !ÙÌ!‹;Î˚yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà Î%=˛ lï%˛l àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÙ)°Ü˛ xôƒÎ˚l ã˛y°yˆÏly
•ˆÏFSÈ–
˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛ylˆÏܲ ~ál !Ó!Óô Ó,!_Ù)°Ü˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà
ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏFSÈ– ÙˆÏly!ÓòÓ˚y ¢%ô%Ùye !ӈϢ£Ï §Ù§ƒyÎ%=˛ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ
ܲyç ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈl lyñ ï˛yÓ˚y !Üœ˛!lܲƒy° §y•zˆÏܲyˆÏ°y!çfiê˛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ
•y§˛õyï˛yˆÏ° !lÎ%=˛ •ˆÏFSÈlñ ÙylÓ §¡õò !Óܲy¢ òÆÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
~í˛Ë˛yê≈˛y•z!çÇ !Ó˲yˆÏàÓ˚ ܲˆÏ˛õ≈yˆÏÓ˚ê˛ §Çàë˛ˆÏlñ Ü ˛#í˛¸y ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ˆÏܲÓ˚
òÆÓ˚ñ !Ó!˲ߨ í˛zߨÎ˚l !Ó˲yà ådevelopmentä ~ÓÇ ï˛Ìƒ ≤ÃÎ%!=˛
!¢ˆÏ“G !lÎ%=˛ •ˆÏFSÈl–
ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ¢yáy
Branches of Psychology
~ï˛ ÓSȈÏÓ˚ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏl !ӈϢ£Ï#ܲÓ˚ˆÏî !Ó!˲ߨ ¢yáyÓ˚ í˛zqÓ
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•z !Ó˲yˆÏà ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly
ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl (Cognitive Psychology) ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢
ˆÌˆÏܲ à,•#ï˛ ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ K˛ylyç≈lñ §ÇÓ˚«˛îñ ~ÓÇ ï˛Ìƒ Ó˚)˛õyhs˝Ó˚îñ
ï˛yÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏܲ
xˆÏß∫£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚– ≤Ãôyl K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yà%ˆÏ°y •° ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyàñ
≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îñ flø,!ï˛ ˆÎÔ!=˛Ü˛Ü˛Ó˚îñ §Ù§ƒy §Ùyôylñ !Óã˛yÓ˚ܲÓ˚î ~ÓÇ
˲y£Ïy– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~•z !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%ˆÏ°y ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ~•z ˛õyë˛ƒÓ•zȈÏï˛ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏÓ– ~•z
K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ xôƒÎ˚l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çˆÏlƒ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲÓ˚y
àˆÏÓ£ÏîyàyˆÏÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛îܲyÎ≈ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲçl Óy›ï˛y!sfܲ ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aà åecological approachä
xl%§Ó˚l ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlñ ~Ùl ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aà ÎyˆÏï˛ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛
ånatural settingä K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y xôƒÎ˚l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ í˛z˛õyòylà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ò,!T˛!lˆÏ«˛˛õ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛
ÙˆÏly!ÓòÓ˚y ≤ÃyÎ˚¢•z fl¨yÎ˚%!ÓK˛yl# ~ÓÇ Ü˛!¡õí˛zê˛yÓ˚ !ÓK˛yl#ˆÏòÓ˚
§•ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÎ˚˚ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
˜çÓ ÙˆÏly!Óòƒy åBiological Psychologyä xyã˛Ó˚î
~ÓÇ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ ï˛sf§Ù)• ÎÌy Ù!hflÏ‹Ò ~ÓÇ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sfñ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yô
«˛Ùï˛y ï˛sf G ≤Ãçll ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ò,!T˛!lˆÏ«˛˛õ
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˜çÓ ÙˆÏly!ÓòÓ˚y ≤ÃyÎ˚¢•z fl¨yÎ˚%!ÓK˛yl#ñ ≤Ãyî#!Óòƒy!Óò˛ G
l,ï˛_¥!Óò‰ˆÏòÓ˚ §•ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÓ˚ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ 1 • ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl ܲ#⁄ 11
 fl¨yÎ%̊ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl åNeuropsychologyä ~ܲ!ê˛ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚
ˆ«˛e !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ í˛z!òï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎáyˆÏl ÙˆÏly!Óò ~ÓÇ fl¨yÎ˚%!ÓK˛yl#Ó˚y
~ܲ§yˆÏÌ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚l– àˆÏÓ£ÏܲÓ˚y Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xLjϢ fl¨yÎ˚!Óܲ
ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ çlƒ òyÎ˚# !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yê˛∆y™!Ùê˛yÓ˚à%ˆÏ°y xÌÓy Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ
˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏAà xyl%§!Aàܲ Ùyl!§Ü˛ !Ü ˛Î˚y
§¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xôƒÎ˚l ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ï˛yÓ˚y fl∫y˲y!Óܲ ܲyÎ≈ܲyÓ˚# Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚
x!ôܲyÓ˚# Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ «˛!ï˛@˝ÃfiÌ Ù!hflÏ‹Ò x!ôܲyÓ˚# Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
í˛zߨ#ï˛ ≤ÃÎ%!=˛§Ù)• ˆÎÙl EEG, PET,~ÓÇ fMRI •zï˛ƒy!òñ Îy
§¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyÙÓ˚y ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ˛õí˛¸Óñ ~à%ˆÏ°y §y•yˆÏ΃ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyܲyÎ≈
ã˛y°yl–
!Óܲy¢Ù) ° ܲ ÙˆÏ l y!Óòƒy å Developmental
Psychologyä àË≈˛ôyÓ˚î ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó,Âô ÓÎ˚§ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ç#ÓlܲyˆÏ°Ó˚
!Ó!˲ߨ ÓÎ˚ § ~ÓÇ ˛õÎ≈ y ˆÏ Î ˚ âê˛y ¢yÓ˚ # !Ó˚ Ü ˛ñ §yÙy!çܲ G
ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛là%ˆÏ°y !lˆÏÎ˚ xôƒÎ˚l ܲˆÏÓ˚– !Óܲy¢Ù)°Ü˛
ÙˆÏly!ÓòˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl˛ í˛zˆÏmˆÏàÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ •°ñ xyÙÓ˚y ˆÎÙl xy!SÈ ï˛y
xyÙÓ˚y ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ •°yÙ– Ó•% ÓSÈÓ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ !¢¢% G ˜Ü˛ˆÏ¢yÓ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏFSÈÈ– Î!òG xyçˆÏܲÓ˚ !òˆÏl ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà
!Óܲy¢Ù)°Ü˛ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl#Ó˚y ≤ÃyÆÓÎ˚flÒˆÏòÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ G Óyô≈ܲƒ
§¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ≤ÃÓ° ˆÜ˛Ôï)˛•° ˆòáyl– ï˛yÓ˚y ˜ç!Óܲñ §ÙyçÈüȧyÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛
G ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢àï˛ í˛z˛õyòyl myÓ˚y ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ
ˆÎÙl Ó%!Âôñ ˆã˛ï˛lyñ xyˆÏÓàñ ˆÙçyçñ ˜l!ï˛Ü˛ï˛y ~ÓÇ §yÙy!çܲ
§¡õˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ò,!T˛ !lˆÏ«˛˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚l– !Óܲy¢Ù)°Ü˛ ÙˆÏly!ÓòÓ˚y
l,ï˛c!Óò‰ñ !¢«˛y!Óòñ fl¨yÎ˚%!Óò‰ñ §ÙyçܲÙ≈#ñ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyï˛y ~ÓÇ ≤ÃyÎ˚
§Ó K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ¢yáy ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y ÙylÓ Ó,!Âô G !Óܲy¢ !lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §•ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÎ˚ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
§Ùyç ÙˆÏly!Óòƒy åSocial Psychologyä xˆÏß∫£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ
ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ Ùyl%£Ï ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §yÙy!çܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ myÓ˚y ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •Î˚ñ
ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚y xlƒˆÏòÓ˚ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ xlƒÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– §Ùyç ÙˆÏly!ÓòÓ˚y !ܲS%È !Ó£ÏÎ˚ ˆÎÙlñ
ÙˆÏly˲yÓñ ≤ÃÌyl%§yÓ˚# xyã˛Ó˚î G xyl%àï˛ƒñ xyhs˝/Óƒ!=˛àï˛
xyܲ£Ï≈îñ §•yÎ˚ܲ xyã˛Ó˚îñ Ü%˛§ÇflÒyÓ˚ñ xyÜ ˛Ùîydܲ ÙˆÏly˲yÓñ
§yÙy!çܲ ˆ≤ãÏîyñ xyhs˝ò°#Î˚ §¡õÜ≈˛ •zï˛ƒy!ò §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xy@˝Ã•#
•l–
§Ç!Ù!◊ï˛ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛˛ ~ÓÇ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl åCross-
Cultural and cultural psychologyä xyã˛Ó˚îñ !ã˛hs˝l
~ÓÇ xyˆÏÓà í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ó˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õÓ˚#«˛î
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•zê˛y xl%Ùyl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ˆÎ ÙylÓ xyã˛Ó˚î ¢%ô%Ùye Ùyl!ÓܲÈüÈ
˜ç!Óܲ §Ω˛yˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛°l lÎ˚ ~!ê˛ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ≤Ã˲yˆÏÓÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
12 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
Ê˛°◊%!ï˛G ÓˆÏê˛– xï˛~Óñ xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ §yÙy!çܲÈüȧyÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛
≤çˆÏAà xôƒÎ˚l ܲÓ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~•z ˛õyë˛ƒÓ•z ~Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ
xôƒyÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏÓ ˆÎ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ !Ó!˲ߨ˲yˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ
!Ó!˲ߨ ÙyeyÎ˚ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚–
˛õ!Ó˚ ˆ Ï Ó ¢ !Ó£Ï Î ˚ Ü ˛ ÙˆÏ l y!ÓK˛yl å Environmental
Psychologyä ÙylÓ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ í˛z˛õyòyl
ˆÎÙlñ ï˛y˛õÙyeyñ xyo≈ï˛yñ ò)£Ïî ~ÓÇ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ ò%ˆÏÎ≈yˆÏàÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓˆÏܲ
xôƒÎ˚l ܲˆÏÓ˚– fl∫yfĩñ ≤ÃyˆÏ«˛y!˲ܲñ xÓfiÌy ~ÓÇ xyhs˝/Óƒ!=˛àï˛
§¡õÜ≈˛à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ܲÙ≈ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ˆË˛Ôï˛ xÓfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ G
xˆÏß∫£Ïî ܲÓ˚y •Î˚È– Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ !Óhfl,Ïï˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ üÈ Óç≈ƒ
˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ !l‹õ!_ñ çl!ÓˆÏfl≥˛yÓ˚îñ ¢!=˛Ó˚ §ÇÓ˚«˛îñ §¡±òyÎ˚
§¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ Ê˛°≤Ãò ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ Îy ÙylÓ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !Ü ˛Î˚yܲ°y˛õ ~ÓÇ
ÙylÓ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ç!í˛¸ï˛–
fl∫yfĩ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl åHealth psychologyä ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ
x§%fiÌï˛yÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ñ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yô ~ÓÇ !ã˛!ܲͧyˆÏï˛ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ
í˛z˛õyòyˆÏlÓ˚ åÎÌyÈüÈ˛õ#í˛¸lñ í˛zˆÏmàä Ë)˛!ÙܲyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ò,!T˛!lˆÏ«˛˛õ
ܲˆÏÓ˚– fl∫yfĩ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl#ˆÏòÓ˚ xy@˝ÃˆÏ•Ó˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%ˆÏ°y •° ˛õ#í˛¸l
G x!˲ˆÏÎyçlñ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ í˛z˛õyòyl ~ÓÇ fl∫yˆÏfĩÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
§¡õÜ≈ ˛ ñ ˆÓ˚ y à#È ü È ! ã˛!ܲͧܲ §¡õÜ≈ ˛ fl∫ y fĩ §¡±§yÓ˚ Ü ˛yÓ˚ #
í˛z˛õyòylˆÏܲ í˛zß¨ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛í˛z˛õyÎ˚–
!lòy!lܲ G ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl åClinical and
counselling Psychologyä !Ó!˲ߨ Ó˚Ü˛Ù ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ
!ÓܲyÓ˚ ˆÎÙlñ í˛zˆÏmàñ !Ó£Ï]ï˛yñ áyòƒ@˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓܲyÓ˚ (eating
disorder) ~ÓÇ Ü ˛!lܲ Ùyòܲ oÓƒ x˛õÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ç!lï˛ ˆÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚
ܲyÓ˚îñ !ã˛!ܲͧy G ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yô §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ã˛ã≈˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ
§¡õܲ≈Î%=˛ ˆ«˛e •° ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òylñ ÎyÓ˚ °«˛ƒ •° Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˜òl!®l
ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ §Ù§ƒy §ÙyôyˆÏl §y•y΃ ܲÓ˚yñ ≤Ãyï˛ƒ!•Ü˛ ܲyÎ≈ܲ°yˆÏ˛õÓ˚
í˛zߨ!ï˛ §yôl ~ÓÇ Ü˛!ë˛l ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ xyÓ˚G ܲyÎ≈ܲyÓ˚#˲yˆÏÓ
ˆÙyܲyˆÏ Ó °y ܲÓ˚ y – !lòy!lܲ ÙˆÏ l y!ÓˆÏ ò Ó˚ ܲyˆÏ ç Ó˚ §yˆÏ Ì
˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òylܲyÓ˚# ÙˆÏly!ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ï˛Ê˛yͲ ˆl•zñ Î!òG
˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òylܲyÓ˚# ÙˆÏly!Óò ܲáˆÏly ܲáˆÏly Ü˛Ù à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ §Ù§ƒy
!lˆÏÎ˚ ã˛ã≈˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚– xˆÏlܲ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òylܲyÓ˚# ÙˆÏly!ÓòÓ˚y
SÈyeˆÏòÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛àï˛ §Ù§ƒy ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛!Ó˚Î˚yÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚ Ü ˛“lyÓ˚ Óƒy˛õyˆÏ Ó ˚ ˛õÓ˚ y Ù¢≈ ò yl ܲˆÏ Ó ˚ ÌyˆÏ Ü ˛– !lòy!lܲ
ÙˆÏly!ÓòˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y §y•zܲy•zÎ˚y!ê˛∆fiê˛Ó˚yG ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ !ÓܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
ܲyÓ˚îñ !ã˛!ܲͧy G ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yô §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xôƒÎ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚– !lòy!lܲ
ÙˆÏly!Óò ~ÓÇ §y•zܲy•zÎ˚!ê˛∆fiê˛Ó˚y ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ xy°yòy⁄ ~ܲçl
!lòy!lܲ ÙˆÏly!ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏl !í˛!@˝Ã xyˆÏSÈñ Îy ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ
!ÓܲyÓ˚Î%=˛ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ !ã˛!ܲͧyÓ˚ çlƒ !l!Óí˛¸ ≤Ã!¢«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛–
!Ó˛õÓ˚#ˆÏï˛ñPsychiatrist ˆÙ!í˛ˆÏܲ° !í˛!@˝Ã §• ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ
!ÓܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ã˛!ܲͧyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ó•% ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ӈϢ£ÏK˛ ≤Ã!¢«˛î ÌyˆÏܲ–
~ܲê˛y à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ≤ÈÏ˲ò •° ˆÎ Psychiatrist Ó˚y Å£Ïô !°ˆÏá
!òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l G •zˆÏ°!Q…ܲ ¢Ü˛‰ (ECT) !ã˛!ܲͧy !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l
Îy !lòy!lܲ ÙˆÏly!ÓòÓ˚y !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l ly–
!¢“‡§yÇàë˛!lܲ ÙˆÏ l y!ÓK˛yl (Industrial /
Organizational Psychology) ܲÙ≈# ~ÓÇ §Çàë˛l ˆÎ!ê˛
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ í˛z˲ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ò,!T˛ !lˆÏ«˛˛õ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ
xyã˛Ó˚î !lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚– !¢“‡§yÇàë˛!lܲ ÙˆÏly!ÓòÓ˚y
ܲÙ≈ã˛yÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!¢«˛îñ ܲÙ≈ÓfiÌyÓ˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛ ~ÓÇ Ü˛Ù≈ã˛yÓ˚# ÓySÈy•z
~Ó˚ Ùylò[˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚l˛– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ !¢“ ÙˆÏly!Óò ~ܲ!ê˛
ˆÜ˛y¡õy!lˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ ÙƒyˆÏlçyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ü˛Ù#≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà
Óyí˛¸yˆÏlyÓ˚ çlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ lï%˛l ÙƒyˆÏlçˆÏÙrê˛ @˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈ !òˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚– !¢“ ÙˆÏly!Óò ~ÓÇ §yÇàë˛!lܲ ÙˆÏly!ÓòˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ≤ë˛y˛õˆÏê˛
≤ÃyÎ˚•z K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ ~ÓÇ §Ùyç ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÓ˚ ≤Ã!¢«˛î xhs˝à≈ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
!¢«˛y ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl åEducational Psychologyä
xôƒÎ˚l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ §Ó ˛ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ Ùyl%£Ï ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ˆ¢ˆÏá– !¢«˛y ÙˆÏly!Óò‰
≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ˲yˆÏÓ Ùyl%£ÏˆÏܲ !¢«˛yfïϰ ~ÓÇ Ü˛Ù≈fïϰ ≤Ã!¢«˛ˆÏî
ܲyç 1É3
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˛õyë˛ƒ ˆÎ•z ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛eà%ˆÏ°y §¡õˆÏܲ≈ ˛õˆÏí˛¸SÈ
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝y ܲÓ˚– l#ˆÏã˛ ˆòGÎ˚y ï˛y!°Ü˛y!ê˛ ˆòˆÏáy ~ÓÇ
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏÓ≈yFã˛ xyܲ£Ïî≈#Î˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ 11 å§Ó≈!l¡¨ xyܲ£Ï≈î#Î˚ä ˛õÎ≈hs˝
§y!Ó˚!Ólƒy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
˜çÓ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
!Óܲy¢Ù)°Ü˛ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
§Ùyç ÙˆÏly!Óòƒy
§Ç!Ù!◊ï˛ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ~ÓÇ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢àï˛ ÙˆÏly!Óòƒy
fl∫yfĩ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
!lòy!lܲ G ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
!¢“‡ §yÇàë˛!lܲ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
!¢«˛y ÙˆÏly!Óòƒy
!Ü ˛Î˚y ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
~•z ˛õyë˛ƒÓ•z!ê˛ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ~•z ˆÜ˛y§≈ ˆ¢£Ï ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~•z
ܲyˆÏç xyÓyÓ˚ !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ xy§ˆÏï˛ ã˛y•zˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y §y!Ó˚!ÓlƒyˆÏ§
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛là%ˆÏ°y !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ í˛z˛õˆÏò¢Ù)°Ü˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ G í˛z˛õܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢ §y•y΃
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ïÑ˛yÓ˚y !¢«˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãy§!Aàܲï˛yñ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl ~ÓÇ !¢áˆÏl
§Ù§ƒyÓ˚ !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ àˆÏÓ£Ïîy !lˆÏÎ˚G í˛z!m@¿– ~Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛˛ ˆ«˛e
•ˆÏ°y !Óòƒy°Î˚ ÙˆÏly!Óòƒy åschool psychologyä Îy !¢¢%
ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §• xlƒylƒ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚
ˆÓÔ!Âôܲñ §yÙy!çܲ ~ÓÇ ≤ÃyˆÏ«˛y!˲ܲ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛§yôˆÏlÓ˚
ܲyÎ≈Ü ˛Ù ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyÎ˚ ò,!T˛!lˆÏ«˛˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ï˛yÓ˚y ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚
K˛ylˆÏܲ !Óòƒy°Î˚ ˛õ!Ó˚§ˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
Ü ˛#í˛¸y ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl åSports Psychologyä ~Ó˚ ܲyç
•ˆÏ°y ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ l#!ï˛à%ˆ° Ï yˆÏܲ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ ˆÏàÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆ≤ÃÓî˚ y ç%!àˆÏÎ˚
Ü ˛#í˛¸y «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y– !Ü ˛Î˚y ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÜ,˛ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ
lï%˛l ˆ«˛e !ܲv §yÓ˚y !ÓŸª ç%ˆÏí˛¸ ~!ê˛ fl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛ °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–
ÙˆÏ l y!ÓK˛yˆÏ l Ó˚ xlƒylƒ í˛z ò #Î˚ Ù yl ¢yáy å Other
Emerging Branches of psychology ä
ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ àˆÏÓ£Ïîy ~ÓÇ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ xyhs˝/!Ó£ÏÎ˚ܲ
ò,!T˛!lˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî xyˆÏÓ˚y xˆÏlܲ ¢yáy !Óhfl,Ï!ï˛ °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈñ
ˆÎÙl !ÓÙylã˛y°l ÙˆÏly!Óòƒyñ ˆflõ•z§ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛ylñ §yÙ!Ó˚ܲ
ÙˆÏly!Óòƒyñ Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚l!§Ü˛ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛ylñ @˝ÃyÙ#î ÙˆÏly!Óòƒyñ ≤ÈÏÜ˛Ô¢°
ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛ylñ ÙƒyˆÏlçy!Ó˚Î˚y° ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛ylñ ܲ!Ùí˛z!l!ê˛ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛ylñ
Ù!•°yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl ~ÓÇ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl–
àˆÏÓ£Ïîy ~ÓÇ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›
åThemes of Research and Applicationä
˛õ)Ó≈Óï≈˛# !Ó˲yˆÏàñ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ¢yáy §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛
fl∫“È ôyÓ˚îy ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚SÈ – Î!ò ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §yôyÓ˚î ≤ß¿ !çK˛y§y
ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ÚÚÙˆÏly!ÓòÓ˚y ܲ# ܲˆÏÓ˚l⁄ÛÛ ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ í˛z_Ó˚ •ˆÏÓ ˆÎ ï˛yÓ˚y
!Ó!˲ߨ ˛õ!Ó˚§ˆÏÓ˚ x§Çáƒ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲl– Î!ò ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚
!ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚yñ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y °«˛ƒ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ ˆÎ ï˛yÓ˚y Ù)°ï˛È˛ ò%ÈüÈôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
ܲyÎ≈ܲ°yˆÏ˛õ !lÎ%=˛ ÌyˆÏܲlñ ~ܲê˛y •°ñ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏl àˆÏÓ£Ïîyñ
xyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ •° ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà–
ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ àˆÏÓ£Ïîy ~ÓÇ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !òܲ!lˆÏò≈¢Ü˛yÓ˚#
!Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›à%ˆÏ°y ܲ# ܲ#⁄ ~Ùl xˆÏlܲ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó› Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ – xyÙÓ˚y
ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ò,!T˛!lˆÏ«˛˛õ ܲÓ˚Ó–
!Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó› 1/ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl xlƒylƒ !ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y xyã˛Ó˚î
~ÓÇ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ l#!ï˛˛ !Óܲ!¢ï˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÃÎ˚y§ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ Ù%რ!Ó£ÏÎ˚ •° xyã˛Ó˚îñ Ùyl!§Ü˛ âê˛lyÓ!° ~ÓÇ
≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ í˛z˛õ°!kô ~ÓÇ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚y– ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl#ñ ÎyÓ˚y àˆÏÓ£Ïîy
ܲyˆÏÎ≈ !lÎ%=˛ •ˆÏï˛ !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ •lñ ï˛yÓ˚y xlƒ ˜ÓK˛y!lܲˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y•z
xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ 1 • ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl ܲ#⁄ 13
ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲl– xlƒ !ÓK˛yl#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y í˛zlyÓ˚y í˛z˛õy_ myÓ˚y
§Ù!Ì≈ï˛ !§ÂôyˆÏhs˝ ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyl– í˛zlyÓ˚y ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ âê˛lyÓ˚ !ÓhflÏy!Ó˚ï˛
˛õ!Ó˚§ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lÎ˚!sfï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ˛õÓ˚#«˛î xÌÓy xôƒÎ˚l
˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲl– ~Ó˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ •°
xyã˛Ó˚î ~ÓÇ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ §yôyÓ˚î l#!ï˛ !lô≈yÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y–
~•zÓ˚)˛õ l#!ï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !§ÂôyˆÏhs˝ ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyˆÏly §ÓyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
≤ÈÏÎyçƒ ~ÓÇ ï˛y•z ~à%ˆÏ°y §yÓ≈çl#l– ˛õÓ˚#«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ñ ï%˛°lyÙ)°Ü˛ñ
¢Ó˚ # Ó˚ Ó , _ #Î˚ ñ !Óܲy¢Ù) ° ܲñ §yÙy!çܲñ ˛!Óã% ˛ ƒ!ï˛Ù) ° ܲ ~ÓÇ
xfl∫y˲y!Óܲ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏܲ §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ÚÚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛ylÛÛÈüüüÈ
~Ó˚ ܲyÎ≈ˆÏ«˛e !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ àîƒ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚–
~•z ¢yáy§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó› ~ˆÏܲ x˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ
!˲ߨ– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ ˛õÓ˚#«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl#Ó˚yñ ˛õÓ˚#«˛îˆÏܲ
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xl%§rôyˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚lñ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îñ
!¢álñ flø,!ï˛ñ !ã˛hs˝l ~ÓÇ ˆ≤ãÏîy •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ xôƒÎ˚l
ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ˆÎáyˆÏl ¢Ó˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚ ÙˆÏly!ÓòˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃÎ˚y§ •ˆÏ°y xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚
¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚ !˲!_ xl%§Ó˚î ܲÓ˚y– !Óܲy¢Ù)°Ü˛ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ
ÙylÓ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ §)e˛õyï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆ¢£Ï ≤Ãyhs˝ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ à%îàï˛
~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyîàï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ xôƒÎ˚l ܲˆÏÓ˚lñ xyÓyÓ˚ §Ùyç
ÙˆÏly!Óò §yÙy!çܲ ˆ≤ë˛y˛õˆÏê˛ âˆÏê˛ Ìyܲy Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ x!˲K˛ï˛y G
xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ xôƒÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ò,!T˛!lˆÏ«˛˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
!Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó› 2 / ÙylÓ xyã˛Ó˚î •° Óƒ!=˛ G ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚
˜Ó!¢T˛ƒyÓ°#Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛yÎ≈ܲ°y˛õ–
Kurt Lewin ≤ÃÌÙ !Óáƒyï˛ §Ù#ܲÓ˚î B=F(P,Eä ≤Ãòyl
ܲˆÏÓ˚lñ ÎyÓ˚ xÌ≈ •ˆÏ°yñ ˆÎ xyã˛Ó˚î •° ~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛ G ï˛yÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ à%îÊ˛°– ~•z §Ù#ܲÓ˚î!ê˛ §yôyÓ˚î˲yˆÏÓ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ~•z
ӈϰ ˆÎ xyÙÓ˚y ÙylÓ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÎ !Ó!Óôï˛y ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ Ìy!ܲ ï˛y
Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒyÓ!°Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÓÇ¢àï˛à%î ~ÓÇ
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!ã˛e x!˲K˛ï˛y ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ˆÎáyˆÏl ï˛yÓ˚y
xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~•z§ˆÏÓÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî Ù)°ï˛ ≤ÈÏ˲ò •Î˚– ~•záyˆÏl
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ˆÏܲ ˆÎ˲yˆÏÓ Óƒ!=˛ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ xÌÓy xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚
ˆ§Ë˛yˆÏÓ•z ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚– ÙˆÏly!ÓòÓ˚y
ò#â≈ܲy° ôˆÏÓ˚ ~•z ܲÌy ӈϰˆÏSÈlñ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ò%•zçl Óƒ!=˛ ~ܲÓ˚ܲÙ
•Î˚ lyñ Î!ò ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒyÓ!°ˆÏܲ !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly ܲÓ˚y
•Î˚– ï˛yÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ó%!Âôñ xy@˝Ã•ñ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyôñ ≤ÃÓîï˛y ~ÓÇ xyÓ˚G
xlƒylƒ Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ !l!Ó˚ˆÏá !˲ߨ– Ó›ï˛ñ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ
x˲#«˛y ˜ï˛!Ó˚Ó˚ §)ã˛ly ~•zÓ˚)˛õ !˲ߨï˛y ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒ•z
•ˆÏ Î ˚ ! SÈ°– õyÌ≈ Ü ˛ƒÙ) ° ܲ ÙˆÏ l y!ÓK˛yl å Differential
psychologyä ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ K˛ylˆÏ«˛e Îyñ Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ˜Ó£ÏˆÏÙƒÓ˚
14 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
í˛z˛õÓ˚ ò,!T˛!lˆÏ«˛˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ Îy í˛zl!ÓÇ¢ ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï ~ÓÇ !ÓÇ¢
¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ ≤Ãy܉˛Ü˛yˆÏ° í˛z!òï˛ •Î˚– ~Ó˚ x!ôܲyÇ¢•z ~álG Óƒ!=˛c
ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ•z Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl#Ó˚y ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚l ˆÎ
Î!òG ≤Ãôyl ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ ≤Ã!Ü Î˚yà%ˆÏ°y §Ó≈çl#lñ ï˛Ó%G ~à%ˆÏ°y
Óƒ!=˛àï˛ fl∫˲yÓ ôyÓ˚ˆÏî §ÙÌ≈– ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl#Ó˚y ~G !ÓŸªy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚l
ˆÎ Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ˜Ó£ÏÙƒ Óƒï˛#ï˛ñ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ í˛z˛õyòyˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏîG
xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ï˛yÓ˚ï˛Ùƒ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– ~•z!ê˛ ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aà
Îy ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl#Ó˚y l,ï˛c!Óò‰ñ !ÓÓï˛≈l ï˛_¥!Óò G ç#Ó!ÓK˛yl#ˆÏòÓ˚
ˆÌˆÏܲ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲÓ˚y Óƒ!=˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚
!ÙˆÏÌy!fl;Î˚yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ ÓƒyáƒyÓ˚
ˆáÑyç ܲˆÏÓ˚l– Î!òG ~•z!ê˛ ç!ê˛°ñ !ܲv ï˛Ó% ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲÓ˚y
ÙylÓ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ÓƒyáƒyÓ˚ çlƒ ÓÇ¢à!ï˛ ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚
xyˆÏ˛õ!«˛Ü˛ à%Ó˚%ˆÏcÓ˚ §rôyl ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
!Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó› 3 / ÙylÓ xyã˛Ó˚î â!ê˛ï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î–
x!ôܲyÇ¢ ÙˆÏly!ÓòÓ˚y !ÓŸªy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚l ˆÎñ §Ü˛° ÙylÓ xyã˛Ó˚î
x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î åç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeä xÌÓy Óy!•ƒÜ˛ Îy Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ
xÓ!fiÌï˛ myÓ˚y Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó– ܲyÓ˚îÓyã˛Ü˛ Óƒyáƒy §Ó !ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚
≤Ãôyl !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›ñ ܲyÓ˚î ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚y SÈyí˛¸y ˆÜ˛yl xl%Ùyl
ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó lÎ˚– Î!òG ÙˆÏly!ÓòÓ˚y xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚îÓyã˛Ü˛ ÓƒyáƒyÓ˚
§rôyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚y ˆÎ §Ó˚° ˜Ó˚!áܲ Óƒyáƒy í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y
ܲˆÏÓ˚l ˆÎÙl X ~Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õ Y •Î˚ ~!ê˛ §ï˛ƒ ӈϰ ôÓ˚y •Î˚
ly– xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛yÓ˚î ÌyˆÏܲ ly– ÙylÓ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚
lyly ܲyÓ˚î xyˆÏSÈ– ÙˆÏly!ÓòÓ˚yñ ï˛y•zñ ܲyÓ˚îÓyã˛Ü˛ ÙˆÏí˛° ˆáÑyˆÏçl
ˆÎáyˆÏl xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ fl∫ï˛sf ã˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ólƒy§
ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– Îál ~•zê˛y Ó°y •Î˚ ˆÎñ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Ó•%!Óô
ܲyÓ˚î Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ï˛yÓ˚ ÙyˆÏl ~•z ˆÎ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛yÓ˚î §%!l!ò≈T˛
ܲÓ˚y ܲ!ë˛l ܲyÓ˚î ˆÎáyˆÏl ~•zê˛y !lˆÏç•z xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ!ê˛ ã˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî
âˆÏê˛ ÌyˆÏܲñ xyÓyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï≈˛ xlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏîG âê˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
!Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó› 4 / ÙylÓ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛z˛õ°!kô §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ
!l!Ù≈ï˛–
~•z !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›!ê˛ §¡±!ï˛ §yÙˆÏl ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈ – xˆÏlܲ ÙˆÏly!Óò
xyˆÏSÈl ÎyÓ˚y !ÓŸªy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚l ˆÎ x!ôܲyÇ¢ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ ï˛_¥ G
ÙˆÏí˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚yÈüÈxyˆÏÙ!Ó˚ܲ#Î˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛y•z xlƒylƒ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛
xÓfiÌyˆÏl xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly– ~!¢Î˚yñ
xy!Ê ˛Ü˛y ~ÓÇ °ƒy!ê˛l xyˆÏÙ!Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ÙˆÏly!ÓòÓ˚y •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y xyˆÏÙ!Ó˚ܲyÎ˚
ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aàñ Îy §yÓ≈çl#l ӈϰ ≤Ãã˛y!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛ly
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– !ë˛Ü˛ ~ܲ•z Ó˚Ü˛Ù §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛ly lyÓ˚#Óyò#Ó˚yG myÓ˚yG
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlñ ÎyÓ˚y Î%!=˛ ˆòáylñ ˆÎ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ%Ó˚%£Ïï˛y!sfܲ
ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aà ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ lyÓ˚#ï˛y!sfܲ ò,!T˛Ë˛!AàˆÏܲ x@˝Ãy•ƒ ܲÓ˚y
•Î˚– ï˛yÓ˚y lƒyÎ˚¢yflf§¡øï˛ ò,!T˛Ë˛!AàÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ Î%!=˛ ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚lñ
Îy ˛õ%Ó˚%£Ïï˛y!sfܲ ~ÓÇ lyÓ˚#ï˛y!sfܲ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ܲ í˛z˲Î˚ ò,!T˛Ë˛!AàˆÏܲ
ÙylÓ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛z˛õ°!kôÓ˚ xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
!Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó› 5 / ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ l#!ï˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà myÓ˚y ÙylÓ
xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ !lÎ˚sfî ~ÓÇ §ÇˆÏ¢yôl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
ÙˆÏly!ÓòÓ˚y ˆÜ˛l çylˆÏï˛ ã˛ylñ ˆÎ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ !l!ò≈T˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ xÌÓy ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ âê˛lyÓ!° !lÎ˚!sfï˛ •Î˚⁄ ~•z
í˛zˆÏmˆÏàÓ˚ í˛zͲõ!_ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙylÓ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ à%îàï˛ÙylˆÏܲ í˛zߨï˛
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤Ãîy°# xÌÓy ˛õÂô!ï˛ !lô≈yÓ˚î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ xyܲyA«˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ
˜ï˛!Ó˚– ÙˆÏly!ÓòÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ myÓ˚y §,T˛ K˛ylˆÏܲ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚
~ܲ•z !Ó£ÏÎ˚ ã˛yl–
~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛ ï˛yÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎ !ӈϢ£Ï ç!ê˛°
~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ï˛Ü) ˛ ° ˛õ!Ó˚ ! fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ §¡ø% á #l •Î˚ ñ ≤ÃyÎ˚ • z ~•z
˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ x˛õ§yÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ˛õˆÏÓ˚– ܲyˆÏç•z ÙˆÏly!ÓòÓ˚y
x˲yÓ# Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏl !ӈϢ£Ï •hflψϫ˛˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲl– ~ܲ
!òˆÏܲñ ÙˆÏly!ÓòˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÙ)°Ü˛ Ë)˛!Ùܲy!ê˛ xlƒylƒ §Ùyç
!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ~•z !Ó£ÏÎ˚ˆÏܲ §yôyÓ˚î Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚
ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ܲySÈyܲy!SÈ !lˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈ– x˛õÓ˚ !òˆÏܲñ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛ylˆÏܲ
!lˆÏçÓ˚ xy˛õl ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ çl!≤ÃÎ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~•z
Ë)˛!Ùܲy!ê˛ á%Ó §•yÎ˚ܲ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•z˲yˆÏÓ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÓ¢ !ܲS%È
§ÇáƒÜ˛ fl∫ï˛sf ¢yáy í˛z!òï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ Îy ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ ï˛_¥§Ù)•ñ
l#!ï˛ ~ÓÇ âê˛ly ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ !¢“ ~ÓÇ §yÇàë˛!lܲ
xÓfiÌylñ !lòy!lܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ£ÏÓyñ !¢«˛yñ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ñfl∫yfĩñ §y¡±òy!Î˚ܲ
!Óܲy¢ •zï˛ƒy!ò ˆ«˛ˆÏe §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ xl%§rôyl ~ÓÇ §Ùyôyl ܲˆÏÓ˚–
!¢“ ÙˆÏly!Óòƒyñ §yÇàë˛!lܲ ÙˆÏly!Óòƒyñ !lòy!lܲ ÙˆÏly!Óòƒyñ !¢«˛y
ÙˆÏly!Óòƒyñ ≤ÈÏÜ˛Ô¢° ÙˆÏly!Óòƒy ~ÓÇ !Ü ˛Î˚y ÙˆÏly!Óòƒy !ܲS%È ¢yáyÓ˚
≤Ã!ï˛!l!ôc ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl ÙˆÏly!Óò‰Ó˚y Óƒ!=˛ñ ˆày¤˛# xÌÓy
§Çàë˛lˆÏܲ ˆ§Óy ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !lÎ%=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ÓlyÙ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÙ)°Ü˛ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
Basic Vs Applied Psychology
~•z !ӣψÏÎ˚ °«˛ ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ
ˆ«˛eˆÏܲ Ú ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛Û ~ÓÇ Ú≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÙ)°Ü˛Û ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏl !Ó!ôˆÏï˛
Ó˚yáy ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ¢%ô%Ùye !l!ò≈T˛ !ܲS%È !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó› ~ÓÇ !ÓhflÏ#î≈
!ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ xôƒÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ àˆÏÓ£Ïîy
~ÓÇ ≤ÃˆÏ Î ˚ y ˆÏ à Ó˚ ÙˆÏ ô ƒ ˆï˛Ùl ˆÜ˛yˆÏ l y §) - !ÓˆÏ Ë ˛ò ˆl•z –
í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ï˛_¥ ~ÓÇ l#!ï˛
≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ Îy ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ !˲!_ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ àˆÏí˛¸ í˛zˆÏë˛
~ÓÇ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÙ)°Ü˛ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆ≤ë˛y˛õê˛ ≤Ãòyl
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl àˆÏÓ£Ïîy ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zq$ï˛ ï˛_¥ ~ÓÇ l#!ï˛à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ
xÌ≈˛õ)î≈˲yˆÏÓ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– x˛õÓ˚ !òˆÏܲñ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚
ˆ§•z ˆ«˛e ˆÎà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ Ù)°ï˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÙ)°Ü˛ ¢yáyÎ˚ xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛ ܲÓ˚y
•Î˚ ~à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeG àˆÏÓ£Ïîy ~ܲ!ê˛ x!Ó˲=˛ xÇ¢– !Ó!˲ߨ
˛õ!Ó˚§ˆÏÓ˚ñ §Ó≈òy ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÓ˚ Ü ˛ÙÓô≈Ùyl ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏîñ xˆÏlܲ
¢yáy ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ˲yˆÏÓ xyˆÏàÓ˚ ò¢ˆÏܲ ÚàˆÏÓ£Ïîy §ÇÜ ˛yhs˝Û
åresearch orientedä ӈϰ ôÓ˚y •ï˛ñ Ú≤ÈÏÎ˚yà §ÇÜ ˛yhs˝Û åap-
plication-orientedä ~!ӣψÏÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ lï%˛l˲yˆÏÓ
í˛z ò #Î˚ Ù yl K˛ylˆÏ « ˛e ˆÎÙlñ ≤ÃˆÏ Î ˚ y àÙ) ° ܲ ˛õÓ˚ # «˛îÙ) ° ܲ
ÙˆÏ l y!ÓK˛ylñ ≤ÃˆÏ Î ˚ y àÙ) ° ܲ §Ùyç ÙˆÏ l y!ÓK˛yl ~ÓÇ
≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÙ)°Ü˛ÈüÈ!Óܲy¢ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl ~•z !lˆÏò≈¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ Ó›ï˛
ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ §Ó¢yáyÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y xyˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏòÓ˚
fl∫Ó˚)˛õ Ù)°ï˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÙ)°Ü˛–
xï˛~Óñ xy˛õyï˛ò,!T˛ˆÏï˛ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ àˆÏÓ£Ïîy ~ÓÇ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yˆÏà
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ˆl•z– ~•z ò%!ê˛ Ü˛yÎ≈ܲ°y˛õ ˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
§yˆÏÌ ÎˆÏÌT˛ §¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛ ~ÓÇ ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ ˛õ%l/¢!=˛ §M˛y!°ï˛–
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ !ÙÌ!fl;Î˚y ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚Óƒy˛õܲ ≤Ã˲yÓ ~ï˛ê˛y•z
§%flõT˛ ˆÎ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï ˆçyÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ
ܲyÓ˚î §y¡±!ï˛Ü˛Ü˛yˆÏ° ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ í˛z˛õ¢yáyÓ˚ í˛zqÓ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– xï˛~Óñ
Óy›!Óòƒyàï˛ ÙˆÏ l y!ÓK˛ylñ ˛õ!Ó˚ ˆ Ï Ó ¢!Ó£Ï Î ˚ Ü ˛ ÙˆÏ l y!ÓK˛ylñ
§Ç!Ù!◊ï˛ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛ylñ ç#Ó!ÓòƒyÙ)°Ü˛ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛ylñ
ˆflõ•z§ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛ylñ ~ÓÇ K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛
í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ lï%˛l ~ÓÇ x@˝Ãî#˝ àˆÏÓ£Ïîy ~ÓÇ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÙ)°Ü˛ ˆ«˛e
!•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ í˛zˆÏë˛ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈ Îy ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ xlƒ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ xÇ¢
!•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Î%=˛ !SÈ°– ~•z lï%˛lï˛Ù í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ àˆÏÓ£ÏܲˆÏòÓ˚
xyˆÏàÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ xï˛ƒhs˝ !ӈϢ£ÏK˛ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÙ)°Ü˛ ò«˛ï˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
≤Ã!¢«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl–
ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ K˛ylˆÏ«˛e
Psychology and other Disciplines
ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly K˛ylˆÏ«˛e Îy ÙylÓ xyã˛Ó˚î §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ã˛ã˛≈y ܲˆÏÓ˚
ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ãy§!Aàܲï˛yˆÏܲ xÓ¢ƒ•z
í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyܲˆÏÓ– ~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓñ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl#Ó˚y ÙylÓ
xyã˛Ó˚ î ˆÏ Ü ˛ í˛z ˛ õ°!kô ܲÓ˚ y Ó˚ çlƒ xlƒylƒ K˛ylˆÏ « ˛ˆÏ e Ó˚
≤Ãy§!Aàܲï˛yˆÏܲG fl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛ ˆòl– ~•z ≤ÃÓîï˛y ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÓ˚ ¢yáyÓ˚
xyhs˝ı!Ó£ÏÎ˚ ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aà í˛zqˆÏÓÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– !ÓK˛ylñ
xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ 1 • ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl ܲ#⁄ 15
§Ùyç !ÓK˛yl ~ÓÇ ÙylÓï˛yÓyò# !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ àˆÏÓ£Ïܲ ~ÓÇ !ÓmylÓ˚y
ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛ylˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ K˛ylˆÏ«˛e !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ~Ó˚ à%Ó˚%c xl%˲Ó
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– !ã˛e 1É1 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ xlƒylƒ K˛ylˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚
§¡õÜ≈˛ flõT˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– Ù!hflÏ‹Ò ~ÓÇ xyã˛Ó˚î §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛
xôƒÎ˚ˆÏîñ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl ï˛yÓ˚ K˛yl fl¨yÎ˚%!Óòƒyñ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚!Óòƒyñ ç#Ó!Óòƒyñ
!ã˛!ܲͧy¢yflf ~ÓÇ Ü˛!¡õí˛zê˛yÓ˚ !ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Ë˛yà ܲˆÏÓ˚– ÙylÓ
xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ å ï˛yÓ˚ xÌ≈ñ Ó,!Âô G !Óܲy¢ä §Ùyç §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛
ˆ≤ë˛y˛õˆÏê˛ xôƒÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl ï˛yÓ˚ K˛yl l,ï˛_¥!Óòƒyñ
§Ùyç!ÓK˛ylñ Ó˚yT˛…!ÓK˛yl ~ÓÇ xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ Ë˛yà ܲˆÏÓ˚–
§y!•ï˛ƒ˛õyˆÏë˛ñ §Çà#ï˛ñ lyê˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ §,!T˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ Ùyl!§Ü˛
ܲyÎ≈ܲ°yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ xôƒÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl ï˛yÓ˚ K˛yl §y!•ï˛ƒñ
ܲ°y ~ÓÇ §Aà#ˆÏï˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ Ë˛yà ܲˆÏÓ˚– ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ¢yáyÓ˚
§yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ xlƒylƒ ≤ÃôylÈ K˛ylˆÏ«˛eà%ˆÏ°y !lˆÏ¡¨ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y
•° /ÈüÈ
ò¢≈l / |l!ÓÇ¢ ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ ˆ¢£Ï ˛õÎ≈hs˝ òy¢≈!lܲˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl
!ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ !SÈ° ≤çAà Îy ~ál §Ù§yÙ!Î˚ܲ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
åܲˆÏrê˛¡õÓ˚y!Ó˚ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ä xÇ¢ ˆÎÙlñ ÙˆÏlÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚)˛õ ܲ# xÌÓy
Ùyl%£Ï ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ ~ÓÇ xyˆÏÓà §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ çylˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚ – |l!ÓÇ¢ ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ ˆ¢£ÏyLjϢñ Wundt ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ
ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl#Ó˚y ~•z ≤ß¿à%ˆÏ°y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÙ)°Ü˛
ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aà @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚l ~ÓÇ Ü˛ˆÏrê˛¡õÓ˚yÓ˚# ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ §)e˛õyï˛
•Î˚– !ÓK˛yl !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ §)e˛õyï˛ §ˆÏ_¥G ~•z!ê˛
Óƒy˛õܲ˲yˆÏÓ ò¢≈l ˆÌˆÏܲ xl%≤Ãy!îï˛ñ !ӈϢ£Ïï˛ K˛yl xy•Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚
˛õÂô!ï˛ ~ÓÇ ÙylÓ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xÇ¢ çylˆÏï˛–
Å£Ïô / !ã˛!ܲͧܲÓ˚y ~•z ≤ÃÓã˛l!ê˛ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ˆÎñ˛
ÚÚfl∫yfiÌƒÜ˛Ó˚ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ çlƒ fl∫yfiÌƒÜ˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçlÛÛ ~!ê˛
≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛˛õˆÏ«˛•z §!ï˛ƒ– x!ôܲ˛ §ÇáƒÜ˛ •y§˛õyï˛y°•z ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl#ˆÏòÓ˚
!lÎ%=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl#ˆÏòÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy •° Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ
fl∫yfĩ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ VÑ%˛!ܲ˛õ)î≈ ܲyˆÏç !lÎ%=˛ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ Óyôy ˆòGÎ˚y
~ÓÇ §Ç!Ÿ’T˛ í˛y=˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §%fl∫yfĩ !Ó!ô!ê˛ ˛õy°ˆÏlÓ˚ !lˆÏò≈¢ ˆòGÎ˚yñ
~•z •° ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl ~•z ò%!ê˛ xôƒÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
ˆ«˛e ~ܲ!eï˛ •Î˚– Îál ܲƒy™yÓ˚ñ ~•zí˛§ ~ÓÇ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ˲yˆÏÓ
≤Ã!ï˛Órô# ˆÓ˚yà#ˆÏòÓ˚ !ã˛!ܲͧy ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ Óy •zˆÏrê˛!™Ë˛ ˆÜ˛Î˚yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
ˆÓ˚yà#ˆÏܲ !ã˛!ܲͧy ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÓ˚yà#ˆÏòÓ˚ xˆÏflfy˛õã˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
˛õ) ˆ Ï Ó ≈ Ó ˚ Îb ˆlGÎ˚ y Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚ !ã˛!ܲͧˆÏ Ü ˛Ó˚ y ÙˆÏ l y˜Ï Ó K˛y!lܲ
˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚l– ~ܲçl §Ê˛°
!ã˛!ܲͧܲ ˆÓ˚yà#Ó˚ ¢%ô% ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ §%fiÌï˛y•z °«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚l ly ï˛yÓ˚
ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ §%fiÌï˛yÓ˚ !òˆÏܲG °«˛ Ó˚yˆÏál–
16 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
xÌ≈l#!ï˛ñ Ó˚yT˛…!ÓK˛yl ~ÓÇ §Ùyç!ÓK˛yl / §yÙy!çܲ
!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ~•z ˲!àl# K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛eà%ˆÏ°yñ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ myÓ˚y
ΈÏÌT˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî ˆ≤Ã!Ó˚ï˛ ï˛Ìy §Ù,Âô •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÓ˚ xÓòyl
ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z Óƒy!T˛àï˛ hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ xyã˛Ó˚îñ !ӈϢ£Ïï˛
ˆË˛y=˛y˚ xyã˛Ó˚îñ §M˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xyã˛Ó˚î ~ÓÇ !§Âôyhs˝Ü˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ !lˆÏÎ˚
xôƒÎ˚l ܲˆÏÓ˚– xyˆÏÙ!Ó˚ܲ#Î˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛!Óò xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚
xl%Ùyl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˆË˛y=˛y ˲yÓ ≤ÃÓîï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õy_ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
!ï˛lçl ˛õ![˛ï˛ ÎyÓ˚y ~•z §Ù§ƒy!ê˛ˆÏï˛ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlñ í˛zlyÓ˚y
xÌ≈l#!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˆlyˆÏÓ° ˛õ%Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlñ í˛zlyˆÏòÓ˚ lyÙ •°ñ
~•zã˛ !§Ù§lñ !í˛ Ü˛y•ˆÏlÙƒyl ~ÓÇ !ê˛ !flÒ!°Ç– ~•z !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛Ó˚
ÙˆÏï˛y xÌ≈l#!ï˛ñ Ó˚yT˛…!ÓK˛ylG ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÓ˚ myÓ˚y xyÜ,˛T˛ !ӈϢ£Ïï˛
«˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ü˛ï, ˛ ≈ ˆ Ï c Ó˚ §yˆÏ Ì §¡õ!Ü≈ ˛ ï˛ §Ù§ƒyñ
Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ mˆÏ®µÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §Ùyôyl ~ÓÇ ˆË˛yˆÏê˛Ó˚
xyã˛Ó˚îñ í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ– §Ùyç !ÓK˛yl ~ÓÇ ÙˆÏly!Óòƒy
~ܲ!eï˛ •ˆÏ Î ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ l y Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˛ xyã˛Ó˚ î ˆÏ Ü ˛ ˛õ, Ì Ü˛ §Ùyç
§Çfl, Ò !ï˛Ù) ° ܲ ˛õê˛Ë) ˛ !ÙˆÏ ï ˛ Óƒyáƒy ~ÓÇ í˛z ˛ õ°!kô ܲˆÏ Ó ˚ –
§yÙy!çܲ#ܲÓ˚îñ ˆày¤˛# ~ÓÇ §Ù!T˛àï˛ xyã˛Ó˚î ~ÓÇ xyhs˝ˆÏày¤˛#
m®µ ~•z ò%!ê˛ K˛ylˆÏ«˛e ˆÌˆÏܲ•z °y˲Óyl •Î˚–
ܲ!¡õí˛zê˛yÓ˚ !ÓK˛yl / ~ܲòÙ ¢%Ó˚% ˆÌˆÏܲñ ܲ!¡õí˛zê˛yÓ˚
!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃÎ˚y§ ã˛°ˆÏSÈ ÙylÓ ÙlˆÏܲ xl%ܲÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y– ~ܲçl
ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎñ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛!¡õí˛zê˛yÓ˚ à!ë˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ
~ê˛yÓ˚ flø,!ï˛ §Çà!ë˛ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îñ xl%Óï≈˛# ~ÓÇ ~ܲܲy°#l å§Ùyhs˝Ó˚y°
˛õí˛¸ä ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yܲÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚– ܲ!¡õí˛zê˛yÓ˚ !ÓK˛yl#Ó˚y ~ÓÇ
•z!O!lÎ˚yÓ˚Ó˚y ܲ!¡õí˛zê˛yÓ˚ˆÏܲ ¢%ô%Ùye xyÓ˚G x!ôܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ x!ôܲ
Ó%!ÂôÙyl•z ÓylyˆÏï˛ ã˛yllyñ !ܲv ~Ùl Îsf ÓylyˆÏï˛ ã˛yl ÎyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
§ÇˆÏÓòl ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ò%!ê˛ K˛ylˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚
!Óܲy¢ K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ !ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ x@˝Ãà!ï˛ ~ˆÏlˆÏSÈ–
xy•zl ~ÓÇ x˛õÓ˚yô!Óòƒy / ~ܲçl ò«˛ xy•zlç#Ó# ~ÓÇ
x˛õÓ˚yô!ÓòˆÏܲ !ܲS%È ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚ ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÓ˚ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ˆÎÙlñ ~ܲçl ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ò¢≈# Ü˛ï˛ Ë˛yˆÏ°y ~ܲ!ê˛ ò%â≈ê˛lyñ
Ó˚yhflÏyÓ˚ ÙyÓ˚!˛õê˛ Óy •ï˛ƒy ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚⁄ Ü˛ï˛ Ë˛yˆÏ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§
xyòy°ˆÏï˛ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ âê˛lyÓ˚ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚⁄ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
ܲyÓ˚îà%!° !Óã˛yÓ˚ܲˆÏòÓ˚ ˆlGÎ˚y !§Âôyhs˝ˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚⁄ x˛õÓ˚yô
~ÓÇ ≤Ãï˛yÓ˚îyÓ˚ ܲ# ܲ# !lË≈˛Ó˚ˆÏÎyàƒ °«˛î ÌyˆÏܲñ ܲ# ܲ# à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈
ܲyÓ˚î ï%˛ˆÏ° ôÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚ ~ܲçl x˛õÓ˚yô#ˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ çlƒ
òyÎ˚# ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛⁄ Ü˛ï˛ ÙyeyÓ˚ ¢y!hflÏ !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ¢%ô% Ùye ~ܲ!ê˛
x˛õÓ˚yôÙ)°Ü˛ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ çlƒ⁄ ÙˆÏly!Óòàî ~•z §ÙhflÏ ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚
ˆáÑyˆÏçl– Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏlñ !ܲS%È §ÇáƒÜ˛ ÙˆÏly!Óòàî ~Ùl !ܲS%È §Ù§ƒyÓ˚
 Ó˚yT˛…!ÓK˛yl !¢«˛y !ÓK˛yl xÌ≈l#!ï˛

ò¢≈l¢yflf §Çà#ï˛ ï˛Ìy ã˛yÓ˚%ܲ°y

ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl

ܲ!¡õí˛zê˛yÓ˚ !ÓK˛yl xy•zl ‡ x˛õÓ˚yôï˛_¥

!ã˛!ܲͧy ¢yflf ‡ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÓ˚yà# !Óòƒy àî ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà

fiÌy˛õï˛ƒ!Óòƒy ï˛Ìy Îsf!ÓK˛yl §Ùyç !ÓK˛yl

!ã˛e 1É1 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛e

àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ xyˆÏSÈlñ ÎyÓ˚ Ê˛°yÊ˛° ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ Óƒy˛õܲ˲yˆÏÓ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ≤Ã˲yÓ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ
˲!ӣσˆÏï˛Ó˚ xy•zl ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏl §y•y΃ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝yÎ˚ñ ÙˆÏly˲yˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xyˆÏÓˆÏà– Î!òG ~Ó˚y
àîÙyôƒÙ / ˛õ!eܲy ~ÓÇ Îy!sfܲ àîÙyôƒÙ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏl xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲySÈyܲy!SÈ ~ܲ§yˆÏÌ !lˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈ ~Ó˚y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ

xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ 1 • ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl ܲ#⁄ 17

§yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ˜Ó!ã˛eƒà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚G •…y§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– !¢¢%Ó˚ ÙˆÏly˲yÓ àë˛ˆÏl
~ÓÇ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏî àîÙyôƒˆÏÙÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ •° ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛~!=˛Î˚yÓ˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl
~•z ˆ«˛eà%ˆÏ°y ~ܲ§yˆÏÌ ã˛ˆÏ° xyˆÏ§– ÙˆÏly!Óòƒy í˛z_Ù ~ÓÇ
≤Ã˲yÓ¢y°# ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ ˆÜ˛Ô¢° !Óܲ!¢ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
~ܲçl §ÇÓyòòyï˛y ˆÎ áÓÓ˚!ê˛ ˆ¢ylyl ï˛yÓ˚ çlƒ ï˛yˆÏܲ xÓ¢ƒ•z
çylˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ˆÎ ~•z âê˛ly!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ò¢≈ˆÏܲÓ˚ xl%Ó˚yà xyˆÏSÈ !ܲly–
ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ˆÓ!¢Ë˛yà âê˛ly•z Ùyl!Óܲ !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ñ ï˛y•z
ÙylÓ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ ~ÓÇ xyˆÏÓà §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ K˛yl á%Ó•z à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈– ~ܲ!ê˛
âê˛ly ï˛ál•z ≤ÃÓ° ≤Ã˲yÓ ˆÊ˛°ˆÏ ï ˛ ˛õyˆÏ Ó ˚ Îál ~!ê˛
ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ K˛yl ~ÓÇ xhs˝ò≈,!T˛Ó˚ ˛í˛zz˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚
•Î˚–
§ÇAà#ï˛ ~ÓÇ °!°ï˛ ܲ°y / §Aà#ï˛ ~ÓÇ ÙˆÏly!Óòƒy xˆÏlܲ
ˆ«˛eˆÏï˛•z ~ܲ•z !Ó®%ˆÏï˛ !Ù!°ï˛ •Î˚– !ÓK˛yl#àî ܲyÎ≈ «˛Ùï˛y
í˛zߨ#ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ çlƒ §Çà#ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚l– §Çà#ï˛ ~ÓÇ xyˆÏÓà
•ˆÏ°y ~Ùl ˆ«˛e ÎyˆÏï˛ ˆÓ¢ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ xôƒÎ˚l ã˛y°yˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ §Çà#ï˛!¢“#Ó˚y Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl ˛õÓ˚#«˛î ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSlÈ ÎyˆÏܲ
ï˛yÓ˚y Ó°ˆÏSÈ Ú!Ùí˛z!çܲ ˆÌÓ˚y!˛õÛ åMusic Therapyä– ~•z˲yˆÏÓ
ï˛yÓ˚y !Ó!˲ߨ ÚÓ˚yàÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ åRagasä ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈl !ܲS%È !ӈϢ£Ï
¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ ˆÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ í˛z˛õ¢ˆÏÙÓ˚ çlƒ– !Ùí˛z!çܲ ˆÌÓ˚y!˛õÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈«˛Ùï˛y
~álG ≤ÃÙyî §yˆÏ˛õ«˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈ–
fiÌy˛õï˛ƒ ~ÓÇ Îsf!Óòƒy / ≤ÃÌÙ ò¢≈ˆÏl ÙˆÏly!Óòƒy ~ÓÇ
fiÌy˛õï˛ƒ G Îsf!ÓòƒyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒÜ˛yÓ˚ §¡õÜ≈˛ x§Ω˛Ó ӈϰ ÙˆÏl •Î˚–
!ܲv ~ê˛y xyòˆÏï˛ âê˛ly lÎ˚– ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly !lÙ≈yîܲyÓ˚#ˆÏܲ !çK˛y§y
ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ˆòáˆÏÓ ˆ§ ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏE˛°ˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚%ܲyˆÏÎ≈ƒÓ˚ myÓ˚y Ùyl!§Ü˛
~ÓÇ ˜ò!•Ü˛ xÓܲy¢ ≤ÃòyˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ï,˛Æ ܲˆÏÓ˚
~ÓÇ ly®!lܲ ï,˛!Æ ˆòÎ˚– •z!O!lÎ˚yÓ˚Ó˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §yÓôylï˛yÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ x˲ƒy§ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛G !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly
ܲˆÏÓ˚˛– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õ §í˛¸Ü˛ ~ÓÇ Ó˚yç˛õÌ ˜ï˛!Ó˚Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚ §Ó
≤ÃܲyÓ˚ Îy!sfܲ !í˛çy•zlyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ≤Ãò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ lܲ¢y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
çlƒ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ K˛yl !Ó¢y° §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
ˆÙyê˛Ü˛Ìy •ˆÏ°yñ ÙˆÏly!Óòƒy ÙylÓ !Ü ˛Î˚yܲ°y˛õ §ÇÜ ˛yhs˝ Ó•%
K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ¢yáyÓ˚ ˛≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏFSȈÏò !ÓòƒÙyl–
ܲÙ≈Ó˚ï˛ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl#
Psychologists at work
Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl#àl !Ó!˲ߨ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚l ˆÎáyˆÏl
í˛zlyÓ˚y ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ l#!ï˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l ÎyˆÏï˛ Óƒ!=˛
ï˛yÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ §Ù§ƒyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §yÌ≈ܲ ˲yˆÏÓ x!˲ˆÏÎyçl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
18 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚˛ çlƒ ï˛yÓ˚y !¢«˛î ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!¢«˛î ˆòl– ÎyˆÏòÓ˚
xˆÏlܲ §ÙÎ˚ ÙylÓ ˆ§ÓyÙ)°Ü˛ ˆ«˛e ӈϰ x!˲!•ï˛ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ !lòy!lܲñ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl §¡±òyÎ˚ñ !Óòƒy°Î˚
~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ ÙˆÏly!Óòƒy–
!lòy!lܲ ÙˆÏly!ÓòÓ˚y / xy!◊ï˛ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ xyã˛Ó˚îàï˛ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚
§ÙyôyˆÏl §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚lñ !Ó!˲ߨ Ùyl!§Ü˛ !ÓܲyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ í˛zˆÏmà G
˲Î˚ Óy âˆÏÓ˚ Óy ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ ˛õ#í˛¸ˆÏl ˆÌÓ˚y!˛õ ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
í˛zlyÓ˚y Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ˆ˛õ¢yôyÓ˚# !•§yˆÏÓ •y§˛õyï˛yˆÏ°ñ Ùyl!§Ü˛
≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yˆÏlñ Óy §yÙy!çܲ §ÇfiÌyÎ˚ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲl– í˛zlyÓ˚y
§y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚ Óy §Ù§ƒy !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ x˲#«˛y
˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly ܲÓ˚yÎ˚ !lÎ%=˛ ÌyˆÏܲl ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !ã˛!ܲͧy ~ÓÇ
˛õ%l≈Óy§ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲl–
ã˛yܲ!Ó˚Ó˚ §%ˆÏÎyà !lòy!lܲ ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÎ˚ x!ôܲ ï˛y•z Ó•%§ÇáƒÜ˛ˆÏܲ
xyÜ,˛T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ –
˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl ÙˆÏly!Óòàî / ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚l ˆ§•z §ÙhflÏ Óƒ!=˛
!lˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÓ˚y ˆ≤ãÏîyÙ)°Ü˛ ~ÓÇ xyˆÏÓàÙ)°Ü˛ §Ù§ƒyÎ˚ ˆË˛yˆÏàl–
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xy!◊ï˛ˆÏòÓ˚ åclientä §Ù§ƒy !lòy!lܲ ÙˆÏly!ÓòˆÏòÓ˚
xy!◊ï˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ xˆÏlܲ Ü˛Ù §Ù§ƒy§AÜ%˛° •Î˚– ~ܲçl
˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl ÙˆÏly!Óò Ó,!_Ù)°Ü˛ ˛õ%lÓ≈y§l ˆ≤Ãy@˝ÃyÙ Óy Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ
ˆ˛õ¢y ˛õSÈ® ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Óy ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ lï%˛l ~ÓÇ ç!ê˛° ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚
§yˆÏÌ x!˲ˆÏÎyçl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈ ≤ÃòyˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç !lÎ%=˛ ÌyܲˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚l– ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl ÙˆÏly!Óòàî ˆ°Ô!ܲܲ §ÇfiÌy ÎÌyñ Ùyl!§Ü˛
fl∫yfĩ ˆÜ˛wñ •y§˛õyï˛y°ñ !Óòƒy°Î˚ñ ܲˆÏ°ç ~ÓÇ !ÓŸª!Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
çlƒ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
§¡±òyÎ˚ ÙˆÏly!Óòàî / §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ˆ§§Ó §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
ò,!T˛!lˆÏ«˛˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚l Ùyl!§Ü˛ fl∫yˆÏfĩÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛– í˛zlyÓ˚y Ùyl!§Ü˛
fl∫yfĩ §ÇfiÌyñ ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ §Çàë˛l ~ÓÇ Ó˚yçƒ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚
ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚l– í˛zlyÓ˚y §¡±òyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ §ÇfiÌy§Ù)ˆÏ• ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ
~ÓÇ Ùyl!§Ü˛ fl∫yfĩ §ÇÜ ˛yhs˝ §Ù§ƒy §ÙyôyˆÏl §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
@˝ÃyÙyM˛ˆÏ° í˛zlyÓ˚y Ùyl!§Ü˛ fl∫yfĩ ˆÜ˛w ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l–
¢•Ó˚yM˛ˆÏ° í˛zlyÓ˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ Ùyòܲ ˛õ)lÓ≈y§l ܲyÎ≈§)!ã˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly
ܲÓ˚ ˆ Ï ï ˛ ˛õyˆÏ Ó ˚ l – xˆÏ l ܲ §¡±òyÎ˚ ÙˆÏ l y!Óòàî !ÓˆÏ ¢ £Ï
çl§yôyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §yˆÏÌG ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚l ÎÌyñ ÓÎ˚flÒ Óy ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ Óy
Ùyl!§Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ !Ó˛õÎ≈Î˚hflÏ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏòÓ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚– !Ó!˲ߨ ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛ ~ÓÇ
˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyÓ˚ !òܲ !lˆÏò≈¢ ~ÓÇ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚î SÈyí˛¸yGñ §¡±òyÎ˚ !˲!_ܲ
˛õ%l≈Óy§l åcommunity based Rehabilitationä •ˆÏ°y
§¡±òyÎ˚ ÙˆÏly!ÓòàˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl xy@˝ÃˆÏ•Ó˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚–
 !Óòƒy°Î˚ ÙˆÏly!Óòàî / !¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yˆÏl ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚l
~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ≤Ã!¢«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛
•ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ !ܲS%È !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ ÙˆÏly!Óòàî x˲#«˛y
˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly ܲˆÏÓ˚lñ ˆÎáyˆÏl xlƒÓ˚y x˲#«˛yÓ˚ Ê˛°yÊ˛°ˆÏܲ Óƒyáƒy
ܲˆÏÓ˚l SÈyeˆÏòÓ˚ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ §ÙyôyˆÏl §y•y΃ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ– í˛zlyÓ˚y
!Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ l#!ï˛ !lô≈yÓ˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛G §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚l– í˛zlyÓ˚y
!˛õï˛yÙyï˛yñ !¢«˛Ü˛ ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒÜ˛yÓ˚ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà!ê˛ˆÏܲ
§•ç ܲˆÏÓ˚l ~ÓÇ !˛õï˛yÙyï˛y G !¢«˛Ü˛ˆÏܲ ~ܲçl SÈyˆÏeÓ˚ xôƒÎ˚l
!Ó£ÏÎ˚ܲ x@˝Ãà!ï˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ï˛Ìƒ ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
§Çàë˛lÙ)°Ü˛ ÙˆÏly!Óòàî / ~ܲ!ê˛ §Çàë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ åܲyÎ≈!lÓ≈y•#ä˛
~ÓÇ Ü˛Ù≈ã˛yÓ˚#àˆÏlÓ˚ !lçfl∫ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆÎ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚
í˛zqÓ •Î˚– ˆ§ §Ó §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ §Ùyôyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ù)°ƒÓyl §y•y΃
≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚l– í˛zlyÓ˚y §Çàë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈«˛Ùï˛y ~ÓÇ Ü˛yÎ≈ܲy!Ó˚ï˛y
Ó!ô≈ ï ˛ ܲÓ˚ y Ó˚ í˛z ˆ Ï j ˆÏ ¢ ƒ í˛z õ ˆÏ ò T˛yÓ, ! _ å Consultancy
Servicesä ~ÓÇ ò«˛ï˛y ≤Ã!¢«˛î ܲyÎ≈Ü ˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ ӈϮyÓhflÏ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚l–
ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲçl §Çàë˛lÙ)°Ü˛ ÙˆÏly!Óòàî ÙylÓ §¡õò í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏl
(HRD) !ӈϢ£ÏK˛ •lñ xyÓyÓ˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl xlƒÓ˚y §Çàë˛lÙ)°Ü˛
í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏl ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛lÙ)°Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°l ܲyÎ≈Ü ˛ˆÏÙ !ӈϢ£ÏK˛G •ˆÏÎ˚
ÌyˆÏܲl–
˜òl!®l ç#ÓˆÏl ÙˆÏly!Óòƒy
Psychology in Everday life
í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚y=˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ˆÌˆÏܲ ~!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ ˆÎ ÙˆÏly!Óòƒy ˛¢%ô%Ùye
~Ùl !Ó£ÏÎ˚ lÎ˚ Îy xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙylÓ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
ÙˆÏlÓ˚ !ܲS%È ˆÜ˛Ôï)˛•°ˆÏܲ•z §vT˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly– ~!ê˛ ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛
!Ó£ÏÎ˚ Îy xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!Óô §Ùyôyl ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~Ó˚ ≤çyÓ˚ §¡õ)î≈
Óƒ!=˛àï˛ åí˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÙˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ Ùòƒ˛õ !˛õï˛yÓ˚ Ù%ˆÏáyÙ%!á
•GÎ˚y Óy ~ܲçl Ùy ï˛yÓ˚ §Ù§ƒyÙ)°Ü˛ !¢¢%Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ˆÎ˲yˆÏÓ
xyã˛Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ä ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zq$ï˛ åí˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ
˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ò§ƒˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ
ˆÓyV˛y˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ x˲yÓä Óy ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó,•_Ó˚ ˆày¤˛# Óy §y¡±òy!Î˚ܲ §ÇfiÌy
åí˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ í˛z@˝ÃÓyò# §ÇfiÌy Óy §yÙy!çܲ˲yˆÏÓ !˲ߨ §¡±òyÎ˚ä
Óy çyï˛#Î˚ ~ÓÇ xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ hflψÏÓ˚G •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– È !¢«˛yñ fl∫yfĩñ
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ñ §yÙy!çܲ !Óã˛yÓ˚ñ lyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ñ xyhs˝/ˆÏày¤˛#Ù)°Ü˛
§¡õÜ≈˛ ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ç!í˛¸ï˛ §Ù§ƒyà%ˆÏ°y •ˆÏ°y ˛õ!Ó˚Óƒy˛õܲ–
ˆÎáyˆÏl ~•z §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ §Ùyôyl Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ñ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ~ÓÇ §Ùyç
§ÇflÒyÓ˚Ù)°Ü˛ñ ܲyˆÏç !l!•ï˛ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ xyÓyÓ˚ ~•z §ÙhflÏ
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ ~ܲܲ hflψÏÓ˚G •hflψϫ˛˛õ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl–
ˆÓ!¢Ó˚ ˲yà §Ù§ƒyÓ˚•z ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ ~à%ˆÏ°y
xfl∫yfiÌƒÜ˛Ó˚ !ã˛hs˝yñ !lˆÏçÓ˚ G xˆÏlƒÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ˆl!ï˛ÙˆÏly˲yÓ ~ÓÇ
xy˛õ!_ܲÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ xyã˛Ó˚î ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zq(ï˛– ~ܲ!ê˛ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ
!ӈϟ’£Ïî ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ à˲#Ó˚ï˛y ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ Ê˛°≤ç% §Ùyôyl
á%ÑçˆÏï˛G §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ~•z ç#Ól §¡õÜ≈˛#Î˚ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ §ÙyôyˆÏlÓ˚
«˛Ùï˛y!ê˛ á%Ó•z à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈– àîÙyôƒÙ ~•z ˆ«˛ˆÏe à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy
˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆê˛!°!˲¢ˆÏl ˆòáˆÏÓ ˆÎñ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyï˛y ~ÓÇ
!lˆÏò≈¢òyï˛yàî !Ó!˲ߨ §Ù§ƒy Îy !¢¢%ñ !ܲˆÏ¢yÓ˚ñ ≤ÃyÆ˛ÓÎ˚flÒ ~ÓÇ
Ó,ÂôˆÏ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ç!í˛¸ï˛ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §ÙyôyˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈ ˆòl–
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y xyÓ˚G ˆòáˆÏÓ í˛zlyÓ˚y xyÓ˚G xˆÏlܲ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ §yÙy!çܲ
§Ù§ƒyñ ÎyÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ §yÙy!çܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ~ÓÇ
í˛zߨÎ˚lñ çl§Çáƒyñ òy!Ó˚oñ xyhs˝ıÓƒ!=˛àï˛ñ xyhs˝/ˆÏày¤˛#àï˛ !•Ç§y
~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢Ù)°Ü˛ xôı˛õï˛lñ ~à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚G !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
x!ôܲyÇ¢ ÙˆÏly!Óòàî Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl ÎyÓ˚y Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ à%îàï˛ ÙyˆÏlÓ˚
ç#ÓlÎyey ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ÙôƒÓ!ï˛≈ï˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ܲyÎ≈Ü ˛ˆÏÙÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly ~ÓÇ ~•z ܲyÎ≈Ü ˛Ù §¡õyòl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈
Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚l– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ~ê˛y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly xyŸã˛ˆÏÎ≈ƒÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ lÎ˚
ˆÎ xyÙÓ˚y ÙˆÏly!ÓòàîˆÏܲ !Ó!˲ߨ çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ ܲyç ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆò!á
ˆÎÙlñ !Óòƒy°Î˚ñ •y§˛õyï˛y°ñ ܲyÓ˚áylyñ ˆç°áylyñ ÓƒÓ§y!Î˚ܲ
§ÇfiÌyñ §yÙ!Ó˚ܲ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yl ~ÓÇ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ !lçfl∫ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ
§Ù§ƒy ˛§Ùyôyl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈ ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛–
xlƒˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ§Óy ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §y•y΃ ܲÓ˚y SÈyí˛¸yGñ
ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÓ˚ K˛yl ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˜òl!®l Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ç#ÓlˆÏܲG §¡õ,=˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~•z ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛ˆÏÙ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÓ˚ ˆÎ §ÙhflÏ !lÎ˚Ùl#!ï˛
~ÓÇ ˛õÂô!ï˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !¢áˆÏÓ ~à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚
!lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ xlƒˆÏòÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ~ÓÇ í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏe ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛– ~Ùl lÎ˚ ˆÎñ xyÙÓ˚y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛
!ã˛!hs˝ï˛ l•z–!ܲv ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà §ÙÎ˚•zñ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲçl
!lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ x!ï˛ÙyeyÎ˚ í˛zFã˛ôyÓ˚îy ˆ˛õy£Ïî ܲ!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ Ùï˛yÙï˛ˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y myÓ˚y xfl∫#ܲyÓ˚
ܲÓ˚ ˆ Ï ° ˆ§!ê˛ˆÏ Ü ˛ xyÙÓ˚ y ≤Ãï˛ƒyáƒyl ܲ!Ó˚ ñ ܲyÓ˚ î xyÙÓ˚ y
xydÓ˚«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏî åDefensive behaviourä !lÎ%=˛
Ìy!ܲ– xlƒ!ܲS%È ˆ«˛ˆÏe Óƒ!=˛ ~Ùl !ܲS%È x˲ƒy§ xç≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ Îy
ï˛yˆÏܲ l#ˆÏã˛ ly!ÙˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÎ˚– ~•z ò%!ê˛ xÓfiÌy•z xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zayˆÏlÓ˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏe §•yÎ˚ܲ lÎ˚– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ •z!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛
~ÓÇ §yÙO§ƒ˛õ)î≈ í˛z˛õ°!kôÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÓ˚
l#!ï˛à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ •z!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ xôƒÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˲yˆÏ°y
xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ 1 • ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl ܲ#⁄ 19
x˲ƒy§ !Óܲ!¢ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚yñ Îy ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !¢ál ~ÓÇ flø,!ï˛ˆÏܲ
í˛zß¨ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ~ÓÇ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ~ÓÇ xyhs˝ıÓƒ!=˛àï˛
§Ù§ƒyÓ˚ §Ùyôyl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ !§Âôyhs˝Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ ˆÜ˛Ô¢ˆÏ°Ó˚
ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe §y•y΃ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚
˛ã˛y˛õˆÏܲ •…y§ Óy °yâÓ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ~Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ áÑ%çˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏly!Óòƒy !Ó£ÏÎ˚ܲ K˛yl xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˜òl!®l ç#ÓˆÏl
á%Ó•z ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ˆÏÎyàƒ ~ÓÇ Óƒ!=˛àï˛ñ ˆ§•z §yˆÏÌ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aà
ˆÌˆÏܲ Ê˛°◊%ï˛ ÓˆÏê˛–
Ù%áƒ˛õò
xyã˛Ó˚ î ñ xyã˛Ó˚ î Óyòñ !ã˛hs˝ l ñ K˛ylÙ) ° ܲñ
ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aàñ ˆã˛ï˛lyñ àë˛lÙ)°Ü˛Óyòñ !Óܲy¢Ù)°Ü˛ñ
ÙˆÏly!Óòƒyñ !Ü ˛Î˚yÓyò#ñ ˆàfiê˛yŒê˛ñ ˆàfiê˛yŒê˛ñ ÙˆÏly!Óòƒyñ
ÙylÓï˛yÓyò# ò, ! T˛Ë˛Aà#ñ xhs≈ ˝ ò ¢≈ l ñ Ùlñ fl¨ y Î˚ %
ÙˆÏly!Óòƒyñ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚ñ ÙˆÏly!Óòƒyñ ÙˆÏly§Ù#«˛îñ
§Ùyç!ÓK˛ylñ í˛zj#˛õܲñ xÓÎ˚ÓÓyò–

§yÓ˚yÇ¢
• ÙˆÏly!Óòƒy •° ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ xyô%!lܲ ˆ«˛e ÎyÓ˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ •° !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õê˛Ë)˛!ÙˆÏï˛ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ç!ê˛° Ùyl!§Ü˛
≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yñ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ ~ÓÇ xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚y– ~ˆÏܲ˛ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ !ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ §Ùyç !ÓK˛yl !•§yˆÏÓG
ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
• ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl Ùï˛Óyòà%ˆÏ°y •°ñ xÓÎ˚ÓÓyòñ !Ü ˛Î˚yÓyòñ xyã˛Ó˚îÓyòñ ˆàfiê˛yŒê˛Óyòñ
ÙˆÏly§Ù#«˛îñ ÙylÓï˛yÓyò# ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl ~ÓÇ K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ ÙˆÏly!Óòƒy–
• §Ù§yÙ!Î˚ܲ ÙˆÏly!Óòƒy •° lylyÌ≈ܲñ ܲyÓ˚î ~ˆÏï˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Ó•% ï_¥ G ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aà Îy xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ !Ó!˲ߨ˲yˆÏÓ
Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aà§Ù)• ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ fl∫ï˛sf lÎ˚– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ ÙylÓ Ü˛yÎ≈ܲ°yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ç!ê˛°ï˛y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛
à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ xhs˝ò≈,!T˛ ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ÙylÓï˛yÓyò# ï˛_¥ ÙylÓ Ü˛yÎ≈ܲ°y˛õˆÏܲ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ •zFSÈyñ §,çl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ •zFSÈy G ÙylÓ
«˛Ùï˛yà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˛õ)î≈ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ •zFSÈyÓ˚ Ó!•Èı≤Ãܲy¢ ӈϰ ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚–
• Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl ÙˆÏly!Óòàî !ӈϢ£Ï !ӈϢ£Ï ˆ«˛ˆÏe ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚lñ ÎyÓ˚ !lçfl∫ ï˛_¥ ~ÓÇ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ˛Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ï˛yÓ˚y
!l!ò≈T˛ ܲyÎ≈ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ï˛_¥ !Óܲ!¢ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ §Ùyôyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ≤ÈÏã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛
≤Ãôyl ¢yáyà%!° •°ñ K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ ÙˆÏly!Óòƒyñ ç#Ó!ÓK˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ ÙˆÏly!Óòƒyñ fl∫yfĩñ ÙˆÏly!Óòƒyñ !Óܲy¢Ù)°Ü˛ñ
ÙˆÏly!Óòƒyñ §Ùyç ÙˆÏly!Óòƒyñ !¢«˛y ~ÓÇ !Óòƒy°Î˚ ÙˆÏly!Óòƒyñ !lòy!lܲ ~ÓÇ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl ÙˆÏly!Óòƒyñ
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢Ù)°Ü˛ ÙˆÏly!Óòƒyñ !¢“ ÙˆÏly!Óòƒyñ Ü ˛#í˛¸y ÙˆÏly!Óòƒy–
• ÓyhflÏÓˆÏܲ ˲yˆÏ°y˲yˆÏÓ í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó•%‡xyhs˝!Ó£ÏÎ˚ܲ í˛zˆÏòƒyˆÏàÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y
xl%Ë)˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~Ó˚çlƒ !Ó!˲ߨ K˛ylˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §•ˆÏÎy!àï˛y ܲyÙƒ– ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÓ˚ xl%Ó˚yˆÏàÓ˚ §ˆÏAà xyˆÏSÈ
§Ùyç !ÓK˛yl– å ÎÌyñ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ñ Ó˚yT˛…!ÓK˛ylñ §Ùyç!Óòƒyä ç#Ó!ÓK˛yl åÎÌy fl¨yÎ˚%!Óòƒyñ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚!Óòƒyñ Å£Ïôä
àîÙyôƒÙñ §Aà#ï˛ ~ÓÇ °!°ï˛ ܲ°y– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃÎ˚yˆÏ§ Ê˛°≤ç) àˆÏÓ£Ïîy ~ÓÇ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÙ)°Ü˛ !òܲ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
• ÙˆÏly!Óòƒy ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye ˆ§•z ˆ«˛e lÎ˚ Îy ¢%ô% ÙylÓ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ï˛y!_¥Ü˛ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z xÓòyl
Ó˚yˆÏáñ !Ó!˲ߨ hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ §ÙyôyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeG ~!ê˛ xÓòyl Ó˚yˆÏá– ÙˆÏly!ÓòÓ˚y !Ó!˲ߨ ܲyÎ≈ܲ°yˆÏ˛õ §y•y΃
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ !lÎ%=˛ •lñ §ÙyˆÏç !Ó!Óô !ÓlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ xhs≈˝àï˛ •lñ !Óòƒy°Î˚ñ •y§˛õyï˛y°ñ !¢“ñ ≤Ã!¢«˛î ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛ylñ
§yÙ!Ó˚ܲ ~ÓÇ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yl§Ù)ˆÏ• ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ x!ôܲyÇ¢•z Óƒ!=˛àï˛ xl%¢#°l ܲˆÏÓ˚l ~ÓÇ
˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl ܲˆÏÓ˚l–

20 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
˛õÎ≈yˆÏ°yã˛lyÙ)°Ü˛ ≤ß¿
1ä xyã˛Ó˚î ܲ#⁄ ≤Ãܲy¢ƒ ~ÓÇ à%Æ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î òyG–
2ä ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ !ÓK˛yl§¡øï˛ ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyˆÏܲ ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ çl!≤ÃÎ˚ ôyÓ˚îyà%ˆÏ°y
ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ⁄
3ä !ÓÓ≈ï˛lÙ)°Ü˛ ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ç!«˛Æ !ÓÓÓ˚î òyG–
4ä ˆÜ˛yl‰ §Ù§ƒyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ çlƒ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl#ˆÏòÓ˚ xlƒ K˛ylˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §•ˆÏÎy!àï˛y
Ê˛°≤ç) •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚⁄ ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly ò%ˆÏê˛y §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
5ä ˛ õyÌ≈ܲƒ ˆ°ˆÏáy / ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl# ~ÓÇ ÙˆÏly!ã˛!ܲͧܲ
6ä ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyï˛y ~ÓÇ !lòy!lܲ ÙˆÏly!Óò–
7ä ˜òl!®l ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ~Ùl !ܲS%È ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚y ˆÎáyˆÏl ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õ°!kôˆÏܲ
ܲyˆÏç °yàyˆÏly ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚⁄
8ä ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢Ù)°Ü˛ ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÓ˚ ¢yáy!ê˛Ó˚ K˛ylˆÏܲ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ÓyrôÓ xyã˛Ó˚î Ó!ô≈ï˛
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚⁄
9ä ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ §yÙy!çܲ §Ù§ƒy ÎÌy x˛õÓ˚yô §ÙyôyˆÏl §y•y΃ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ
ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yl ¢yáy á%Ó í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ ӈϰ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚y–

≤ÃܲˆÏ“Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îy
1ä ~•z xôƒyÎ˚!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆ˛õ¢yÎ˚ ܲÙ≈Ó˚ï˛ ÙˆÏly!ÓòˆÏòÓ˚ ܲÌy Ó°y
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly ÙˆÏly!Óòƒy ¢yáyÎ˚ ~ܲçl ÙˆÏly!ÓˆÏòÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà ܲÓ˚ !Î!l ly!ܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
~ܲ!ê˛ ¢yáyÓ˚ çlƒ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ ~ÓÇ ˆ§•z ˆ°yܲ!ê˛Ó˚ §y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚ lyG– ≤Ã̈ÏÙ Ü˛ï˛à%!°Ó˚ ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ ï˛y!°Ü˛y
˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y– §Ω˛yÓƒ ≤ß¿à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ å1ä !ܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !¢«˛y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ~•z !ӈϢ£Ï
ܲyç!ê˛Ó˚ çlƒ å2ä xy˛õ!l ˆÜ˛yl‰ ܲˆÏ°ç‡!ÓŸª!Óòƒy°Î˚ˆÏܲ §%˛õy!Ó˚¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓl ~•z ¢yáyÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸yˆÏ¢ylyÓ˚
çlƒ å3ä ~áyˆÏl !ܲ Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl xyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §%ˆÏÎyà Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ã˛yܲ!Ó˚Ó˚⁄ å4ä xy˛õlyÓ˚ çlƒ xy˛õlyÓ˚
˛õSÈ®§•z xyò¢≈ ܲyç ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ !òl!ê˛ ˆÜ˛Ùl •Î˚ÈüüüÈxÌÓy xyò¢≈ ܲyç ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ !òl Ó°ˆÏï˛ ~Ùl !ܲS%È ˆl•z
å5ä ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç xy˛õlyˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛yl‰ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚îy !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ⁄
ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §y«˛yÍܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó˚ˆÏ˛õ≈yê˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏï˛ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y í˛zˆÏÕ‘á
ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
2ä @˝ÃrÌyàyÓ˚ Óy Ó•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆòyܲyl Óy •zrê˛yÓ˚ˆÏlˆÏê˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ ˆáÑyç ܲˆÏÓ˚y åí˛z˛õlƒy§‡xÈüÈí˛z˛õlƒy§ Óy
!§ˆÏlÙyä Îy ly!ܲ ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ ≤çAà !•§yˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •ˆÏÓ– ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó˚ˆÏ˛õ≈yê˛
˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ §Ç!«˛Æ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy òyG–

xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ 1 • ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl ܲ#⁄ 21

 ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÓ˚ xl%§rôyˆÏl
xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ 2 ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛§Ù)•
Methods of Enquiry
in Psychology
~•z xôƒyÎ˚!ê˛ ˛õyë˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y §ÙÌ≈ •ˆÏÓ
æ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ xˆÏß∫£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ °«˛ƒ G ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛
æ ÙˆÏly!ÓòˆÏòÓ˚ myÓ˚y ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õy_ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛
æ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ xˆÏß∫£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ !ܲS%È à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ˛õÂô!ï˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
æ˛ í˛z˛õy_ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ
æ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ xˆÏß∫£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ §#ÙyÓÂôï˛y G ~Ó˚ §ˆÏAà §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ ˜l!ï˛Ü˛ !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ çylˆÏï˛–

!Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›
Ë)˛!Ùܲy
ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ xl%§rôyˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛
!ÓK˛yl !˲!_ܲ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ hflÏÓ˚
àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ !Óܲ“ ò,T˛yhs˝ §Ù)•
ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ í˛z˛õyˆÏ_Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛
ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ !ܲS%È à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ˛õÂô!ï˛
˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛
~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î åÓ: 2É1ä
˛ õÓ˚#«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛
§•à!ï˛Ù)°Ü˛ àˆÏÓ£Ïîy
˛ ç!Ó˚˛õÙ)°Ü˛ àˆÏÓ£Ïîy
ç!Ó˚˛õÙ)°Ü˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î åÓ: 2É2ä
ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ x˲#«˛y
ˆÜ˛§ fiê˛y!í˛
í˛z˛õy_ !ӈϟ’£Ïî
˛õ!Ó˚Ùyîàï˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛
à%îàï˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛
ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ xl%§rôyˆÏlÓ˚ §#ÙyÓÂôï˛y
An idea that is developed and put into ˜l!ï˛Ü˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚§Ù)•
action is more important than an idea Ù%áƒ˛õò
that exists only as an idea. §yÓ˚yÇ¢
˛õÎ≈yˆÏ°yã˛lyÙ)°Ü˛ ≤ß¿
– Gautam Buddha ≤Ãܲ“ §¡∫!rôï˛ ôyÓ˚îy

22 ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÓ˚
 Ë)˛!Ùܲy
≤ÃÌÙ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚•z ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˛õˆÏí˛¸SÈ ˆÎ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl •ˆÏFSÈ x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏ°yã˛lyñ xyã˛Ó˚î ~ÓÇ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ !ÓK˛yl–
!lŸã˛Î˚•z ~ál ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛Ôï)˛•° •ˆÏFSÈñ ÙˆÏly!ÓòÓ˚y ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ~•z§Ó ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õˆÏܲ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲl⁄ xlƒË˛yˆÏÓ
Ó°ˆÏ°ñ xyã˛Ó˚î ~ÓÇ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏܲ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ çlƒ ܲ# ܲ# ˛õÂô!ï˛ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚⁄ xlƒ !ÓK˛yl#ˆÏòÓ˚ Ùï˛•z ÙˆÏly!ÓòàîG
ï˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›Ó˚˛ Óî≈lyñ ˲!ӣσÍÓyî#ñ Óƒyáƒy ~ÓÇ !lÎ˚sfî ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛yl– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚ á%ÑçˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚
ÙˆÏly!ÓòÓ˚y !ӈϢ£Ïï˛ §Çà!ë˛ï˛ ~ÓÇ §%!ÓlƒhflÏ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ !ÓŸªy§ ˆÓ˚ˆÏáˆÏSÈl– ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛à%!°•z ~ˆÏܲ
!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤ÃÎ˚y§ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl#Ó˚y !Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ àˆÏÓ£Ïîy ˛õÂô!ï˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲl
ܲyÓ˚î ÙylÓ xyã˛Ó˚î §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ ≤ß¿à%!° Ó•%ôy !Ó˲=˛ñ Ê˛ˆÏ° ~ܲ!ê Ùye ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ~ˆÏܲ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏ°yã˛ly x§Ω˛Ó– ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚
§Ù§ƒy §Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏ°yã˛lyÎ˚ ≤Ãôylï˛ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛îñ ˛õÓ˚#«˛îñ §•à!ï˛Ù)°Ü˛ àˆÏÓ£Ïîyñ ç!Ó˚˛õÙ)°Ü˛ àˆÏÓ£Ïîy ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ
x˲#«˛y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛§fiê˛y!í˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ Ó•%° ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚– ~•z xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ xl%§rôylñ ܲ#
ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ï˛Ìƒ G í˛z˛õy_ ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏ°yã˛lyÎ˚ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ñ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏ°yã˛lyÎ˚ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
˛õÂô!ï˛Ù)°Ü˛ ˆÜ˛Ô¢° ~ÓÇ ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ xlƒylƒ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›à%ˆÏ°y !lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÓ–

ܲÓ˚yñ !lˆÏçÓ˚ ܲyçà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ !òl ˛õ)l≈!ÓˆÏÓã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •zï˛ƒy!ò–

ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ xl%§rôyˆÏlÓ˚ °«˛ƒ§Ù)•
åGoals of Psychological Enquiryä
xlƒ ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ xl%§rôyˆÏlÓ˚G
~•z °«˛ƒà%ˆÏ°y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ı Óî≈ly åDescriptionäñ ˲yÓ#ܲÌl
åPredictionäñ Óƒyáƒyl åExplanationä xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !lÎ˚sfî
åControl of behavioursä ~ÓÇ ˜ÏlÓ≈ƒ!=˛Ü˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ~Ó˚
ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zq(ï˛ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà åApplicationä í˛zq(ï˛ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
˜lÓƒ≈!=˛Ü˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛˛– ã˛ˆÏ°y xyÙÓ˚y ~•z §ÙhflÏ ˛õòà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ xÌ≈
í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲ!Ó˚–
Óî≈ly åDescriptionä ı
ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÎ˚ñ xyÙÓ˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ xyã˛Ó˚î Óy âê˛lyˆÏܲ Îï˛ê˛y
ÎÌyÎÌ Ë˛yˆÏÓ §Ω˛Ó Óî≈ly ܲ!Ó˚– ~!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ xyã˛Ó˚î ˆÌˆÏܲ
xlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˛)˚ õñ àˆÏÓ£Ïܲ SÈyeˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xôƒÎ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ x˲ƒy§ ˛õÎ≈ˆÓÏ «˛î
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ xy@˝Ã•# •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l– xôƒÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ x˲ƒyˆÏ§ !Ó!Óô ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §ÙyˆÏÓ¢ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ÎÌyÈüÈ ˆÓ˚yç ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ Üœ˛yˆÏ§
í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ Ìyܲyñ §ÙÎ˚Ùï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ!“ï˛ Ü˛yçà%ˆÏ°y çÙy ˆòGÎ˚yñ
xôƒÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚yñ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ xôƒÎ˚l
~•z !l!ò≈T˛ !Ó˲yàà%ˆÏ°y !lˆÏÎ˚ ˛õ%Cyl%˛õ%C Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
àˆÏÓ£ÏܲˆÏܲ !ÓòƒyÌ#≈Ó˚ xôƒÎ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ x˲ƒy§ !lˆÏÎ˚ Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl
•Î˚– Óî≈lyÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ l!ÌÓÂôܲÓ˚î ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ˆÎ!ê˛
~•z xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ÎÌyÎÌ í˛z˛õ°!kôˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚–
˲yÓ#ܲÌl åPredictionä ı
!ÓK˛yl§¡øï˛ xl%§rôyˆÏlÓ˚ !mï˛#Î˚ °«˛ƒ!ê˛ •° xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ xl%Ùyl
ܲÓ˚y– Î!ò ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ ÎÌyÎÌ í˛z˛õ°!kô ~ÓÇ
Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù •Gñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚
§yˆÏÌ xlƒ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚îñ âê˛lyÓ˚ ˆÎ §¡õÜ≈˛ xyˆÏSÈ ï˛y çylˆÏï˛
˛˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ï˛ál ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈•z xl%Ùyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yl
ˆÜ˛yl ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ~•z xyã˛Ó˚î!ê˛ âê˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ !ܲS%È Ë%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚
§#ÙyˆÏÓ˚áy ÓçyÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ ~ܲ!ê˛ xôƒÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ñ
~ܲçl àˆÏÓ£Ïܲ xôƒÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ~ÓÇ !Ó!˲ߨ !ӣψÏÎ˚
Ü,˛!ï˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ ôlycܲ §¡õÜ≈˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù
•l– ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ Îál ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y çylˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ ˆÎ ~ܲ!ê˛ !¢¢%
˛õí˛¸yˆÏ¢ylyÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ §ÙÎ˚ ÙˆÏly!lˆÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y xl%Ùyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ ˆÎ !¢¢%!ê˛ xÓ¢ƒ•z ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÎ˚ ˲yˆÏ°y l¡∫Ó˚ ˛õyˆÏÓ– Îï˛ ˆÓ!¢
§ÇáƒyÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ï˛ï˛•z xl%Ùyl ÎÌyÎÌ •Î˚–

xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ 2 • ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÓ˚ xl%§rôyˆÏl ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛§Ù)• 23

Óƒyáƒyl åExplanationä ı
ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ xl%§rôyˆÏlÓ˚ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ!ê˛ •ˆÏ°y xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚
ܲyÓ˚î xÌÓy !lô≈yÓ˚ܲà%ˆÏ°y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ çyly– ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl#Ó˚y Ù)°ï˛
çylˆÏï˛ xy@˝Ã•# ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yl‰ ܲyÓ˚îà%ˆÏ°y xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ §Çâ!ê˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
xyÓyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yl‰ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ xyã˛Ó˚î §Çâ!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚ ly⁄ í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õ
!ܲS%È !¢¢%ˆÜÏ ˛ ˆÜ˛yl‰ !Ó£ÏÎ!˚ ê˛ ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ x!ï˛ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà# ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°⁄
xlƒ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ !ܲS%È !¢¢% ˆÜ˛l ˛õí˛¸yˆÏ¢ylyÎ˚ Ü˛Ù §ÙÎ˚
≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄ §%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ ~•z í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ƒ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ •°ñ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚
!lô≈yÓ˚ܲ ~ÓÇ ˛˛õ)Ó≈àyÙ#¢ï≈˛à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ˛ !lÓ˚)˛õî ܲÓ˚y åxÌ≈yÍ ˆ§ §ÙhflÏ
¢ï≈˛§Ù)• Îy ~ܲ!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏî §•yÎ˚ܲä ï˛Ìy xôƒÎ˚l ܲÓ˚y
ÎyˆÏï˛ ò%!ê˛ ã˛° Óy âê˛lyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ܲyÎ≈ܲyÓ˚îåcause-effectä
§¡õÜ≈˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
!lÎ˚sfî åApplicationä ı
Î!ò ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y ˆÎ ˆÜ˛l ~ܲ!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï xyã˛Ó˚î
§Çâ!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˙ xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ !lÎ˚sfî ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓñ
xyã˛Ó˚ ˆ Ï î Ó˚ ˛˛õ) Ó ≈ à yÙ# xÓfiÌyà% ˆ Ï ° yÓ˚ å Antecendent
conditionsä ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛Ïl ܲˆÏÓ˚– !lÎ˚sfî Ó°ˆÏï˛ !ï˛l!ê˛
!Ó£ÏÎ˚ˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ñ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛zqÓ Ü˛Ó˚yñ ~ˆÏܲ ܲ!ÙˆÏÎ˚
ˆòGÎ˚y Óy Óy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ã˛yG ˆï˛y
˛õí˛¸yˆÏ¢ylyÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ˆÜÏ ˛ ~ܲ•z Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓy˚ Óy ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~ˆÏܲ ܲÙyˆÏï˛G
˛õyˆÏÓ˚y Óy ˛õí˛¸yˆÏ¢ylyÓ˚ §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó,!ÂôG xylˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y– ÙylÓ
1 2
§Ù§ƒyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ôyÓ˚îy àë˛l
xôƒÎ˚ˆÏl ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲÓ˚y
4
àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ !§Âôyhs˝ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏ°yã˛ly
!ÓòƒÙyl xl%ÙylˆÏܲ ˛õ%îÓ≈ƒ=˛ ܲÓ˚y‡~ܲ!ê˛
§ÇˆÏ¢y!ôï˛ xÌÓy lï%˛l ï˛_¥ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚y–
!ã˛e 2É1 !ÓK˛yl!˲!_ܲ xl%§rôyˆÏlÓ˚ ôy˛õ §Ù)•
24 ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÓ˚
xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l xylˆÏï˛ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ !ã˛!ܲͧy ÎyˆÏܲ
ˆÌÓ˚y!˛õ åtherapyä Ó°y •Î˚ñ ï˛y !lÎ˚sfˆÏîÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ á%Ó Ë˛yˆÏ°y
í˛zòy•Ó˚î •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
≤ÈÏÎ˚yà åApplicationä ı
!ÓK˛yl!˲!_ܲ xl% § rôyˆÏ l Ó˚ x!hs˝ Ù í˛z ˆ Ï j ¢ƒ •ˆÏ ° y ÙylÓ
ç#ÓlÎyeyÎ˚ }îydܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l xyly– ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ àˆÏÓ£Ïîy
˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ •Î˚ !Ó!Óô ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ §Ù§ƒy §Ùyôyl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ–
~•z ≤ÈÏã˛T˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ù)° xyˆÏ°yã˛ƒ !Ó£ÏÎ˚
•ˆÏ°y Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ à%îàï˛ Ùyl – í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ ˆÎyà ~ÓÇ
ôƒyl ˛õ#í˛¸î ܲÙyˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ §yÙÌ≈ƒ Óyí˛¸yˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
!ÓK˛yl!˲!_ܲ xl%§rôyl ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ lï%˛l ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ Óy
˲yÓôyÓ˚yÓ˚ í˛zqyÓˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ Îy ˲!ӣσˆÏï˛Ó˚ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyˆÏܲ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚
ÎyÎ˚–
!ÓK˛yl!˲!_ܲ xl%§rôyˆÏlÓ˚ ôy˛õ §Ù)•
åSteps conducting scientific Researchä ı
!ÓK˛ylˆÏܲ ~•z !˲!_ˆÏï˛ §ÇK˛y!Î˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚ ly ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yl‰ !ç!l§ˆÏܲ
xl%§rôyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈñ ÓÓ˚Ç ~•z !˲!_ˆÏï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚ ˆÎ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ˆ§
xl%§rôyl ã˛y°yˆÏFSÈ– !ÓK˛yl!˲!_ܲ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ӈϢ£Ï Ù%•)ï≈˛
Óy âê˛lyˆÏܲ xôƒÎ˚l ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ˜lÓ≈ƒ!=˛Ü˛ñ ≤Ãîy°#ÓÂô ~ÓÇ ˛õÓ˚#«˛î#Î˚
˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ myÓ˚y– ˜lÓ≈ƒ!=˛Ü˛ï˛y Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆ§•z âê˛lyˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl
ò%•z Óy ï˛ˆÏï˛y!ôܲ Óƒ!=˛ fl∫yô#l˲yˆÏÓ ~ܲ•z âê˛lyˆÏܲ xôƒÎ˚l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
í˛z˛õy_ §Ç@˝Ã•
xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#ñ ˛õÂô!ï˛ñ Îsf ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y
3
!§Âôyhs˝ @˝Ã•î
Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚
ò%çl•z ≤ÃyÎ˚ ~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓ ~ܲ•z !§ÂôyˆÏhs˝ ˆ˛õÔÑSÈyÎ˚– ˆÎÙlñ Î!ò ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y
~ÓÇ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Órô% ~ܲ•z ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õܲ Îsf ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆê˛!ӈϰÓ˚
˜òâ≈ƒ ÙyˆÏ˛õy ï˛ˆÏÓ ò%çl•z ˆê˛!ӈϰÓ˚ ˜òâ≈ƒ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ~ܲ•z !§ÂôyˆÏhs˝
ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyˆÏÓ–
!ÓK˛yl!˲!_ܲ xl%§rôyˆÏlÓ˚ !mï˛#Î˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ!ê˛ •° ~!ê˛ ˛
≤Ãîy°#ÓÂô åsystematicä xl%§rôyˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ Óy ˛ôy˛õˆÏܲ
xl% § Ó˚ î ܲˆÏ Ó ˚ – ~ˆÏ ï ˛ Ó˚ ˆ Ï Î ˚ ˆ Ï S Èñ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ ôyÓ˚ î yàë˛l
åconceptualisationäñ í˛z˛õy_ §Ç@˝Ã• åCollections of
data äñ !§Âôyhs˝ @˝Ã•î ådrawing conclusionsäñ ~ÓÇ
àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ !§ÂôyˆÏhs˝Ó˚ ˛õ%lÓ˚yˆÏ°yã˛ly ~ÓÇ ï˛_¥ åtheoryä å!ã˛e
2É1 ˆòˆÏáyä– ã˛° xyÙÓ˚y ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ ôy˛õ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !ܲS%È !ÓhflÏy!Ó˚ï˛
xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲ!Ó˚–
§Ù§ƒyÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy àë˛l
åConceptualising a problemäı
!ÓK˛yl§¡øï˛ àˆÏÓ£Ïîy ¢%Ó˚% •Î˚ ï˛ál Îál ~ܲçl àˆÏÓ£Ïܲ
àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ çlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó› Óy ≤çAà !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚
àˆÏÓ£Ïܲ ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç §Çܲ#î≈ï˛y xyˆÏl ~ÓÇ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ çlƒ !ܲS%È
!ӈϢ£Ï àˆÏÓ£Ïîy !Ó£ÏÎ˚ܲ ≤ß¿ï˛y!°Ü˛y Óy §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ í˛zqÓ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ~!ê˛
xï˛#ï˛ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏ°yã˛lyñ ˛õÎ≈ˆÓÏ «˛î ~ÓÇ Óƒ!=˛àï˛ x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ xyˆÏà ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˛õˆÏí˛¸SÈñ
~ܲçl àˆÏӣψÏܲÓ˚ xy@˝Ã• !SȈϰy SÈyeˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õí˛¸yˆÏ¢ylyÓ˚ x˲ƒy§ˆÏܲ
˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲÓ˚y– ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ àˆÏÓ£Ïܲ ≤ÃÌÙ ˛õí˛¸yˆÏ¢ylyÓ˚
x˲ƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ !òܲˆÏܲ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ !§Âôyhs˝
!lˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈlñ ˆÎ !ï˛!l ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ ly Óy!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ ˛õí˛¸yˆÏ¢ylyÓ˚ x˲ƒy§ñ
ˆÜ˛yl!ê˛Ó˚ !ӣψÏÎ˚ xy@˝Ã•#–
ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏl !Ó!Óô ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §Ù§ƒy Îy xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Óy
x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚˚ §yˆÏÌ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ ï˛y !lˆÏÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y xôƒÎ˚l ܲ!Ó˚– ~•z
§Ù§ƒy à%ˆÏ°y §¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛ ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ åܲä xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚
xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛y åí˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ xyÙÓ˚y ܲ# xl%Ë˛Ó Óy xyã˛Ó˚î
ܲ!Ó˚ Îál xyÙÓ˚y ò%ıá Óy ܲˆÏT˛ Ìy!ܲ⁄ xyÙÓ˚y ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
xyã˛Ó˚î Óy x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ܲ!Ó˚⁄ xyÙÓ˚y Ë%˛ˆÏ° Îy•z
ˆÜ˛l⁄ä åáä xlƒ Óƒ!=˛ xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛y åí˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ x!˲lÓ
!ܲ xAÜ%˛Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓ!¢ Ó%!ÂôÙyl⁄ ˆÜ˛l ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óƒ!=˛ ï˛yÓ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚
ܲyç §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ˆ¢£Ï ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly⁄ ô%Ù˛õyˆÏlÓ˚ x˲ƒy§ˆÏܲ !ܲ
!lÎ˚sfî ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚⁄ !ܲS%È ˆ°yܲ ò%Ó˚yˆÏÓ˚yàƒ Óƒy!ô@˝ÃhflÏ •GÎ˚yÓ˚
xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ 2 • ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÓ˚ xl%§rôyˆÏl ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛§Ù)•
˛õÓ˚G ˆÜ˛l !lÎ˚!Ùï˛ Å£Ïô @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚l ly⁄ä åàä Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏî
ˆày¤˛# ≤Ã˲yÓñ åí˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ Ó˚!•Ù ˆÜ˛l !lˆÏçÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚
ܲyç ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ xlƒ ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ˆÙ°yˆÏÙ¢y ܲˆÏÓ˚ §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
x˛õÓƒÎ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄ ˆÜ˛l ~ܲçl §y•zˆÏܲ° ã˛y°Ü˛ ~ܲy §y•zˆÏܲ°
ã˛y°yˆÏlyÓ˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ xˆÏlܲ ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ §yÙˆÏl §y•zˆÏܲ° ã˛y°yˆÏlyÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚
ˆÓ¢# ˲yˆÏ°y ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄ä åâä ˆày¤˛# xyã˛Ó˚î åí˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ
Ùyl%£Ï Îál ˆày!¤˛ÓÂô ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛ál•z ˆÜ˛l ï˛yÓ˚ !Ó˛õIlܲ xyã˛Ó˚î
Ó,!Âô ˛õyÎ˚⁄ä ~ÓÇ å.ä §Çàë˛lÙ)°Ü˛ hflÏÓ˚ åí˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ ˆÜ˛l•zÓy
!ܲS%È !ܲS%È §Çàë˛l xlƒ §Çàë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ §Ê˛° •Î˚⁄
ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ~ܲçl Ùy!°Ü˛ ï˛yÓ˚ ܲÙ≈ã˛yÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ≤ãÏîy Óyí˛¸yÎ˚⁄ä ~•z
ï˛y!°Ü˛y!ê˛ Ó•% ò#â≈ ~ÓÇ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ xôƒyÎ˚à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ ~•z
ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ !¢áˆÏÓ– Î!ò ˆÏï˛yÙÓ˚y í˛zͧ%ܲ G !çK˛y§%
•Gñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~çyï˛#Î˚ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ §Ù§ƒy §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !°ˆÏá Ó˚yáˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚yñ Îy ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ˆÏï˛ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y xl%§rôyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
§Ù§ƒyÓ˚ §ly=˛Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ñ àˆÏÓ£Ïܲ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
§Ω˛yÓƒ í˛z_Ó˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ x@˝Ã§Ó˚ •lñ ~ˆÏܲ xl%Ùyl
(Hypothesis) Ó°y •Î˚– ˆÎÙlñ ˛õ)Ó≈ ôyÓ˚îy Óy ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î
xl%ÎyÎ˚# ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ xl%ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zqÓ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚yñ !ê˛!˲ˆÏï˛
ˆÓ!¢ §ÙÎ˚ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ !•Ç§ydܲ âê˛ly ˆòáyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî Óyí˛¸ˆÏ°ñ
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xyÜ ˛Ùîydܲ xyã˛Ó˚î ≤Ãò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyeyG Ó,!Âô ˛õyÎ˚– ~ál
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÎ˚ ~•z !ÓÓ,!ï˛!ê˛ §ï˛ƒ ly !Ù̃y ≤ÃÙyî
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y–
2É í˛z˛õy_ §Ç@˝Ã• åCollecting Dataä ı
!ÓK˛yl§¡øï˛ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ !mï˛#Î˚ ôy˛õ •ˆÏ°y í˛z˛õy_ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲÓ˚y–
í˛z˛õy_ §Ç@˝ÃˆÏ•Ó˚ çlƒ §¡õ)î≈ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly ˜Ïï˛!Ó˚
ܲÓ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– ~Ó˚çlƒ ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ ò,!T˛ˆÏܲyî ˆÌˆÏܲ !§Âôyhs˝ !lˆÏï˛
•Î˚û åܲä àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÎ˚ xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚# åáä í˛z˛õy_ §Ç@˝ÃˆÏ•Ó˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛
åàä àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ˆÏÎyàƒ Îsf§Ù)• åâä í˛z˛õy_ §Ç@˝ÃˆÏ•Ó˚
≤Ãîy°#– àˆÏÓ£Ïîy ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ àˆÏÓ£Ïܲ ܲyÓ˚y
xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚# •ˆÏÓ ï˛y !lô≈yÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚– xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚# !•§yˆÏÓ
ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ !¢¢%ñ !ܲˆÏ¢yÓ˚ñ Ù•y!Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ SÈyeÓ,®ñ !¢«˛Ü˛Ó,®ñ
ÙƒyˆÏlçyÓ˚ñ x§%fiÌÓƒ!=˛ñ !¢“ܲÙ#≈ Óy ˆÜ˛yˆÏly çlˆÏày¤˛#ñ ˆÎáyˆÏl
xl%§rôyl°ÓÂô !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãyôylƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– !mï˛#Î˚
!§Âôyhs˝!ê˛ í˛z˛õy_ §Ç@˝ÃˆÏ•Ó˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛ñ
ˆÎÙl ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ˛õÂô!ï˛ñ ˛õÓ˚#«˛î ˛õÂô!ï˛ñ §•à!ï˛Ó˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛
25
~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛§ fiê˛ƒy!í˛ •zï˛ƒy!ò– àˆÏÓ£ÏܲˆÏܲ í˛z˛õy_ §Ç@˝ÃˆÏ•Ó˚ çlƒ˛
í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ §Ó˚OyÙ !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏl !§Âôyhs˝ !lˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ åˆÎÙlñ §y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚ñ
˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyñ ≤ß¿ï˛!°Ü˛y •zï˛ƒy!òä– í˛z˛õy_ §Ç@˝ÃˆÏ•Ó˚
çlƒ àˆÏÓ£Ïܲ §Ó˚OyÙ!ê˛ˆÏܲ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓl ï˛yÓ˚G !§Âôyhs˝
@˝Ã•î ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl åxÌ≈yÍ Óƒ!=˛àï˛ Óy ò°àï˛ä– ~Ó˚˛õˆÏÓ˚•z ÎÌyÌ≈˲yˆÏÓ
í˛z˛õy_ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
3É !§Âôyhs˝ @˝Ã•î åDrawing Conclusionsä ı
˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ ôy˛õ!ê˛ •° í˛z˛õyˆÏ_Ó˚ !ӈϟ’£Ïî Îy xyÙÓ˚y Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚
˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˛õy•z ~ÓÇ Îy xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~•z
í˛z˛õyˆÏ_Ó˚ xÌ≈ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚– ~!ê˛ ˆ°á!ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ åˆÎÙlñ ˛õy•zÈüÈ˛ã˛yê≈˛ñ
hflÏΩ˛!ã˛eñ !ܲí˛zÙ%ƒˆÏ°!ê˛Ë˛ ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒyl ˆ°á!ã˛e •zï˛ƒy!òä ~ÓÇ
Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ xç≈l ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~•z
!ӈϟ’£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ •ˆÏ°y ï˛òl%§yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xl%ÙylˆÏܲ Îyã˛y•z ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ
ï˛òl%§yˆÏÓ˚ !§Âôyhs˝ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚y–
4É àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ !§ÂôyˆÏhs˝Ó˚ ˛õ%lÓ˚yˆÏ°yã˛ly
åRevising Research Conclusionä ı
àˆÏÓ£Ïܲ ~•z xl%Ùyl !òˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ àˆÏÓ£Ïîy ¢%Ó˚% ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l ˆÎ
ˆê˛!°!˲¢ˆÏ l !•Ç§ydܲ !ܲS% È ˆòáy ~ÓÇ !¢¢% ˆ Ï ò Ó˚ ÙˆÏ ô ƒ
xyÜ ˛Ùîydܲï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §¡õÜ≈˛ Óï≈˛Ùyl– !ï˛!l ˆòáˆÏÓl ï˛yÓ˚
!§Âôyhs˝ xl%ÙylˆÏܲ §ÙÌ≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ܲly– Î!ò ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲñ ï˛ˆÏÓ
Óï≈˛Ùyl xl%Ùyl!ê˛ !l!Ÿã˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– Î!ò ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ï˛ˆÏÓ
!ï˛!l ~!ê˛ xyÓyÓ˚ §ÇˆÏ¢yôl ܲˆÏÓ˚l Óy !Óܲ“ xl%Ùyl @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
xl%Ùyl‡ï˛_¥ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚l ~ÓÇ !§Âôyhs˝ @˝Ã•l ܲˆÏÓ˚l Îy
˲!Ó£Ïƒï˛ àˆÏÓ£ÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ myÓ˚y Îyã˛y•z ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~•z˲yˆÏÓ
àˆÏÓ£Ïîy •ˆÏÓ ~ܲ!ê˛ ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y–
àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ !Óܲ“ ò,T˛yhs˝§Ù)•
åAlternative Paradgms of Researchäı
ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl#Ó˚y §%˛õy!Ó˚¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚l ˆÎñ ÙylÓ xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ xôƒÎ˚l
ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ çlƒ Ó˚§yÎ˚lñ ˛õòyÌ≈!Óòƒy ~ÓÇ ç#Ó!Óòƒy ~•z
§ÙhflÏ !ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ myÓ˚y à,•#ï˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛§Ù)• xÓ¢ƒ•z xl%§Ó˚î ܲÓ˚y
í˛z!ã˛ï˛– ~•z ò,!T˛Ë˛!AàÓ˚ Ù)° ܲÌy •° ˆÎñ ÙylÓ xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ xy®yç
ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ÎyˆÏï˛ Óy!•ƒÜ˛ ~ÓÇ xy˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î ¢!=˛Ó˚ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛îñ
˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ ~ÓÇ !lÎ˚sfî ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó– ~•z °ˆÏ«˛ƒ ˆ˛õÔÑSÈyˆÏlyÓ˚ çlƒ
ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ¢yáy !ÓÇ¢ ¢ï˛y!∑Ó˚ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà ˛õÎ≈hs˝ !lˆÏçˆÏܲ
26 ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÓ˚
Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ò,!T˛ˆÏàyã˛Ó˚ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ xôƒÎ˚ˆÏl §#!Ùï˛ ˆÓ˚ˆÏáˆÏSÈ û xÌ≈yÍ
ˆ§•z xyã˛Ó˚î ˆÎ!ê˛ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õl ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ~!ê˛
Óƒ!=˛àï˛ xyˆÏÓàñ x!˲K˛ï˛y ~ÓÇ xÌ≈ ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ò,!T˛ !lˆÏ«˛˛õ
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly–
Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl ~ܲ!ê˛ !˲ߨ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎ!ê˛ ÓƒyáƒyÙ)°Ü˛
ӈϰ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛– ~!ê˛ Óƒyáƒy ~ÓÇ xy®yˆÏçÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ í˛z˛õ°!kôˆÏï˛
ˆÓ!¢ à%Ó˚%c xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•z Ó˚#!ï˛ xl%ÎyÎ˚#ñ ç!ê˛° ~ÓÇ
˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ ÙylÓ xyã˛Ó˚î ~ÓÇ xl%Ë˛ÓˆÏܲ xôƒÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛
ˆË˛Ô!ï˛Ü˛ çàï˛ˆÏܲ xôƒÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ xy°yòy •GÎ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛–
~•z ò,!T˛Ë˛!AàˆÏï˛ Ùyl%£Ï ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly âê˛ly Óy !Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏܲ xÌ≈≤Ãòyl
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~•z à%Ó˚%c!ê˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆçyÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ ≤çAà˛
ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ âê˛ˆÏSÈ ˆ§Ë˛yˆÏÓ Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚– ã˛ˆÏ°y xyÙÓ˚y ~Ùl !ܲS%È
x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲ!Ó˚ Îy !ܲS%È x!˲lÓ ≤çˆÏAà âˆÏê˛ ÌyˆÏܲñ
ˆÎÙl ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óy!•ƒÜ˛ åÎÌyñ §%ly!Ùñ Ë)˛!Ùܲ¡õñ â%!î≈V˛ˆÏí˛¸ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛
Óƒ!=˛ä ~ÓÇ xy˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî åÎÌyñ ò%Ó˚yˆÏÓ˚yàƒ@˝ÃhflÏ˛ x§%fiÌï˛yä
Óƒ!=˛ ˛˛õ#í˛¸yòyÎ˚Ü ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˆË˛yˆÏà– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛
Ó›!l¤˛˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ §Ω˛ÓG lÎ˚ñ ܲyÙƒG lÎ˚– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒˆÏܲ•z ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ)Ó≈
x!˲K˛ï˛y ~ÓÇ âê˛lyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛•z ÓyhflÏÓˆÏܲ !lˆÏçÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y
ܲˆÏÓ˚ Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ñ ~•z ÓyhflÏÓˆÏܲ Óƒ!=˛!l¤˛
ÓƒyáƒyÓ˚ myÓ˚y í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– ~áyˆÏl ÙylÓ x!˲K˛ï˛y
~ÓÇ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ !òܲˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ ôyÓ˚yÎ˚ Óyôy ly
!òˆÏÎ˚ xˆÏß∫£Ïî ܲÓ˚y•z Ù)° í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ ~ܲçl
xˆÏß∫£ÏîܲyÓ˚# çyˆÏll ly ˆÎ !ï˛!l !ܲ á%ÑçˆÏSÈlñ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ á%ÑçˆÏï˛
•ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ Ü˛# ≤Ãï˛ƒy¢y ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓl⁄ ÓÓ˚Ç !ï˛!l ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~°yܲyÓ˚ x“
Óy x!@˝ÃÙ SÈyí˛¸y•z ˆ§•z ~°yܲyÓ˚ !lÓ˚)!˛õï˛ xçylyÓ˚ Ùye!ã˛e ˜ï˛!Ó˚
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚l ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ Ù)° ܲyç •ˆÏ°y !l!ò≈T˛ ≤çˆÏAà ܲ#
˛õyGÎ˚y ˆàˆÏ°y ï˛yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !Óhfl,Ïï˛ !ÓÓÓ˚î !°!˛õÓÂô ܲÓ˚y–
!ÓK˛yl!˲!_ܲ ~ÓÇ Óƒyáƒy!˲!_ܲ ~•z ò%ˆÏê˛y Ó˚#!ï˛•z
xlƒˆÏòÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚î ~ÓÇ x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ç!í˛¸ï˛–
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !lçfl∫ x!˲K˛ï˛y ~ÓÇ xyã˛Ó˚î §¡õˆÏܲ≈ ܲ# Ó°ˆÏï˛
˛õy!Ó˚⁄ ~ܲçl ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ SÈye !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !lˆÏçˆÏܲ ≤ß¿
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y ˆÎñ ˆÜ˛l xy!Ù ò%ıá xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛!Ó˚⁄ xˆÏlܲ §ÙÎ˚•z
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ¢˛õÌ lyG ˆÎñ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ áyGÎ˚yÈüÈòyGÎ˚yÎ˚ !lÎ˚sfî
ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ Óy ˛õí˛¸yˆÏ¢ylyÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ §ÙÎ˚ ˆòˆÏÓ– !ܲv Îál §!ï˛ƒ•z áyGÎ˚yÓ˚
Óy ˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ xyˆÏ§ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ï˛y Ë%˛ˆÏ° ÎyG– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !Ó!fløï˛
•ˆÏÓ ~ê˛y ˆË˛ˆÏÓ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛l ˆÜ˛í˛z !lˆÏçÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lÎ˚sfî
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly⁄ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ !ܲ í˛z!ã˛ï˛ lÎ˚ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏܲ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚
!lçfl∫ x!˲K˛ï˛yñ !ã˛hs˝l ôyÓ˚yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !ӈϟ’£ÏˆÏî §•yÎ˚ï˛y
ܲÓ˚y⁄ xÓ¢ƒ•z ï˛y ܲÓ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ – ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ xl%§rôyˆÏlÓ˚
í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ •GÎ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ ~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ !lçfl∫ x!˲K˛ï˛y ~ÓÇ
xhs˝ò≈,!T˛ §Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ !l!Ó˚ˆÏá Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ xyd§_¥yˆÏܲ í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚y–
ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ í˛z˛õyˆÏ_Ó˚ fl∫Ó˚)˛õ
åNature of Psychological Dataä ı
ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ çyly òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ ˆÎ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ í˛z˛õy_ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ xlƒ
!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õy_ ˆÌˆÏܲ xy°yòy •Î˚– ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲàî lyly•
í˛zͧ •ˆÏï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ §Ü˛° lyly!Óô ï˛Ìƒ
§Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ˚lñ ˆ§•z ï˛Ìƒà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ•z ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˲y£ÏyÎ˚ í˛z˛õy_
ӈϰ (Data) (Singluar = Datum) – Îy Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˆày˛õl Óy
≤Ãܲy¢ƒ xyã˛Ó˚îñ Óƒ!=˛!˲!_ܲ x!˲K˛ï˛y ~ÓÇ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚
§yˆÏÌ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛– í˛z˛õy_ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ xl%§rôyˆÏl à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈
ï˛Ìƒ (Input) !•§yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚– ÓyhflψÏÓ ~à%ˆÏ°y myÓ˚y xyÙÓ˚y
!ܲS%È §#Ùy ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ÓyhflÏ!Óܲï˛yÓ˚ xl%Ùyl ܲ!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ Îy xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
~Ùl §%ˆÏÎyà ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÎyˆÏï˛ xyÙÓ˚y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˲yÓlyñ ˛õ)Ó≈y˲y§
~ÓÇ ôyÓ˚îy ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ §!ë˛Ü˛ ly Ë%˛° ï˛y Îyã˛y•z ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚– ~ê˛y
ˆÓyV˛y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ ˆÎ í˛z˛õy_ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly fl∫yô#l §_¥y lÎ˚– ~à%ˆÏ°y !Ó!˲ߨ
âê˛lyÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ Îy ï˛_¥ G ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ xyÓÂô •ˆÏÎ˚
í˛z˛õy_ §Ç@˝ÃˆÏ•Ó˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– xlƒÜ˛ÌyÎ˚ñ í˛z˛õy_
ˆË˛Ôï˛ ~ÓÇ §yÙy!çܲ âê˛lyñ ç!í˛¸ï˛ Óƒ!=˛ ~ÓÇ xyã˛Ó˚î!ê˛ Îál
§Çà!ë˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆ§•z §ÙÎ˚ •zï˛ƒy!ò ˆÌˆÏܲ fl∫yô#l lÎ˚– xyÙÓ˚y
Îál ~ܲy Ìy!ܲ ï˛ál ˆÎ xyã˛Ó˚î ܲ!Ó˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ !˲ߨ xyã˛Ó˚î
ܲ!Ó˚ Îál ˆày¤˛#ˆÏï˛ Óy âˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ x!Ê˛ˆÏ§ Ìy!ܲ– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y
Ùyï˛y!˛õï˛y ~ÓÇ !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ §yÙˆÏl ܲÌy Ó°ˆÏï˛ !môyˆÏÓyô ܲÓ˚ !ܲv
Îál ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y Órô%Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ÌyˆÏܲy ï˛ál ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚y ly– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y
~ê˛yG °«˛ƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚SÈ ˆÎ §Ü˛° Óƒ!=˛ ~ܲ•z ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ~ܲòÙ
~ܲ•z xyã˛Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly– í˛z˛õy_ §Ç@˝ÃˆÏ•Ó˚ å§yˆÏ˲≈ñ §y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚ñ
˛õÓ˚#«˛î •zï˛ƒy!òä ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ~ÓÇ í˛z_Ó˚òyï˛yÓ˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒG
åˆÎÙlñ Óƒ!=˛ Óy ˆày¤˛#ñ !ܲˆÏ¢yÓ˚ Óy Ó,Âôñ ˛õ%Ó˚%£Ï Óy flf#ñ ¢•%ˆÏÓ˚ Óy
@˝ÃyÙƒ •zï˛ƒy!òä í˛z˛õyˆÏ_Ó˚ à%î Óy fl∫Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ê˛y §Ω˛Ó ˆÎñ Îál ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly SÈyˆÏeÓ˚ §y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚
ˆlˆÏÓ ï˛ál ˆòáˆÏÓ ˆ§ G•z ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ 2 • ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÓ˚ xl%§rôyˆÏl ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛§Ù)•
xyã˛Ó˚î §¡õyòl ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– !ܲv Î!ò ÓyhflÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚
˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲˆÏÓ˚yñ ˆòáˆÏÓ ˆ§ ~ܲòÙ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ xyã˛Ó˚î §¡õyòl
ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– í˛z˛õyˆÏ_Ó˚ xyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ •° ~•z ˆÎ ~!ê˛ !lˆÏç
ˆÌˆÏܲ ÓyhflÏÓï˛y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !ܲS%È í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly– í˛z˛õy_ ˆÌˆÏܲ ¢%ô%
!§Âôyhs˝ àë˛l ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ~ܲçl àˆÏÓ£Ïܲ í˛z˛õy_ˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï
˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ §ˆÏAà §ÇÎ%=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚•z í˛z˛õy_ˆÏܲ xÌ≈Ó• ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°l–
ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlñ !Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õy_ Óy ï˛Ìƒ §Ç@˝Ã•
ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~Ó˚ÙˆÏôƒ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚y •°ı
åܲä çlï˛y!_¥Ü˛ ï˛Ìƒ ı ~•z ï˛ˆÏ̃ §yôyÓ˚îï˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Óƒ!=˛àï˛
ï˛Ìƒ ˆÎÙl ı lyÙñ ÓÎ˚§ñ !°Aàñ çˆÏß√Ó˚ ï˛y!Ó˚áñ §ˆÏ•yòˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §Çáƒyñ
!¢«˛yñ ˆ˛õ¢yñ ˜ÓÓy!•Ü˛ !fiÌ!ï˛ñ §hs˝yˆÏlÓ˚ §Çáƒyñ Óy§fiÌyˆÏlÓ˚
!ë˛Ü˛ylyñ çy!ï˛ñ ôÙ≈ñ !˛õï˛yÙyï˛yÓ˚ !¢«˛yñ ˆ˛õ¢y ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
xyÎ˚ ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛–
åáä ˆË˛Ôï˛ ï˛Ìƒ ı ~•z !Ó˲yà!ê˛Ó˚ xhs≈˝àï˛ •° Ó›ï˛y!sfܲ
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ å˛õy•yí˛¸#‡ÙÓ˚%xM˛° ‡ ÓlË)˛!Ùäñ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ xÓfiÌyñ
Óy!í˛¸âˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xÓfiÌyñ âˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyܲyÓ˚ñ âˆÏÓ˚ñ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ¢#ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ
~ÓÇ !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÃyÆ §%!Óôy§Ù)•ñ Îyï˛yÎ˚yˆÏï˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒÙ •zï˛ƒy!ò–
åàä ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚ í˛z˛õy_ ı !ܲS%È xôƒÎ˚ˆÏl ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲñ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚
~ÓÇ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ í˛z˛õy_ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ˆÎÙl í˛zFã˛ï˛yñ Gçlñ
•,òflõ®ˆÏlÓ˚ •yÓ˚ñ xÓ§yˆÏòÓ˚ Ùyeyñ àƒy°Ë˛y!lܲ !flÒl ˆÓ˚!çfiê˛ƒy™
(GSR)ñ •z•z!ç (EEG) myÓ˚y Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲ°yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õñ
Ó˚ˆÏ=˛ x!:ˆÏçˆÏlÓ˚ Ùyeyñ fl∫ˆÏ≤¿Ó˚ ôÓ˚lñ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ñ â%ˆÏÙÓ˚
!fiÌ!ï˛Ü˛y°ñ Ó˚ˆÏ=˛Ó˚ ã˛y˛õ °y°y«˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùylñ ˆòÔí˛¸yˆÏlyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
°yÊ˛yˆÏlyÓ˚ •yÓ˚ å≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ xôƒÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeä ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲÓ˚y
•Î˚–
åâä ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ ï˛Ìƒ ı ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ ˆÎ ï˛Ìƒ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲÓ˚y
•Î˚ñ ï˛y ˆÎ §ÙhflÏ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ç!í˛¸ï˛ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y •°ñ Ó%!Âôñ
Óƒ!=˛cñ xy@˝ à •ñ Ù) ° ƒñ §, ç l¢#°ï˛yñ xyˆÏ Ó àñ ˆ≤Ã£Ï î yñ
ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ !ÓܲyÓ˚ñ xôƒy§ñ ºyhs˝!ÓŸªy§ñ xÙ%°Ü˛ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îñ
!ÓºÙñ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛lÙ)°Ü˛ !Óã˛yÓ˚ñ !ã˛hs˝l ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yñ ˆã˛ï˛lyñ Óƒ!=˛ï˛y!sfܲ
x!˲K˛ï˛y •zï˛ƒ!ò–
í˛z˛õ!Ó˚í˛z!=˛ ï˛Ìƒñ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aà ˆÌˆÏܲ !ܲSÈ%ê˛y
x˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ¢y!ôï˛– ˆ◊!îܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ åˆÎÙl í˛zFã˛‡!l¡¨ñ •Ñƒy‡lyä
§y!Ó˚!Ólƒy§ Îy xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Ü ˛ÙˆÏÓyôܲ ï˛Ìƒ (Ordinal data) ≤Ãòyl
ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛y •°ñ ≤ÃÌÙñ !mï˛#Î˚ñ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ñ ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ •zï˛ƒy!ò Óy ˆfl҈ϰÓ˚
27
ÙˆÏôƒ ≤ÃyÆ ˆflÒyÓ˚ å ˆÎÙlñ10,12,15,18,20 •zï˛ƒy!òä– xyÙÓ˚y
Óy!ã˛Ü˛ ï˛Ìƒñ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ l!Ìñ Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ˆÓ˚yçlyÙã˛yñ !Ê˛”˛ˆÏlyê˛ñ
xy!Ü≈˛Ë˛y° ï˛Ìƒñ •zï˛ƒy!ò G•z §Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ìy!ܲ– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ï˛Ìƒ
§Ù)•ˆÏܲ xy°yòy˲yˆÏÓ à%îàï˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲÓ˚y
•Î˚– ~•z xôƒyˆÏÎ˚˛ õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ xLjϢ~•z §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !ܲS%È ôyÓ˚îy
˛õyˆÏÓ–
ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ˛õÂô!ï˛
åSome Important Methods In Psychologyä ı
˛˛õ)Ó≈Óï˛#≈ xLjϢ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y Óƒy˛õܲ ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õyˆÏ_Ó˚ ܲÌy ˛õˆÏí˛¸SÈ
Îy xyÙÓ˚y ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ xôƒÎ˚l ˆÌˆÏܲ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲ!Ó˚– ~•z §ÙhflÏ
≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õy_à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ xl%§rôyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ¢%ô%Ùye ~ܲ!ê˛
˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ myÓ˚y §Ç@˝Ã• ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly– ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲàî í˛z˛õy_
§Ç@˝ÃˆÏ•Ó˚ çlƒ !Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚l ˆÎÙlñ
˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛îñ ˛õÓ˚#«˛îñ §•à!ï˛Ù%°Ü˛ñ !lÓ˚#«˛îñ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ
x˲#«˛y ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛§fiê˛y!í˛– ~•z ˛õyë˛ƒyLjϢÓ˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ •ˆÏ°y
ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe §!ë˛Ü˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏl !ò܉˛
!lˆÏò≈¢ ܲÓ˚y– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õ ı
· ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ Ê%˛ê˛Ó° ˆá°yÓ˚ ò¢≈ܲˆÏòÓ˚ ˆá°y ˆòáyÓ˚
§ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xyã˛Ó˚î ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y–
· ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˛õÓ˚#«˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y ˆÎñ !¢¢%Ó˚y ˆÎ
ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ ˛õí˛¸yˆÏ¢yly ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§•z ܲˆÏ«˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÎ˚ ˲yˆÏ°y
Ê˛° ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly!ܲ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yܲˆÏ«˛ ˲yˆÏ°y Ê˛° ≤Ãò¢≈l
ܲˆÏÓ˚ åܲyÎ≈ÈüÈܲyÓ˚îÈüȧ¡õÜ≈˛ä–
· ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y Ó%!ÂôÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §¡øyˆÏlÓ˚ xydÈ §¡õÜ≈˛ !lÓ˚)˛õî
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y– å˛õ)Ó≈yl%ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçˆÏlä
· ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y SÈyˆÏeÓ˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲyÓ˚#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ÙˆÏly˲yÓ
!lÓ˚#«˛î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y–
· ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ˜Ó£ÏÙƒ xl%§rôyl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ
ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ x˲#«˛yÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y–
· ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !¢¢%Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˲y£Ïyàï˛ !Óܲy¢ °«˛ƒ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛
ˆÜ˛§ fiê˛y!í˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y–
˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ xLjϢ ~•z §ÙhflÏ ˛õÂô!ï˛§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ ≤Ãôyl ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°y
xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏ°y–
˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ åObservational Methodä ı
˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î •ˆÏ°y ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ xl%§rôyˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ¢!=˛¢y°#
•y!ï˛Î˚yÓ˚ – ~!ê˛ xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ê˛°≤ç) õÂô!ï˛–
28 ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÓ˚
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓ˚yçܲyÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏl §yÓ˚y!òl xyÙÓ˚y x§Çრ!ç!lˆÏ§Ó˚
˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛ˆÏî ÓƒhflÏ Ìy!ܲ– xˆÏlܲ §ÙÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y ܲ# ˆòá!SÈ ~ÓÇ
ˆòˆÏá!SÈ°yÙ ˆ§•z !ӣψÏÎ˚ °«˛ƒ ˆò•z ly– xyÙÓ˚y ˆò!á !ܲv ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î
ܲ!Ó˚ ly– ˆÓ˚yç xyÙÓ˚y Îy ˆò!á ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !ܲS%È !ç!lˆÏ§Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛•z
xyÙÓ˚y §ˆÏã˛ï˛l Ìy!ܲ– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !ܲ ~Ùl !ܲS%È xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚SÈ⁄
ˆÏï˛yÙÓ˚y !lŸã˛Î˚•z ~ÙlG x!˲K˛ï˛y °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚SÈ ˆÎñ ˆÜ˛yl Óƒ!=˛
Óy âê˛lyˆÏܲ !ܲS%È §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ çlƒ °«˛ƒ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ˙ Óƒ!=˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ Ó•%
xyܲ£Ïî≈ #Î˚ !ç!l£Ï çylˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ~ܲ!ê˛ !ÓK˛yl§¡øï˛ ˛õÎ≈ˆÓÏ «˛î
!lï˛ƒ!òˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈ˆÓÏ «˛î ˆÌˆÏܲ xˆÏlܲ !ӣψÎÏ •˚ z xy°yòy •Î˚– ˆ§à%ˆ° Ï y
•ˆÏ°y ı
åܲä !lÓ≈yã˛l åSelectionä Èı ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl#àî §ÙhflÏ xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ
˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly Îy í˛zlyˆÏòÓ˚ §yÙˆÏl xyˆÏ§– ÓÓ˚Ç ï˛yÓ˚y
˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ ôˆÏÓ˚y ˆÏï˛yÙÓ˚y çylˆÏï˛ •zFS%Èܲ ˆÎ ~ܲyò¢ ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛
˛õyë˛Ó˚ï˛ SÈyeÓ˚y !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ §ÙÎ˚ ܲyê˛yÎ˚– ~•z hflψÏÓ˚ ò%ˆÏê˛y
!ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ §Ω˛yÓly Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ܲçl àˆÏÓ£Ïܲ !•§yˆÏÓ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˲yÓˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓy˚ ˆÎ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xˆÏlܲ ˲yˆÏ°y ôyÓ˚îy Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ È ˆÎ !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚
!ܲ âˆÏê˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !Ó!˲ߨ ܲyÎ≈yÓ°#Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛y!°Ü˛y ˜ï˛!Ó˚
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ !àˆÏÎ˚ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y ܲï˛ê%˛Ü%˛ âˆÏê˛ ï˛yÓ˚
~ܲ!ê˛ §rôyl ã˛y°yˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y– !Óܲ“˲yˆÏÓ ˆÏï˛yÙÓ˚y ~G ˲yÓˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚y ˆÎ !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ ܲ# âˆÏê˛ ï˛y ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y çyl ly ~ÓÇ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚
˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ myÓ˚y ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛yG–
åáä !°!˛õÓÂôܲÓ˚î åRecordingä ı ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚
~ܲçl àˆÏÓ£Ïܲ !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ xyã˛Ó˚îà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õÂô!ï˛ xl%§Ó˚î
ܲˆÏÓ˚ !°!˛õÓÂô ܲˆÏÓ˚lñ ˆÎÙl •z!ï˛ÙˆÏôƒ !ã˛!•´ï˛ xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲñÎál
ï˛y §Çâ!ê˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ï˛ál•z ê˛y!°ÙyÜ≈˛ ˆòGÎ˚yñ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛
ܲyÎ≈yÓ°#ˆÏܲ !Óhfl,Ïï˛ !ÓÓÓ˚ ¢ê≈˛•ƒy[˛ñ !ã˛•´ñ SÈ!Ó Óy !˲!í˛G
ˆÓ˚ܲ!í≈˛Ç §• !°!˛õÓÂô ܲÓ˚y •zï˛ƒy!ò–
åàä í˛z˛õyˆÏ_Ó˚ !ӈϟ’£Ïî åAnalysis of Dataä ı ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚
˛õÓ˚ñ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ Îy !°!˛õÓÂô ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ˆ§à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ !ܲS%È xÌ≈
ÓyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ xylyÓ˚ í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒ ~à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
~ê˛y ˆçˆÏl Ó˚yáy á%Ó•z xyÓ¢ƒÜ˛ ˆÎ ˲yˆÏ°y ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲÓ˚yG
~ܲ!ê˛ ò«˛ï˛y– ~ܲçl ˲yˆÏ°y ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛Ü˛ çyˆÏll ˆÎñ !ï˛!l !ܲ
§rôyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛ylñ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ܲyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçlñ ܲál
~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ ~•z ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛l ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçlñ ˆÜ˛yl‰ Ó˚#!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ~•z
˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛îÜ,˛ï˛ l!ÌË%˛=˛ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛yl ˛õÂô!ï˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚
~•z ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î˛ xyã˛Ó˚î !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÓ–
 Óy: 2É1 ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛˛õÓ˚#«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î ı
1970 §yˆÏ° ò%çl xyˆÏÙ!Ó˚ܲyl ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl#ñ !ÓÓ °ï˛yˆÏl åBibb Lataneä ~ÓÇ çl í˛yÓ˚ˆÏ° åJohn Darleyäñ ~ܲ!ê˛
àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– ~•z xôƒÎ˚ˆÏl xÇ¢@˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ܲ°y!¡∫Î˚y !ÓŸª!Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ SÈyeÓ˚y Óƒ!=˛àï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyàyˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÓ¢
ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ~•z ôyÓ˚îy ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ˆÎ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚ ˆlGÎ˚y •ˆÏÓ– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ SÈyeˆÏܲ ≤Û!ï˛Ù)°Ü˛
≤ß¿ï˛y!°Ü˛y ˛õ)î≈ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ GˆÏÎ˚!ê˛Ç Ó˚%ˆÏÙ ˛õyë˛yˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– SÈyeˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲçl G•z Ó˚%ˆÏÙ xyˆÏàÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z ò%çl
ˆ°yܲˆÏܲ ӈϧ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˆòˆÏá !ܲv !ܲS%È SÈyeˆÏܲ ~ܲy•z Ó§ˆÏï˛ ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– SÈyeÓ˚y ≤ß¿ï˛y!°Ü˛y !lˆÏÎ˚ ܲyç ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ¢%Ó˚% ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ
§yˆÏÌ•z ˆòGÎ˚yˆÏ°Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ÊÑ˛yܲ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆôÑyÎ˚y ˲Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ¢%Ó˚% ܲÓ˚°– ˆôÑyÎ˚yˆÏܲ x@˝Ãy•ƒ ܲÓ˚y á%Ó•z ܲ!ë˛lñ ã˛yÓ˚ !Ù!lˆÏê˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ•z Ó˚%Ù!ê˛ˆÏï˛
ˆôÑyÎ˚yÎ˚ ~Ùl ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)î≈ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆà° ˆÎ Ÿªy§ !lˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ ˆã˛yˆÏá ˆÏòáˆÏï˛ x§%!Óôy •!FSÈ°– °yï˛yˆÏl ~ÓÇ í˛yÓ˚ˆÏ° ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ˲yˆÏÓ ~•z
çylˆÏï˛ xy@˝Ã•# ˆÎ SÈyeÓ˚y Ü˛ï˛ ï˛yí˛¸yï˛y!í˛¸ Ó˚%Ù ˆSȈÏí˛¸ xy˛õÍܲy°#l áÓÓ˚ !òˆÏï˛ ÎyÎ˚– ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà SÈye å75 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ä ÎyÓ˚y ~ܲy
xˆÏ˛õ«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ° ï˛yÓ˚y•z ˆôÑyÎ˚y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ áÓÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚– !ܲv ÎyÓ˚y ò°àï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ áÓÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §Çáƒy Ü˛Ù– ˆÎ òˆÏ° !ï˛lçl fiÌyl#Î˚
SÈye !SÈ° ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ 38 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ áÓÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚– ˆÎáyˆÏl SÈyeˆÏòÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ò%•z çl §•ˆÏÎyà# !SÈ°ñ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ àˆÏÓ£Ïܲ !ܲS%È ly ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ !lˆÏò≈¢
!òˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰlñ ˆ§áyˆÏl Ùye 10 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ SÈyeÓ˚y•z ˆôÑyÎ˚yÓ˚ §)ã˛ly !òˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°–

˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆÏ˲ò åTypes of observationä ı ܲyç 2É1

˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ !l¡¨!°!áï˛ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆÏ˲ò Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ û
ܲä ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ ÓlyÙ !lÎ˚!sfï˛ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛îı åNaturalistic Vs
Controlledä
Îál ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ Óy ÓyhflÏÓ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ
åí˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚ˆÏîñ ~ܲ!ê˛ !Óòƒy°Î˚ !SÈ° ˆÎáyˆÏl ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲÓ˚y
•ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ä ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ~ˆÏܲ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î Ó°y •Î˚– ~•z ˛âê˛lyÎ˚
˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛Ü˛ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛l ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏܲ !lÎ˚sfl Óy !l˛õ%î˲yˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ (manipulate) ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤ÈÏã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚l ly– ~•z
ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î •y§˛õyï˛y°ñ Óy!í˛¸ñ !Óòƒy°Î˚ñ !òÓy Îb ˆÜ˛w
•zï˛ƒy!òˆÏï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ •Î˚– Î!òGñ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà §ÙÎ˚ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚
!ܲS%È í˛z˛õyòylˆÏܲ !lÎ˚sfl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚ Îy xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ !lÓ˚)˛õî ܲˆÏÓ˚
xÌã˛ ˆÎà%ˆ° Ï y xôƒÎ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ ˆÜ˛w!Ó®% lÎ˚– ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆîÏ ñ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚
xôƒÎ˚là%ˆÏ°y ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà•z àˆÏÓ£ÏîyàyˆÏÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ •Î˚–
í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˛)˚ õñ Î!ò ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y Óy: 2É1 ˛õˆÏí˛¸y ï˛y•ˆÏ° ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y çylˆÏï˛
˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ ˆÎ ˆôÑyÎ˚y ¢%ô% àˆÏÓ£ÏîyàyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !lÎ˚!sfï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ•z í˛zͲõߨ
ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛îˆÏܲ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyàyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !lÎ˚!sfï˛
˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î Ó°y •Î˚ñ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛˛õˆÏ«˛ ~!ê˛ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyàyˆÏÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛ˆÏî ≤ÃyÆ
•Î˚–
áä xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚# ÓlyÙ xÇ¢@˝Ã•î!Ó•#l ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛îı
åNon-Participant Vs Participantä ı
˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ò%•z ˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ – ~Ü ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ò)Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
Óƒ!=˛ Óy âê˛lyˆÏܲ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ !§Âôyhs˝ !lˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ò%•zñ
˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛Ü˛ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ!«˛ï˛ òˆÏ°Ó˚ xÇ¢G •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l– ≤ÃÌÙ
ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲçl SÈyeˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ !˛õ!Ó˚Î˚í˛ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ó°y
•° Îál ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ Üœ˛yˆÏ§ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ !¢«˛Ü˛
ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ Üœ˛y§ ܲÓ˚yˆÏFSÈl– !ÓhflÏy!Ó˚ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ !°ˆÏá Ó˚yˆÏáyñ
!¢«˛Ü˛ ܲ# ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈl⁄ SÈyeÓ˚y ܲ# ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ⁄ ~ÓÇ !¢«˛Ü˛ G SÈyeˆÏòÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ §ÙhflÏ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ ܲyÎ≈ܲ°yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ôÓ˚l– xlƒylƒ SÈye
~ÓÇ !¢«˛ˆÏ Ü ˛Ó˚ ˛õÎ≈ ˆ Ï Ó «˛î !lˆÏ Î ˚ G xyˆÏ ° yã˛ly ܲˆÏ Ó ˚ y –
˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒÜ˛yÓ˚ §yò,¢ƒ ~ÓÇ ˜Ó§yò,¢ƒà%ˆÏ°yG !°ˆÏá
Ó˚yˆÏáy–
˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˆÎ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏFSÈ ˆ§ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ!«˛ï˛
•ˆÏFSÈ ~•z !ӣψÏÎ˚ §ˆÏã˛ï˛l lyG •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y
~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ Üœ˛yˆÏ§ !¢«˛Ü˛ ~ÓÇ SÈyeˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒÜ˛yÓ˚ !ÙÏÌ!fl;Î˚yÓ˚
ôÓ˚l ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛yG– ~•z í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ!ê˛ §yôl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ
xˆÏlܲ ˛õÌ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆ◊!î ܲˆÏ«˛Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ܲyÎ≈yÓ°#
˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ !˲!í˛G ܲƒyˆÏÙÓ˚y °yàyˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y Îy
!òˆÏÎ˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~à%ˆÏ°y ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ !ӈϟ’£Ïî
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚– !Óܲ“˲yˆÏÓ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãyï˛ƒ!•Ü˛ ܲyˆÏç Óyôy Óy xÇ¢@˝Ã•î
ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÜ˛yîyÎ˚ Ó§yÓ˚ !§Âôyhs˝ !lˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚y – ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛lˆÏܲ xÇ¢@˝Ã•î!Ó•#l ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛l
Ó°y •Î˚– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !ÓlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ !Ó˛õò •ˆÏ°y Îál
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó!•Ó˚yàï˛ ˆ°yܲ ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ Ó§ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛l ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ
~•z !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ SÈye ~ÓÇ !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
xÇ¢@˝Ã•lܲyÓ˚# ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛ˆÏîñ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛Ü˛ !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Óy

xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ 2 • ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÓ˚ xl%§rôyˆÏl ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛§Ù)• 29

˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛îÜ,˛ï˛˛ ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ xÇ¢ •ˆÏÎ˚ Îyl– xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚# ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛ˆÏîñ
˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛Ü˛ ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ §ò§ƒˆÏòÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Ó˚ƒyˆÏ˛õy (Rapport) ˜ï˛!Ó˚
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !ܲS%È §ÙÎ˚ ˆll ÎyˆÏï˛ ï˛yÓ˚y ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛Ü˛ˆÏܲ ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ ~ܲçl
§ò§ƒ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚– Î!òG ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛îÜ,˛ï˛ ˆày¤˛#Ó˚
§ˆÏAà ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ç!í˛¸ï˛ ÌyܲyÓ˚ Ùyey xôƒÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Ù)° í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒÓ˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •Î˚–
˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ §%!Óôy •ˆÏ°y ~áyˆÏl ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛Ü˛ Óƒ!=˛
~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˆÎ˲yˆÏÓ §Çà!ë˛ï˛
•Î˚ ˆ§Ë˛yˆÏÓ xôƒÎ˚l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù •Î˚– Î!òG ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ˛õÂô!ï˛
≤Ãã˛[˛ ˛õ!Ó˚◊ˆÏÙÓ˚ñ §ÙÎ˚ ÓƒÎ˚ܲyÓ˚# ~ÓÇ ˛~ˆÏï˛ õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚
˛õ«˛˛õyï˛ò%T˛ï˛yÓ˚ §Ω˛yÓly ÌyˆÏܲ– Óƒ!=˛ ~ÓÇ âê˛ly §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓŸªy§ G Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô myÓ˚yG xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛
•Î˚– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~•z !Óáƒyï˛ í˛z!=˛!ê˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ çyˆÏly ˆÎñ ÚxyÙÓ˚y
Ó›!ê˛ˆÏܲ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆò!áñ Ó›!ê˛ ˆÎÙl xyˆÏSÈ ˆï˛Ùl
ˆò!ály–Û ˛õ«˛˛õyï˛ò%T˛ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî xyÙÓ˚y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly âê˛lyˆÏܲ
xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#Ó˚y Îy ˆÓyV˛yˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ !˲ߨ ò,!T˛Ë˛!AàˆÏï˛
Óƒyáƒy ܲ!Ó˚– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚î!ê˛ ˆÎ˲yˆÏÓ âˆÏê˛ˆÏSÈ
ˆ§Ë˛yˆÏÓ !°!˛õÓÂô ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yáy í˛z!ã˛ï˛ ~ÓÇ xyã˛Ó˚î!ê˛Ó˚ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚
§ÙÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ˛ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ lÎ˚–
˛õÓ˚#«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ åExperimental Methodä ı
˛õÓ˚#«˛î §yôyÓ˚îï˛˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ !lÎ˚!sfï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ ò%!ê˛ âê˛lyÓ˚ Óy
ã˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ܲyÎ≈ÈüÈܲyÓ˚î §¡õÜ≈˛ ≤ÃÙyî ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly
ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛!ê˛ Îb §•Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y ÎyˆÏï˛
xlƒylƒ í˛z˛õyòylà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ !fiÌÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá ~ܲ!ê˛ ã˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l
ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ~ÓÇ xlƒ í˛z˛õyòyˆÏl ~Ó˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ xôƒÎ˚l ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
˛õÓ˚#«˛ˆÏî ÚܲyÓ˚îÛ •° ˆ§•z âê˛ly ÎyˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l Óy !l˛õ%î˲yˆÏÓ
˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ÚܲyÎ≈Û •ˆÏ°y ˆ§•z xyã˛Ó˚î Îy !l˛õ%î˲yˆÏÓ
˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°lyÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •Î˚–
ã˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îy åThe Concept of Variableä ı
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y xyˆÏà ˛õˆÏí˛¸SÈ ˆÎñ ˛õÓ˚#«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ñ àˆÏÓ£Ïܲ ò%•z!ê˛
ã˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ܲyÎ≈ܲyÓ˚î §¡∫rô#Î˚ §¡õÜ≈˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
ã˛° ܲyˆÏܲ ӈϰ⁄ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly í˛zj#˛õܲ Óy âê˛ly Îy ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •Î˚ñ
xÌ≈yÍ ÎyˆÏÏï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ Ùyl åÓy ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛lä Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ ÎyˆÏܲ
˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ•z˛ ã˛° åVariableä ӈϰ– ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó›
!lˆÏç ˆÌˆÏܲ ã˛° •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– !ܲv ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°y ~ܲ ~ܲ!ê˛
ã˛°– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ ܲ°Ù Îy ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆ°áyÓ˚ çlƒ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚
30 ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÓ˚
~!ê˛ ã˛° lÎ˚– !ܲv !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ xyܲyÓ˚ñ xyÜ,˛!ï˛ ~ÓÇ Ó˚LjÏÎ˚Ó˚
ܲ°Ù ˛Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~à%ˆÏ°y §Óà%ˆÏ°y•z •° ã˛°– ï%˛!Ù ˆÎ âˆÏÓ˚ ӈϧ
xySÈ ˆ§!ê˛ ˆÜ˛yl ã˛° lÎ˚ñ !ܲv ~Ó˚ xyÜ,˛!ï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ã˛°ñ ˆÎÓ˚ܲÙ
xlƒylƒ §Ó âˆÏÓ˚Ó˚•z !Ó!˲ߨ xyÜ,˛!ï˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ í˛zFã˛ï˛y å5≈
ˆÌˆÏܲ 6≈ä •ˆÏ°y xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ!ê˛ ã˛°– ~ܲ•z ˲yˆÏÓ !Ó!˲ߨ çy!ï˛Ó˚ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚
àyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ó˚.G !Ó!˲ߨ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– Î%Ó §¡±òyÎ˚ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ã%˛°
!Ó!˲ߨ Ó˚ˆÏ. Ó˚OlåDyingä ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ã˛%ˆÏ°Ó˚
Ó˚.G ã˛ˆÏ° ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– Ó%!ÂôG ~ܲ!ê˛ ã˛° åÙyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ Ó%!Âô
ÙyeyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !Ó!˲ߨï˛y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÈüÈ í˛zߨï˛ñ ÙyV˛y!Ó˚ñ «˛#îä – Óy:
2É1 ~ í˛z ˆ Ï Õ ‘ ! áï˛ ˛õÓ˚ # «˛î ܲˆÏ « ˛ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ í˛z ˛ õ!fiÌ!ï˛ ~ÓÇ
xl%˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ G ~ܲ!ê˛ ã˛°– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ Ó› Óy âê˛lyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l
à%îàï˛ Óy ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyîàï˛ í˛z˲Î˚•z •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
ã˛° xˆÏ l ܲ ≤ÃܲyˆÏ Ó ˚ Ó ˚ •Î˚ – xyÙÓ˚ y Î!òG fl∫ ï ˛sf
åindependentä ~ÓÇ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#° ådependentä ã˛Ï° !lˆÏÎ˚
xyÙyˆÏ ò Ó˚ xyˆÏ ° yã˛lyˆÏ Ü ˛ ˆÜ˛w#Ë) ˛ ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ Ó ˛– fl∫ ï ˛sf ã˛°
åIndependent variableä •ˆÏ°y ˆ§•z ã˛° ÎyˆÏܲ !l˛õ%î˲yˆÏÓ
˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly G ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ Óy ÎyÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y ˛õÓ˚#«˛ˆÏî àˆÏӣψÏܲÓ˚
myÓ˚y ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •Î˚– ã˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓˆÏܲ•z àˆÏÓ£Ïܲ
xôƒÎ˚ˆÏl ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î Óy l!ÌË%˛=˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛yl– °yï˛yˆÏl ~ÓÇ í˛yÓ˚ˆÏ°
˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛ˆÏî åÓy: 2É1äñ àˆÏÓ£Ïܲ ˆôÑyÎ˚y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !Ó˚ˆÏ˛õyê≈˛
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xlƒÓƒ!=˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe fl∫ï˛sf ã˛° !SÈ° ˛õÓ˚#«˛î ܲˆÏ«˛ xlƒÓƒ!=˛Ó˚
í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ xÌÓy xl%˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛– ˆÎ ã˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ fl∫ï˛sf ã˛ˆÏ°Ó˚
≤Ã˲yÓ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#° ã˛° ådependent
variableä Ó°y •Î˚– fl∫ï˛sf ã˛° àˆÏÓ£Ïܲ ˆÎ•z âê˛Ùyl !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ˆÏܲ˛
Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛ylñ ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ôc ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ê˛y xy¢y ܲÓ˚y •Î˚
!lË≈˛Ó˚¢#° ã˛ˆÏ° ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l §Çà!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚ fl∫ï˛sf ã˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚
ˆÌˆÏܲ– ˆôÑyÎ˚y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !Ó˚ˆÏ˛õyê≈˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ •yÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!Ó˚í˛z=˛ âê˛lyÓ˚
!lË≈˛Ó˚¢#° ã˛°– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yl ˛õÓ˚#«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛
fl∫ï˛sf ã˛° •ˆÏ°y ܲyÓ˚î ~ÓÇ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#° ã˛° •° Ê˛°yÊ˛° –
~ܲçlˆÏܲ xÓ¢ƒ•z ÙˆÏl Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ˆÎ fl∫ï˛sf ~ÓÇ
!lË≈˛Ó˚¢#° ã˛°à%ˆÏ°y ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#° åinter dependentä–
~ܲ!ê˛ˆÏܲ SÈyí˛¸y xlƒ!ê˛ˆÏܲ §ÇK˛y!Î˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly– ~SÈyí˛¸yGñ
àˆÏÓ£Ïܲ myÓ˚y !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ fl∫ï˛sf ã˛°•z ¢%ô% ~ܲÙye ã˛° lÎ˚ Îy
!lË≈˛Ó˚¢#° ã˛°ˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎˆÏܲyˆÏly xyã˛Ó˚îÙ)°Ü˛
âê˛ly≤ÃÓyˆÏ• xˆÏlܲà%ˆÏ°y ã˛° Óï≈˛Ùyl ÌyˆÏܲ– ~SÈyí˛¸yG ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
ly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤çˆÏAà•z âê˛ly!ê˛ âˆÏê˛– fl∫ï˛sf ~ÓÇ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#° ã˛°ˆÏܲ
!lÓ≈yã˛l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î •° àˆÏӣψÏܲÓ˚ ï˛y!_¥Ü˛ !ӣψÏÎ˚ xy@˝Ã•– Î!òG
xyˆÏÓ˚y xlƒylƒ xˆÏlܲ ≤Ãy§!Aàܲ Óy Ó!•ıfiÌ ã˛° Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y
!lË≈˛Ó˚¢#° ã˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˛≤Ã˲yÓ ˆÊ˛°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– !ܲv àˆÏÓ£Ïܲ
~ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ xy@˝Ã•# lyG •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l– ~•z Ó!•ıfiÌ
ã˛° åextraneous variablesä à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˛õÓ˚#«˛ˆÏî !lÎ˚sfl
ܲÓ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚ ÎyˆÏï˛ àˆÏÓ£Ïܲ fl∫ï˛sf ~ÓÇ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#° ã˛ˆÏ°Ó˚
ÙˆÏôƒÜ˛yÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲyÓ˚î §¡õÜ≈˛!ê˛ˆÏܲ §%ã˛yˆÏ@˝Ã xylˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù •l–
˛õÓ˚#«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ ~ÓÇ !lÎ˚!sfï˛ ò°
åExperimental and Control Groupsä ı
˛õÓ˚#«˛ˆÏî §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ~ܲ Óy ~ܲy!ôܲ ˛õÓ˚#«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ ò° ~ÓÇ ~ܲ
Óy ~ܲy!ôܲ !lÎ˚!sfï˛ ò° xhs≈˝Ë%˛=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛îÙ)°Ü˛
ò° •ˆÏ°y ˆ§•z ò° ˆÎ òˆÏ°Ó˚ §ò§ƒˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫ï˛sf ã˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ !l˛õ%î
˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°lyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚˛– !lÎ˚!sfï˛ ò° •ˆÏ°y ~ܲ!ê˛
ï%˛°lyÙ)°Ü˛ ò° ÎyˆÏܲ ˛õÓ˚#«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ òˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y•z ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y
•Î˚ñ !ܲv ¢%ô% Ùye ~•z ˆÎ ~ˆÏï˛ !l˛õ%î˲yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ ã˛°
xl%˛õ!fiÌï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õ í˛yÓ˚ˆÏ° ~ÓÇ °yï˛yˆÏl ÈüÈ ~Ó˚
àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ò%•z!ê˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ ò° ~ÓÇ ~ܲ!ê˛ !lÎ˚!sfï˛
ò° !SÈ ° – ˆï˛yÙÓ˚ y ˙ àˆÏ Ó £Ï î yÎ˚ °«˛ƒ ܲˆÏ Ó ˚ S È ˆÎ xÇ¢
@˝Ã•lܲyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ !ï˛l!ê˛ xy°yòy Ó˚%ˆÏÙ ˛õyë˛yˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ~ܲ!ê˛
Ó˚%ˆÏÙ ˆÜ˛í˛z í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ !SÈ° ly å!lÎ˚!sfï˛ ò°ä– xlƒ Ó˚%Ù ò%!ê˛ˆÏï˛ñ
ò%çl xyˆÏàÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z Ó§y !SÈ° å˛õÓ˚#«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ ò°ä– ò%!ê˛
˛õÓ˚#«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ ò° ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ ò°ˆÏܲ Ó˚%ˆÏÙ ˆôÑyÎ˚yÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)î≈ •GÎ˚yÓ˚
˛õÓ˚ !ܲS%È ly ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ !lˆÏò≈¢ ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– xlƒ ò°!ê˛ˆÏܲ
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !lˆÏò≈¢ ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚!l– ˛õÓ˚#«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ !l˛õ%î ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°lyÓ˚
˛õÓ˚ñ !lÎ˚!sfï˛ òˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲÙ≈§¡õyòlyˆÏܲ åˆôÑyÎ˚y §ÇÜ ˛yhs˝ !ӣψÏÎ˚ !Ó˚ˆÏ˛õyê≈˛
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ •yÓ˚ xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ä ˛õÓ˚#«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ òˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲyÎ≈§¡õyòlyÓ˚ §ˆÏAà
ï% ˛ °ly ܲÓ˚ y •Î˚ – ~áyˆÏ l ˆòáy ˆàˆÏ S È ˆÎ !lÎ˚ ! sf ï ˛ òˆÏ °
xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#Ó˚y xy˛õyÍܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ §Óã˛y•zˆÏï˛ ˆÓ!¢ ÓyÓ˚
!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õyê≈˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ – ~Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ≤ÃÌÙ ˛õÓ˚#«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ òˆÏ°Ó˚
fiÌylñ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !lˆÏò≈¢ ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚!l ~ÓÇ §ÓˆÏ¢ˆÏ£Ï Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ
!mï˛#Î ˛õÓ˚#«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ ò° åˆÎ òˆÏ° §•ˆÏÎy!àÓ˚y !SÈ°ä ÎyÓ˚y §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚
Ü˛Ù xy˛õÍܲy!°l !Ó˚ˆÏ˛õyê≈˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ ˆÎ ˛õÓ˚#«˛ˆÏîñ
˛õÓ˚ # «˛îÙ) ° ܲ !l˛õ% î ˛õ!Ó˚ ã ˛y°ly (Experimental
manipulation) SÈyí˛¸y xlƒylƒ xÓfiÌyà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˛õÓ˚#«˛îÙ)°Ü˛
~ÓÇ !lÎ˚!sfï˛ òˆÏ°Ó˚ çlƒ !fiÌÓ˚ Ó˚yáy •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– §ÙhflÏ xyl%£Ï!Aàܲ
ã˛° ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#° ã˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚
ï˛yÓ˚ §Óà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ !lÎ˚sfî ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õÓ˚#«˛Ü˛ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ ܲˆÏ«˛ ˆôÑyÎ˚yÓ˚ !là≈ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ¢%Ó˚% •GÎ˚yÓ˚ à!ï˛ñ ܲˆÏ«˛
ˆôyÑÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆÙyê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ~ÓÇ Ü˛ˆÏ«˛ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ G xlƒylƒ xÓfiÌy
!ï˛l!ê˛ òˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ܲ•z !SÈ°– ˛õÓ˚#«˛î ~ÓÇ !lÎ˚!sfï˛ òˆÏ°
xÇ¢ @˝ à •îܲyÓ˚ # ˆÏ ò Ó˚ ˲yà ܲÓ˚ y •ˆÏ Î ˚ ! Ï S °È ÎˆÏ Ì FSÈ˲yˆÏ Ó
xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ 2 • ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÓ˚ xl%§rôyˆÏl ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛§Ù)•
(Randomly)ñ Îy •° ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ˆÎáyˆÏl ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛
Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˆÎˆÏܲyˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ òˆÏ° xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ §Ùyl §Ω˛yÓlyˆÏܲ
!l!Ÿã˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– Î!ò ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ òˆÏ° àˆÏÓ£Ïܲ ¢%ô%Ùye ˛õ%Ó%̊£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ
xhs≈˝Ë%˛=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚l ~ÓÇ xlƒ òˆÏ° ¢%ô%Ùye Ù!•°yˆÏòÓ˚ñ ï˛y•ˆÏ°
xôƒÎ˚ˆÏl ˆÎ Ê˛°yÊ˛° ≤ÃyÆ •ˆÏÓñ ˆ§!ê˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ !l˛õ%î
˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°lyÓ˚ çlƒ ly •ˆÏÎ˚ñ !°Aà ˜Ó£ÏˆÏÙƒÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏîG •ˆÏï˛ ˛˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
˛õÓ˚#«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ §ÙhflÏ ≤Ãy§!Aàܲ ã˛°ñ Îy !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#°
ã˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ ˆÊ˛°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ §Óà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ•z !lÎ˚sfî
ܲÓ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– ~à%ˆÏ°y ˛≤Ãôylï˛ !ï˛lôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ÈüÈ ˜ç!Óܲ ã˛°
åorganismic ä åˆÎÙlñ í˛z ˆ Ï m àñ Ó% ! Âôñ Óƒ!=˛ ≤ÃË, ˛ !ï˛äñ
˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ù)°Ü˛ Óy ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢Ù)°Ü˛ ã˛° åsituational or
Environmental variablesä Îy ˛õÓ˚#«˛î ã˛y°yˆÏlyÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚
!Ü ˛Î˚y¢#° ÌyˆÏܲ åˆÎÙl xyGÎ˚yçñ ï˛y˛õÙyeyñ xyo≈ï˛yä ~ÓÇ
xl%ܲ  !Ùï˛y §¡∫rô#Î˚ ã˛° åSequential variablesä– xl%ܲ  !Ùï˛y
§¡∫ r ô#Î˚ ã˛° ï˛ál•z à% Ó ˚ % c °y˲ ܲˆÏ Ó ˚ ñ Îál àˆÏ Ó £Ï î yÎ˚
xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#ˆÏܲ !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ܲÓ˚y xyÓ¢ƒÜ˛
•Î˚– ˛õÓ˚#«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ xï˛ƒ!ôܲ í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°
˛õÓ˚#«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ xÓ§yò xÌÓy x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ xl%¢#°ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚– Îy àˆÏÓ£ÏîyˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ xˆÏß∫£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ ÓƒyáƒyÎ˚
ç!ê˛°ï˛y ˜ï˛Ó˚# ܲˆÏÓ˚–
≤Ãy§!Aàܲ˛ ã˛°à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ !lÎ˚sfî ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ àˆÏÓ£Ïܲ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛
!lÎ˚sfˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õrÌy ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲl– !ܲS%È ò,T˛yhs˝ !lˆÏã˛ ˆòGÎ˚y
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
· ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ Ù)° °«˛ƒ •ˆÏ° Ó!•ıfiÌ ã˛°à%!°ˆÏܲ •…y§
ܲÓ˚yñ ï˛y•z ~•z §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ §ÙyôyˆÏlÓ˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ òyÓ˚%î ˛õrÌy
•ˆÏ°y ˛õÓ˚#«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ò)Ó˚ ܲÓ˚y–
í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õÓ˚#«˛îˆÏܲ ¢∑ˆÏÓ˚yô# Óy Óyï˛yl%Ü)˛°
ܲˆÏ«˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ Îy xyGÎ˚yç ~ÓÇ
ï˛y˛õÙyeyÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓˆÏܲ ò%Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
· x˛õ§yÓ˚î åEliminationä §Ó§ÙÎ˚ §Ω˛Ó lÎ˚– ~•z
ˆ«˛ˆÏeñ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ !fiÌÓ˚ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ çlƒ ≤ÈÏã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚y
•Î˚ ÎyˆÏï˛ §¡õ)î≈ ˛õÓ˚#«˛ˆÏî ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ ~ܲ•z ÌyˆÏܲ–
· ˜ç!Óܲ åÎÌyÈüÈ˲Î˚ñ ˆ≤ãÏîyä ~ÓÇ ˛õê˛Ë)˛!ÙÙ)°Ü˛ ã˛ˆÏ°Ó˚
åÎÌyÈüÈ@˝ÃyÙñ ¢•Ó˚ñ çy!ï˛ñ §yÙy!çܲñ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ xÓfiÌyä
çlƒ §ò,¢ƒÜ˛Ó˚îG˛ åMatchingä ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ –
~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ò%•z òˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤Ãy§!Aàܲ ã˛°à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ §ò,¢ƒ
!•§yˆÏÓ ˆlGÎ˚y •Î˚– xÌÓy §Ù@˝Ã ˛õÓ˚#«˛îÙ)°Ü˛
˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ §ò,¢ƒ ˆçyí˛¸ !•§yˆÏÓ !fiÌÓ˚ Ó˚yáy •Î˚–
· xl%Ü ˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓˆÏܲ •…y§ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ ≤Ãï˛#Ùyl
31
 (counter balancing) ˛õÂô!ï˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ôÓ˚y ˆ«˛eÙ)°Ü˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛î ~ÓÇ xy˛õyï˛ò,!T˛Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛î
Îyܲñ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛ˆÏl ò%!ê˛ Ü˛yç ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÓ– ò%!ê˛ Ü˛yçˆÏܲ åField Experiments and Quasi-Experimentsä ı
~ܲ•z xl%Ü ˛ˆÏÙ ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ÓÓ˚Ç ˛õÓ˚#«˛Ü˛ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ Ü ˛ˆÏÙÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ xò°Óò° ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ xˆÏô≈ܲ ò° Î!ò ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲçl àˆÏÓ£Ïܲ í˛zFã˛ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ §yôyÓ˚î#ܲÓ˚î
ܲyçà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ A ~ÓÇ B Ü ˛ˆÏÙ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ Îál ã˛yl Óy ~Ùl ˆÜ˛yˆÏly xôƒÎ˚l ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛yl Îy ly!ܲ
Óy!ܲ xˆÏô≈ܲ ò° B ~ÓÇ A Ü ˛ˆÏÙ ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ Óy ~ܲ•z àˆÏÓ£ÏîyàyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ §Ω˛Ó lÎ˚ñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° !ï˛!l ˆ«˛e Óy
Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ ≤Ãò_ ܲyç!ê˛ A, B, B, A Ü ˛ˆÏÙ ˆòGÎ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l ˆÎáyˆÏl ˙ !ӈϢ£Ï âê˛ly!ê˛Ó˚
˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ÓyhflÏ!Óܲ x!hflÏc Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– xlƒË˛y£ÏyÎ˚ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ° !ï˛!l ˆ«˛eÙ%°Ü˛
˛õÓ˚#«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ àˆÏÓ£Ïܲ
· !Ó!˲ߨ òˆÏ°Ó˚ xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ Îò,FSÈ !lˆÏÎ˚yà
çylˆÏï˛ ã˛yl ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yl‰ ˛õÂô!ï˛!ê˛ SÈyeˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z_Ù !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ
åRandom assignmentä òˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒÜ˛yÓ˚ ˆÎˆÏܲyˆÏly
!lˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ñ Ó=+˛ï˛y ly Óƒyáƒy ˛õÂô!ï˛– ~Ó˚ çlƒñ ~ܲçl àˆÏÓ£Ïܲ
§Ω˛yÓƒ !lÎ˚Ùyl%à ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒˆÏܲ ò)Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
!Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛î ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°lyÓ˚ ܲÌy ˲yÓˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l–
xyˆÏ˛õ!«˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎñ ~ܲ!ê˛ §%˛õ!Ó˚ܲ!“ï˛
àˆÏÓ£Ïܲ ~Ó˚ çlƒ xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#Ó˚ ò%!ê˛ òÏ° !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚lñ
˛õÓ˚#«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ à%î •° ~!ê˛ ≤Ãï˛ƒÎ˚çlܲ˲yˆÏÓ ò%•z Óy ï˛ˆÏï˛y!ôܲ ã˛ˆÏ°Ó˚
ˆÎáyˆÏl !ܲS%È §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ çlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ ò°ˆÏܲ Óƒyáƒy ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õí˛¸yˆÏly
ÙˆÏôƒ ܲyÎ≈ܲyÓ˚î §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ l!çÓ˚ fiÌy˛õl ܲˆÏÓ˚– Î!òG ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà
•ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ x˛õÓ˚ ò°!ê˛ˆÏܲ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ !¢«˛yòyl ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õí˛¸yˆÏly
§ÙÎ˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛îà%ˆÏ°y ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zFã˛ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ !lÎ˚!sfï˛ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyàyˆÏÓ˚
•ˆÏÓ– !ï˛!l !¢ál ӈϣÏ≈Ó˚ ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ü,˛!ï˛ˆÏc ï%˛°ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~•z xˆÏÌ≈ ~Ó˚y ~ܲÙye ˆ§•z ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏܲ•z
˛õyˆÏÓ˚l– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛ˆÏî xyl%£Ï!Aàܲ ã˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lÎ˚sfî
xl%ܲÓ˚î˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ Îy Ó!•ıçàˆÏï˛ Óï≈˛Ùyl– xyÓ˚ ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî•z ÓyÓ˚ÓyÓ˚
ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ܲÙñ Îy xyÙÓ˚y àˆÏÓ£ÏîyàyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛ˆÏî ˆÏ˛õˆÏÎ˚ Ìy!ܲ–
§ÙyˆÏ°y!ã˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˛õÓ˚#«˛î ˆÎ Ê˛°yÊ˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛zqÓ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y
~•z!ê˛ x!ôܲ§ÙÎ˚ ÓƒÎ˚ܲyÓ˚# ~ÓÇ áÓ˚ã˛Ó•%° •Î˚–
˲yˆÏ°y˲yˆÏÓ §yôyÓ˚î#ܲÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly ~ÓÇ ÓyhflÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛
àˆÏÓ£ÏîyàyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ ˆÓ¢!ܲS%È ã˛°ˆÏܲ !l˛õ%î˲yˆÏÓ
≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly– xlƒË˛y£ÏyÎ˚ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ°ñ ~à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ «˛#î
˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ Î!ò ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚y
Óy!•ƒÜ˛ ÎÌyÌ≈ï˛y åexternal validityä ÌyˆÏܲ– àˆÏÓ£ÏîyàyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !¢¢%Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ Ë)˛!ÙܲˆÏ¡õÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ !lˆÏÎ˚ xôƒÎ˚l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
˛õÓ˚#«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ!ê˛ §#ÙyÓÂôï˛y •ˆÏ°y ˆÎñ˛ §Ó§ÙÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ӈϢ£Ï
ã˛yGñ ˆÎ !¢¢% ï˛yÓ˚ !˛õï˛yÙyï˛yˆÏܲ Ë)˛!ÙܲˆÏ¡õ •y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y
§Ù§ƒyˆÏ Ü ˛ ˛õÓ˚ # «˛îÙ) ° ܲ ˲yˆÏ Ó xôƒÎ˚ l ܲÓ˚ y §Ω˛Ó lÎ˚ –
àˆÏÓ£ÏîyàyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~Ùl ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ Ü,˛!eÙ˲yˆÏÓ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ
í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ !¢¢%Ó˚ ˆÓÔ!Âôܲ hflψÏÓ˚ ˆ˛õÔ!T˛Ü˛ï˛yÓ˚ âyê˛!ï˛ Ü˛# ≤Ã˲yÓ
ly– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛Ü˛ xy˛õyï˛ò,!T˛Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛î
ˆÊ˛°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~•z ˛õÓ˚#«˛y!ê˛ xôƒÎ˚î ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó lÎ˚ñ ܲyÓ˚î ܲyí˛zˆÏܲ
~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛ xÓ°¡∫l ܲˆÏÓ˚l– åquasi, ~ܲ!ê˛ °ƒy!ê˛l ¢∑ ÎyÓ˚
í˛z˛õÓy§# Ó˚yáy ˜l!ï˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ xlƒyÎ˚– ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ §Ù§ƒy!ê˛ •ˆÏ°y ˆÎ
xÌ≈ •° as ifä– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛î ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ñ fl∫ï˛sf ã˛°ˆÏܲ
§ÙhflÏ xyl%£Ï!Aàܲ ã˛°à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ çyly ~ÓÇ !lÎ˚sfî ܲÓ˚y ~ܲ!ê˛
˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ Óy !l˛õ%î˲yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ÓÓ˚Ç ~ˆÏܲ !lÓ≈yã˛l
ܲ!ë˛l ܲyç–
ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ ˛õÓ˚#«˛îÙ%°Ü˛ òˆÏ° xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ~Ùl
ܲyç 2É2 !ܲS%È !¢¢% Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÎyÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !˛õï˛yÙyï˛yˆÏܲ Ë)˛!ÙܲˆÏ¡õ •y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ
!lˆÏ¡¨y=˛ xl%Ùylà%ˆÏ°y ˆÌˆÏܲ fl∫ï˛sf ~ÓÇ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#° ã˛° §ly=˛ ~ÓÇ !lÎ˚!sfï˛ òˆÏ° Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~Ùl !¢¢% ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ Ë)%˛!ÙܲˆÏ¡õÓ˚ x!˲K˛ï˛y
ܲÓ˚ ı xyˆÏSÈ !ܲv ï˛yÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !˛õï˛yÙyï˛yˆÏܲ Ë)˛!ÙܲˆÏ¡õ ˛•yÓ˚yÎ˚!l–
Ü˛ä ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛Ó˚ !¢«˛Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚Ïî SÈyeˆÏòÓ˚ Ü,˛!ï˛ˆÏc ≤Ã˲yÓ §%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ xy˛õyï˛ò,!T˛Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛ˆÏî ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ ~ܲ!ê˛ fl∫ï˛sf
!ÓhflÏyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ã˛°ˆÏܲ !l˛õ%î˲yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÃÎ˚y§ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ
áä !˛õï˛yÙyï˛y G È!¢¢%Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ fl∫yfiÌƒÜ˛Ó˚ §¡õÜ≈˛ !¢¢%Ó˚ âê˛Ùyl òˆÏ°Ó˚ myÓ˚yñ ÎyˆÏï˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ ~ÓÇ !lÎ˚sflÙ)°Ü˛ ò°
xyˆÏÓàÙ%°Ü˛ x!˲ˆÏÎyçlˆÏܲ §•ç §Ó˚° ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
àä Órô%ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y ã˛yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ (Peer Pressure) hflψÏÓ˚ Ó,!Âô
•ˆÏ° í˛zˆÏmˆÏàÓ˚ hflψÏÓ˚ Ó,!Âô •Î˚–
âä ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õy!Ó˚˛õy!Ÿª≈ܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ˆÏܲ Ó•z ~ÓÇ ôÑyôy
myÓ˚y §Ù,Âô ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ~ˆÏï˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ü,˛!ï˛cG §Ù,Âô •Î˚–

32 ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÓ˚
§•à!ï˛Ù)°Ü˛ àˆÏÓ£Ïîy åCorrelational Researchä ı
ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÎ˚ñ xyÙÓ˚y ÙyˆÏV˛ÙˆÏôƒ•z xl%ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ áy!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚
ò%!ê˛ ã˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §¡õÜ≈˛ !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ •zFSÈy ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲ!Ó˚–
í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y çylˆÏï˛ xy@˝Ã•# •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y ˆÎñ ÚxôƒÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
§ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙylÛ ~ÓÇ Ú!¢«˛yÌ#≈Ó˚ !Óòƒy°Î˚ §ÇÜ ˛yhs˝ Ü,˛!ï˛cÈÛüüüÈ
~•z ò%!ê˛ ã˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §¡õÜ≈˛ xyˆÏSÈ !ܲly⁄ ~•z ≤ß¿!ê˛˛
ˆ§•z ≤ß¿!ê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ xy°yòy ÎyÓ˚ í˛z_Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛î ˛õÂô!ï˛ á%шÏç ÌyˆÏܲñ
~•z xˆÏÌ≈ ˆÎáyˆÏl ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xôƒÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙylˆÏܲ
!l˛õ%î˲yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚ ly ~ÓÇ Ü,˛!ï˛ˆÏc ~Ó˚ ≤Ã˲yÓˆÏܲG
˛õÓ˚#«˛y ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ly– ÓÓ˚Ç ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ¢%ô% ò%!ê˛ ã˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §¡õÜ≈˛
xyˆÏSÈ !ܲly ï˛yÓ˚ §rôyl ܲˆÏÓ˚y ÎyˆÏï˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !Ù°
xyˆÏ S È ly!ܲ !Ù° ˆl•z xÌÓy ï˛yˆÏ ò Ó˚ ÙˆÏ ô ƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ l y
§•˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l¢#°ï˛y xyˆÏSÈ !ܲly ï˛y !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ò%!ê˛
ã˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒÜ˛yÓ˚ §¡õÜ≈˛!ê˛Ó˚ ¢!=˛ ~ÓÇ x!˲Ù%á#ï˛y ~ܲ!ê˛ §ÇáƒyÓ˚
myÓ˚y í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ñ ÎyˆÏܲ˛ §•à!ï˛Ó˚ §•àyAܲ Ó°y •Î˚˚–
~Ó˚ ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ≤çyÓ˚  1 •ˆÏÎ˚ 0É0 ˆÌˆÏܲ È üÈ1 ˛õÎ≈hs˝–
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆòˆÏáSÈ ˆÎñ §•à!ï˛ §•àyAܲ !ï˛l ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ñ ôlycܲñ
}lycܲ ~ÓÇ ¢)lƒ– ~ܲ!ê˛ ôlycܲ §•à!ï˛Ó˚ §¡õÜ≈˛ åpositive
correlatiesä ~•z !lˆÏò≈¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ ~ܲ!ê˛ ã˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ Ùyl åxä Óyí˛¸ˆÏ°ñ
xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ!ê˛ ã˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ åyä ÙyˆÏlÓ˚G Ó,!Âô âˆÏê˛– ~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓ Îál x ã˛°
•…y§ ˛õyÎ˚ ï˛ál y ã˛ˆÏ°G •…y§ •Î˚– ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚ñ ˆòáy ˆà° ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
SÈye Î!ò ˛õí˛¸yˆÏ¢ylyÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ §ÙÎ˚ ÓƒÎ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚ Ü,˛!ï˛ˆÏcÓ˚
Ó: 2É2 ˛ ç!Ó˚˛õÙ)°Ü˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î åExample of Survey Methodä
2004 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ !í˛ˆÏ§¡∫Ó˚ ÙyˆÏ§ Úxyí˛zê˛°%ܲ §yÆy!•Ü˛Û Ùƒyày!çˆÏlÓ˚
˛õ«˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ ç!Ó˚˛õ å10 çyl%Î˚y!Ó˚ 2005ä ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ
!SÈ° ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ Ùyl%£Ï ܲ#ˆÏ§ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ §%á# •Î˚ ï˛y çyly– xyê˛!ê˛
ÓˆÏí˛¸y ÓˆÏí˛¸y ¢•ˆÏÓ˚ ç!Ó˚˛õ!ê˛ •Î˚ñ ˆÎÙl Ù%¡∫y•zñ !ò!Õ‘ñ ܲ°Ü˛yï˛yñ
ÓƒyAày°%Ó˚%ñ •yÎ˚òÓ˚yÓyòñ xy•ˆÏÙòyÓyòñ çÎ˚˛õ%Ó˚ ~ÓÇ Ó˚Ñy!ã˛– 25 ˆÌˆÏܲ
55 ÓͧÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆÙyê˛ 817çl Óƒ!=˛ ~ˆÏï˛ xÇ¢@˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
ç!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ ≤Èϟ¿y_Ó˚ ï˛y!°Ü˛yÎ˚ åquestionnaireä !Ó!˲ߨ
ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ß¿ !SÈ°– ≤ÃÌÙ ≤ß¿ åxy˛õ!l !ܲ §%á#⁄ä í˛z_ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
˛õÑyã˛ ò¢!Ùܲ å5 pointä ˆflÒ° ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ˆ§áyˆÏl å5 ù
xï˛ƒhs˝ §%á#ñ 4 ù ˆÙyê˛yÙ%!ê˛ §%á#ñ 3ù§%á# Óy x§%á# ˆÜ˛ylê˛y•z lÎ˚ñ
2ù ˆÙyê˛yˆÏÙy!ê˛ x§%á#ñ 1ù xï˛ƒhs˝ x§%á#ä ˛õÑyã˛!ê˛ !ÓܲˆÏ“
í˛z_Ó˚òyï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛z_Ó˚ ˆlGÎy •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ≤ÃyÎ˚ 47 ¢ï˛yÇ¢
Óƒ!=˛ ӈϰl ï˛yÓ˚y á%Ó•z §%á#ñ 28 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ ӈϰl ï˛yÓ˚y ˆÙyê˛yÙ%!ê˛
xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ 2 • ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÓ˚ xl%§rôyˆÏl ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛§Ù)•
ÙyˆÏl Ó,!Âô âˆÏê˛– xyÓyÓ˚ Ü˛Ù ˛õí˛¸yˆÏ¢yly ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° Ü,˛!ï˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ˆflÒyÓ˚G
Ü˛Ù •Î˚– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ xl%£ÏAàˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ ôlydܲ §Çáƒy myÓ˚y
!lˆÏò≈¢ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˛õí˛¸yˆÏ¢ylyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ü,˛!ï˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Îï˛
¢!=˛¢y°# xl%£ÏAà •ˆÏÓñ ï˛ï˛ §ÇáƒyÙyl 1É0 ~Ó˚ ܲySÈyܲy!SÈ
•ˆÏÓ– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y •Î˚ˆÏï˛y ˆòáˆÏ° ˆÎ §¡õÜ≈˛!ê˛Ó˚ Ùyl 0É85ñ Îy
˛õí˛¸yˆÏ¢ylyÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ~ÓÇ Ü,˛!ï˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ ¢!=˛¢y°# ôlycܲ
xl%£ÏˆÏAàÓ˚ !lˆÏò≈¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚– x˛õÓ˚˛õˆÏ«˛ñ~ܲ!ê˛ }îydܲ §¡õÜ≈˛
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ~•z ܲÌy ӈϰ ˆÎ Î!ò ~ܲ!ê˛ ã˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ Ùyl åxä Ó,!Âô ˛õyÎ˚ñ
ï˛ál x˛õÓ˚ ã˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ Ùyl åyä •…y§ ˛õyÎ˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y
xl%Ùyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y ˆÎ ˛õí˛¸yˆÏ¢ylyÓ˚ §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ â^˝ê˛y Ó,!Âô ˆ˛õˆÏ°ñ
xlƒylƒ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°ˆÏï˛ Óƒ!Î˚ï˛ â^˝ê˛yÓ˚ §ÇáƒyÎ˚ •…y§ •ˆÏÓ– ~áyˆÏl
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ }îydܲ §¡õÜ≈˛ xy¢y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y ÎyÓ˚ ≤çyÓ˚
0 ˆÌˆÏܲ ÈüÈ 1É0 – ~ê˛yG §Ω˛Ó ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §ÙÎ˚ ò%!ê˛
ã˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ Ùôƒ §¡õÜ≈˛ lyG ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~ˆÏܲ ¢)lƒ §¡õÜ≈˛ åZero
coÈürrelationä Ó°y •Î˚– §yôyÓ˚îï˛ñ ¢)lƒ §¡õÜ≈˛ á%шÏç ˛õyGÎ˚y
á%Ó•z ܲ!ë˛lñ !ܲv §¡õÜ≈˛ Îy ˛õyGÎ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y ¢)ˆÏlƒÓ˚
ܲySÈyܲy!SÈ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆÎÙl ÈüÈ0É2 Óy É03– ~!ê˛ ~•z !lˆÏò≈¢
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎñ ˆ§áyˆÏl ò%!ê˛ ã˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §yÌ≈ܲ åSignificantä
§¡õÜ≈˛ ˆl•z Óy ò%!ê˛ ã˛° §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ lÎ˚–
ç!Ó˚˛õÙ)°Ü˛ àˆÏÓ£Ïîy åSurvey Researchä ı
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˛õ!eܲyÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ÌyܲˆÏÓ Óy ˆê˛!°!˲¢ˆÏl ˆòˆÏá ÌyܲˆÏÓ ˆÎ
!lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ !lÓ˚#«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲñ ~•z
§%á#ñ 11 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ ˆ°yܲ ӈϰl ï˛yÓ˚y ˆ¢£Ï ò%•z!ê˛ !Ó˲yˆÏà ˛õˆÏÓ˚l xÌ≈yÍ
ï˛yÓ˚y •Î˚ ˆÙyê˛yˆÏÙy!ê˛ x§%á# Óy ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚•z x§%á#– !mï˛#Î˚ ≤ß¿!ê˛ˆÏï˛
åxÌ≈ !òˆÏÎ˚ !ܲ xy˛õ!l §%á !ܲlˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓl⁄ä !ï˛l!ê˛ !Óܲ“ !SÈ°
å•Ñƒyñ lyñ ~ÓÇ çy!llyäñ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 80 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ ˆ°yܲ ӈϰl ï˛yÓ˚y §%á
!ܲlˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓl ly– x˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛≤Èϟ¿ çylˆÏï˛ ã˛yGÎ˚y •Î˚ñ Úܲ# ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
§ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ §%á ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄Û 50 ¢ï˛yLjϢÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢ Óƒ!=˛ ӈϰl
Ùyl!§Ü˛ ¢y!hs˝ å52¢ï˛yÇ¢äñ ~ÓÇ §%fl∫yfĩ å50 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ä ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
§Ó≈yˆÏ˛õ«˛y x!ôܲ §%á# ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~Ó˚˛õˆÏÓ˚•z xyˆÏ§ ܲˆÏÙ≈ §yÊ˛°ƒ å43
¢ï˛yÇ¢ä ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ å40 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ä– x˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ ≤Èϟ¿ çylˆÏï˛ ã˛yGÎ˚y
•Î˚ñ ÚÎál ï˛yÓ˚y x§%á# Óy ò%ıá# ˆÓyô ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛ál ܲ# ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲl⁄
ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ñ 36 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ Ùyl%£Ï ӈϰl ï˛yÓ˚y àyl ¢%lˆÏï˛ ˛õSÈ® ܲˆÏÓ˚lñ
23 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ ӈϰl Órô%§Aà í˛z˛õˆÏ˲yà ܲˆÏÓ˚l ~ÓÇ 15 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ ӈϰl
ï˛yÓ˚y ã˛°!Fã˛e ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õSÈ® ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
33
xl%§rôyˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒñ ˆÎ çlàî ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛
ò°ˆÏܲ Óy ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ӈϢ£Ï ≤ÃyÌ#≈ˆÏܲ ˆË˛yê˛ ˆòˆÏÓ !ܲly– !lÓ˚#«˛îÙ)°Ü˛
àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ xôƒÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ •° Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ Ùï˛yÙï˛ñ ÙˆÏly˲yÓ ~ÓÇ
§yÙy!çܲ âê˛ly– ~•z àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ Ù)° !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ •ˆÏ°y §ï˛ƒï˛y
Óy ˛õê˛Ë)˛!Ù áÑ%ˆÏç ÓyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ àˆÏÓ£Ïîy ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
âê˛lyÓ˚ xl%§rôyˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ˆÎÙlÈüÈ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛
!l!ò≈T˛ §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §y«˛Ó˚ï˛yÓ˚ •yÓ˚ñ ôÙ#≈Î˚ xl%ˆÏÙyòlñ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ӈϢ£Ï
ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ xyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ hflÏÓ˚ •zï˛ƒy!ò– xyÓyÓ˚ ~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛
•ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ !ܲS%È xl%§rôyˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÎÙl ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyÓ˚
≤Ã!ï˛ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ÙˆÏly˲yÓñ ˛õM˛yˆÏÎ˚ï˛ Ó˚yç ~Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yl §Ù)•ˆÏܲ
fl∫yfĩñ !¢«˛yñ ˆ¢Ôã˛ •zï˛ƒy!ò ã˛y°yˆÏlyÓ˚ çlƒ «˛Ùï˛y ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ÙˆÏly˲yÓ •zï˛ƒy!ò çylyÓ˚ çlƒ– xÓ¢ƒ ~!ê˛ˆÏܲ
xyô%!lܲܲyˆÏ° ÓyhflÏÓôÙ#≈ ˆÜ˛Ô¢ˆÏ°Ó˚˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï˛≈ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Îy
!Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲyÓ˚î §¡∫rô#Î˚ §¡õÜ≈˛ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃
ܲˆÏÓ˚– Óy: 2É2 ˆï˛ ç!Ó˚˛õÙ)°Ü˛ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
í˛zòy•Ó˚î ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
ç!Ó˚˛õÙ)°Ü˛ àˆÏÓ£Ïîy ï˛Ìƒ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õrÌyÓ˚
ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎ ˛õrÌyà%ˆÏ°y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y
•°ı Óƒ!=˛àï˛ §y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚ñ ≤ß¿à%FSÈñ ˆê˛!°ˆÏÊ˛y!lܲ ç!Ó˚˛õ ~ÓÇ
!lÎ˚!sfï˛ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î – ~áyˆÏl ~•z ˛õrÌyà%ˆÏ°y §¡õˆÏܲ≈ !Óhfl,Ïï˛ Óƒyáƒy
ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏ°y–
Óƒ!=˛àï˛ §y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚ åPersonal Interviewä Èı
Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ !lÜ˛ê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛Ìƒ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ Ó•%° ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ xlƒï˛Ù •° §y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ – lyly!Óô ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛
~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~ܲçl !ã˛!ܲͧܲ ˆÏÓ˚yà#Ó˚ ܲySÈ
ˆÏ̈Ïܲ ï˛Ìƒ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ñ ~ܲçl !lˆÏÎ˚yàܲï≈˛y §Ω˛yÓƒ ܲÙ#≈
!lˆÏÎ˚yˆÏàñ ~ܲçl !ÓˆÏÜ ˛ï˛y ˆÜ˛yl à,•Óô)Ó˚ §ˆÏAà §y«˛yˆÏï˛Ó˚ §ÙˆÏÎ˚
Îál çylˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yl ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §yÓyl !ï˛!l ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚lñ
≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z ~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚– ˆê˛!°!˲¢ˆÏl ≤ÃyÎ˚•z xyÙÓ˚y
ˆò!á §ÇÓyò ÙyôƒˆÏÙÓ˚ §ˆÏAà Î%=˛ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚y !Ó!˲ߨ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ çyï˛#Î˚
~ÓÇ xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ lylyÓ˚Ü˛Ù à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ §y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚
ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ܲ!ê˛ §y«˛yÍܲyˆÏÓ˚ ܲ# âˆÏê˛ ÌyˆÏܲ⁄ xyÙÓ˚y ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õy•z
ò%•z Óy ï˛ˆÏï˛y!ôܲ Óƒ!=˛ ˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏAà Ù%ˆÏáyÙ%!á ӈϧ– ˆ§áyˆÏl
~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛ å§yôyÓ˚îï˛ ï˛yˆÏܲ §y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚ @˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚# Ó°y •Î˚ä
xlƒçlˆÏܲ åÎyˆÏܲ §y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚ ≤ÃòylܲyÓ˚# Óy í˛z_Ó˚òyï˛y Ó°y •Î˚–ä
ˆÜ˛yl‰ !ӈϢ£Ï §Ù§ƒy §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ≤ß¿ !çK˛y§y ܲˆÏÓ˚lñ ~ÓÇ í˛z_Ó˚òyï˛y
ˆ§•z !l!Ó˚ˆÏá í˛z_Ó˚ ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚l– §y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒÙ%á#
ܲÙ≈ ÎyÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ í˛z_Ó˚ òyï˛yÓ˚ ÓyhflÏ!Óܲ ï˛Ìƒñ Ùï˛yÙï˛ñ ÙˆÏly˲yÓ
•zï˛ƒy!ò §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ï˛Ìƒ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˆ§•z §ˆÏAà ˆÜ˛yl‰
34 ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÓ˚
xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– §yôyÓ˚îï Ù%ˆÏáyÙ%!á §y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚•z
ˆlGÎ˚y •Î˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçˆÏl ò)Ó˚˲yˆÏ£Ï §y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚G ˆlGÎ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
Óƒy˛õܲ xˆÏÌ≈ ò%•z ôÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ §Çà!ë˛ï˛ Óy
≤Ã!Ùï˛ §y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ x§Çà!ë˛ï˛ Óy x≤Ã!Ùï˛ §y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚–
~•z ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ#ܲÓ˚î •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ xyÙÓ˚y §y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚ ˆlGÎ˚yÓ˚
xyˆÏà ≤Û!ï˛ !lˆÏÎ˚!SÈñ ï˛yÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚– §y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚ @˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y
ˆÎ ≤ß¿ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓyñ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈•z ï˛yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛y!°Ü˛y ≤Ã›ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆlGÎ˚y
•ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ~•z ï˛y!°Ü˛y!ê˛ˆÏܲ §y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚ ï˛y!°Ü˛y Ó°y •Î˚– §Çà!ë˛ï˛
§y«˛yÍܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤ß¿§Ù)• !l!ò≈T˛ Ü ˛Ù xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚flÒyÓ˚ ˲yˆÏÓ ˆ°áy
ÌyˆÏܲ– §y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚ @˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#Ó˚ ~áyˆÏl á%Ó Ü˛Ù fl∫yô#lï˛y ÌyˆÏܲ
≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ ¢∑§Ù)• Óy Ü ˛Ù ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚– ~•z ≤ß¿§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚
í˛z_Ó˚à%ˆÏ°yG ˛õ)Ó≈ !lô≈y!Ó˚ï˛ !Óܲ“ xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚–
~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ß¿ˆÏܲ xÓÓ˚%Âô !Óܲ“ åclose endedä ≤ß¿ Ó°y
•Î˚– xlƒ!òˆÏܲ xǧà!ë˛ï˛ §y«˛yÍܲyˆÏÓ˚ §y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚ ˛@˝Ã•lܲyÓ˚#Ó˚
fl∫yô#lï˛y ÌyˆÏܲ ܲ# ≤ß¿ !çˆÏK˛§ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚ !§Âôyhs˝ ˆlGÎ˚yÓ˚–
≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ ¢∑ !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏl Óy Ü ˛Ù !lî≈ˆÏÎ˚G lÙl#Î˚ï˛y ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛
~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe í˛z_Ó˚ ˛õ)Ó≈ !l!ò≈T˛ !Óܲ“ xl%§Ó˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !òˆÏï˛ •Î˚ lyñ
ï˛y•z §y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚ ≤ÃòylܲyÓ˚#G ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õSÈ® xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ í˛z_Ó˚ ≤Ãòyl
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚î !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ñ Î!ò àˆÏÓ£Ïܲ çylˆÏï˛
ã˛yl Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ §%áyl%Ë)˛!ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùylñ ï˛ˆÏÓ !ï˛!l ï˛yˆÏܲ ≤ß¿ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚l– Úxy˛õ!l ܲï˛ê˛y §%á#⁄Û í˛z_Ó˚ ≤ÃòylܲyÓ˚# ~•z ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ í˛z_ˆÏÓ˚
ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õSÈ®Ùï˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ í˛z_Ó˚ !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l–
§y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#Ó˚ §Ùß∫Î˚ •ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚ı
ܲä Óƒ!=˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ Óƒ!=˛ ı ~!ê˛ ~Ùl ~ܲ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ ˆÎáyˆÏl
~ܲçl §y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚ @˝ à •îܲyÓ˚ # x˛õÓ˚ ~ܲçl §y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚
≤ÃòylܲyÓ˚#Ó˚ ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ §y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚ ˆlÎ˚–
áä Óƒ!=˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ò° ı ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ §y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚ @˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#
~ܲ!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï òˆÏ°Ó˚ Óƒ!=˛ §Ù!T˛Ó˚ §y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z
ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §y«˛yÍܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ •° ˆÊ˛yܲy§ ò° !˲!_ܲ
xyˆÏ°yã˛ly åFocus group discusion, PGDä–
àä ò° ˆÌˆÏܲ Óƒ!=˛ ı ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ~ܲò° Óƒ!=˛ ~ܲçl
§y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚ ≤ÃòylܲyÓ˚#Ó˚ §y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y
Îál ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ã˛yÜ%˛Ó˚#Ó˚ çlƒ §y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚ ˆòˆÏÓ ï˛ál ~ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ §¡ø%á#l •ˆÏÓ–
âä ò° ˆÌˆÏܲ ò° ı ~!ê˛ ~Ùl ~ܲ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ ˆÎáyˆÏl ~ܲ ò°
§y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚ @˝Ã•lܲyÓ˚# x˛õÓ˚ ~ܲò° §y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚ ≤ÃòylܲyÓ˚#Ó˚
§y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚ @˝Ã•l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
 §y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ò«˛ï˛yñ ÎyˆÏï˛ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ ˛≤Ã!¢«˛î °yˆÏà–
~ܲçl ò«˛ §y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚ @˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚# çyˆÏll ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ í˛z_Ó˚
≤ÃòylܲyÓ˚#ˆÏܲ §•ç˲yˆÏÓ í˛z_Ó˚ ˆòGÎ˚yˆÏly ÎyˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ §ˆÏÓ≈yÍÜ,˛T˛
í˛z_Ó˚!ê˛ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲÓ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ– !ï˛!l çyˆÏll ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ §ÇˆÏÓòl¢#°
í˛z˛õyˆÏÎ˚ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏܲ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçˆÏl
x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ ï˛Ìƒ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆlGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– Î!ò §y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚
≤ÃòylܲyÓ˚# xflõT˛ í˛z_Ó˚ ˆòÎ˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ !ï˛!l xÓ¢ƒ•z ≤ÈÏã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓl
§%!l!ò≈T˛ ~ÓÇ Ù)ï≈˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y xyòyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ çlƒ–
§y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ §%à˲#Ó˚ ï˛Ìƒy!ò §Ç@˝ÃˆÏ• §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
~!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ lÙl#Î˚ G Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ ! fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ §ˆÏ A à
x!˲ˆÏÎyçlˆÏÎyàƒ ˛õÂô!ï˛– Îál xlƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õÂô!ï˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà
x§Ω˛Ó Óy x§¡õ)î≈ ӈϰ ÙˆÏlÏ •Î˚ ï˛ál §y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛•z
•ˆÏFSÈ §!ë˛Ü˛ !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛– !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ Óy x!¢!«˛ï˛ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏòÓ˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏeG ~ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ~ܲçl §y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚
@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚# çyˆÏll í˛z_Ó˚òyï˛y ≤ß¿!ê˛ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏSÈ !ܲlyñ xÌÓy
ܲyç 2É3
~ܲçl xl%§rôylܲyÓ˚# çlܲ°ƒyîÙ)°Ü˛ xl%¤˛yl §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛
çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ÙˆÏly˲yÓ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛y•zˆÏ°l ~ÓÇ !ï˛!l
~•z í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒ •zrê˛yÓ˚ˆÏlˆÏê˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ≤ß¿ï˛y!°Ü˛y !Ó!° ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°l–
~•z ˛õÎ≈yˆÏ°yã˛ly!ê˛ !ܲ §yôyÓ˚î çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îyˆÏܲ §!ë˛Ü˛ ˲yˆÏÓ
≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛!°ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ⁄ ˆÜ˛l xÌÓy ˆÜ˛l lÎ˚⁄
≤ß¿!ê˛Ó˚ ˛õ%lÓ˚yÓ,!_ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl !ܲly Óy ¢∑yhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ
!ܲly– Î!òG §y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ §ÙÎ˚ §yˆÏ˛õ«˛– xˆÏlܲ §ÙÎ˚•z
~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛Ìƒ §Ç@˝ÃˆÏ• ~ܲ â^˝ê˛y Óy ï˛yÓ˚G
ˆÓ!¢ §ÙÎ˚ ˆ°ˆÏà ÎyˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ Îy §!ï˛ƒ•z ÓƒÎ˚ §yˆÏ˛õ«˛–
≤ß¿ï˛y!°Ü˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ˛ç!Ó˚˛õ åQuestionnaire Surveyäı
ï˛Ìƒ §Ç@˝ÃˆÏ•Ó˚ çlƒ §Ó≈y!ôܲ ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ñ §•çñ Ó•%Ù%á# fl∫“ÓƒÎ˚#
xyd≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓòlÙ)°Ü˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ •° ≤ß¿ï˛y!°Ü˛y ˛õÂô!ï˛– ~ˆÏï˛ ˛õ)Ó≈
!lô≈y!Ó˚ï˛ !ܲS%È ≤ß¿ ÌyˆÏܲ– í˛z_Ó˚òyï˛y ≤ß¿à%ˆÏ°y ˛õí˛¸ˆÏÓl ~ÓÇ
ܲyàˆÏç í˛z_Ó˚à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ òyà ˆòˆÏÓlñ ˆÙÔ!áܲ ˲yˆÏÓ §y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚
@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ï˛yˆÏܲ í˛z_Ó˚ !òˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ly– ~ܲ˲yˆÏÓ Ó°y ˆÎˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~!ê˛ xy§ˆÏ° ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zFãhflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ §Çà!ë˛ï˛ §y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚ Ùye–
~ܲò° Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ~ܲ•z §ˆÏAà ≤ß¿ï˛y!°Ü˛y !Óï˛Ó˚î ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
ï˛yÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ ï˛y!°Ü˛yÎ˚ í˛z_Ó˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ àˆÏӣψÏܲÓ˚
ܲyˆÏSÈ ï˛y!°Ü˛y!ê˛ ˆÊ˛Ó˚ï˛ !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚lñ ~Ùl!ܲ ˆÙ•zˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙG
ˆ≤ÃÓ˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l– §yôyÓ˚îï˛ñ ≤ß¿ï˛y!°Ü˛yÎ˚ ò%ôÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ß¿
ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚– í˛zß√%=˛ §#ÙyÎ%=˛ ≤ß¿ (open ended) ~ÓÇ xÓÓ˚%Âô
§#ÙyÎ%=˛ ≤ß¿ åclose endedä–
xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ 2 • ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÓ˚ xl%§rôyˆÏl ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛§Ù)•
í˛zß√%=˛ §#ÙyÎ%=˛ ≤Èϟ¿ í˛z_Ó˚òyï˛y ˆÎ í˛z_Ó˚ ï˛yÓ˚ !ë˛Ü˛ ÙˆÏl •Î˚ ï˛y•z
!°áˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l– xÓÓ˚%Âô §#ÙyÎ%=˛ ≤Èϟ¿ §Ω˛yÓƒ í˛z_Ó˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘!áï˛
ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ í˛z_Ó˚òyï˛yˆÏܲ ~Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ §!ë˛Ü˛ í˛z_Ó˚!ê˛ !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
•Î˚– xÓÓ˚%Âô §#ÙyÎ%=˛ ˛≤Èϟ¿ !Óܲ“ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î •°
ˆÎÙlñ •Ñƒy‡lyñ §ï˛ƒ‡!Ù̃yñ Ùy!Œê˛˛õ° ã˛ˆÏÎ˚§ Óy ˆÓ˚!ê˛Ç ˆflÒ°–
ˆÓ˚ ! ê˛Ç ˆflÒ°È ü È ~ Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏ e ~ܲ!ê˛ !ÓÓ, ! ï˛ ˆòGÎ˚ y •Î˚ ~ÓÇ
í˛z_Ó˚òyï˛yˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ ï˛yÓ˚ Ùï˛yÙï˛ 3 ˛õˆÏÎ˚rê˛ñ 姕Ùï˛ñ
xÙ#ÙyÇ!§ï˛ñ x§•Ùï˛ä xÌÓy 5 ˛õˆÏÎ˚rê˛ åܲˆÏë˛yÓ˚˲yˆÏÓ §•Ùï˛ñ
§•Ùï˛ñ xÙ#ÙyÇ!§ï˛ñ x§•Ùï˛ñ ܲˆÏë˛yÓ˚˲yˆÏÓ x§•Ùï˛äñ xÌÓy
7 ˛õˆÏÎ˚rê˛ñ 9 ˛õˆÏÎ˚rê˛ñ 11 ˛õˆÏÎ˚rê˛ Óy 13 ˛õˆÏÎ˚rê˛ ˆfl҈ϰ !°!˛õÓÂô
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛– ˆÜ˛yl‰ ˆÜ˛yl‰ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚# ˆÓ¢ !ܲS%È !Ó£ÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚
ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õSÈ® xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ Ü ˛Ù!Ólƒy§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ó°y •Î˚– ˆÜ˛yl !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚
˛õŸã˛yͲõê˛ Óy §Çáƒyï˛y!_¥Ü˛ ï˛Ìƒ çylˆÏï˛G ≤ß¿ï˛y!°Ü˛y ÓƒÓ•,ï˛
•Î˚– xï˛#ï˛ xyã˛Ó˚îñ ÙˆÏly˲yÓñ Ùï˛yÙï˛ñ ˆÜ˛yl !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ G˛õÓ˚
K˛yl Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ xyܲyCy G Óy§ly §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ çylˆÏï˛G ~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛
ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚– ܲáˆÏly ܲáˆÏly ˆÙ•zˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙG ≤ß¿ï˛y!°Ü˛y ˆ≤ÃÓ˚î
ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~˲yˆÏÓ•z ç!Ó˚˛õ §¡õߨ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ˆÙ•zˆÏ° ˛õyë˛yˆÏly
≤ß¿ï˛y!°Ü˛y ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ Ù)° §Ù§ƒy •° í˛z_Ó˚òyï˛yÓ˚ x≤Ãï%˛° í˛z_Ó˚
≤Ãòyl–
ˆê˛!°ˆÏÊ˛yl ç!Ó˚˛õ åTelephone Surveyä ı
ˆê˛!°ˆÏÊ˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙG ç!Ó˚˛õ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !lŸã˛Î˚•z
ˆòˆÏáˆÏSÈy ˆÙyÓy•z° ˆÊ˛yˆÏl ~§ ~Ù ~§ ~Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚
ܲyˆÏSÈ !Ó!˲ߨ !ӣψÏÎ˚ Ùï˛yÙï˛ çylˆÏï˛ ã˛yGÎ˚y •Î˚– ˆê˛!°ˆÏÊ˛yl ç!Ó˚˛õ
§ÙÎ˚ ÓÑyã˛yˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛ˆÏÓ ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ í˛z_Ó˚ ≤ÃòylܲyÓ˚#
§y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚ @ ˝ à •îܲyÓ˚ # ˆÏ Ü ˛ ˆã˛ˆÏ l lyñ ï˛y•z ~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛!ê˛
x§•ˆÏÎ!yàï˛yñ x!lFSÈy ~ÓÇ Ë˛y§y˲y§y í˛z_Ó˚ ≤ÃòyˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ
x§Ê˛°ï˛y G x§¡õ)î≈ï˛yÎ˚ ˛õÎ≈Ó!§ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–§Ω˛yÓly Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ
ÎyÓ˚y í˛z_Ó˚ ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈñ xyÓ˚ ÎyÓ˚y ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ly ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆÎÙl ÓÎ˚§ñ !°Aàñ xyÎ˚ñ !¢«˛y ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ – ˆ§•z
§ˆÏAà Ùyl!§Ü˛ ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ˆï˛y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ•z– ~Ó˚Ê˛ˆÏ° Ê˛°yÊ˛°
~ܲˆÏ˛õˆÏ¢ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÃÓ° §Ω˛yÓly ˆÌˆÏܲ ÎyÎ˚–
˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ˛õÂô!ï˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈•z xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
ç!Ó˚˛õ Ù)°Ü˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛G ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛
˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚•z !ܲS%È §%!Óôy G !ܲS%È §#ÙyÓÂôï˛y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– àˆÏÓ£ÏܲˆÏܲ
§yÓôylï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
ç!Ó˚˛õ ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ xˆÏlܲ §%!Óôy Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ≤ÃÌÙï˛ Ó•% Óƒ!=˛Ó˚
ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛Ìƒy!ò xï˛ƒhs˝ ï˛yí˛¸yï˛y!í˛¸ G §)ã˛yÓ˚%˲yˆÏÓ ˛çˆÏí˛¸y ܲÓ˚y
ÎyÎ˚– !mï˛#Î˚ï˛ñ ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ç!Ó˚˛õ á%Ó o%ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ çlÙï˛ §Ç@˝Ã•
xÌÓy ˆÜ˛yl ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ï˛Í«˛lyÍ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y
35
§Ω˛Ó •Î˚– ç!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ !ܲS%È §#ÙyÓÂôï˛yG Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ≤ÃÌÙï˛ñ flø,!ï˛àï˛
ºy!hs˝Ó˚ çlƒ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚y Ë%˛° ï˛Ìƒ §Ó˚ÓÓ˚y• ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ xÌÓy ~ÙlG
•ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆÜ˛yl ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ï˛yÓ˚y !ë˛Ü˛ Îy !ÓŸªy§
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y àˆÏÓ£ÏܲˆÏܲ çylyˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚ ly– !mï˛#Î˚ï˛ñ çlàî xˆÏlܲ
§ÙÎ˚ ~Ùl í˛z_Ó˚•z !òˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ Îy àˆÏÓ£Ïܲ ¢%lˆÏï˛ ã˛yl–
ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ x˲#«˛y åPsychological Testingäı
ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ¢%Ó%˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ˜Ó£ÏˆÙÏ ƒÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ ÙˆÏly!ÓòˆÏòÓ˚
~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚– ÙylÓ ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏ˛õÓ˚
çlƒ ÙˆÏ l y!ÓòÓ˚ y !Ó!˲ߨ x˲#«˛y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏ Ó ˚ ˆ Ï S È l – ~•z
˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î •° Ó%!Âôñ ≤ÃÓîï˛yñ Óƒ!=˛cñ xy@˝Ã•ñ
ÙˆÏly˲yÓñ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyôñ !¢«˛yàï˛ §yÊ˛ˆÏ°ƒÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî •zï˛ƒy!ò– ~•z§Ó
x˲#«˛yà%ˆÏ°y !Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçˆÏl ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚ ˆÎÙl ܲÙ#≈ !lÓ≈yã˛lñ
ܲÙ#≈Ó˚ xÓfiÌyl !lî≈Î˚ñ ≤Ã!¢«˛îñ !lˆÏò≈¢lyñ ˆÓ˚yà !lî≈Î˚ •zï˛ƒy!ò –
Ó•% ˆ«˛ˆÏe x˲#«˛yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ ˆÎÙl !¢«˛y°Î˚ñ !lˆÏò≈¢ly
ˆÜ˛wñ ܲyÓ˚áylyñ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yl •zï˛ƒy!ò xyˆÏÓ˚y xˆÏlܲ–
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !ܲ ܲáˆÏly ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ x˲#«˛yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚SÈ⁄
Î!ò ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲyñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° !lŸã˛Î˚•z ˆòˆÏáSÈ ~ܲ!ê˛ x˲#«˛yÎ˚
xˆÏlܲà%ˆÏ°y ≤ß¿ ÌyˆÏܲñ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õò Ó°y •Î˚– §Ω˛yÓƒ í˛z_Ó˚à%ˆÏ°y
˛õˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ˆòGÎ˚y ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ~à%ˆÏ°y §Ó•z ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
ÙylÓ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ Óy à%îyÓ!°Ó˚ §ˆÏAà §ÇÎ%=˛– ~áyˆÏl à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ •°ñ
ˆÎ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ çlƒ x˲#«˛y!ê˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ˆ§•z
˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ §%flõT˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ §ÇK˛y!Î˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ §ÙhflÏ ˛õò
å≤ß¿à%ˆÏ°yä ˆ§•z ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ §ˆÏAà•z §ÇÎ%=˛ ÌyܲˆÏÓ– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y
!lŸã˛Î˚•z ~G ˆòˆÏáSÈ ˆÎ ≤ÃyÎ˚•z ~ܲ!ê˛ x˲#«˛y ~ܲ!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§Ó˚
çlƒ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– x˲#«˛yÎ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘!áï˛ ≤ß¿ §Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚
ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ §ÙÎ˚!l!ò≈T˛ ܲÓ˚y ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ xyÓyÓ˚ lyG ÌyܲˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚– §!ë˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ°ñ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ x˲#«˛y •°
xyò¢≈y!Î˚ï˛ ~ÓÇ Ó›àï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛z˛õܲÓ˚î ÎyÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ~ܲçl
Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ Ùyl!§Ü˛ G xyã˛Ó˚îàï˛ ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ xÓfiÌyl xlƒ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚
ï%˛°lyÙ)°Ü˛ xÓfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
~•z §ÇK˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ò%ˆÏê˛y !ç!l§ !ӈϢ£Ï˲yˆÏÓ•z í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ Ó›àï˛
~ÓÇ xyò¢≈y!Î˚ï˛–
Ó›àï˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ ò%•z Óy ï˛ˆÏï˛y!ôܲ àˆÏÓ£Ïܲ
Î!ò ~ܲ•z òˆÏ°Ó˚ G˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï x˲#«˛y ≤ÃÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚l ï˛ˆÏÓ
ò%çˆÏl•z òˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ!ê˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
Ü˛ÙˆÏ Ó !¢ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ~ܲ•z Ê˛°yÊ˛ˆÏ ° í˛z ˛ õl#ï˛ •ˆÏ Ó l– ~ܲ!ê˛
ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ x˲#«˛yˆÏܲ Ó›àï˛ •ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ ˛õˆÏò
ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ ¢∑§Ù)• ~Ùl •ˆÏÓ ÎyˆÏï˛ ï˛y !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õyë˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ
~ܲ•z xÌ≈ Ó•l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~SÈyí˛¸yG x˲#«˛y @˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#ˆÏܲ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ
36 ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÓ˚
˛õòà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ í˛z_Ó˚ ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚ !lˆÏò≈¢G xyˆÏà•z
§!ë˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ !òˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– x˲#«˛y!ê˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ñ
§ÙÎ˚§#Ùyñ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ ôÓ˚l åÓƒ!=˛àï˛ xÌÓy ò°àï˛ä •zï˛ƒy!ò
í˛zˆÏÕ‘!áï˛ ÌyܲˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y§Ù)•ˆÏܲ
ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ˆflÒyÓ˚ ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ï˛yG Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚y ÌyܲˆÏÓ–
x˲#«˛yÓ˚ !lÙ≈yî ~ܲ!ê˛ §%¢,C° ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏï˛ !ܲS%È
!ӈϢ£Ï ˛õòˆÏ«˛˛õ !lˆÏï˛ •Î˚– ~ˆÏï˛ ˛õòà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ !Óhfl,Ïï˛ !ӈϟ’£Ïî
≤ÈÎ˚yçl ~ÓÇ ˆ§•z §ˆÏAà §ÙhflÏ x˲#«˛y!ê˛Ó˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ˆÏÎyàƒñ ÎÌyÌ≈ï˛y
~ÓÇ xyò¢≈ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl–
~ܲ•z x˲#«˛y ˛~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ G˛õÓ˚ ò% ! ê˛ !˲ߨ
˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ≤ÃyÆ ˆflÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎ §yÙO§ƒ
ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛yˆÏܲ•z x˲#«˛yÓ˚ !l˲≈Ó˚ˆÏÎyàƒï˛y ӈϰ– í˛zòy•Ó˚î !•§yˆÏÓ
ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚ñ ï%˛!Ù ~ܲ!ê˛ x˲#«˛y ~ܲò° SÈyˆÏeÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°
~ÓÇ !ܲS%È!òl ÓyˆÏòñ ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚ 20!òl ÓyˆÏòñ G•z SÈyeòˆÏ°Ó˚ G˛õÓ˚•z
x˲#«˛yÓ˚ ˛õ%lı≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°ñ Î!ò x˲#«˛y!ê˛ !lË≈˛Ó˚ˆÏÎyàƒ •Î˚
ï˛ˆÏÓ ò%!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ≤ÃyƈÏflÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ÌyܲˆÏÓ ly–
~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe xyÙÓ˚y x˲#«˛y G ˛õ%lıx˲#«˛y ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ !lË≈˛Ó˚ˆÏÎyàƒï˛y
àîly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ñ Îy §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏAà §ˆÏAà ˆflÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !fiÌ!ï˛¢#°ï˛y
ܲï˛áy!l ï˛y ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚– §Ùò° Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ò%•z ˆ§ê˛ ˆflÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
§•à!ï˛Ó˚ §•àyAܲ !lî≈Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~!ê˛ àîly ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– xlƒ ~ܲ
˛ôÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !l˲≈Ó˚ˆÏÎyàƒï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ •° §Ù!má[˛˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛– ~!ê˛
x˲#«˛yÓ˚ xy˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î §yÙO§ƒï˛yÓ˚ •z!Aàï˛Ó•lܲyÓ˚#– ~ ôÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚
!lË≈˛Ó˚ˆÏÎyàƒï˛y ˆÎ xl%ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏSÈ ï˛y •°ñ Î!ò
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly x˲#«˛yÓ˚ ˛õò §Ù)• ~ܲ•z ~!=˛Î˚yÓ˚ Ë%˛=˛ •Î˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚y
xÓ¢ƒ•z ˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏAà §•à!ï˛Ó˚ !lÎ˚ˆÏÙ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ ÌyܲˆÏÓ–
Î!ò ï˛yÓ˚y !˲ߨ ~!=˛Î˚yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ •Î˚ñ í˛zòy•Ó˚î !•§yˆÏÓ xyˆÏ˛õ°ñ G
Ü˛Ù°y ˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ !˲ߨñ ï˛ál ï˛yÓ˚y §•à!ï˛Ó˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛
xyÓÂô ÌyܲˆÏÓ ly– xy˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î §yÙO§ƒ ˆÓÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ
x˲#«˛yˆÏܲ ˆçyí˛¸ÈüÈ!ÓˆÏçyí˛¸ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ò%!ê˛ §Ùyl ˲yˆÏà !Ó˲=˛
ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ åˆÏÎÙl ˛õò 1ñ 3ñ 5 ~ܲ!ê˛ òˆÏ° ~ÓÇ 2ñ 4ñ 6 xlƒ
~ܲ!ê˛ òˆÏ°ä ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ ~•z ˆçyí˛¸ G !ÓˆÏçyí˛¸ ˛õˆÏòÓ˚ §•à!ï˛
ˆÓÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
~ܲ!ê˛ x˲#«˛y ˛ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ˆÏÎyàƒ •ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ° ï˛yˆÏܲ xÓ¢ƒ•z
ÎÌyÌ≈ •ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ÎÌyÌ≈ï˛y !lˆÏ¡¨y=˛ ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚ ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ı
ÚÚx˲#«˛y!ê˛ Ü˛# Îy òy!Ó Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏSÈ !ë˛Ü˛ ï˛y•z ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏSÈ⁄ÛÛ
í˛zòy•Ó˚î !•§yˆÏÓ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y Î!ò ~ܲ!ê˛ ày!î!ï˛Ü˛ Ü,˛!ï˛
x˲#«˛y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ ï˛y ày!î!ï˛Ü˛ Ü,˛!ï˛•z ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓñ
xlƒ !ܲS%È åˆÎÙl ˲y£ÏyÓ˚ ò«˛ï˛y ä lÎ˚–
§ÓˆÏ¢ˆÏ£Ï ~ܲ!ê˛ x˲#«˛yˆÏܲ xyò¢≈y!Î˚ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ G
xÓ¢ƒ•z ï˛yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ lÙ≈ ÌyܲˆÏÓ– ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈•z Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ lÙ≈ •°
~ܲ!ê˛ òˆÏ°Ó˚ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ xÌÓy àí˛¸ Ü,˛!ï˛c– x˲#«˛y!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛
!Ó¢y° òˆÏ°Ó˚ SÈyˆÏeÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ü,˛!ï˛ˆÏcÓ˚
xyò¢≈ˆÏܲ !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÓÎ˚§ñ !°Aàñ xyÓy§fiÌ° •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚
G˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° xyÙÓ˚y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï SÈyeÓ˚
Ü,˛!ï˛cˆÏܲ ˆ§•z òˆÏ°Ó˚ xlƒˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ï%˛°ly ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õy!Ó˚– x˲#«˛yÎ˚
≤ÃyÆ ˆÜ˛yl Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ˆflÒyÓ˚ˆÏܲ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛G ~!ê˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §y•y΃
ܲˆÏÓ˚–
x˲#«˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆÏ˲ò (Types of Tests) ı
ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ x˲#«˛yà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˲y£Ïyñ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ˛õÂô!ï˛ ˛~ÓÇ
ܲy!ë˛lƒ xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ ˆ◊!î!Ó˲=˛ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ˲y£Ïy !˲!_ܲ !Ó˲yà •°
˲y£Ïy§¡õߨ x˲#«˛yñ ˲y£Ïy Ó!ç≈ï˛ x!˲«˛y ~ÓÇ §¡õyòl# x˲#«˛y–
˲y£Ïy §¡õߨ x˲#«˛yÎ˚ §y«˛Ó˚ï˛yÓ˚ òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î ˛õòà%ˆÏ°y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
ly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˲y£ÏyÎ˚ !°!áï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˲y£Ïy Ó!ç≈ï˛ x˲#«˛yÎ˚ ˛õòà%ˆÏ°y
§ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ Óy !ã˛e myÓ˚y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– §¡õyòl# x˲#«˛yˆÏï˛ Ó›ˆÏܲ
¢,C°yÓÂô˲yˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly fiÌyl ˆÌˆÏܲ xlƒ fiÌyˆÏl §M˛y°l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
•Î˚–
≤ÈÏÎ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ x˲#«˛yˆÏܲ ò%•z˲yˆÏà
˲yà ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– Óƒ!=˛àï˛ x˲#«˛y G ò°àï˛ x˲#«˛y– ~ܲ!ê˛
Óƒ!=˛àï˛˛ x˲#«˛yÎ˚ àˆÏÓ£Ïܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛Ó˚
G˛õÓ˚•z x˲#«˛y!ê˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚l– x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲ ò°àï˛ x˲#«˛yÎ˚
Ó•%§ÇáƒÜ˛ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ G˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ•z §ÙˆÏÎ˚ x˲#«˛y!ê˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚y
•Î˚– Óƒ!=˛àï˛ x˲#«˛yÎ˚ àˆÏÓ£Ïܲ x˲#«˛y!ê˛ Ù%ˆÏáyÙ%!á ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚
ÌyˆÏܲlñ x˲#«˛yÌ#≈Ó˚ §yÙˆÏl ӈϧ ÌyˆÏܲl ~ÓÇ ˛≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ
!°!˛õÓÂô ܲˆÏÓ˚l– xlƒ!òˆÏܲ ò°àï˛ x˲#«˛yÎ˚ ˛õòà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ í˛z_Ó˚
ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ !lˆÏò≈¢ x˲#«˛yˆÏï˛•z !°!áï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
~•z !lˆÏò≈¢ x˲#«˛yÌ#≈ ˛õyë˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆlÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆ§Ë˛yˆÏÓ•z í˛z_Ó˚ ≤Ãòyl
ܲˆÏÓ˚– x˲#«˛Ü˛ !lˆÏò≈¢!ê˛ §ÙhflÏ òˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
ܲyç 2É4
Ùƒyl%Î˚y° §•Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ x˲#«˛y lyG ~ÓÇ ~!ê˛ Ë˛y° ܲˆÏÓ˚
˛õí˛¸– ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ !lˆÏ¡¨y=˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%ˆÏ°y !ã˛!•´ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î ܲÓ˚ ı
· ˛õˆÏòÓ˚ §Çáƒy ~ÓÇ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆÏ˲ò–
· !lË≈˛Ó˚ˆÏÎyàƒï˛yñ ÎÌyÌ≈ï˛y ~ÓÇ lÙ≈ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ ï˛Ìƒy!ò
· x˲#«˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ı ˲y£Ïy §¡õߨ xÌÓy xlƒ!ܲS%Èñ Óƒ!=˛àï˛
xÌÓy ò°àï˛–
· x˲#«˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ı o%!ï˛ñ «˛Ùï˛y xÌÓy !Ù!◊ï˛
· xlƒ ˆÎˆÏܲyl ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ–
~•z !ӣψÏÎ˚ xlƒ SÈyeˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ~ÓÇ !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ §ˆÏAà xyˆÏ°yã˛ly
ܲÓ˚–
xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ 2 • ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÓ˚ xl%§rôyˆÏl ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛§Ù)•
Óƒ!=˛àï˛ x˲#«˛y §ÙÎ˚ §yˆÏ˛õ«˛ !ܲv !¢¢% xÌÓy ˲y£Ïy çyˆÏl ly
~Ùl Óƒ!=˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛z˛õy_ §Ç@˝ÃˆÏ• á%Ó•z à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ˛õÂô!ï˛–
ò°àï˛ x˲#«˛y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ï˛%°lyÎ˚ §•ç ~ÓÇ §ÙÎ˚ §y◊Î˚#– ï˛ˆÏÓñ
≤Ã!ï˛!Ü  ˛ Î˚ y à% ˆ Ï ° y !ܲS% È §#ÙyÓÂôïy˛õ) î ≈ – x˲#«˛y ≤ÃòyˆÏ l
≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yܲyÓ˚#Ó˚ ˆ≤ãÏîyÓ˚ x˲yÓ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˆ§
§!ë˛Ü˛ í˛z_Ó˚ lyG !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ xÌ≈yÍ SÈp Óy ˆÙ!ܲ í˛z_Ó˚ !òˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ x˲#«˛yˆÏܲ o%!ï˛ ~ÓÇ «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ x˲#«˛y
!•§yˆÏÓG ˲yà ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– o%!ï˛ x˲#«˛yÎ˚ !l!ò≈T˛ §ÙÎ˚ !lô≈y!Ó˚ï˛
ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ•z x!˲«yÌ#≈ˆÏܲ §Ó ˛õˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z_Ó˚ !òˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ x˲#«˛yÎ˚ ܲï˛ê˛y §ÙˆÏÎ˚ Óƒ!=˛ §!ë˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ í˛z_Ó˚ !òˆÏï˛
˛õyÓ˚° ï˛y Ù)°ƒyÎ˚l ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– o%!ï˛ x˲#«˛yÎ˚ §Ó ˛õòà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚
ܲy!ë˛ˆÏlƒÓ˚ hflÏÓ˚ ~ܲ ÌyˆÏܲ– x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲ «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ x˲#«˛yÎ˚ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚
xhs˝!l!•≈ï˛ §yÙˆÏÌ≈ƒÓ˚ åÓy «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ä ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈yÆ §ÙÎ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚ xÌ≈yÍ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !l!ò≈T˛ §ÙÎ˚§#Ùy
~áyˆÏl ÌyˆÏܲ ly– «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ x˲#«˛yÎ˚ §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ˛õòà%ˆÏ°y Ü ˛ÙÓô≈Ùyl
ܲy!ë˛lƒ xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ §!Oï˛˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– í˛zòy•Ó˚î !•§yˆÏÓñ Î!ò ˆÜ˛yl
Óƒ!=˛ 6 l¡∫Ó˚ ˛õò!ê˛Ó˚ §Ùyôyl ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚
˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ ˛õòà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §Ùyôyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆ§ x§%!ÓôyÓ˚ §¡ø%á#l •ˆÏÓñ
ï˛ˆÏÓñ ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚ xÜ,˛!eÙ o%!ï˛ Óy «˛Ùï˛y x˲#«˛y àë˛l xï˛ƒhs˝
ܲ!ë˛l– ˆÓ!¢Ó˚ ˲yà x˲#«˛y•z o%!ï˛ G «˛Ùï˛yñ ò%È!ê˛Ó˚ ˆÎyàÊ˛°
Ùye– Î!òG àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óƒ!=˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !§Âôyhs˝ @˝Ã•l
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ° x˲#«˛yÓ˚ Ó•%° ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲñ x˲#«˛y
!lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏl ~ÓÇ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚ !ܲv xï˛ƒhs˝ §ï˛Ü≈˛ï˛y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– ~ܲ!ê˛Ùye
x˲#«˛yÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ x˲#«˛Ü˛ Óy !§Âôyhs˝ @˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚# !§Âôyhs˝
!lˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l ly– x˲#«˛yÎ˚ ≤ÃyÆ í˛z˛õy_ˆÏܲ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˛õê˛Ë)˛!Ùñ xy@˝Ã•
~ÓÇ xï˛#ï˛ Ü˛yÎ≈§¡õyòˆÏlÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ !l!Ó˚ˆÏá !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
ˆÜ˛§ fiê˛y!í˛ (Case Study) ı
~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÜ˛§ˆÏܲ à˲#Ó˚˲yˆÏÓ
˛õÎ≈yˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚– àˆÏÓ£ÏܲÓ˚y ≤Ãôylï˛ G•z§Ó
ˆÏܲ§ !lˆÏÎ˚ ã˛ã≈˛yˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛w#Ë)˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚l ˆÎ§Ó ˆÜ˛ˆÏ§ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ à˲#Ó˚
˛õÎ≈hs˝ ï˛Ìƒy!ò §Ç@˝Ã• ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ xÌÓy fl∫“ ã˛!ã≈˛ï˛ !ӣψÏÎ˚ lï%˛l
ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ˆÜ˛§!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ Óƒ!=˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ÎyÓ˚
!ܲS%È !ӈϢ£Ï ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ åí˛zòy•Ó˚î !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ~ܲçl ˆÏÓ˚yà#
ÎyÓ˚ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ˆÓ˚yà xyˆÏSÈä xÌÓy ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ~ܲò° Óƒ!=˛ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ӣψÏÎ˚ §yò,¢ƒ xyˆÏSÈ åˆÎÙl Ó˚Ó#wlyÌ ë˛yÜ%˛Ó˚ Óy
Ù•yˆÏòÓ# ˲yÙ≈yÓ˚ Ùï˛ §,çl¢#° Óƒ!=˛Óà≈ä ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yl åˆÎÙl
≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ Óy fl∫“ ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !Óòƒy°Î˚ xÌÓy ܲÓ˚ˆÏ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ê˛
x!Ê˛§äñ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ӈϢ£Ï âê˛ly åˆÎÙl §%ly!ÙÓ˚ !Ó˛õÎ≈hflÏï˛yÎ˚
37
xyÜ ˛yhs˝ !¢¢%Ó˚yñ Î%Âô Óy Îyl ò)£ÏˆÏî xyÜ ˛yhs˝ !¢¢%Ó˚y •zï˛ƒy!òä– ˆÎ
ˆÜ˛§!ê˛ xyÙÓ˚y !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓy ï˛y •ˆÏÓ xllƒ ~ÓÇ Ê˛ˆÏ° ï˛Ìƒ
§Ù,Âô– ˆÜ˛§ fiê˛y!í˛ !Ó!Óô ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ï˛Ìƒ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲñ
ˆÎÙl §y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚ñ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛îñ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ x˲#«˛y •zï˛ƒy!ò–
ˆÜ˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ §ˆÏAà ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˲yˆÏÓ §ÇÎ%=˛ ~ÓÇ ~!ӣψÏÎ˚
à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ï˛Ìƒ ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù !Ó!˲ߨ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yܲyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲySÈ
ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛Ìƒ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ˆÜ˛§ fiê˛y!í˛Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ÙˆÏly!Óò‰
~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ñ ܲ“lyñ ≤Ãï˛ƒy¢yñ ˲#!ï˛ñ Ùyl!§Ü˛ xyâyï˛
ç!lï˛ x!˲K˛ï˛yñ !˛õï˛yÙyï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛˛õy°l Ó˚#!ï˛ •zï˛ƒy!ò çylˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚l Îy Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ Ùl ~ÓÇ xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˛§y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÜ˛§
fiê˛y!í˛ ~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ç#ÓˆÏl ˆÎ âê˛ly §Ù)• âˆÏê˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚
Óî≈lyÙ)°Ü˛ xÌÓy !Óhfl,Ïï˛ !ÓÓÓ˚î !òˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
!ã˛!ܲͧy ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÎ˚ ˆÜ˛§fiê˛y!í˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ xï˛ƒhs˝ Ù)°ƒÓyl
àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ •y!ï˛Î˚yÓ˚– Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏí˛Ó˚ xhs≈˝ò,!T˛ Îy ÙˆÏly§Ù#«˛î ï˛ˆÏcÓ˚
!Óܲy¢ â!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛y ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ˆÌˆÏܲ•z §,T˛ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ
!ï˛!l ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ˆÜ˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Îb§•Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚
l!ÌË%˛=˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ܲ•z Ó˚ܲÙ˲yˆÏÓñ !˛õÑÎ˚yˆÏç
ïÑ˛yÓ˚ K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ï˛_¥ í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ï˛yÑÓ˚ !ï˛l
!¢¢% §hs˝ylˆÏܲ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ– ˆÜ˛§fiê˛y!í˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚ !¢¢%Ó˚
ܲyç 2É5
!lˆÏ¡¨y=˛ àˆÏÓ£Ïîy §Ù§ƒyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §ÙyôyˆÏl §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ §!ë˛Ü˛
xl%§rôyl ˛õÂô!ï˛!ê˛ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚ ı
· Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ §Ù§ƒy §ÙyôyˆÏlÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛yˆÏܲ !ܲ ÚˆÏày°Ùy°Û ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄
· ܲˆÏ°ç SÈyeˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ !ܲ !l!ò≈T˛ ˆ˛õy£Ïyܲ!Ó!ô Ìyܲy í˛z!ã˛ï˛⁄
· à,•Ü˛ˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ SÈyeSÈye#ñ !¢«˛Ü˛ ~ÓÇ !˛õï˛yÙyï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏly˲yÓ
˛õÎ≈yˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛–
· ˆá°yÓ˚ ÙyˆÏë˛ ~ÓÇ ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ ~ܲçl SÈyˆÏeÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚î ˛
õÎ≈yˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛–
· ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ !≤ÃÎ˚ ˆáˆÏ°yÎ˚yˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï âê˛ly à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ
!ã˛!•´ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛–
· ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲyò¢ ˆ◊!îÓ˚ SÈyeSÈye#ˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zˆÏmˆÏàÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛–
§yÙy!çܲ#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ôÓ˚l!ê˛ ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ çlƒ– í˛zòy•Ó˚î !•§yˆÏÓñ !Ùlê˛yl≈ñ
~ÓÇ !•ã˛Ü˛Ü‰˛ (Hitchcock) áy°y˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ó˚yç˛õ%ï˛ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚
§yÙy!çܲ#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÜ˛§fiê˛y!í˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚l– ~§ xyl®°«˛#
(S. Anandalakshmy) ÓyÓ˚yî§#Ó˚ ïÑ˛yï˛ !¢“#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˜¢¢Óܲy°#l
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ !lˆÏÎ˚ !lÓ˚#«˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
38 ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÓ˚
ˆÜ˛§fiê˛y!í˛ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ !Óhfl,Ïï˛ à˲#Ó˚ !ã˛e í˛z˛õfiÌy!˛õï˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛Ó%Gñ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÜ˛§fiê˛y!í˛Ó˚ G˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚
§yÙylƒ#ܲÓ˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ° xï˛ƒhs˝ §yÓôylï˛y xÓ°¡∫l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
•Î˚– ~ܲ!ê˛ Ùye ˆÜ˛§ fiê˛y!í˛Ó˚ ÎÌyÌ≈ï˛yÓ˚ §Ù§ƒy ΈÏÌT˛ V%Ñ˛!ܲ˛õ)î≈–
~•z ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈ ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚ ˆÎñ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆÜ˛Ô¢° xÓ°¡∫l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛Ìƒ
§Ç@˝Ã• ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓñ !Ó!˲ߨ ï˛Ìƒ í˛zͧ á%ÑçˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ Ó•%
xl%§rôylܲyÓ˚# !Ù!°ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ï˛Ìƒ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓl– í˛z˛õy_ §Ç@˝ÃˆÏ•Ó˚
çlƒ §Îb ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly xï˛ƒhs˝ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– §ÙhflÏ ï˛Ìƒ §Ç@˝Ã•
≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÎ˚ àˆÏÓ£Ïܲ !Ó!˲ߨ í˛z˛õyˆÏ_Ó˚ í˛zͧà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛
¢,C°yÓÂô ≤ÃÙyî ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏÓl Îy §Óà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ §ÇÎ%=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚
àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ ≤ß¿!ê˛Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚ á%ÑçˆÏÓ–
ˆÎÙl ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˛õyë˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚SÈñ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ !ܲS%È
§#ÙyÓÂôï˛y G §%!Óôy Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•zçlƒ•z ~ê˛y ÓyN˛l#Î˚ ˆÎ àˆÏÓ£Ïܲ
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ G˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓl ly– ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ !ã˛e
ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ° ò%•z Óy ï˛ˆÏï˛y!ôܲ ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ ˆÎÔÌ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛–
Î!ò ~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ Ê˛°yÊ˛°à%!° !وϰ ÎyÎ˚ñ xÌ≈yÍ ï˛yÓ˚y ~ܲ•z
Ê˛°yÊ˛° ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ•z ~ܲçl !l!Ÿã˛ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l–
í˛z˛õy_ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ı
˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y ï˛Ìƒ §Ç@˝ÃˆÏ•Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õÂô!ï˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛
xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ– í˛z˛õy_ §Ç@˝ÃˆÏ•Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ ܲyç Îy àˆÏÓ£ÏܲˆÏܲ
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚ ï˛y •° !§ÂôyˆÏhs˝ í˛z˛õl#ï˛ •GÎ˚y– ~Ó˚ çlƒ í˛z˛õy_
!ӈϟ’£Ïî ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– í˛z˛õy_ !ӈϟ’£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ §yôyÓ˚î˲yˆÏÓ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
ò%!ê˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛àï˛ ˛õÌ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~à%ˆÏ°y •° ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyîàï˛ G à%îàï˛
˛õÂô!ï˛ – ~•z xLjϢ xyÙÓ˚y §ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õ ~•z ˛õÌà%ˆÏ°y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛
xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚Ó–
˛õ!Ó˚Ùyîàï˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ı
~ï˛«˛ˆÏl ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆçˆÏlSÈñ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ x˲#«˛yñ ≤ß¿ï˛y!°Ü˛yñ
§Çà!ë˛ï˛ §y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚ ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ~ܲ §y!Ó˚ xÓÓ˚%Âô §#ÙyÎ%=˛ ≤ß¿
ÌyˆÏܲ– xÌ≈yÍ ≤ß¿ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ §Ω˛yÓƒ í˛z_Ó˚ ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õl ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛
ˆòGÎ˚y•z ï˛yˆÏܲ– §yôyÓ˚îï˛ í˛z_Ó˚à%ˆÏ°y ˆflÒ° xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y ÌyˆÏܲ–
xÌ≈yÍ ï˛yÓ˚y í˛z_ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ó° ~ÓÇ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ •z!Aàï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚–
í˛zòy•Ó˚î !•§yˆÏÓñ ï˛yÓ˚y ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ 1 åxl%Fã˛Èä ˆÌˆÏܲ
7 xÌÓy 11 åí˛zFã˛ä ÙyˆÏl– ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yܲyÓ˚#Ó˚ ܲyç •ˆÏÓ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚
í˛z˛õˆÏÎyà# í˛z_Ó˚!ê˛ !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲÓ˚y– ܲáˆÏly ܲáˆÏly ¢%Âô Óy x¢%Âô
í˛z_Ó˚G ÌyˆÏܲ– àˆÏÓ£Ïܲ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ í˛z_ˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ l¡∫Ó˚ ôyÎ≈
ܲˆÏÓ˚l å§yôyÓ˚îï˛ 1 •° ¢%Âô í˛z_ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çlƒ ~ÓÇ 0 •° x¢%Âô
í˛z_ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çlƒä ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚ ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï àˆÏÓ£ÏܲÓ˚y l¡∫ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÎyàÊ˛° !lî≈Î˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚l ~ÓÇ ~ܲ!ê˛ àí˛¸ ˆflÒyˆÏ° í˛z˛õl#ï˛ •lñ Îy Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ G•z
!ӈϢ£Ï à%îyÓ°#Ó˚ Ùyl §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ï˛Ìƒ ˆòÎ˚ åí˛zòy•Ó˚î !•§yˆÏÓñ Ó%!Âôñ
ˆÜ˛ï˛y!Ó Ó%!Âô •zï˛ƒy!òä ~!ê˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ àˆÏÓ£Ïܲ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ
à%îyÓ°#ˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyîàï˛ Ë˛yˆÏÓ å§yôyÓ˚îï˛ l¡∫Ó˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ä Ó˚)˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
!§Âôyhs˝ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ àˆÏÓ£Ïܲ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˆflÒyÓ˚ˆÏܲ òˆÏ°Ó˚
ˆflÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏAà ï%˛°ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l xÌÓy ò%!ê˛ òˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆflÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
ÙˆÏôƒG ï%˛°ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l– ~Ó˚ çˆÏlƒ !ܲS%È ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒylàï˛
˛õÂô!ï˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚ Îy ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˲!ӣσˆÏï˛ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏÓ– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y
•zˆÏï˛y˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈•z ò¢Ù ˆ◊!îÓ˚ xˆÏAܲ˛ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛yÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ åàí˛¸ñ
ÙôƒÙyl ñ Ë)˛!ÙT˛Ü˛ä !Ó£ÏÙï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ å˛õ!Ó˚§Ó˚äñ ã˛ï%˛Ì≈yÇ¢#Î˚
!Óã%˛ƒ!ï˛ (quartile deviation) xyò¢≈ !Óã%˛ƒ!ï˛ (Standard
deviation)ñ §•à!ï˛Ó˚ §•àyAà •zï˛ƒy!ò ˛õˆÏí˛¸SÈ– ~à%ˆÏ°y ~ÓÇ
xyˆÏÓ˚y !ܲS%È í˛zß¨ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒylàï˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ àˆÏÓ£ÏܲˆÏܲ §ÙÌ≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚
!§ÂôyˆÏhs˝ ˆ˛õÔÑSÈyˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ í˛z˛õy_ˆÏܲ xÌ≈Ó• ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛–
à%îàï˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ı
ÙylÓ x!˲K˛ï˛y á%Ó•z ç!ê˛°– ~•z ç!ê˛°ï˛y ò)Ó˚ •Î˚ Îál
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yܲyÓ˚#Ó˚ ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ ï˛Ìƒy!ò
˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– Î!ò ï%˛!Ù çylˆÏï˛ ã˛yG ~ܲçl §hs˝yl•yÓ˚y Ùy ܲ#
xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚lñ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏܲ xÓ¢ƒ•z ï˛yÓ˚ à“!ê˛ ¢%lˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓñ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛
•ˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚ x!˲K˛ï˛y ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ §Çà!ë˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ~•z
Îsfly ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ Ü˛# xÌ≈ Ó•l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õàï˛ !lÎ˚yÙˆÏܲÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ï%˛!Ù §ÇâÓÂô ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
≤ÈÏã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ï˛y !ÓÊ˛° •ˆÏÓ– ÙˆÏly!ÓòÓ˚y Ó•% à%îàï˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚
í˛zqÓ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl¸ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õy_ !ӈϟ’£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ– ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
~ܲ!ê˛ •° Óî≈ l yÙ) ° ܲ xyáƒyˆÏ l Ó˚ !ÓˆÏ Ÿ ’£Ï î (Narrative
analysis) – ~SÈyí˛¸yG í˛z˛õy_à%ˆÏ°y §Ó§ÙÎ˚ ˆflÒyÓ˚ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˛õyGÎ˚y
§Ω˛Ó •Î˚ ly– Îál àˆÏÓ£Ïܲ xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚# ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î xÌÓy
x§Çà!ë˛ï˛ §y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚lñ ï˛ál í˛z˛õy_
§yôyÓ˚îï˛ Óî≈lyÙ)°Ü˛ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ ÈüÈ ˆÎÙl xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#Ó˚
!lçfl∫ ¢∑ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàñ àˆÏӣψÏܲÓ˚ ˆlGÎ˚y !Ê˛”˛ ˆlyê˛ñ !ã˛eñ
§y«˛yÍܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤ÃyÆ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yñ àˆÏӣψÏܲÓ˚ ˆlGÎ˚y ˆlyê˛ Óy ê˛#ܲyñ
ˆê˛˛õ‡!˲!í˛G ˆÓ˚ܲí≈˛ñ âˆÏÓ˚yÎ˚y xy°y˛õ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly •zï˛ƒy!ò– ~•z
ôÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛z˛õy_ˆÏܲ ˆflÒyˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚)˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly xÌÓy
˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒylàï˛ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly– ÓÓ˚M˛ñ àˆÏÓ£Ïܲ x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚fiÌ
!Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›Ó˚ !ӈϟ’£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ (content analysis) ˆÜ˛Ô¢° ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà
ܲˆÏÓ˚l ÎyˆÏï˛ ¢∑Ù)° §ÇÜ ˛yhs˝ ˆ◊!î!Ó˲yà ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆ§•z
ˆ◊!î!Ó˲yàˆÏܲ í˛z˛õy_ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zòy•Ó˚î §Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ˚ !lÙ≈yî ܲÓ˚y
ÎyÎ˚– ~!ê˛ xˆÏlܲˆÏÓ!¢ !ÓÓÓ˚îÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y–
~ê˛y xÓ¢ƒ•z Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ˆÎñ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õàï˛ G ˛à%îàï˛
˛õÂô!ï˛ ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚!ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# lÎ˚– ÓÓ˚Ç ï˛yÓ˚y ˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)Ó˚ܲ–
ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õˆÏܲ §¡õ)î≈˲yˆÏÓ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ°ñ ~•z ò%!ê˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚
í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ ˆÎÔÌ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yˆÏà•z !l!Ÿã˛ï˛ •GÎ˚y §Ω˛Ó–
xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ 2 • ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÓ˚ xl%§rôyˆÏl ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛§Ù)•
ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ xl%§rôyˆÏlÓ˚ §#ÙyÓÂôï˛y
(Limitation of psychological Enquiry) ı
≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ §%!Óôy G §#ÙyÓÂôï˛y ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•z !Ó˲yˆÏà ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
ˆÎ §Ó §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ Ù%ˆÏáyÙ%!á •ˆÏï˛ •Î˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ çylˆÏÓı
1É ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ ¢)lƒ !Ó®%Ó˚ x˲yÓ ı
ˆË˛Ôï˛!ÓK˛yˆÏl ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õl ¢%Ó˚% •Î˚ ¢)lƒ ˆÌˆÏܲ– í˛zòy•Ó˚î !•§yˆÏÓñ
Î!ò ï%˛!Ù ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆê˛!ӈϰÓ˚ ˜òâ≈ƒ Ùy˛õˆÏï˛ ã˛yGñ ï%˛!Ù ï˛yˆÏܲ ¢)lƒ
!Ó®% ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛Ùy˛õˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y ~!ê˛G °¡∫y–
ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ ¢)%lƒ !Ó®% ÌyˆÏܲ ly–
ˆÎÙlñ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óƒ!=˛Ó˚•z Ó%!Âô ¢)lƒ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly–
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒˆÏܲÓ˚•z !ܲS%È ly !ܲS%È ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyl Ó%!Âô Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
ÙˆÏly!Óò‰Ó˚y Îy ܲˆÏÓ˚l ï˛y •°ñ ï˛yÓ˚y xyl%Ùy!lܲ ˲yˆÏÓ ~ܲ!ê˛ ¢)lƒ
!Ó®% ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆll ~ÓÇ ~˲yˆÏÓ•z x@˝Ã§Ó˚ •l– Ê˛ˆÏ° ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ
˛õyˆÏë˛ ˆÎ §ÙhflÏ ˆflÒyÓ˚ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ï˛y ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ã˛Ó˚Ù lÎ˚–
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆflÒyÓ˚ !•§yˆÏÓ Ü ˛Ù ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚–
ˆÎÙl ˆÜ˛yˆÏly x˲#«˛yÎ˚ ≤ÃyÆ l¡∫ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ !¢«˛Ü˛ !¢«˛yÌ#≈ˆÏòÓ˚
ÎÌyÎÌ !ÓlƒyˆÏ§ ˛õÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ §!Iï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l ÈüÈ 1ñ 2ñ 3ñ 4ñ
ÉÉÉ •zï˛ƒy!ò– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ §Ù§ƒy •° ≤ÃÌÙ ~ÓÇ
!mï˛#Î˚ ˛Ü ˛ˆÏÙ xÓ!fiÌï˛ Óƒ!=˛mˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ !mï˛#Î˚
~ÓÇ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ Ü ˛ˆÏÙ xÓ!fiÌï˛ Óƒ!=˛mˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛ˆÏ§•z õyÌ≈ܲƒ lyG
ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– 50 ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ≤ÃÌÙ Ü ˛Ù≤ÃyÆ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˆflÒyÓ˚ •ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚ 48ñ !mï˛#Î˚ 47 ~ÓÇ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ 40– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyFSÈñ
≤ÃÌÙ ~ÓÇ !mï˛#Î˚ Ü ˛Ù≤ÃyÆ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ~ÓÇ !mï˛#Î˚
G ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ Ü ˛Ù≤ÃyƈÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ §Ùyl lÎ˚– ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ
˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ xyˆÏ˛õ!«˛Ü˛ï˛yÓ˚ ~!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ò,T˛yhs˝G ÓˆÏê˛–
2É ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ í˛z˛õܲÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ xyˆÏ˛õ!«˛Ü˛ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ı ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛
ˆ≤ë˛y˛õˆÏê˛Ó˚ !ӈϢ£Ï ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°y ÙyÌyÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ
x˲#«˛y !lÙ≈yî ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ˆÎÙl ~ܲ!ê˛ x˲#«˛y Îy ¢•ˆÏÓ˚ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚
çlƒ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ï˛yˆÏï˛ xÓ¢ƒ•z ~Ùl ˛õò ÌyܲˆÏÓ Îy
¢•ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ ≤ÃyÆ í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §ÇÎ%=˛ÈÈ ˆÎÙl Ó•%ï˛°
xRy!°Ü˛yñ í˛zˆÏí˛¸yçy•yçñ ˆÙˆÏê˛∆y ˆÓ˚°GˆÏÎ˚ •zï˛ƒy!ò– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
x˲#«˛y í˛z˛õçy!ï˛ ~°yܲyÎ˚ Ó§Óy§Ü˛yÓ˚# !¢¢%Ó˚y ÎyÓ˚y fl∫FSÈ®ˆÏÓyô
ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ ÙÓ˚¢%Ù# àySÈ Óy ≤Ãyî#Ü)˛° !lˆÏÎ˚ Óî≈ly Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~Ùl ˛õò§Ù)ˆÏ•ñ
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ lÎ˚– ~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓ ˛õyŸã˛yï˛ƒ
ˆòˆÏ¢ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ x˲#«˛y ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ ≤ÈÏÎyçƒ •ˆÏï˛G
˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ lyG •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ x˲#«˛yˆÏܲñ ˆÎ ˆ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ ï˛y
ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •ˆÏÓñ ˆ§•z ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°y ÙyÌyÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá §!ë˛Ü˛ ˲yˆÏÓ
˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ G x!˲ˆÏÎy!çï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
39
3É ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyîàï˛ í˛z˛õyˆÏ_Ó˚ Óƒ!=˛ §yˆÏ˛õ« Óƒyáƒy ı ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyîàï˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙyˆÏV˛ÙyˆÏV˛ Óƒ!=˛àï˛ !ܲS%È ï˛Ìƒ !òˆÏï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ Îy
àˆÏÓ£Ïîy ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤ÃyÆ í˛z˛õy_ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà•z Óƒ!=˛ §yˆÏ˛õ«˛ ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ §yôyÓ˚î˲yˆÏÓ xlƒ ܲyˆÏÓ˚y §ˆÏAà ˲yà ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
~ˆÏòÓ˚ Óƒyáƒy àˆÏӣψÏܲÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ~ÓÇ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ ˆÎ Óƒ!=˛ í˛z˛õy_ ˆ«˛ˆÏ e !ܲS% È ≤Ãï˛yÓ˚ î yÙ) ° ܲ ˆÜ˛Ô¢° ÓƒÓ•, ï ˛ •Î˚ ˆÎáyˆÏ l
≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ç!í˛¸ï˛– ~•z Óƒyáƒy §Ù)• Óƒ!=˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#ˆÏܲ !lˆÏò≈¢ ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚ !ӈϢ£Ï˲yˆÏÓ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ã˛hs˝y Óy
Óƒ!=˛ˆÏï˛ !˲ߨ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ≤ÃyÎ˚•z ≤ÃhflÏyÓ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚ ˆÎ ܲ“ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈§¡õyòl §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ Ë%˛° ï˛Ìƒ
˛õ!Ó˚Ùyîàï˛ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !Ê˛”˛GÎ˚yÜ≈˛ ~ܲy!ôܲ xˆÏß∫£ÏîܲyÓ˚#Ó˚ Óy ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚ åˆÎÙlñ ï%˛!Ù á%Ó Ó%!ÂôÙylñ ï%˛!Ù xˆÏÎyàƒä–
myÓ˚y ܲÓ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛– ÎyÓ˚y §ÓˆÏ¢ˆÏ£Ï ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃyÆ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛îà%ˆÏ°y ~•z çlƒ•z xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#ˆÏܲ àˆÏÓ£Ïîy xyÓ˚ˆÏΩ˛Ó˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈•z àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚
!lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓl ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï xÌ≈ ≤ÃòyˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ ˛§¡õˆÏܲ≈ Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈–
˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ §•ÙˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õÔÑSÈyˆÏÓl– ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛˛õˆÏ«˛ñ xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÜ,˛ï˛ ˲yˆÏ°y •Î˚ñ 3É flõT˛#ܲÓ˚î ı àˆÏÓ£Ïîy §ÙyÆ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏ°ñ xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚
Î!ò ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yܲyÓ˚#ˆÏܲ ~•z xÌ≈ ≤ÃòylܲyÓ˚# ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÎ˚ §y!Ù° ܲˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ï˛Ìƒy!ò !òˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ÎyˆÏï˛ ï˛yÓ˚y àˆÏÓ£Ïîy §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛
ˆlGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– §!ë˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ–˚ !ӈϢ£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~!ê˛ à%Óc%̊ ˛õ)î≈ Îál àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÎ˚
˜l!ï˛Ü˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚§Ù)• (Ethical issues) ı ≤Ãï˛yÓ˚îyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛Ô¢° ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚– flõT˛#ܲÓ˚î xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#ˆÏܲ
!l!Ÿã˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ ˆÎ àˆÏÓ£îy ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï ˆ§ ï˛yÓ˚ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ ~ÓÇ Ùyl!§Ü˛
ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ çyˆÏly ˆÎñ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ àˆÏÓ£Ïîy ÙylÓ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §ˆÏAà
xÓfiÌyl àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÎ˚ ≤ÈÏӈϢÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ ˆÎÙl !SÈ° ˆï˛Ù!l !lˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏFSÈ–
§¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ñ ~•zçlƒ àˆÏӣψÏܲÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ≤Ãï˛ƒy¢y ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ˆÎ Îál
~!ê˛ xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#Ó˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒÎ˚ í˛zͲõyòl ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– àˆÏÓ£Ïܲ ≤ÈÏã˛T˛y
!ï˛!l ˆÜ˛yˆÏ l y àˆÏ Ó £Ï î y ܲÓ˚ ˆ Ï Ó l ï˛ál !ܲS% È ˜l!ï˛Ü˛ï˛y
ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓl àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ xÇ¢ !•§yˆÏÓ ≤Ãï˛yÓ˚îy ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚ Î!ò
ål#!ï˛àï˛!lÎ˚Ùä xl%§Ó˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓl– ~•z l#!ï˛à%ˆÏ°y •° ı Óƒ!=˛Ó˚
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly í˛zˆÏmà •Î˚ Óy xlƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤Ã!ï˛Ü)˛° ≤Ã˲yÓ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ÌyˆÏܲ
ˆày˛õl#Î˚ï˛y Ó˚«˛yÎ˚ §¡øyl ≤Ãò¢≈lñ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÎ˚ xÇ¢@˝Ã•ˆÏî Óƒ!=˛Ó˚
ï˛y x˛õ§yÓ˚î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚–
˛õSÈ®ñ Óòylƒï˛yˆÏܲ §¡øyl ≤Ãò¢≈l xÌÓy xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚
4É àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ Ê˛°yÊ˛° ˆË˛yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆlGÎ˚y ı ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ
àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó˚Ü˛Ù «˛!ï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó˚«˛y ܲÓ˚yñ lƒyÎ˚
àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÎ˚ ï˛Ìƒ §Ç@˝ÃˆÏ•Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ xyÙÓ˚y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲÙ≈ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚
!Óã˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãòyl ~ÓÇ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ §%Ê˛° §ÙhflÏ xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏAà
xy!§ ~ÓÇ í˛z˛õy_ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲ!Ó˚ G !§Âôyhs˝ @˝Ã•î ܲ!Ó˚– ~!ê˛
˲yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆlGÎ˚y– ~•z ˜l!ï˛Ü˛ !lÎ˚ˆÏÙÓ˚ !ܲS%È à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ó˚)˛õ l#ˆÏã˛
àˆÏӣψÏܲÓ˚ çlƒ Óyôƒï˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ˆÎ ï˛yˆÏܲ ˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚ xÇ¢@˝Ã•lܲyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚
Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚y •° ı
ܲyˆÏSÈ ˆÏΈÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÎ˚ ≤ÃyÆ Ê˛°yÊ˛° ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ˲yà
1É ˙!FSÈܲ xÇ¢@˝Ã•î ı ~•z l#!ï˛ xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛ ÎyÓ˚
ܲˆÏ Ó ˚ !lˆÏ ï ˛ •ˆÏ Ó – Îál ï% ˛ !Ù í˛z õ y_ §Ç@˝ à ˆÏ • ˆàSÈ ï˛ál
G˛õÓ˚ ï%˛!Ù àˆÏÓ£Ïîy!ê˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛yG ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õSÈ® xl%ÎyÎ˚# !§Âôyhs˝
xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ !ܲS%È ≤Ãï˛ƒy¢y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~Ó˚
ˆlGÎ˚yÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆ§ ~ˆÏï˛ xÇ¢@˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ !ܲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ
ÙˆÏô ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ãï˛ƒy¢y •° ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚î §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ï%˛!Ù Îy ï˛òhs˝
ly– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ Ó°≤ÈÏÎ˚yà Óy xï˛ƒ!ôܲ ≤ÈÏÓ˚yã˛ly SÈyí˛¸y•z ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚SÈ ï˛y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ çylyˆÏÓ– àˆÏÓ£Ïܲ !•§yˆÏÓ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˜l!ï˛Ü˛
fl∫yô#lï˛y ÌyܲˆÏÓ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xÇ¢ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚y ly ܲÓ˚y !lˆÏÎ˚ !§Âôyhs˝
òy!Î˚c xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyGÎ˚y– ~Ó˚ xl%¢#°ˆÏl
ˆlGÎ˚y ~ÓÇ ˆ§•z §ˆÏAà ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫yô#lï˛y ÌyܲˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ¢y!hflÏ
ò%!ê˛ §%!Óôy Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ܲñ ï%˛!Ù xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒy¢y ˛õ)Ó˚î
SÈyí˛¸y•zñ àˆÏÓ£Ïîy ¢%Ó˚% •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚Gñ àˆÏÓ£Ïîy ˆÌˆÏܲ !lˆÏçˆÜ˛
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ò%•zñ xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#Ó˚y •Î˚ˆÏï˛y ˆï˛yÙyˆÏܲ Ê˛°yÊ˛°
≤Ãï˛ƒy•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆlGÎ˚yÓ˚–
§¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ùï˛yÙï˛ çylyˆÏÓ Îy ܲáˆÏly ܲáˆÏly ˆï˛yÙyˆÏܲ
2É xÓàï˛ §¡ø!ï˛ ı ~!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ˆÎñ ˆÜ˛yl àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÎ˚
§y•y΃ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ lï%˛l xhs˝ò,≈!T˛ °y˲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛–
xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚# xÓ¢ƒ•z Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
5É í˛z˛õyˆÏ_Ó˚ í˛zͧ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˆày˛õl#Î˚ï˛y ı ~ܲ!ê˛ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÎ˚ñ
§ˆÏAà ܲ# âê˛ˆÏÓ– xÓàï˛ §¡ø!ï˛Ó˚ !lÎ˚Ù xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ §Ω˛yÓƒ
xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆày˛õl#Î˚ï˛yÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ È– àˆÏÓ£Ïܲ xÓ¢ƒ•z
xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#Ó˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛z˛õy_ §Ç@˝ÃˆÏ•Ó˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈•z ~•z
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆày˛õl#Î˚ï˛yˆÏܲ §%Ó˚!«˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓlñ ï˛yÓ˚y ˆÎ §ÙhflÏ ï˛Ìƒ
ï˛Ìƒà%ˆ° Ï y çylˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÓÏ ñ ÎyˆÏï˛ ï˛yÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÎ˚ xÇ¢@˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚
!òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛yˆÏܲ !ÓŸªyˆÏ§Ó˚ §ˆÏAà ˆày˛õl ˆÓ˚ˆÏá– ï˛Ìƒ§Ù)• ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye
Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xÓàï˛ !§Âôyhs˝ !lˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ í˛zˆj Ï ˆÏ¢ƒ•z ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛yl ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛•z xy@˝Ã•#
ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ ˛õÓ˚#«˛ˆÏî ˛õÓ˚#«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ xÇ¢@˝Ã•lܲyÓ˚#ˆÏܲ
xlƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ xyòyl≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ ly– ˆày˛õl#Î˚ï˛y
•zˆÏ°Ü˛!ê˛∆ܲ ¢Ü˛ ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚– xyÓyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆ«˛ˆÏe xy˛õ!_ܲÓ˚
Ó˚«˛yÓ˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˛Ê˛°≤ç) í˛z˛õyÎ˚ •° xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚
åÎÌyñ «˛!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚ Óy x≤Ã#!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚ä í˛zj#˛õܲ í˛z˛õfiÌy!˛õï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚–

40 ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÓ˚
˛l!ÌÓÂô ly ܲÓ˚y– xÓ¢ƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe
Ù%რ˛õò
~ê˛y §Ω˛Ó •Î˚ ly– ~•z§Ó ˆ«˛ˆÏe í˛z˛õy_ ï˛y!°Ü˛yÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yí˛ l¡∫Ó˚
ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛yˆÏí˛Ó˚ §ˆÏAà §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ lyÙ!ê˛ xy°yòy ܲˆÏÓ˚
Ó˚yáy •Î˚– àˆÏÓ£Ïîy ˆ¢£Ï •ˆÏ°•z ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ ï˛y!°Ü˛y!ê˛ lT˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y
•Î˚–
ˆÜ˛§fiê˛y!í˛ñ ˆày˛õl#Î˚ï˛yñ !lÎ˚!sfï˛ ò°ñ §•à!ï˛Ù)°Ü˛
àˆÏÓ£Ïîyñ í˛z˛õy_ñ flõT˛#ܲÓ˚îñ ˛!lË≈˛Ó˚¢#° ã˛°ñ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ò°ñ
˛õÓ˚#«˛î ˛õÂô!ï˛ñ ò°àï˛ x˲#«˛yñ xl%Ùylñ fl∫ï˛sf ã˛°ñ Óƒ!=˛àï˛
x˲#«˛yñ §y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚ñ ˆl!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ §•à!ï˛ñ lÙ≈ñ Ó›!l¤˛yñ
˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛îñ §¡õyòl# x˲#«˛yñ ôlydܲ §•à!ï˛ñ «˛Ùï˛y
x˲#«˛yñ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ x˲#«˛yñ à%îàï˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ñ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyîàï˛
˛õÂô!ï˛ñ ≤ß¿yÓ°#ñ !lË≈˛Ó˚ˆÏÎyàƒï˛yñ o%!ï˛ x˲#«˛yñ §Çà!ë˛ï˛
§y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚ñ ç!Ó˚˛õñ x§Çà!ë˛ï˛ §y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚ñ ÎÌyÌ≈ï˛yñ ã˛°–

§yÓ˚yÇ¢
· ~ܲ!ê˛ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ àˆÏÓ£Ïîy ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ •° Óî≈lyñ ˲!ӣσmyî#ñ Óƒyáƒyñ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !lÎ˚sfî ~ÓÇ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˛≤ÈÏÎ˚yà Îy í˛zq(ï˛ •Î˚
!Ó£ÏÎ˚àï˛ Ë˛yˆÏÓ– ~ˆÏï˛ ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ ˛õòˆÏ«˛˛õ §Ç!Ÿ’T˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ù§ƒy §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ôyÓ˚îy ܲÓ˚yñ í˛z˛õy_ §Ç@˝Ã•ñ í˛z˛õy_ !ӈϟ’£Ïîñ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚
!§ÂôyˆÏhs˝ í˛z˛õl#ï˛ •GÎ˚y ~ÓÇ ˛õ%î!Ó≈ˆÏÓã˛ly ܲÓ˚y– ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ àˆÏÓ£Ïîy ˆÜ˛yˆÏly âê˛lyÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛àï˛ xÌ≈ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛G §Çâ!ê˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ܲyÓ˚î ~§Ó âê˛ly ˆÜ˛yl ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛•z âˆÏê˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ !lçfl∫ xyã˛Ó˚î G x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚
≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛°lG •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
· ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÎ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛z˛õy_ñ ˆÎÙl çl§Çáƒyï˛y!_¥Ü˛ñ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢àï˛ñ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ñ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲñ ~ÓÇ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ
ï˛Ìƒy!òñ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ï˛ˆÏÓ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÎ˚ §Çà,•#ï˛ í˛z˛õy_ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ xÓ!fiÌï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚
§Ç@˝ÃˆÏ• ˆÎ ï˛_¥ G ˛õÂô!ï˛ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà xyÓÂô ÌyˆÏܲ–
· ï˛Ìƒ §Ç@˝ÃˆÏ• !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚– xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ •Î˚– ~!ê˛Ó˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ •° ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛
!ӈϢ£Ï xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲÓ˚yñ ~Ó˚ l!ÌÓÂôܲÓ˚î ~ÓÇ !ӈϟ’£Ïî– ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î fl∫y˲y!Óܲ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ Óy !lÎ˚!sfï˛ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyàyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛G ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ~!ê˛ xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚# xÌÓy xÇ¢@˝Ã•î !Ó•#l ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛îG •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
· ï˛Ìƒ §Ç@˝ÃˆÏ• !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚– xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ •Î˚– ~!ê˛Ó˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ •° ˆÜ˛yl ~ܲ!ê˛
!ӈϢ£Ï xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲÓ˚yñ ~Ó˚ l!ÌÓÂôܲÓ˚î ~ÓÇ !ӈϟ’£Ïî– ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î fl∫y˲y!Óܲ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ Óy !lÎ˚!sfï˛ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyàyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛G ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ~!ê˛ xÇ¢@˝Ã•lܲyÓ˚# xÌÓy xÇ¢@˝Ã•î!Ó•#l ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛îG •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
· ˛õÓ˚#«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ Ü˛yÎ≈ܲyÓ˚î §¡õÜ≈˛ fiÌy˛õˆÏl §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˛õÓ˚#«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ ò° G !lÎ˚!sfï˛ ò° ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚yô#l ã˛ˆÏ°Ó˚
G˛õÓ˚ fl∫yô#lã˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ Ê˛°yÊ˛° xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
· §•à!ï˛Ù)°Ü˛ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ •° ã˛° §Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §¡õÜ≈˛ xl%§rôyl ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ˆ§•z §ˆÏAà ˲!ӣσmyî# ܲÓ˚y– ò%!ê˛ ã˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ §¡õÜ≈˛
•z!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ñ ¢)lƒ ~ÓÇ ˆl!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ Ùyl˛1É0 ˛õyÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ 0É0 ~ÓÇ ï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ ÈüÈ1É0 ˛õÎ≈hs˝ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
· ç!Ó˚˛õÙ)°Ü˛ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛w!Ó®% •° !ÓòƒÙyl ÓyhflÏÓï˛y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ çylyˆÏly– §Çâ!ê˛ï˛ §y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ x§Çâ!ê˛ï˛ §y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚
ˆÙ•zˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆ≤Ã!Ó˚ï˛ ≤ß¿ï˛y!°Ü˛yñ ˆê˛!°ˆÏÊ˛yl •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ç!Ó˚˛õ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
· ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ x˲#«˛y •° xyò¢≈y!Î˚ï˛ ~ÓÇ Ó›!l¤˛ í˛z˛õܲÓ˚î Îy xlƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˆ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ xÓfiÌyl
çylˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– x˲#«˛y ˲y£Ïyàï˛ñ ˲y£ÏyÓ!ç≈ï˛ ~ÓÇ §¡õyòl# •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ Îy Óƒ!=˛àï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ xÌÓy ~ܲ•z §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ òˆÏ°Ó˚
G˛õÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
· ~ܲ!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï ˆÜ˛§ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !Óhfl,Ïï˛ §%à˲#Ó˚ ï˛Ìƒy!ò !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛§fiê˛y!í˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛–
· ~§Ó ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ §Çà,•#ï˛ í˛z˛õy_ˆÏܲ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyîàï˛ G à%îàï˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ myÓ˚y– !§Âôyhs˝ @˝Ã•ˆÏî ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyîàï˛
˛õÂô!ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚§ÇáƒylÙ)°Ü˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– Óî≈lyÙ)°Ü˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ~ÓÇ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó› !ӈϟ’£Ïî ˛õÂô!ï˛ •° ~Ùl !ܲS%È ˛õÂô!ï˛ Îy
à%îàï˛ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÎ˚ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚–
· ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ ¢)lƒ!Ó®%Ó˚ x˲yÓñ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ í˛z˛õܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ xyˆÏ˛õ!«˛Ü˛ ˛≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ñ à%îàï˛ í˛z˛õyˆÏ_Ó˚ Óƒ!=˛àï˛ Óƒyáƒylòyl •° ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ
xˆÏß∫£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ !ܲS%È §#ÙyÓÂôï˛y– ˛õÓ˚#«˛î˛õyˆÏeÓ˚ ˙!FSÈܲ xÇ¢@˝Ã•îñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xÓàï˛ ˛§¡ø!ï˛ ~ÓÇ xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏAà Ê˛°yÊ˛°
˲yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆlGÎ˚y •ˆÏ°y ˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ !lÎ˚ÙyÓ!° Îy àˆÏÓ£ÏܲˆÏܲ xÓ¢ƒ•z ˆÙˆÏl ã˛°ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–

xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ 2 • ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÓ˚ xl%§rôyˆÏl ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛§Ù)• 41

 ˛õÎ≈yˆÏ°yã˛lyÙ)°Ü˛ ≤ß¿
1ä ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ xˆÏß∫£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ °«˛ƒ ܲ# ⁄
2ä ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ xˆÏß∫£Ïî ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õòˆÏ«˛˛õà%ˆÏ°y Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚–
3ä ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ í˛z˛õyˆÏ_Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚–
4ä ˛õÓ˚#«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ G !lÎ˚!sfï˛ òˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ܲ# ܲ# ⁄ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zòy•Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚–
5ä ~ܲçl àˆÏÓ£Ïܲ §y•zˆÏܲˆÏ°Ó˚ à!ï˛˛ ~ÓÇ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §¡õÜ≈˛ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ãy§!Aàܲ
xl%Ùyl ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ ~ÓÇ fl∫yô#l G ˛õÓ˚yô#l ã˛°à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚–
6ä xˆÏß∫£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ !•§yˆÏÓ ˛õÓ˚#«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ ¢!=˛ G ò%Ó≈°ï˛yà%ˆÏ°y xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚–
7ä !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ ˆÜ˛ylÓ˚Ü˛Ù !lÎ˚sfî Óy ≤Ã˲yÓ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ í˛ı Ü,˛£÷Ïl ly§≈y!Ó˚ fl%҈ϰÓ˚ ÓyFã˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ü ˛#í˛¸yÈüÈxyã˛Ó˚î
˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÎyˆÏFSÈl– ˆÜ˛yÏl àˆÏÓ£Ïîy ˛õÂô!ï˛ ~áyˆÏl §Ç!Ÿ’T˛⁄ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y!ê˛Ó˚ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ à%îyà%î xyˆÏ°yã˛ly
ܲÓ˚–
8ä ~Ùl ò%!ê˛ í˛zòy•Ó˚î òyG ˆÎáyˆÏl ç!Ó˚˛õÙ)°Ü˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ §#ÙyÓÂôï˛y ܲ# ⁄
9ä ~ܲ!ê˛ §y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ≤ß¿ï˛y!°Ü˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ#ܲÓ˚î ܲÓ˚–
10ä ~ܲ!ê˛ xyò¢≈y!Î˚ï˛ x˲#«˛yÓ˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚–
11ä ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ xl%§rôyˆÏlÓ˚ §#ÙyÓÂôï˛y Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚–
12ä ˆÜ˛yl ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ xˆÏß∫£Ïî ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ°ñ ~ܲçl ÙˆÏly!ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ܲ# ܲ# ˜l!ï˛Ü˛ !lˆÏò≈¢yÓ°# xl%§Ó˚î ܲÓ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl⁄

≤Ãܲ“ §¡∫!rôï˛ ôyÓ˚îy

1ä ˛ õM˛Ù ~ÓÇ lÓÙ ˆ◊!îÓ˚ 10 çl SÈyˆÏeÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ lÙ%ly !lˆÏÎ˚ !Óòƒy°Î˚ ˆ¢£Ï •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚y ܲ# ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚
G˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ç!Ó˚˛õ ܲÓ˚– !Ó!˲ߨ ܲyˆÏç ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ myÓ˚y Óƒ!Î˚ï˛ §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ï˛Ìƒ lyGñ ˆÎÙl ˛õí˛¸yˆÏ¢yly ܲÓ˚yñ ˆá°y ܲÓ˚yñ
ˆê˛!°!˲¢l ˆòáyñ ¢á Óy •!ÓˆÏï˛ ÓƒÎ˚ ܲÓ˚y •zï˛ƒy!ò– ï%˛!Ù Ü˛# ˆÜ˛yl ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚SÈ⁄ ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ܲ# !§Âôyhs˝ ï%˛!Ù ˆlˆÏÓ
~ÓÇ Ü˛# ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈ ï%˛!Ù ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ⁄
2ä ܲ!Óï˛yÓ˚ !¢áˆÏl xyÓ,!_Ó˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ܲ# ï˛y ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ òˆÏ°Ó˚ G˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ àˆÏÓ£Ïîy ܲÓ˚– 6 ÓSÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ 10çlˆÏܲ
lyG ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ òˆÏ° ˲yà ܲÓ˚– ≤ÃÌÙ ò°ˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ lï%˛l ܲ!Óï˛y !¢áˆÏï˛ òyG ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !lˆÏò≈¢ òyG ˆçyˆÏÓ˚
ˆçyˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y 15 !Ù!lê˛ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏï˛– !mï˛#Î˚ ò°ˆÏܲ lyG ~ÓÇ ˙ lï%˛l ܲ!Óï˛y!ê˛•z ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !¢áˆÏï˛ òyGñ !ܲv ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !lˆÏò≈¢
òyG ÎyˆÏï˛ ï˛yÓ˚y ˆçyˆÏÓ˚ ˆçyˆÏÓ˚ ly ˛õˆÏí˛¸– 15 !Ù!lê˛ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ò%•z ò°ˆÏܲ•z ˛õ%îÓ˚%ˆÏoܲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ó°– ÎyˆÏï˛ ò%ˆÏê˛y ò°ˆÏܲ
xy°yòy ˲yˆÏÓ Ó˚yáy •Î˚ ˆ§!òˆÏܲ §Îb ò,!T˛ !òˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ˛õ%îÓ˚%ˆÏoܲ ~Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ñ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î!ê˛ !°!˛õÓÂô ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yá–
ï%˛!Ù Ü˛# àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ñ xl%Ùylñ ã˛° ~ÓÇ Ü˛# ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ SÈܲ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚SÈ ï˛y !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚– ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚
ê˛#ܲyà%ˆÏ°y xlƒ òˆÏ°Ó˚ §ˆÏAà ï%˛°ly ܲÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ≤ÃyÆ Ê˛°yÊ˛° ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ !¢«˛Ü˛ˆÏܲ xÓàï˛ Ü˛Ó˚–

42 ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÓ˚
 ÙylÓ xyã˛Óˆ˚ îÏ Ó˚ !˲!_
xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ 3 Sensory, Attentional
ThePerceptual
and Bases of Human
Processes Behaviour
~•z xôƒyÎ˚!ê˛˛ ˛õyë˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y §ÙÌ≈ •ˆÏÓ
— ÙylÓ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓÓï≈˛ˆÏÈlÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛–
— fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf ~ÓÇ ˛xhs˝/«˛Ó˚y @˝Ã!rÌï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!° xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛–
— xyã˛Ó˚î !lî≈ˆÏÎ˚ ÓÇ¢àï˛ í˛z˛õyòylà%!°Ó˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛–
— ÙylÓ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Ó˚)˛õyÎ˚ˆÏî §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ó˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ –
— õÓ˚§Çfl,Ò!ï˛ @˝Ã•îñ §yÙy!çܲ#ܲÓ˚î ~ÓÇ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏܲ Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ
— ÙylÓ xyã˛Ó˚î Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ ˜Ïç!Óܲ ~ÓÇ §Ùyç §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ í˛z˛õyòylà%!°ˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚˛ §ˆÏAà
§¡õ!ܲ≈ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛–

!Ó£ÏÎÓ˚ ›
Ë)˛!Ùܲy
!ÓÓï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ï˛
¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚ ~ÓÇ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ !˲!_
xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˜ç!Óܲ !˲!_
!lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yl
fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf ~ÓÇ xsfı«˛Ó˚y @˝Ã!rÌÓ˚ àë˛l G ܲyÎ≈yÓ!° ~ÓÇ xyã˛Ó˚î G
x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §¡õÜ≈˛
fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf
xhs˝ı«˛Ó˚y @˝Ã!rÌï˛sf
ÓÇ¢à!ï˛ ı !çl ~ÓÇ xyã˛Ó˚î–
§yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ !˲!_ ı xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §ÙyçÈüȧyÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ Ó˚)˛õyÎ˚î
§yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ôyÓ˚îy
˜ç!Óܲ G §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ §M˛y°l
There are one hundred and §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î
ninety-three species of monkeys
§yÙy!çܲ#ܲÓ˚î
and apes. One-hundred and
ninety-two of them are covered with ˛õÓ˚§Çfl,Ò!ï˛ @˝Ã•î
hair. The exception is the naked Ù%რ˛õò
ape self-named, homo-sapiens. §yÓ˚yÇ¢
˛õÎ≈yˆÏ°yã˛lyÙ)°Ü˛ ≤ß¿
– Desmond Morris ≤ÃܲˆÏ“Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îy
 Ë)˛!Ùܲy
~•z ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ §ÙhflÏ ˛§,!T˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ÙylÓçy!ï˛ xÌ≈yÍ ˆ•yˆÏÙyˆÏ§!˛õÎ˚ylÓ˚y •° §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ í˛zß¨ï˛ ç#Ó–
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ§yçy •ˆÏÎ˚ •Ñyê˛yÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛yñ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ GçˆÏlÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ Ó,•_Ó˚ Ù!hflÏflÒ xyÜ,˛!ï˛ ~ÓÇ !ӈϢ£Ïy!Î˚ï˛ Ù!hflÏflÒ
ï˛vÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §ÙhflÏ ≤Ãçy!ï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ !˲ߨ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•z §ÙhflÏ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ •yçyÓ˚ •yçyÓ˚ ÓͧˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
!ÓÓï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛° ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° Ó•% ç!ê˛° xyã˛Ó˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ï˛yÓ˚y §«˛Ù •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– !ÓK˛yl#Ó˚y ç!ê˛° ÙylÓ
xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §ˆÏAà fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yñ !ӈϢ£Ïï˛ Ù!hflψÏflÒÓ˚ §¡õÜ≈˛ˆÏܲ ˛˛õÎ≈yˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl–
ï˛yÓ˚y !ã˛hs˝lñ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ G !Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ fl¨yÎ˚!Óܲ !˲!_ xy!ÓflÒyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ÙylÓçy!ï˛Ó˚ ˜Ïç!Óܲ
≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õà%!°ˆÏܲ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˛˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ° ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y §ÙÌ≈ •ˆÏÓ Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ Ù!hflÏflÒñ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ~ÓÇ xyã˛Ó˚î ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ
!ÙÌ!‹;Î˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚ xllƒ xyã˛Ó˚î §,!T˛Ó˚ çlƒ˛– ~•z xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y !ÓÓï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
§yôyÓ˚î ˛Óî≈ly !òˆÏÎ˚ ¢%Ó˚% ܲÓ˚Ó– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ àë˛l G ܲyÎy≈Ó!° §¡õˆÏܲ≈G ˛õyë˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y xhs˝/
«˛Ó˚y @˝Ã!ŗÙ)• ~ÓÇ ÙylÓ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏî ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ §¡õˆÏܲ≈ !¢áˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ~•z xôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆ¢£ÏyLjϢñ
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˛õyë˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îy §¡õˆÏܲ≈ ~ÓÇ xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ ˛Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ~Ó˚ ≤Ãy§!Aàܲï˛y §¡õˆÏܲ≈G Ó%V˛ˆÏÓ–
~Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚•z ÌyܲˆÏÓ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îñ §yÙy!çܲ#ܲÓ˚î ~ÓÇ ˛õÓ˚§ÇflÒÈ,!ï˛ @˝Ã•î ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y §¡õˆÏܲ≈ !ӈϟ’£Ïî–
í˛zò‰Óï≈˛l ~ÓÇ ≤ÃçlˆÏl §•yÎ˚ܲ ˆ§•z §ÙhflÏ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ §¡õߨ
!ÓÓï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆ≤Ï Ã!«˛ï ≤Ãçy!ï˛•z ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# ≤ÃçˆÏß√ !ÓÓ!ï≈˛ï˛ •Î˚– Ó•% ≤Ãçß√ ôˆÏÓ˚ Îál
(Evolutionary Perspective)˛ ~§Ó ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%!°Ó˚ ˛õ%îÓ˚yÓ,!_ âê˛ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛ál ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛
!lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° lï%˛l ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ ˛≤Ãçy!ï˛Ó˚ í˛zqÓ âˆÏê˛ ÎyÓ˚y
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !lŸã˛Î˚•z °«˛ƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚SÈ ˆÎ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ ~ÓÇ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ xyˆÏÓ˚y ÎÌyÎÌ Ë˛yˆÏÓ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ §ˆÏAà x!˲ˆÏÎyçˆÏl §«˛Ù
xl%ÎyÎ˚# Óƒ!=˛ˆÏï˛ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏï˛ xˆÏlܲ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ Óƒ!=˛•z •Î˚– ˆÎÙl Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl ˆâyí˛¸yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ ≤ÃçlˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ
xl%˛õÙ Óy xllƒ– ~•zÈüÈxllƒï˛y Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÓÇ¢à!ï˛ ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ ˆÎyàƒï˛Ù ~ÓÇ o%ï˛ï˛Ù ¢yÓˆÏܲÓ˚ çß√ ˆòGÎ˚y §Ω˛Ó– ˆÎyàƒï˛y •°
˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ !ÙÌ!fl;Î˚yÓ˚ Ê˛°– ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ «˛Ùï˛y Îy Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ í˛zò‰Óï˛≈ˆÏl §•yÎ˚ܲ ~ÓÇ Îy ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#
~•z !ӈϟª °«˛ °«˛ ≤Ãçy!ï˛Ó˚ xÓfiÌyl– ï˛yÓ˚y ≤ÈÏï˛ƒˆÏܲ•z fl∫ܲ#Î˚ ≤ÃçˆÏß√ !çˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ≤ÃÓy!•ï˛ •Î˚–
˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ !lˆÏÎ˚ !ÓÓ˚yç ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚ï˛c !Óò‰Ó˚y !ÓŸªy§ ܲˆÓ˚l xyô%!lܲ ÙylÓçy!ï˛Ó˚ !ï˛l!ê˛ ≤Ãôyl ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ Îy Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚
~•z ≤Ãçy!ï˛ §Ó§ÙÎ˚ ~ܲ•zÓ˚Ü˛Ù !SÈ° ly– ï˛yÓ˚y ˛õ)Ó≈ï˛l ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ ˛õ)Ó≈§)Ó˚# ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆ§à%!° •° ı
ˆÌˆÏܲ˛ Óï≈˛Ùyl ≤Ãܲ, !ï˛ˆÏï˛ x!˲ˆÏÎyçˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È– 1ä í˛zß¨ï˛ ~ÓÇ Ó,•Í Ù!hflÏflÒ Îy Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ K˛ylàï˛ xyã˛Ó˚î ˆÎÙl
ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ˆÎñ Óï≈˛Ùyl ÙylÓˆÏày¤˛#Ó˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛ !lÎ˚ï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îñ fløÓ˚î!Ü ˛Î˚yñ Î%!=˛ˆÏÓyôñ §Ù§ƒy §Ùyôyl «˛Ùï˛y ~ÓÇ
ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˛Óï≈˛Ùyl xÓfiÌyˆÏl í˛zߨ#ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– §ÇˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ˲y£Ïy ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ò«˛ï˛y !ÓܲyˆÏ¢ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚
!ÓÓï≈˛l Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ Ü ˛!Ùܲ ~ÓÇ §%!ÓlƒhflÏ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l Îy ÌyˆÏܲ–
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ §ˆÏAà x!˲ˆÏÎyçˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •Î˚– ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ 2ä ò%•z ˛õyˆÏÎ˚ ˆ§yçy •ˆÏÎ˚ •Ñyê˛yÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y –
~ÓÇ xyã˛Ó˚îàï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l Îy x!˲ˆÏÎyçl ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ §¡õߨ 3ä •yˆÏï˛Ó˚ §yÓ°#° ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚–
•Î˚ ï˛y xï˛ƒhs˝ ô#Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ¢ï˛ ¢ï˛ ≤ÃçˆÏß√Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y ˛õ!Ó˚ò,T˛ •Î˚– xlƒylƒ ≤Ãçy!ï˛Ó˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚î xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢ ç!ê˛°
Ù)°ï˛ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ !lÓ≈yã˛l ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ•z !ÓÓï≈˛l §Ω˛Ó– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~ÓÇ í˛zß¨ï˛ Ü˛yÓ˚î Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ Ó,•Í ~ÓÇ x!ï˛ í˛zß¨ï˛ Ù!hflÏflÒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
çylñ !Ó!˲ߨ ≤Ãçy!ï˛Ó˚ §ò§ƒÓ˚y ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ àë˛l ~ÓÇ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏl ÙylÓ Ù!hflÏflÒ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ò%!ê˛ í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ •°ñ ≤ÃÌÙï˛/
˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ •Î˚– ˆÎ §ÙhflÏ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ !l!ò≈T˛ ≤Ãçy!ï˛Ó˚ Ù!hflψÏflÒÓ˚ Gçl §yÙ!@˝Ãܲ ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ GçˆÏlÓ˚ 2É35 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ ~ÓÇ
§Ù@˝Ã ≤Ãçy!ï˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~!ê˛ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ å•y!ï˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~!ê˛
44 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
0É02¢ï˛yÇ¢ä– !mï˛#Î˚ï˛ı ÙylÓ à%Ó˚%Ù!hflÏflÒ Ù!hflψÏflÒÓ˚ xlƒylƒ
xLjϢÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢ !ÓÓ!ï≈˛ï˛–
~•z !ÓÓï≈˛l ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçˆÏl•z §Çâ!ê˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– !ܲS%È !ܲS%È
xyã˛Ó˚î !ÓÓï≈˛ˆÏl Ù%რË)˛!Ùܲy !lˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆÎÙl áyòƒ xˆÏ¡∫£Ïîñ
!¢Ü˛yÓ˚#Ó˚ xyÜ ˛Ùî ˆÌˆÏܲ xydÓ˚«˛y ~ÓÇ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# ≤ÃçˆÏß√Ó˚ §ÇÓ˚«˛î
~à%ˆÏ°y Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãçy!ï˛Ó˚ í˛zòÓï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛–
~•z çyï˛#Î˚ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚ ~ÓÇ xyã˛Ó˚îàï˛ ˜ÏÓ!¢T˛ƒ Îy ã˛y!•òyÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚ï,˛!Æ âê˛yÎ˚ñ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚˛ «˛Ùï˛y Ó,!ÂôˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ܲ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˆ§à%!°
˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ ≤ÃçˆÏß√ !çˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ §M˛y!°ï˛ •Î˚– ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢àï˛ ã˛y!•òy
§%ò#â≈ §ÙÎ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚ ~ÓÇ xyã˛Ó˚îàï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈l
â!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó_
, #Î˚ ~ÓÇ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ !˲!_
(Biological and Cultural Roots)
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Óc%̊ ˛õ)î≈ !òܲ •° xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó_, #Î˚
àë˛l– ~•z ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚ àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !˛õSȈÏl Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Ù!hflψÏflÒÓ˚ xÓòyl
Îy xyÙÓ˚y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ)Ó≈§)Ó˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚!SÈ– ~!ê˛Ó˚ à%Ó˚%c
xyÙÓ˚y ï˛ál•z í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ Îál ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÓ˚yˆÏàñ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
G£Ï%ˆÏôÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚ Óy ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ò%â≈ê˛lyÎ˚ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Ù!hflÏflÒ ˆÜ˛y£Ï ôÁǧ
•ˆÏï˛˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ Ê˛ˆÏ° xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ lyly ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ ~ÓÇ xyã˛Ó˚îàï˛
x«˛Ùï˛y ≤Ãܲy¢ ˛õyÎ˚ – ˛Ó•% !¢¢%Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ≤Ã!ï˛Órôܲï˛y
~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ xfl∫y˲y!Óܲ °«˛î ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ñ ÎyÓ˚ ˆ˛õSȈÏl Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ
!˛õï˛yÙyï˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ §M˛y!°ï˛ e%!ê˛˛õ)î≈ !çˆÏlÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy– ÙylÓçy!ï˛
!•§yˆÏÓ xyÙÓ˚y ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye˛ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚ ôyÓ˚yˆÏܲ xydfiÌ Ü˛!Ó˚ lyñ
~Ó˚ §ˆÏAà !ܲS%È §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ôyÓ˚yG xyÙÓ˚y Ó•l ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ìy!ܲ –
çl§yôyÓ˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~•z ôyÓ˚îyà%!° !˲ߨôÙ≈# – xyÙÓ˚y ˆÎ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ Óí˛¸ ••z ˆ§•z ˛˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒˆÏܲ•z ˆã˛T˛y ܲ!Ó˚ §yÙO§ƒï˛y
ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáyÓ˚– ~•z §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Ù[˛È° xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚˛
x!˲K˛ï˛y ~ÓÇ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ §%ˆÏÎyà §%!Óôy ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ Îy
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ xÓfiÌy ~ÓÇ ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §yÙO§ƒ Ó˚yáyÓ˚
§•yÎ˚ܲ •Î˚– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ x!˲K˛ï˛y G ã˛y!•òy §Ù)• xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ ˲#£Ïî ˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ˜Ï¢¢Óç#Ól ˆÌˆÏܲ ¢%Ó˚%
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛≈# §Ùhfl hflψÏÓ˚•z ~•z §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ !˲!_ܲ ≤Ã˲yÓ
˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •Î˚– ï˛y•z ˜ò!•Ü˛ !˲!_Ó˚ §ˆÏAà §ˆÏAà §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛
!˲!_G xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ù)° í˛z˛õyòyl– §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ !˲!_Ó˚ à%Ó˚%c
~•z xôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆ¢£ÏyLjϢ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y xyˆÏÓ˚y ˲yˆÏ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˜Ïç!Óܲ !˲!_
(Biological Basis of Behaviour)
!lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yl
fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ~ܲܲ •°˛ !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yl– !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yl •° ~ܲôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï
ˆÜ˛y¢ ÎyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z!j˛õܲˆÏܲ ï˛!í˛¸Í ¢!=˛ˆÏï˛
Ó˚)˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ xllƒ «˛Ùï˛y– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ï˛Ìƒ §Ù)•ˆÏܲ ï˛!í˛¸Í
Ó˚§yÎ˚l §ÇˆÏܲˆÏï˛ Ó˚)˛õyhs˝Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ @˝Ã•îñ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•l ~ÓÇ §M˛y°l
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï «˛Ùï˛y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yl §ÇˆÏÓòl @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ
§M˛y°l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛y ï˛!í˛¸Í Ó˚§yÎ˚l §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ ~Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚î
ܲˆÏÓ˚– !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yl xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ •z!wÎ˚ ˆÜ˛w ˆÌˆÏܲ §ÇˆÏÓòl @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚
ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛ˆÏsf åÙ!hflÏflÒ ~ÓÇ §%£Ï%‹øyܲyu˛ä ˆ≤ÃÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó!•≈Ù%á# fl¨yÎ˚% §y•yˆÏ΃ ˆ˛õ!¢ˆÏï˛ G @˝Ã!r̈Ïï˛
åMuscles and glandä §M˛y!°ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛ˆÏsf
≤ÃyÎ˚ 12 !Ó!°Î˚l !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yl xyˆÏSÈ– ~Ó˚y !Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~ÓÇ
xyܲyÓ˚ñ xyÜ,˛!ï˛ G Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ àë˛l G ܲyÎ≈≤Ãîy°#ˆÏï˛ !˲ߨ •ˆÏÎ˚
ÌyˆÏܲ– ~•z ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ Óƒ!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ܲ•z˛ !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏlÓ˚ ܲï˛à%!° í˛z˛õyòyl
xyˆÏSÈ ˆÎÙlñ ˆÜ˛y¢ˆÏò•ñ ˆí˛lí»˛y•zê˛§‰ ~ÓÇ xƒy:l–
fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl xÇ¢ •° ˆ§yÙy Óy ˆÜ˛y¢ˆÏò•– ~•z ˆÜ˛y¢ˆÏòˆÏ•
!lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§ G xyˆÏÓ˚y !ܲS%È §Çàë˛l Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Îy §Ó ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢•z
˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
!çlà!ë˛ï˛ §ÙhflÏ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ•z ~•z !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚yˆÏ§ ÌyˆÏܲ Îy ˆÜ˛y£Ï
!Ó˲yçl G ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l §ÇˆÏŸ’£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ §!Ü ˛Î˚ ˲yˆÏÓ xÇ¢ @˝Ã•î
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ˆÜ˛y¢ˆÏòˆÏ• §y•zˆÏê˛y≤’yçÙG åˆÜ˛y¢Ó˚§ä Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
ˆí˛lí»˛y•zê˛§ •° !ӈϢ£Ï ˲yˆÏÓ §Çà!ë˛ï˛ ¢yáy Îy ˆÜ˛y£ÏˆÏò• ˆÌˆÏܲ
!là≈ï˛ •Î˚– ~Ó˚y !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏlÓ˚ §ÇˆÏÓòl @˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ãyhs˝ˆÏò¢ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ
ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚˛ ܲyç •° ˛õyŸª≈Óï≈˛# !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yl ˆÌˆÏܲ xÌÓy
•z!wÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ xhs˝Ù≈%á# fl¨yÎ˚%§ÇˆÏÓòl @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚y– Îál
ˆÜ˛yl í˛zj#˛õly ï˛!í˛¸Í Ó˚§yÎ˚l Óy ˜çÓ Ó˚§yÎ˚l xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ §M˛y!°ï˛
•Î˚ ï˛ál ˆí˛lí»˛y•zˆÏê˛Ó˚ !ӈϢ£Ï @˝Ãy•Ü˛ Îsf ï˛y @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆ§•zñ
í˛zj#˛õly ˆÜ˛y¢ˆÏò• •ˆÏÎ˚ xƒy:ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# !lí˛zÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Óy
ˆ˛õ!¢ˆÏï˛ §M˛y!°ï˛ •Î˚ – xƒy:l ï˛yÓ˚ ˜òâ≈ƒyl%§yˆÏÓ˚ å§%£Ï%¡¨yܲyˆÏu˛
~Ó˚ ˜òâ≈ƒ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲÊ%˛ê˛ ~ÓÇ Ù!hflψÏflÒ ~Ó˚ ˜òâ≈ƒ ~Ü !Ù!°!Ùê˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚G
ܲÙä ~•z §ÇˆÏÓòl Ó•l ܲˆÏÓ˚– xƒy:ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ¢£Ï ≤Ãyhs˝ ܲï˛à%!°
«˛%o ¢yáy ≤âyáyÎ˚ !Ó˲=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ÎyˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ ≤Ãhs˝à%FSÈ Óy
xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ 3 • ÙylÓ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !˲!_ 45
Terminal Button – ~•z ≤Ãhs˝à%FSÈ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚ylñ @˝Ã!rÌ Óy
ˆ˛õ¢#ˆÏï˛ §ÇˆÏÓòl ˆ≤ÃÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y Ó˚yˆÏá– §yôyÓ˚îï˛˛ñ !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏlÓ˚
§ÇˆÏÓòl ≤ÃÓyˆÏ•Ó˚ ôÓ˚l ~ܲÙ%á# xÌ≈yÍ ˆÏí˛lí»˛y•zê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÏܲy£ÏˆÏò•
~ÓÇ xƒy:l •ˆÏÎ˚ ï˛y ≤Ãyhs˝à%FSÈ ˆÏ˛õÔSÈÑyÎ˚– fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚˛ ~ܲ ≤Ãyhs˝
ˆÌˆÏܲ x˛õÓ˚ ≤ÃyˆÏhs˝ ~•z ï˛Ìƒ §Ó˚ÓÓ˚yˆÏ•Ó˚ ≤ÃÓy• fl¨yÎ˚%Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ
•ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ Îy •° ~ܲà%FSÈ xƒy:ˆÏlÓ˚ §Ù!T˛– fl¨yÎ˚% Ù)°ï˛/ ò%•z
≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ñ §ÇˆÏÓò#Î˚ G ˆã˛T˛#Î˚ §ÇˆÏÓò#Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ˆÏܲ xhs˝Ù≈%á# fl¨yÎ˚%G
Ó°y •Î˚– ~•z fl¨yÎ˚% •z!wÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ §ÇˆÏÓòl @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚
fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛ˆÏsf ˆ≤ÃÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚– xlƒ!òˆÏܲ ˆã˛T˛#Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ˆÏܲ Ó!•Ù%≈á# fl¨yÎ˚%G
Ó°y •Î˚– ~•z fl¨yÎ˚% ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf ˆÌˆÏܲ §ÇˆÏÓòl @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚
ˆ˛õ¢# Óy @˝Ã!r̈Ïï˛ ˆÏ≤ÃÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆã˛T˛#Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚% xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛°lñ
xyã˛Ó˚î G xlƒylƒ ˛≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ !òܲ !lˆÏò≈¢ly G !lÎ˚sfˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ
§•yÎ˚ܲ– !ܲS%È !ܲS%È !Ù◊ fl¨yÎ˚% Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ Î!òG ~ˆÏòÓ˚ §ÇˆÏÓò#Î˚ ï˛v
~ÓÇ ˆã˛T˛#Î˚ ï˛v ˛õ,Ìܲ–
fl¨yÎ%̊ ˜≤Ã!ï˛ åNerve Impulse) ı
§ÇˆÏÓòl fl¨yÎ˚%˜Ï≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛ˆÏsf ≤ÃÓy!•ï˛ •Î˚– Îál
•z!wÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yî í˛zj#˛õܲ ¢!=˛Ó˚ myÓ˚y í˛zj#!˛õï˛ •Î˚ ï˛ál•z ï˛!í˛¸ï˛#Î˚
˛˛˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ fl¨yÎ˚!Óܲ ܲÙ≈«˛Ùï˛y í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚– ~•z
fl¨yÎ˚!Óܲ ܲÙ≈«˛Ùï˛y !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏlÓ˚ ˛˛õ,¤˛ï˛ˆÏ° §,T˛ ï˛!í˛¸ï˛#Î˚ «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚
xyܲ!fløܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l Ùye– Îál ~•z í˛zj#˛õܲ ¢!=˛ ï%˛°lyÙ)°Ü˛ ˲yˆÏÓ
ò)Ó≈° ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛ál ~•z ï˛!í˛¸ï˛#Î˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ~ï˛•z «˛#î •Î˚ ˆÎ ï˛y fl¨yÎ˚!Óܲ
˜Ï≤Ã!ï˛ í˛zqÓ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly ~ÓÇ xyÙÓ˚y í˛z!j˛õܲ!ê˛ˆÏܲ xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛
˛õy!Ó˚ ly– Î!ò í˛zj#˛õܲ ¢!=˛!ê˛ ï%˛°lyÙ)°Ü˛ ˲yˆÏÓ ¢!=˛¢y°# •Î˚ ï˛y•ˆÏ°
ï˛!í˛¸ï˛#Î˚ ¢!=˛ í˛zq(ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛y ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛ˆÏsf ˆ≤Ã!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚–
x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲ fl¨yÎ˚%˜Ï≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚ ܲÙ≈«˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ ¢!=˛ ˆÎ í˛zj#˛õܲ ˜≤Ã!ï˛ §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ
ï˛yÓ˚ ¢!=˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly– fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛v Ú˛õ)î≈ Óy ¢)lƒÛ åAll or
none Principleä l#!ï˛Ó˚ G˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÓ˚ ÙyˆÏl •°
fl¨yÎ˚ï˛v •Î˚ §¡õ)îË≈ ˛yˆÏÓ í˛zˆ_Ï !çï˛ •ˆÏÓ ẍÏÓ ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚ í˛zˆ_Ï !çï˛
•ˆÏÓ ly– fl¨yÎ˚% ˜≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚ ¢!=˛ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛v xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ §Ó§ÙÎ˚•z ô %Ó
åConstantä–
§!ߨܲÎ≈ åSynapseä ı
fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛ˆÏsf §ÇˆÏÓòl ~ܲfiÌyl ˆÌˆÏܲ xlƒfiÌyˆÏl fl¨yÎ˚% ˜Ï≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ
≤ÃÓy!•ï˛ •Î˚– ~ܲ!ê˛ !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yl ~•z fl¨yÎ˚%˜Ï≤Ã!ï˛ xƒ:ˆÏlÓ˚ ˜òâ≈ƒ
xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ ò)Ó˚c ˛õÎ≈hs˝ Ó•l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– Îál ~•z
˜≤Ã!ï˛ ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ò)Ó˚Óï≈˛# fiÌyˆÏl ˆ≤ÃÓ˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚ñ ï˛ál
x§Çრ!lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yl ~•z ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ xÇ¢@˝Ã•Èî ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÎ˚
~ܲ!ê˛ !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yl ~ܲ!l¤˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˛õyŸª≈Óï˛#≈ !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏl fl¨yÎ˚%˜Ï≤Ã!ï˛
§M˛y!°ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˛õ)Ó≈Óï≈˛# !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏlÓ˚ xƒy:ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ãyhs˝ñ §!ߨܲˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚
ÙyôƒˆÏÙ xlƒ !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏlÓ˚ ˆí˛lí»˛y•zˆÏê˛Ó˚ §ˆÏAà ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# §¡õÜ≈˛
fiÌy˛õl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ܲ!ê˛ !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yl x˛õÓ˚ !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏlÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ܲál•z
≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ §ÇÎ%=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ly– ò%!ê˛ !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyV˛áyˆÏl ~ܲ!ê˛
§Ç!«˛Æ ÓƒÓôyl ÌyˆÏܲ ÎyˆÏܲ §!ߨܲ£Ï≈#Î˚ ÓƒÓôyl åSynaptic

ˆí˛lí»˛y•zê§ å@˝Ãy•Ü˛ ≤Ãyhs˝ä ≤Ãyhs˝à%FSÈ

åê˛y!Ù≈ly° Óy•zlä
!lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§
§y•zˆÏê˛y≤’yçÙ

ˆ§yÙy ÙyˆÏÎ˚y!°l xyÓÓ˚l

xƒy:l ˆÓ˚l!˲Î˚yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õÓ≈
åˆ≤ÃÓ˚ܲä
!ã˛e 3É1 ı !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏlÓ˚ àë˛l

46 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
 xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ xLjϢ ˲yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚Ó– xÓfiÌyl
xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ñ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sfˆÏܲ ò%•z˲yˆÏà ˲yà ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ /
ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf ~ÓÇ ≤Ãyhs˝#Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf– fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ xÇ¢!ê˛ Îy
¢=˛ x!fiÌÙÎ˚ xyôyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Ë˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ åܲˆÏÓ˚y!ê˛ ~ÓÇ
≤Ãyhs˝à%FSÈ
§!ߨܲ£Ï#≈Î˚
òyly ˆí˛lí»˛y•zê˛ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf

ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf ≤Ãyhs˝#Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf (PNS)

!lí˛zˆÏÓ˚y ê˛∆y™!Ùê˛yÓ˚ åÙ!hflÏ‹Ò G §%£Ï%¡¨yܲyˆÏ[˛Ó˚
(CNS)
§!ߨܲ£Ï#≈Î˚ ÓƒÓôyl Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sfä

!ã˛e 3É2ı §!ߨܲˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ fl¨yÎ˚%˜Ï≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•l Ù!hflÏ‹Ò å˛õŸã˛yÍ §%£Ï%¡¨yܲy[˛ åí˛zôÁ≈àyÙ#
Ù!hflÏ‹Òñ Ùôƒ Ù!hflÏ‹Ò ˛õÌñ xhs˝ı!lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yl
~ÓÇ x@˝Ã Ù!hflÏ‹Òä ~ÓÇ xˆÏôyàyÙ# ˛õÌä
cleftä ӈϰ– fl¨yÎ˚% ˜≤Ã!ï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yl ˆÌˆÏܲ x˛õÓ˚ !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏl
ˆò•àï˛ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf fl∫Î˚Ç!Ü ˛Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf
~ܲ!ê˛ ç!ê˛° §!ߨܲ£Ï≈#Î˚ §ÇÜ ˛Ùî åSynaptic Transmissionä å§ÇˆÏÓòl#Î˚ ~ÓÇ åxy˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î ï˛sf
˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ §M˛y!°ï˛ •Î˚– xƒy:ˆÏl ~•z fl¨yÎ˚%˜Ï≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚ï˛ ˆ˛õ!¢àï˛ fl¨yÎ˚%ñ ˙!FSÈܲä x˜Ïl!FSÈܲä

˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î •° ï˛!í˛¸Í Ó˚§yÎ˚lÙ)°Ü˛ åElectro Chemicaläñ

xyÓyÓ˚ §!ߨ Ü ˛£Ï ≈ # Î˚ §ÇÜ  ˛ ÙˆÏ î Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ, ˛ !ï˛ •° Ó˚ y §yÎ˚ ! lܲ
å Chemical ä– ~•z Ó˚ y §yÎ˚ ! lܲ ˛õòyÌ≈ à % ! °ˆÏ Ü ˛ Ó°y •Î˚
!lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yê˛∆y™!Ùê˛yÓ˚ åNeurotransmittersä
fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf ~ÓÇ xhs˝/«˛Ó˚y @˝Ã!rÌÓ˚ àë˛l G ܲyÎ≈yÓ!° ~ÓÇ ÙylÓ
xyã˛Ó˚î G x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §¡õÜ≈˛ åStructure and
Function of neruons system and their
relationship with behaviour and experience).
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚ àë˛l xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §Çàë˛l ~ÓÇ §¡õyòˆÏlÓ˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛y•z ~Ó˚ àë˛l §¡õˆÏܲ≈
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓhflÏy!Ó˚ï˛ çyly í˛z!ã˛ï˛– ~•z ˛õyë˛ƒyLjϢ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf ~ÓÇ
xhs˝/«˛Ó˚y @˝Ã!rÌÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈≤Ãly°# ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Ó!•≤Ãܲy¢ âê˛yÎ˚
~ÓÇ x!˲K˛y §M˛y!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y çylˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf åNervous Systemä ı
§ÙhflÏ ˛≤Ãyî#çàˆÏï˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ÙylÓˆÏòˆÏ•Ó˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢
ç!ê˛° ~ÓÇ í˛zß¨ï˛– Î!òG fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf §y!Ó≈ܲ ˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛Ó%G
ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ §%!ÓôyˆÏÌ≈ xyÙÓ˚y ~ˆÏܲ ~Ó˚ xÓfiÌyl xÌÓy ܲyÎ≈≤Ãly°#
§ÙˆÏÓò# ˛õÓ˚y§ÙˆÏÓò#
å§Ù§ƒy §ÙyôylܲyÓ˚#ä åà,• ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°lyä
xhs˝ı«˛Ó˚y@˝Ã!rÌ ï˛sf
!ã˛e 3É3 fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ SÈܲ myÓ˚y í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl–
!¢Ó˚òÑyí˛¸yä ï˛yˆÏܲ ˆ◊!î!Ó˲=˛ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf åCNSäñ
Ù!hflÏflÒ åBrainä ~ÓÇ §%£Ï%¡¨yܲyˆÏu˛ åSpinal cordä ~ÓÇ
~à%!°•z •° ~•z ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ xAà§Ù)•– ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf Óƒ!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏܲ
fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ˆÎ xÇ¢ §Ù)• Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y ≤Ãyhs˝#Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚
åPNSä xhs˝Ë)≈˛=˛– ≤Ãyhs˝#Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sfˆÏܲ xyÓyÓ˚ ˆò•àï˛ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf
G fl∫Î˚Ç!Ü ˛Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf ~•z ò%•z˲yˆÏà ˲yà ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ˆò•àï˛ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf
˙!FSÈܲ !Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ xyÓ˚ fl∫Î˚Ç!Ü ˛Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚$ï˛sf
ˆ§§Ó ܲyç•z ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˙!FSÈܲ !lÎ˚sfî
ˆl•z– fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ §Çàë˛l!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ SȈÏܲÓ˚ myÓ˚y !ã˛e 3É3 ~
í˛z˛õfiÌy!˛õï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •ˆÏFSÈ–

xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ 3 • ÙylÓ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !˲!_ 47

≤Ãyhs˝#Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf (The Peripheral Nervous System)
≤Ãyhs˝#Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛ˆÏsf §ÙhflÏ !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yl ~ÓÇ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Îy Óyܲ#
¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏAà ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sfˆÏܲ §ÇÎ%=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ≤Ãyhs˝#Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sfˆÏܲ
ˆò•àï˛ G fl∫Î˚Ç!Ü ˛Î˚ ~•z ò%˲yˆÏà ˲yà ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– fl∫Î˚Ç!Ü ˛Î˚ fl¨yÎ%̊ï˛sfˆÏܲ
xyÓyÓ˚ §ÙˆÏÓò# ~ÓÇ ˛õÓ˚y§ÙˆÏÓò# ï˛ˆÏsf ˲yà ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ≤Ãyhs˝#Î˚
fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf §ÇˆÏÓò#Î˚ @˝Ãy•Ü˛ åˆã˛yáñ ܲylñ cܲ •zï˛ƒy!òä ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛Ìƒ
˛õyë˛yÎ˚ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛ˆÏsf ~ÓÇ ˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚ Ù!hflÏflÒ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆ˛õ¢#ˆÏï˛ G
@˝Ã!r̈Ïï˛ ˆ˛õ¢#Î˚ xyˆÏò¢ ˆÊ˛Ó˚ï˛ xyˆÏl–
ˆò•àï˛ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf (The Somatic Nervous System)
~•z ï˛sf ò%ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ fl¨yÎ˚% Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆSÈ– ܲˆÏÓ˚y!ê˛ fl¨yÎ˚% ~ÓÇ §%£Ï%¡¨y fl¨yÎ˚% –
ˆÙyê˛ ˛ÓyˆÏÓ˚y ˆÏçyí˛¸y ܲˆÏÓ˚y!ê˛ fl¨yÎ˚% Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Îy Ù!hflψÏflÒÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ fiÌyl
ˆÌˆÏܲ !là≈ï˛ •Î˚ xÌÓy Ù!hflψÏflÒ ˆ˛õÔÑSÈyÎ˚– !ï˛l ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y!ê˛
fl¨yÎ˚% xyˆÏSÈ §ÇˆÏÓò#Î˚ñ ˆ˛õ¢#àï˛ ~ÓÇ !Ù◊ §ÇˆÏÓò#Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚% §ÇˆÏÓò#Î˚
fl¨yÎ˚% Ù!hflÏ‹Ò xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ åò¢≈l ◊Óîñ àrôñ fl∫yòñ flõ¢≈ •zï˛ƒy!òä
@˝Ãy•Ü˛ xAà åReceptorä ˆÌˆÏܲ §ÇˆÏÓòlàï˛ ï˛ÌƒˆÏܲ §Ç@˝Ã•
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛y Ù!hflψÏflÒ §M˛y!°ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˛ˆ˛õ¢#Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚% ˆ˛õ¢#àï˛
˛õÓ˚y§ÙˆÏÓò#
ã˛«%˛ï˛yÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ §ÇˆÏܲyã˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚
x◊% @˝Ã!rÌÓ˚ ܲyç !lÓ,_
ܲˆÏÓ˚ °y°y!l/§Ó˚î Óyí˛¸yÎ˚
•,òflõ®l ô#Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚
Ó«˛ˆÏ˛õ¢#Ó˚ §ÇˆÏܲyã˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚
˛õyܲfiÌ°#Ó˚ •çÙ !Ü ˛Î˚y Ó,!Âô ܲˆÏÓ˚
xˆÏsfÓ˚ •çÙ!Ü ˛Î˚y Ó,!Âô ܲˆÏÓ˚
Ù)eÌ!°Ó˚ §ÇˆÏܲyã˛ˆÏl §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
!ã˛e 3É4 fl∫Î˚Ç!Ü ˛Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°
48 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
˜≤Ã!ï˛ åimpulseä Îy Ù!hflÏflÒ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zq(ï˛ •Î˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ Ù%რxM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚
ˆ˛õ¢# §Ù)ˆÏ• Ó•l ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏl– í˛zòy•Ó˚î !•§yˆÏÓñ ã˛«%˛ ˆày°ˆÏܲÓ˚
lí˛¸yã˛í˛¸y !lÎ˚!sfï˛ •Î˚ ˆÏ˛õ¢#Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y!ê˛ fl¨yÎ˚% ˆÌˆÏܲ– !Ù◊ ï˛v
§Ù)ˆÏ• §ÇˆÏÓò#Î˚ G ˆ˛õ¢#Î˚ ò% ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ï˛v•z ÌyˆÏܲ Îy Ù!hflψÏflÒ Óy
Ù!hflÏflÒ ˆÌˆÏܲñ §ÇˆÏÓò#Î˚ G ˆÏ˛õ¢#àï˛ ï˛Ìƒ §Ó˚ÓÓ˚y• ܲˆÏÓ˚–
~ܲ!e¢ ˆçyí˛¸y §%£Ï%¡¨y fl¨yÎ˚% Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Îy §%£Ï%¡¨yܲy[˛˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ÓyÓ˚
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ xÌÓy §%£Ï%¡¨yܲyˆÏ[˛˛ ˛ˆ˛õÔшÏSȈÏSÈ– §%£Ï%¡¨y fl¨yÎ˚%Ó˚ ò%!ê˛ Ü˛yç–
§%£Ï%¡¨y fl¨yÎ˚%Ó˚ §ÇˆÏÓò#Î˚ ï˛v §ÇˆÏÓòlàï˛ ï˛Ìƒ §ÙhflÏ ˆÏò• ˆÌˆÏܲ
åÙ!hflÏflÒ Óƒ!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏÜ˛ä §Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ §%£Ï%¡¨yܲyˆÏ[˛˛ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚
ˆÏÎáyl ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛y ˛õ!Ó˚Óy!•ï˛ •Î˚ Ù!hflψÏflÒ– ˆ§•z §ˆÏAà ˆ˛õ¢#Î˚
˜≤Ã!ï˛ Îy Ù!hflÏflÒ ˆÌˆÏܲ xyˆÏ§ ï˛y ˆ≤Ã!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚ ˆ˛õ¢#ˆÏï˛ñ §%£Ï%¡¨y
fl¨yÎ˚%Ó˚ ˆ˛õ¢#àï˛ ï˛v myÓ˚y–
fl∫Î˚Ç!Ü ˛Î˚ fl¨yÎ%̊ï˛sf (The Autonomic Nervous System)
~•z ï˛sf ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~Ùl !ܲS%È Ü˛Ù≈ˆÏܲ Îy §yôyÓ˚î˲yˆÏÓ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚
§Ó˚y§!Ó˚ !lÎ˚sfˆÏl ÌyˆÏܲ ly– ~!ê˛ !lÎ˚sfî ܲˆÏÓ˚ xy˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#l !ܲS%È
ܲyÎ≈ܲ°y˛õ ˆÎÙl !lŸªy§ÈüÈ≤ߪy§ ˆlGÎ˚yñ Ó˚=˛ ã˛°yã˛°ñ °y°y«˛Ó˚î
˛õyܲfiÌ°#Ó˚ §ÇˆÏܲyã˛l ~ÓÇ ≤ÃyˆÏ«˛y!˲ܲ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y å!ã˛e 3É4äñ
§ÙˆÏÓò#
x◊%à!r̈Ïܲ í˛zj#!˛õï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚
ã˛«%˛ï˛yÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ ≤çyÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚
°y°y!l/§Ó˚î !lÓ,_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ –
•,òflõ®ˆÏlÓ˚ à!ï˛ Óyí˛¸yÎ˚
Ó«˛ˆÏ˛õ¢#Ó˚ ≤çyÓ˚î âê˛yÎ˚ –
˛õyܲfiÌ°#Î˚ •çÙ !Ü ˛Î˚y ܲÙyÎ˚–
xƒy!í» ˛ ly!°l !l/§Ó˚ î ܲˆÏ Ó ˚
xˆÏsfÓ˚ •çÙ!Ü ˛Î˚y ܲÙyÎ˚
Ù)eÌ!°Ó˚ !Ü ˛Î˚y òÙl ܲˆÏÓ˚–
fl∫Î˚Ç!Ü ˛Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ~•z ܲyÎ≈ܲ°y˛õ §Ù)• Ù!hflψÏflÒÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ
§Çàë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ myÓ˚y•z !lÎ˚!sfï˛ •Î˚–
fl∫Î˚Ç!Ü ˛Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ Ë˛yà ı §ÙˆÏÓò# G ˛õÓ˚y§ÙˆÏÓò#– Î!òG
~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó˲yˆÏàÓ˚ ܲÙ≈§¡õyòl xlƒ !Ó˲yà!ê˛Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ñ
ï˛Ó%G ˲yÓ˚§yÙƒ ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ çlƒ ò%!ê˛•z ~ܲ§ˆÏAà ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚–
§ÙˆÏÓò# !Ó˲yà!ê˛ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚ xy˛õÍܲy°#l xÓfiÌyÎ˚ñ Îál ܲyç
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ xï˛ƒhs˝ o%ï˛ G ¢!=˛¢y°# ˲yˆÏÓ ˆÎÙl Î%Âô xÌÓy
˛õ°yÎ˚l åfight Óy Flightä ˛˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛– ~•z §ÙˆÏÎ˚ñ •çÙ
≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y Órô •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ñ xy˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#l xAà ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆ˛õ¢#ˆÏï˛ Ó˚=˛
§M˛y!°ï˛ •Î˚ñ !lıŸªy§ÈüÈ≤ߪy§ñ x!:ˆÏçl §Ó˚ÓÓ˚y•ñ •,òflõ®ˆÏlÓ˚
à!ï˛ñ Ó˚ˆÏ=˛ ¢Ü≈˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyl Ó,!Âô ˛õyÎ˚–
˛õÓ˚y§ÙˆÏÓò# !Ó˲yà!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ïï˛ ¢!=˛ §ÇÓ˚«˛ˆÏî §Ç!Ÿ’T˛– ~!ê˛
ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ xy˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î ï˛sf§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ !lï˛ƒÜ˛Ù≈ !lÎ˚sfî ܲˆÏÓ˚– Îál
xy˛õÍܲy°#l xÓfiÌy ˆ¢£Ï •Î˚ ï˛ál ˛õÓ˚y§ÙˆÏÓò# !Ó˲yà ܲyç
¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~!ê˛ §ÙˆÏÓò# !Ó˲yˆÏàÓ˚ §!Ü ˛Î˚ï˛y Ù®#Ë)˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ xÓfiÌyˆÏl ¢yhs˝ •ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ê˛ˆÏ° §ÙhflÏ
¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Ü ˛Î˚yܲ°y˛õ ˆÎÙl •,òflõ®lñ !lŸªy§ÈüÈ≤ߪy§ ~ÓÇ Ó˚=˛
§M˛y°l fl∫y˲y!Óܲ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ§–
ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf (The Central Nervous System)
§ÙhflÏ fl¨yÎ˚%!Óܲ ܲˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ ˆÜ˛w •° ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf ~!ê˛ §ÙhflÏ
xhs˝à≈yÙ# §ÇˆÏÓò#Î˚ ï˛ÌƒˆÏܲ §Ùß∫Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ §ÓôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ K˛ylàï˛
ܲyÎ≈ܲ°y˛õ §¡õyòl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛ˆÏsf Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ åܲä Ù!hflÏ‹Ò
~ÓÇ åáä §%£Ï%¡¨yܲyu˛– ~ál ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y Ù!hflψÏflÒÓ˚ Ù%რxÇ¢à%!°Ó˚
ܲyÎ≈yÓ!° §¡õˆÏܲ≈ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ !˲ߨ !˲ߨ xÇ¢à%!° ˆÜ˛yl‰ ˆÜ˛yl‰
xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ òy!Î˚c ≤ÃyÆ ï˛y çylˆÏÓ–
Ù!hfl‹Ò ~ÓÇ xyã˛Ó˚î (The Brain and Behaviour)
!ÓŸªy§ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ˆÎ ÙylÓ Ù!hflÏ‹Ò !l¡¨hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛≤Ãyî#Ó˚ Ù!hflÏ‹Ò ˆÌˆÏܲ
°«˛ °«˛ ÓSÈÓ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ !ÓÓ!ï≈˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ ~•z !ÓÓï≈˛l ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y
~álG ã˛°ˆÏSÈ–
!ÓÓï≈˛l ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏܲ xl%§Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ãyã˛#lï˛Ù xÓfiÌy ˆÌˆÏܲ
§y¡±!ï˛Ü˛ï˛Ù xÓfiÌy ˛õÎ≈hs˝ Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ hflÏÓ˚ˆÏܲ
xyÙÓ˚y ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚– !°Ù!Óܲ !§ˆÏfiê˛Ùñ Ù!hflÏ‹ÒÈüÈܲy[˛˛
åBrain Stemä ~ÓÇ °â%Ù!hflÏ‹Ò •ˆÏ°y ≤Ãyã˛#lï˛Ù §Çàë˛lñ
xlƒ!òˆÏܲ Ù!hflÏ‹Ò ÓÕÒ° åCerebral Cortex) !ÓÓï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚
xyô%!lܲï˛Ù !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î– ~ܲçl ≤ÃyÆ ÓÎ˚‹Ò Óƒ!=˛Ó˚
ܲyçÈ üÈ 3É1
ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲçl SÈyeSÈye#ˆÏܲ Ó° !ܲS%˛ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ܲyàˆÏçÓ˚ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y
!lˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xÇ¢à%!°Ó˚ lyÙ !°áˆÏï˛–
~ܲ!ê˛ Óy!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚yà%!° ~ܲ§ˆÏAà ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yá ~ÓÇ ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛Ó˚
SÈyeSÈye#ˆÏòÓ˚ Ó° ≤ÈïÏ ˛ƒˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ܲyàˆÏçÓ˚ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓy˚ ï%˛ˆÏ° !lˆÏï˛–
ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!Ù!lê˛ §ÙÎ˚ òyG ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ó° ˙˛ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏï˛
í˛zˆÏÕ‘!áï˛ xÇ¢!ê˛Ó˚ fiÌyl ~ÓÇ Ü˛yÎ≈yÓ!° §¡õˆÏܲ≈ !¢ˆÏá !lˆÏï˛–
~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ ~ܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ SÈyeSÈye#Ó˚y §yÙˆÏl ~!àˆÏÎ˚ xy§ˆÏÓ– !lˆÏçÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ G•z xÇ¢ !•§yˆÏÓ ˆòˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ G•z xLjϢÓ˚ fiÌyl G
ܲyÎ≈yÓ!° §¡õˆÏܲ≈ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ Gçl •° 1É36 ˆÜ˛!ç ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏï˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 100
!Ó!°Î˚l !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yl– Î!òGñ Ù!hflÏ‹Ò §¡õˆÏܲ≈ §Óã˛y•zˆÏï˛ ã˛Ùܲ≤Ãò
ï˛Ìƒ !lí˛zÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §ÇáƒyÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §ÇÎ%=˛ lÎ˚ñ ÓÓ˚Ç Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚î
G !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°lyÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÎ «˛Ùï˛y ï˛y•z ˆÓ!¢ ã˛Ùܲ≤Ãò– Ù!hflÏ‹Ò
à%Ó˚% Ù!hflÏ‹Ò
åÙ!hflÏ‹Ò ÓÕÒ°ä ̃y°yÙy§
•y•zˆÏ˛õy ̃y°yÙy§
!˛õ!lÎ˚y° @˝Ã!rÌ
Ù!hflÏ‹Òò[˛
ÙôƒÙ!hflÏ‹Ò
ˆ§ï%˛
§%£Ï%‹øy¢#£Ï≈
°â% Ù!hflÏ‹Ò
!˛õê%˛ƒ•zê˛y!Ó˚ @˝Ã!rÌ
§%£‹%Ï øyܲy[˛
!ã˛e 3É5 ı Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ àë˛l
ï˛yÓ˚ àë˛làï˛ ~ÓÇ fiÌy!lܲ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ !ӈϢ£Ï !ӈϢ£Ï ܲyç
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ §Çà!ë˛ï˛ – Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ flÒƒyl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˆòáy ˆàˆÏSÈ
ˆÏÎ ˆÎÙl !ܲS%È Ùyl!§Ü˛ !Ü ˛Î˚yܲ°y˛õ Ù!hflψÏflÒÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚
çlƒ !Ó˲=˛ ܲÓ˚ y xyˆÏ S È ˆï˛Ù!l Ó•% ܲyˆÏ ç Ó˚ çlƒ !l!ò≈ T
fiÌyl#Î˚ܲÓ˚îG ܲÓ˚y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– í˛zòy•Ó˚î !•§yˆÏÓ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ñ Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚
˛õŸã˛yÍ xÇ¢ åOccipital Lobe ä ò¢≈ l fiÌyl !•ˆÏ § ˆÏ Ó
!ӈϢ£Ï˲yˆÏÓ !ã˛!„ï˛–
xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ 3 • ÙylÓ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !˲!_ 49
Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ àë˛l (Structure of the Brain) x@˝ÃÙ!hflÏflÒ ı ~!ê˛ Ù!hflψÏflÒÓ˚ §Ó≈yˆÏ˛õ«˛y à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ xÇ¢ ܲyÓ˚î
˛õyˆÏë˛Ó˚ §%!ÓôyÓ˚ çlƒ Ù!hflÏ‹ÒˆÏܲ !ï˛l!ê˛ xLjϢ ˲yà ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ı §ÓôÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ K˛ylàï˛ñ ≤ÃyˆÏ«˛y!˲ܲ G ˆ˛õ¢#àï˛ Ü˛yÎ≈ܲ°y˛õ ~!ê˛
˛õŸã˛yÍÙ!hflÏ‹Òñ ÙôƒÙ!hflÏ‹Ò ~ÓÇ x@˝ÃÙ!hflÏ‹Ò å!ã˛e 3É5ä– §¡õyòl ܲˆÏÓ˚– xyÙÓ˚y x@˝ÃÙ!hflψÏflÒÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ xÇ¢ !lˆÏÎ˚
˛õŸã˛yÍÙ!hflÏ‹Ò (Hindbrain) xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓy •y•zˆÏ˛õỹy°yÙy§ñ ̃y°yÙy§ñ !°Ù!Óܲ !§ˆÏfiê˛Ù
Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ ~•z xÇ¢!ê˛ˆÏï˛ !lˆÏ¡¨y=˛ §Çàë˛l Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ÓÇ à%Ó˚%Ù!hflÏflÒ–
§%£¡%Ï y¨ ¢#£≈ܲ åMedulla Oblongala) ı ~!ê˛ Ù!hflˆÏ ‹Ï ÒÓ˚ §Ó≈!l¡¨ •y•z ˆ Ï ˛ õỹy°yÙy§ ı •y•zˆÏ˛õỹy°yÙy§ Ù!hflψÏflÒÓ˚ «%˛oï˛Ù
xÇ¢ Îy §%£Ï%¡¨y ܲyˆÏu˛Ó˚ §ˆÏAà ÌyˆÏܲ Îy ˆÏÙÔ!°Ü˛ ç#Ól Ó˚«˛yܲyÓ˚# §Çàë˛là%!°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛– ï˛ˆÏÓ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏî ~Ó˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy
xï˛ƒhs à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈– ~!ê˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃyˆÏ«˛y!˲ܲ ~ÓÇ ˆ≤ãÏîyàï˛
ܲyÎ≈ܲ°y˛õ ˆÎÙl Ÿªy§!Ü ˛Î˚yñ •,òflõ®lñ Ó˚=˛ã˛y˛õ •zï˛ƒy!òˆÏܲ !lÎ˚sfî
ܲyÎ≈ܲ°yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ !lÎ˚sfîܲyÓ˚#ñ ˆÎÙl áyòƒ@˝Ã•îñ ˛õyl#Î˚ @˝Ã•îñ !loyñ
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ܲyÓ˚ˆÏl•z §%£Ï%¡¨y¢#£Ï≈ܲ Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xï˛ƒyÓ¢ƒÜ˛ ˆÜ˛w
ï˛y˛õ !lÎ˚sfî ~ÓÇ ˆÎÔl í˛zj#˛õly– ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ˆÏܲ
!•§yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛– ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !ܲS%È ˆÜ˛w §Î˚Ç!Ü ˛Î˚ï˛yÓ˚ çlƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°l G !lÎ˚sfˆÏîG ~Ó˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ åÎÌyñ •,òflõ®lñ
ˆ§ï%˛ åPonsä ı ~!ê˛ ~ܲ!òˆÏܲ §%£Ï%¡¨y¢#£Ï≈ܲ ~ÓÇ x˛õÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ
Ó˚=˛ã˛y˛õñ ï˛y˛õ !lÎ˚sfîä– !Ó!˲ߨ xhs˝/«˛Ó˚y @˝Ã!rÌÓ˚ •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl
ÙôƒÙ!hflψϋÒÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §ÇÎ%=˛– ˆ§ï%˛ˆÏï˛ xÓ!fiÌï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§
!lı§Ó˚îˆÏܲ G ~!ê˛ !lÎ˚sfî ܲˆÏÓ˚–
åfl¨yÎ˚!Óܲ ˆÜ˛wä xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚˛ ◊ÓîÎsf ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õyë˛yˆÏly ◊Óîàï˛
̃y°yÙy§ ı
§ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚– ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ˆÎñ ˆ§ï%˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !loy
~ˆÏï˛ !í˛¡∫yÜ,˛!ï˛ ~ܲ à%FSÈ !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yl Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Îy •y•zˆÏ˛õỹy°yÙyˆÏ§Ó˚
ˆÜ˛Ô¢° !ӈϢ£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ fl∫≤¿ÈüÈÎ%=˛ !loyÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ç!í˛¸ï˛– ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
!Ë˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ åí˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ä xÓ!fiÌï˛– ̃y°yÙy§ ~ܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ !lí˛z!Üœ•z˛ ånucleiä Îy Ÿªy§ÎˆÏsfÓ˚ §M˛y°l ~ÓÇ ˆã˛•yÓ˚yÓ˚
§¡±ã˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛ˆÏwÓ˚ åReley Stationä ÙˆÏï˛y Îy §ÙhflÏ xhs˝à≈yÙ#
x!Ë˛Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲG ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚–
§ÇˆÏÓò#Î˚ §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ˆÏܲ §ÇˆÏÓòl ˆÜ˛wà%!° ˆÌˆÏܲ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
°â%Ù!hflÏ‹Ò ı ˛õŸã˛yÍ Ù!hflψÏflÒÓ˚ xï˛ƒ!ôܲ !Óܲ!¢ï˛ ~•z xÇ¢!ê˛
ÓÕÒ° åCortexä ~Ó˚ ΈÏÌy˛õÎ%=˛ xLjϢ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚î
§•ˆÏç•z ˆã˛ly ÎyÎ˚ ~Ó˚ Ü%˛!M˛ï˛ í˛z˛õ!Ó˚ï˛° ˆòˆÏá– ~!ê˛ ˆò•Ë˛!Aà
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~!ê˛ xyÓyÓ˚ ÓÕÒ° ˆÌˆÏܲ xyàï˛ §ÙhflÏ Ó!•à≈yÙ# ˆ˛õ¢#Î˚
~ÓÇ ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˲yÓ˚§yÙƒˆÏܲ ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yˆÏá G !lÎ˚sfî ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~Ó˚ Ù)°
§ÇˆÏÓòlˆÏܲG @˝Ã•Èî ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ ΈÏÌy˛õÎ%=˛ xLjϢ ï˛y ˆ≤ÃÓ˚î
ܲyç •° ˆ˛õ¢#àï˛ ã˛°ˆÏlÓ˚ §Ùß∫Î˚ §yôl ܲÓ˚y – Î!òG ˆ˛õ¢#àï˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚–
!lÎ˚sfl ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ •Î˚ x@˝ÃÙ!hflÏ‹Ò ˆÌˆÏܲ•zñ °â%Ù!hflÏflÒ ~à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ
!°Ù!Óܲ !§ˆÏfiê˛Ù ı
@˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ˛õ¢#ˆÏï˛ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ܲyç!ê˛ !lÎ˚sfî
~•z ï˛sf ~Ùl §Çàë˛l §Ù)ˆÏ• ˜ï˛!Ó˚ Îy xy!òÙ hflÏlƒ˛õyÎ˚# ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ã˛°l ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ flø,!ï˛ˆÏܲ §!M˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yáyG ~Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
Ù!hflÏ‹Ò §Çàë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ xLjϢÓ˚ lƒyÎ˚– ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y˛õ !lÎ˚sfîñ Ó˚=˛ã˛y˛õ
ܲyçñ ÎyˆÏï˛ Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ •Ñyê˛ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓñ l,ï˛ƒ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓñ
!lÎ˚sflñ Ó˚ˆÏ=˛ ¢Ü≈˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyl !lÎ˚sfl •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ~!ê˛
xÌÓy §y•zˆÏܲ° ã˛y°yˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓñ ~§Ó !ӣψÏÎ˚ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà
¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î ˲yÓ˚§yÙƒ ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ˆÜ˛w#Ë)˛ï˛ ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚–
•y•z ˆ Ï ˛ õỹy°yÙyˆÏ § Ó˚ §ˆÏ A à ~Ó˚ â!l¤˛ §ÇˆÏ Î yà Ó˚ ˆ Ï Î ˚ ˆ Ï S È –
ÙôƒÙ!hflÏ‹Ò ı ÙôƒÙ!hflÏ‹Ò ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ˆÏSÈyê˛ ~ÓÇ ~!ê˛ ˛õŸã˛yÍ Ù!hflÏflÒˆÏܲ
•y•zˆÏ˛õỹy°yÙy§ SÈyí˛¸yG !°Ù!Óܲ !§ˆÏfiê˛ˆÏÙ !•ˆÏØyܲƒyÙ˛õy§ ~ÓÇ
x@˝ÃÙ!hflψϋÒÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §ÇÎ%=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– §yÙylƒ !ܲS%È fl¨yÎ˚!Óܲ ˆÜ˛w Îy
xƒ!ÙàˆÏí˛°yG §Ùy!ÓT˛– ò#â≈fiÌyÎ˚# flø,!ï˛ˆÏï˛ !•ˆÏØyܲƒyÙ˛õy§ ~ܲ
!ܲS%È !ӈϢ£Ï ≤Ã!ï˛Óï≈˛ ~ÓÇ ò¢≈l G ◊Óîàï˛ §ÇˆÏÓòˆÏlÓ˚ §ˆÏAà
à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚ – xƒy!ÙàˆÏí˛°y à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy
Î%=˛ñ ï˛y ~áyˆÏl ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙôƒÙ!hflψÏflÒÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó%̊c˛õ)î≈
˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃyˆÏ«˛y!˲ܲ xyã˛Ó˚î !lÎ˚sfˆÏî–
xÇ¢ Îy ˆÓ˚!ê˛Ü%˛°yÓ˚ xƒy!QˆÏ˲!ê˛Ç !§ˆÏfiê˛Ù lyˆÏÙ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ï˛y
à%Ó˚%Ù!hflÏ‹Òı
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚˛ çyàÓ˚î åArousalä ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ çlƒ òyÎ˚#– ~!ê˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
à%Ó˚%Ù!hflÏ‹Ò Ù!hflÏ‹Ò ÓÕÒ° åcerebral cortexä lyˆÏÙG ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛
§ï˛Ü≈˛ ~ÓÇ §!Ü ˛Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ §ÇˆÏÓòlàï˛ xhs˝/ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚îy åInputä
~ÓÇ ~•z xÇ¢!ê˛•z §ÙhflÏ í˛zFã˛hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ K˛ylàï˛ Ü˛yÎ≈ܲ°y˛õ ˆÎÙl
!lÎ˚sfˆÏîÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ– ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛Ìƒ !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛G ~!ê˛
ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyàñ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îñ !¢álñ flø,!ï˛ñ ˲y£Ïyàï˛ xyã˛Ó˚îñ ˆÎÔ!=˛Ü˛ï˛y
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
50 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
~ÓÇ §Ù§ƒy §ÙyôylˆÏܲ !lÎ˚sfî ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ÙylÓ Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ ò%•z
ï,˛ï˛#Î˚yÇ¢ ˲yà åMassä •zÈ à%Ó˚%Ù!hflÏ‹Ò x!ôܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~Ó˚
âlc 1É5 !ÙÉ!ÙÉ ˆÌˆÏܲ 4 !ÙÉ!Ù ˛õÎ≈hs˝ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ Îy Ù!hflψÏflÒÓ˚
§Ù@˝Ã í˛z˛õ!Ó˚ï˛°ˆÏܲ xyFSÈy!òï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏá– ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ
!lí˛zˆÏÓ˚ylñ !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yl çy!°Ü˛yñ xƒy:l ˛õ%O– ~§Ó•z xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
§Çà!ë˛ï˛ ܲyÎ≈ܲ°y˛õ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õñ §ÇˆÏܲï˛ñ
xl%£ÏAà ~ÓÇ flø,!ï˛ àë˛ˆÏl §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
à%Ó˚%Ù!hflÏ‹Ò ò%!ê˛ §Ùyl xô≈yLjϢ !Ó˲=˛ ÎyˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ à%Ó˚%Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚
ˆày°yô≈ åCerbral hemisphereä– Î!òG ~•z ˆày°yô≈ ò%!ê˛
ˆòáˆÏï˛ ~ܲ•z Ó˚Ü˛Ù °yˆÏàñ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆày°yô≈
§yôyÓ˚îï˛ x˛õÓ˚!ê˛Ó˚ ã˛y•zˆÏï˛ x!ôܲ ≤Ã˲yÓ¢y°# •Î˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚î
!•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓñ ÓyÙ ˆày°yô≈ §yôyÓ˚î˲yˆÏÓ Ë˛y£Ïyàï˛ xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ !lÎ˚sfî
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ò!«˛î ˆày°yô≈ §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õñ fiÌy!lܲ §¡õÜ≈˛ñ lÙ%ly
¢ly=˛Ü˛Ó˚î åPattern recognitionä •zï˛ƒy!ò !lˆÏÎ˚ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚–
~•z ò%!ê˛ ˆày°yô≈ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆŸªï˛ÓˆÏî≈Ó˚ ÙyˆÏÎ˚y!°l §¡∫!°ï˛ ï˛v ˛˛õ%O
!òˆÏÎ˚ ˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏAà Î%=˛ ÎyˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ ܲÓ˚˛õy§ ܲƒyˆÏ°y§yÙ
åCorpus Calloslumä– Ü˛Ó˚˛õy§ ܲƒyˆÏ°y§yÙ ò%!ê˛ ˆày°yˆÏô≈Ó˚
ÙˆÏôƒ §ÇÓyò xyòyl ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚–
à%Ó˚%Ù!hflÏflÒˆÏܲ ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ ˆày°yˆÏô≈G˛ !Ó˲=˛ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– §¡ø)á
˲yà Óy °°yê˛ xM˛° åFrontal lobeä ÙôƒË˛yà ˛Óy !¢Ó˚Ü%˛Ω˛
xM˛° åParietal lobeäñ !l¡¨Ë˛yà Óy Ó˚à xM˛° åTemporal
lobeä ~ÓÇ ˛õŸã˛yò‰Ë˛yà Óy !¢Ó˚!l¡¨ xM˛° åOccipital lobeä–
§¡ø%á˲yàñ !ã˛hs˝lñ flø,!ï˛ñ !¢ál ~ÓÇ Î%!=˛ •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ §ˆÏAà
§¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ñ !ܲv ~SÈyí˛¸yG˛ ~!ê˛ fl∫Î˚Ç!Ü ˛Î˚ ~ÓÇ ≤ÃyˆÏ«˛!˲ܲ
≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ òÙˆÏlG §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ÙôƒË˛yà ≤Ãôylï˛ı cܲçyï˛
§ÇˆÏÓòl ~ÓÇ ò¢≈l G ◊Óî §ÇˆÏÓòˆÏlÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ~Ó˚ §ÇˆÏÎyçˆÏl
Óƒy˛õ,ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– !l¡¨Ë˛yà ≤Ãôylï˛ ◊Óîàï˛ ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y ܲÓ˚ˆÏî
§ÇÎ%=˛– §yLjÏܲ!ï˛Ü˛ ôÁ!l G ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ flø,!ï˛ ~áyˆÏl•z §!M˛ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
Ó=˛ÓƒˆÏܲ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚y ~ÓÇ !°!áï˛ Ë˛y£ÏyˆÏܲ ˛Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚yÓ˚ ܲyç!ê˛
~•z !Ó˲yà!ê˛•z ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˛õŸã˛yò˲yà Ù%áƒï˛/ ò¢≈làï˛ ï˛Ìƒ
!lˆÏÎ˚ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚– ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ˆÎ ò¢≈làï˛ ˜≤Ã!ï˛ñ ò¢≈làï˛
í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ flø,!ï˛ ~ÓÇ Óî≈ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛!ï˛ Óƒyáƒy ~•z !Ó˲yˆÏàÓ˚
myÓ˚y•z §¡õy!òï˛ •Î˚–
¢yÓ˚#Ó˚ï˛_¥!Óò ~ÓÇ ÙˆÏly!ÓòÓ˚y Ù!hflÏflÒ §Çàë˛ ˆÏlÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï xLjϢÓ˚
§ˆÏAà !ӈϢ£Ï ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ §¡õÜ≈˛ˆÏܲ !ã˛!„ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl–
ïÑ˛yÓ˚y ˆòˆÏáˆÏSÈl ˆÎ Ù!hflψÏflÒÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ܲyç•z ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ Ùye
!ӈϢ£Ï xÇ¢ !òˆÏÎ˚ §¡õy!òï˛ •Î˚ ly– §yôyÓ˚î˲yˆÏÓ xlƒylƒ
xÇ¢à%!°G Î%=˛ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ~ê˛yG §!ï˛ƒ Ù!hflÏflÒ !Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ !ܲS%È !ܲS%È
xyM˛!°Ü˛ï˛y ålocalisationä Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ˆÎÙl ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛
!ӈϢ£Ï ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï xÇ¢ xlƒ xLjϢÓ˚
ï%˛°lyÎ˚ x!ôܲ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚Ïî !•§yˆÏÓñ
ï%˛!Ù Îál ày!í˛¸ ã˛y°yˆÏÓñ ï%˛!Ù Ó˚yhflÏy ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ Îylà%!° ˆòáˆÏÓ
ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ ˛õŸã˛yò‰Ë˛yˆÏàÓ˚ åoccipital lobeä !Ü ˛Î˚yܲ°y˛õ
˛!òˆÏÎ˚ñ •ˆÏî≈Ó˚ xyGÎ˚yç ¢%lˆÏÓ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ !l¡¨Ë˛yà xM˛°
åtemporal lobeä !òˆÏÎ˚ñ lylyÓ˚Ü˛Ù ˆ˛õ¢#àï˛ !Ü ˛Î˚yܲ°y˛õ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
ÌyܲˆÏÓ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ ÙôƒË˛yà xM˛°ˆÏܲ åParietal lobeä
ܲyˆÏç °y!àˆÏÎ˚ ~ÓÇ !§Âôyhs˝ !lˆÏÓ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ §¡ø%á˲yà
åfrontal lobeä ~Ó˚ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°– §Ù@˝Ã Ù!hflÏ‹Ò!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛
§%§yÙO§ƒ ˛õ)î≈ ~ܲܲ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆÎáyˆÏl ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛
xÇ¢•z ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ xÓòyl ˆÓ˚ˆÏá ÎyÎ˚ !˲ߨ !˲ߨ ˲yˆÏÓ–
§%£Ï%¡¨yܲyu˛ ı
§%£Ï%¡¨yܲy[˛˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó˚I$Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛vÓ˚ §Ùß∫Î˚ñ Îy ˆÙÓ˚%òˆÏ[˛Ó˚
!˲ï˛Ó˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y˛õ%!Ó˚ °¡∫Ùyl– ~Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤ÃyˆÏhs˝ Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ ¢#£Ï≈
xM˛ˆÏ° §ÇÎ%=˛ ~ÓÇ xlƒ ≤Ãyhs˝!ê˛ x!hs˝Ù ˛õ%FSÈ §#Ùy ˛õÎ≈hs˝ Ù%=˛
ÌyˆÏܲ– ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y ˜òˆÏâ≈ƒ ~Ó˚ àë˛l ~ܲ•z Ó˚Ü˛Ù– §%£Ï%¡¨yܲyˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
≤Ãçy˛õ!ï˛Ó˚ xyÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ô)§Ó˚ Ó˚ˆÏ.Ó˚ ˛õòyÌ≈ ÌyˆÏܲ ÎyˆÏï˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ
§ÇˆÏÎyàܲyÓ˚# !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yl åassociation neuronsä ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ
ˆÜ˛y¢§Ù)• – ~•z ô)§Ó˚ ˛õòyÌ≈ˆÏܲ !âˆÏÓ˚ §%£Ï%¡¨yܲyˆÏu˛Ó˚ ˆŸªï˛ ˛õòyÌ≈
ÌyˆÏܲñ Îy í˛zôÁ≈àyÙ# ~ÓÇ xˆÏôyàyÙ# ly˲≈#Î˚ ˛õÌ myÓ˚y Ó˚!ã˛ï˛– ~•z
lyË≈˛#Î˚ ˛õÌ åÎy fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛vÓ˚ §Ùß∫Î˚ä Ù!hflÏ‹ÒˆÏܲ §ÙhflÏ ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏAà
§ÇÎ%=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– §%£Ï%¡¨yܲy[˛˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó,•Í ˆÜ˛Ó° ï˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l
ܲˆÏÓ˚ Îy ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚% ˜≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏܲ Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
ˆ˛õ¢#àï˛ ˜Ï≤Ã!ï˛ Îy Ù!hflÏ‹Ò ˆÌˆÏܲ §,!T˛ •Î˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ §ÙhflÏ ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚
ˆ≤ÃÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚– !mï˛#Î˚ï˛ Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ §ÇÎ%!=˛ Óƒ!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏܲ•z §ÇˆÏÓò#Î˚
fl¨yÎ˚%ñ ˆ˛õ¢#Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚% ~ÓÇ §ÇˆÏÎyçܲ fl¨yÎ˚% ç!í˛¸ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ –
≤Ã!ï˛Óï≈˛ !Ü ˛Î˚y ı ≤Ã!ï˛Óï≈˛ •° ~ܲ x˜Ïl!FSÈܲ !Ü ˛Î˚y Îy !ӈϢ£Ï
ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zj#˛õlyÓ˚ Ê˛°◊%!ï˛ˆÏï˛ xï˛ƒhs˝ o%ï˛ âˆÏê˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚
ˆã˛ï˛l !§Âôyhs˝ SÈyí˛¸y•z fl∫ï˛/fl≥)˛ï≈˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y âˆÏê˛– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ !ÓÓï≈˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ í˛z_Ó˚y!ôܲyÓ˚ §)ˆÏe ˛≤Ã!ï˛Óï≈˛ !Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚
«˛Ùï˛y xyˆÏ§ñ ˆÎÙl ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ ˛õyï˛yÓ˚ Gë˛y lyÙyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Óï≈˛– Îál•z
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó› xyܲ!fløܲ˲yˆÏÓ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ §yÙˆÏl xyˆÏ§–
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ ˛õyï˛y lˆÏí˛¸ GˆÏ벖 ≤Ã!ï˛Óï≈˛ !Ü ˛Î˚y ç#ÓˆÏܲ §Ω˛yÓƒ
xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ 3 • ÙylÓ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !˲!_ 51
!Ó˛õò ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó˚«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ç#ÓlˆÏܲ ÓÑy!ã˛ˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ §y•y΃
ܲˆÏÓ˚– Î!òG xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ fl¨yÎ%˚ï˛sf Ó•%ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Óï≈˛ !Ü ˛Î˚y §¡õyòl
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲñ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ˛≤Ã!ï˛Óï≈˛ !Ü ˛Î˚yà%!° •°ñ •Ñyê%˛Ó˚
V˛Ñyܲy!lñ ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚yÓ˚ §ÇˆÏܲyã˛lñ ˆÜ˛yl xï˛ƒhs˝ àÓ˚Ù Óy xï˛ƒhs˝
ë˛y[˛y Ó› ˆáˆÏܲ ò)ˆÏÓ˚ §ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyGÎ˚yñ Ÿªy§!Ü ˛Î˚yñ •yï˛˛õy SÈyí˛¸yˆÏly
åStretchingä •zï˛ƒy!ò– ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà ≤Ã!ï˛Óï≈˛ !Ü ˛Î˚y•z §%£Ï%¡¨yܲy[˛˛
ˆÌˆÏܲ Óy!•ï˛ •Î˚ ÎyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yl §ÇÎ%!=˛ ˆl•z–
xhs˝/«˛Ó˚y @˝Ã!rÌï˛sf ı
!˛õê%˛ƒ•zê˛y!Ó˚
Ìy•zÓ˚ˆÏÎ˚í˛
x@¿ƒy¢Î˚
xƒy!í»˛ly°
@˝Ã!rÌ
!í˛¡∫y¢Î˚ åflf#çy!ï˛Ó˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏeä
¢%Ü ˛y¢Î˚
å˛õ%Ó˚%£Ï çy!ï˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeä
!ã˛e 3É6 ı Ù%რxhs˝ı«˛Ó˚y @˝Ã!ŗÙ)•
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ ~ÓÇ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏî xhs˝/«˛Ó˚y @˝Ã!ŗÙ)• xï˛ƒhs˝
à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚y ~ܲ !ӈϢ£Ï Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ˛õòyÌ≈
!l/§Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÎyˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl ~ÓÇ Îy xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !ܲS%È
xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ !lÎ˚sfî ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~•z @˝Ã!rÌà%!°ˆÏܲ xly° @˝Ã!rÌ Óy
xhs˝/«˛Ó˚y @˝Ã!rÌ ÓˆÏ°ñ ܲyÓ˚l ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ly!°Ü˛y ÌyˆÏܲ ly
åxlƒylƒ @˝Ã!rÌÓ˚ Ùï˛ä ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ myÓ˚y !l/§!Ó˚ï˛ Ó›ˆÏܲ !ӈϢ£Ï fiÌyˆÏl
ˆÏ˛õÑÔˆÏSÈ ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ– •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl Ó˚=˛ôyÓ˚yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ≤ÃÓy!•ï˛ •Î˚–
xhs˝ı«˛Ó˚y @˝Ã!rÌ §Ù)• ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲ xhs˝ı«˛Ó˚y @˝Ã!rÌï˛sf Óy!lˆÏÎ˚
ˆlÎ˚– fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚˛ !Ó!˲ߨ xLjϢÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ~•z ï˛sf ~ܲˆÏÎyà ܲyç
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y ï˛sf!ê˛ˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ Úfl¨yÎ˚%ÈüÈxhs˝«˛/Ó˚y @˝Ã!rÌ
52 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
ï˛sfÛ åNeuroendocrine Systemä – !ã˛e 3É6 ~ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ù%რxhs˝«˛/Ó˚y @˝Ã!rÌ §Ù)• !ã˛!eï˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
!˛õê%˛•zê˛y!Ó˚ @˝Ã!rÌ ı
•y•zˆÏ˛õỹy°yÙyˆÏ§Ó˚ !ë˛Ü˛ l#ˆÏã˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y!ê˛Ó˚ !Ë˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~•z˛ @˝Ã!rÌ!ê˛
xÓ!fiÌï˛– !˛õê%˛ƒ•zê˛y!Ó˚ @˝Ã!rÌ ò%•z˲yˆÏà !Ó˲=˛ñ x@˝ÃÈüÈ!˛õê%˛ƒ•zê˛y!Ó˚
~ÓÇ ˛õŸã˛yÍÈüÈ!˛õê%˛ƒ•zê˛y!Ó˚–
x@˝Ã !˛õê%˛ƒ•zê˛y!Ó˚ •y•zˆÏ˛õỹy°yÙyˆÏ§Ó˚ §ˆÏAà §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ ˲yˆÏÓ Î%=˛ñ
Îy ~Ó˚ •Ó˚ˆÙyl !l/§Ó˚îˆÏܲ !lÎ˚sfî ܲˆÏÓ˚– !˛õê%˛ƒ•zê˛y!Ó˚ @˝Ã!rÌ
Ó,!ÂôÈüÈ•Ó˚ˆÏÙyl åGrowth Hormoneä ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ xyˆÏÓ˚y
•Ó˚ˆÏÙyl !l/§Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ Îy xyÓyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°l G !lÎ˚sfî ܲˆÏÓ˚
ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ xyˆÏÓ˚y Ó•) xhs˝/«˛Ó˚y @˝Ã!rÌÓ˚ !l/§Ó˚îˆÏܲñ ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî•z
˛˛!˛õê%˛ƒ•zê˛y!Ó˚ @˝Ã!r̈Ïܲ ÚÙ%áƒÈüÈ@˝Ã!rÌÛ åMaster Glandä Ó°y •Î˚–
!ܲS%È !ܲS%È •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl ç#Ól Óƒy˛õ# !lÎ˚!Ùï˛ à!ï˛ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲñ
ˆÎáyˆÏl xlƒ!ܲS%È •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ !ܲS%È í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ !l/§,ï˛
•Î˚ – í˛zòy•Ó˚î !•§yˆÏÓ Ó,!ÂôÈüÈ•Ó˚ˆÏÙyl §ÙhflÏ Óy°ƒÜ˛y° ôˆÏÓ˚ !lÎ˚!Ùï˛
˲yˆÏÓ !l§,/ï˛ •Î˚ñ !ܲˆÏ¢yÓ˚yÓfiÌyÎ˚ !ܲS%Èê˛y o%ï˛ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏAàñ !ܲv
çll@˝Ã!rÌ §¡∫rô#Î˚ •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl ågonadotropic hormoneä !l/
§,ï˛ •Î˚ ÓÎ˚/§!rô ܲyˆÏ° Îy ˆSȈϰˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ˛õ%Ó˚%ˆÏ£Ïy!ã˛ï˛ ~ÓÇ
ˆÙˆÏÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe lyÓ˚#§%°Ë˛ •Ó˚ˆÏÙyˆÏlÓ˚ !l/§Ó˚îˆÏܲ í˛zj#!˛õï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚–
~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° Ù%რ~ÓÇ ˆàÔî ˆÎÔl ˛˛õ!Ó˚Óï˛≈l ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •Î˚–
Ìy•zÓ˚ˆÏÎ˚í˛ @˝Ã!rÌ ı
~•z @˝Ã!rÌ!ê˛ à°ˆÏòˆÏ¢ xÓ!fiÌï˛ – ~!ê˛ Ìy•zÓ˚!:l í˛zͲõߨ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Îy
¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Ó˛õyܲ#Î˚ à!ï˛ˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– x@˝Ã ˛!˛õê%˛ƒ•zê˛y!Ó˚ @˝Ã!rÌ
ˆÌˆÏܲ !l/§,ï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl myÓ˚y í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ ÙyeyÎ˚ Ìy•zˆÏÓ˚y!:l
!l/§Ó˚ î ~ÓÇ !lÎ˚ ! sf ï ˛ •Î˚ ñ ÎyˆÏ Ü ˛ Ó°y •Î˚ ÚÌy•z Ó ˚ ˆ Ï Î ˚ í ˛
í˛zj#˛õlyܲyÓ˚# •Ó˚ˆÏÙylÛ åThyroid Stimulating hormone
Óy TSHä– ~•z •Ó˚ˆÏÙyˆÏlÓ˚ !lÎ˚!Ùï˛ !l/§Ó˚î ˆòˆÏ• ¢!=˛ í˛zͲõyòl
ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yˆÏáñ x!:ˆÏçl ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ñ ˆò• ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ Óçƒ≈˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ !ӈϰy˛õ
§yôl •zï˛ƒy!ò ܲyˆÏç §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚– xlƒ!òˆÏܲñ Ìy•zÓ˚!:ˆÏlÓ˚ fl∫“
!l/§Ó˚î ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ G Ùyl!§Ü˛ í˛zòƒÙ•#lï˛y !lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ§– ܲÙÓˆÏÎ˚§#
ç#ÓçvÓ˚ Ìy•zÓ˚ˆÏÎ˚í˛ @˝Ã!rÌ Î!ò Óyò !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
Ó,!Âô Órô •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ˆÏÎÔlï˛yÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ •ˆÏÓ ly–
xƒy!í»˛ly° @˝Ã!rÌ ı
ò%!ê˛ xƒy!í»˛ly!°l @˝Ã!rÌ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ !ܲí˛!lÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚
xÓ!fiÌï˛– ~Ó˚ ò%!ê˛ Ë˛yàñ xƒy!í»˛ly° ܲˆÏê˛≈: ~ÓÇ xƒy!í»˛ly°
ˆÙí%˛°y– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛•z !Ó!˲ߨ •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl !l/§Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚–
xƒy!í»˛ly° ܲˆÏê≈˛: !ܲS%È •Ó˚ˆÏÙyˆÏlÓ˚ §Ù!T˛˛ !lÈ/§,ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚
Ó°y •Î˚ ܲ!ê≈˛Ü˛ˆÏÎ˚í˛§ åcorticoidsä ˆò• ~ˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ
í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎÙl ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚ á!lç ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ !lÎ˚sfîñ
!ӈϢ£Ïï˛/ ˆ§y!í˛Î˚yÙñ ˛õê˛y!¢Î˚yÙñ ˆÜœ˛yÓ˚y•zí˛ •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ !lÎ˚sfî –
~Ó˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲ°yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆày°ˆÏÎyà âê˛ˆÏ° fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ܲyˆÏçG
ÓˆÏí˛¸y ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ ˛õˆÏí˛¸–
xƒy!í»˛ly° ˆÙí%˛°y ò%!ê˛ •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl !l/§Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÎÌy ~!˛õˆÏl!Ê ˛l
~ÓÇ lÓ˚~!˛õˆÏl!Ê ˛l– åÎÌyÜ ˛ˆÏÙ xƒy!í»˛ly!°l G lÓ˚xƒy!í»˛ly!°l
lyˆÏÙG ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ä §ÙˆÏÓò# ˆÜ˛ˆÏwÓ˚ §!Ü ˛Î˚ï˛y ÎÌy •,òflõ®ˆÏlÓ˚
à!ï˛ Ó,!Âôñ x!:ˆÏçl ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ñ !Ó˛õyܲ#Î˚ à!ï˛ñ ˆ˛õ¢#àï˛ ¢!=˛
•zï˛ƒy!ò ~•z ò%!ê˛ •Ó˚ˆÏÙyˆÏlÓ˚ !l/§Ó˚ˆÏlÓ˚ myÓ˚y•z •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
~!˛õˆÏl!Ê ˛l G lÓ˚~!˛õˆÏl!Ê˛l xyÓyÓ˚ •y•zˆÏ˛õỹy°yÙy§ˆÏܲ
í˛zj#!˛õï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ÎyÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˛õ#í˛¸ˆÏîÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó› åStressorä §!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚
ˆlGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚G ~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ≤ÃyˆÏ«˛y!˲ܲ !Ü ˛Î˚y ≤ð!¡∫ï˛
•Î˚–
x@¿ƒy¢Î˚ ı
x@¿ƒy¢Î˚ ˛õyܲfiÌ°#Î˚ ˛õyˆÏ¢ xÓ!fiÌï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ xAà ÎyÓ˚ Ù%áƒ
Ë)˛!Ùܲy Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ áyˆÏòƒÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õyˆÏܲ– ~SÈyí˛¸yG ~!ê˛ •zl§%!°l lyˆÏÙ
~ܲ!ê˛ •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl !lı§Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚– •zl§%!°l ÎÜ,˛ÍˆÏܲ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚
¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çlƒ xÌÓy ÎÜ,˛ˆÏï˛ @’y•zˆÏܲyˆÏçl §ÇÓ˚«˛î
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ¢Ü≈˛Ó˚y ˲y.ˆÏï˛– Îál §!ë˛Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏl •zl§%!°l !lı§,ï˛
•Î˚ ly ï˛ál ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÓ˚yà §,!T˛ •Î˚ ÎyÓ˚ lyÙ Èí˛yÎ˚yˆÏÓ!ê˛§ ˆÙ!°ê˛y§
xÌÓy §•ç˲yˆÏÓ í˛yÎ˚yˆÏÓ!ê˛§–
ˆàylyí˛È ı
ˆàylyí˛È Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ ˛õ%Ó˚%£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ¢%Ü ˛y¢Î˚ ~ÓÇ Ù!•°yˆÏòÓ˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏe !í˛¡∫y¢Î˚– ~•z @˝Ã!rÌ ˆÏ̈Ïܲ !là≈ï˛ •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl ˆÎÔl xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ
!lÎ˚sfî G ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°l ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆ§•z §ˆÏAà flf#˛õ%Ó˚%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˛≤Ãçll
≤Ã!eÎ˚yˆÏܲG !lÎ˚sfî ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z •Ó˚ˆÏÙyˆÏlÓ˚ !lı§Ó˚î x@˝Ã!˛õê%˛ƒ•zê˛y!Ó˚
myÓ˚y !là≈ï˛ ˆàylyˆÏí˛yê˛∆!Ê˛Ü˛ •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl (gonado trophic
hormon) lyˆÏÙ ~ܲ!ê˛ •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl myÓ˚y §)e˛õyï˛ •Î˚ñ ÓçyÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ
~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ •Î˚– ÓÎ˚ı§!rôܲyˆÏ° ˆàyˆÏlyˆÏí˛yê˛∆!Ê˛Ü˛ •Ó˚ˆÏÙyˆÏlÓ˚
!lı§Ó˚î ¢%Ó˚% •Î˚ åÙyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe 10 ˆÌˆÏܲ 14 ÓSÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§ä
~ÓÇ ˆÏàylyí˛ˆÏܲ •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl !lı§Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚˛ çlƒ í˛zj#!˛õï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ÎyÓ˚
Ê˛ˆÏ° xyÓyÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ Ù%რG ˆàÔî ˆÎÔl ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%!°Ó˚ !Óܲy¢
í˛zj#!˛õï˛ •Î˚–
Ù!•°yˆÏòÓ˚ !í˛¡∫y¢Î˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ˆÏfiê˛∆yˆÏçl ~ÓÇ ≤ÈÏçˆÏfiê˛ˆÏÓ˚yl í˛zͲõߨ
•Î˚– ~ˆÏfiê˛∆yˆÏçl lyÓ˚#ˆÏòˆÏ•Ó˚ ˆÎÔl !Óܲy¢ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ù%áƒ
ˆÎÔl ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ Îy ≤ÃçlˆÏlÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ç!í˛¸ï˛ ï˛y ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˆÏòáy
ÎyÎ˚– ˆÎÙl G˲yÙ åOvumä Óy !í˛¡∫ˆÏܲyˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ ∈Ïê˛ñ ÎyÓ˚
Ê˛ˆÏ° ≤ÃyÎ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ 28 !òl xhs˝Ó˚ ~ܲçl ˆÎÔl ˛õ!Ó˚lÙl §¡õߨ
lyÓ˚#ˆÏòˆÏ•Ó˚ !í˛¡∫y¢Î˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ !í˛¡∫yl% !lı§,ï˛ •Î˚ñ ˆàÔî ˆÎÔl
˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ ˆÎÙl hflÏ ˆ Ï l Ó˚ !Óܲy¢ñ ¢Ó˚ # ˆÏ Ó ˚ Ó ˚ ˆày°ày° ˲yÓñ
ˆ◊yl#ˆÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤çyÓ˚ •zï˛ƒy!òG ~•z •Ó˚ˆÏÙyˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#° –
ˆÎÔl !ÓܲyˆÏ¢ ≤ÈÏçˆÏfiê˛ˆÏÓ˚yl ~Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˆl•z– ~Ó˚ ܲyç
•° ˛çÓ˚yÎ˚%ˆÏܲ §Ω˛yÓƒ !l!£Ï=˛ !í˛¡∫yl% @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚y–
˛õ%Ó˚%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ≤Ãçll §¡∫rô#Î˚ xyã˛Ó˚î x!ôܲ §Ó˚° ÌyˆÏܲ ܲyÓ˚î
~ˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly }ï%˛ã˛ˆÏÜ ˛Ó˚ x!hflÏc ˆÏl•z – ˛õ%Ó˚%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ¢%Ü ˛y¢Î˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ
ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛ ˲yˆÏÓ ¢%Ü ˛ í˛zͲõyòl •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏu»˛yˆÏçl lyˆÏÙ ˛õ%Ó˚%£Ï
ˆÎÔl •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl !lı§Ó˚î •Î˚– Ù%რ~ˆÏu»˛yˆÏçl •° ˆê˛ˆÏfiê˛yˆÏfiê˛Ó˚l–
ˆê˛ˆÏfiê˛yˆÏfiê˛Ó˚l ˆàÔî ˆÎÔl ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l âê˛yÎ˚ ˆÎÙl
¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛lñ Ù%á ~ÓÇ ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ°yˆÏÙÓ˚ Ó,!Âôñ ܲt˛fl∫ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚Ó˚
àyΩ˛#Î≈ ~ÓÇ ˆÎÔl ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤ÃyÓ°ƒ– ˆê˛ˆÏfiê˛yˆÏfiê˛Ó˚l ~Ó˚
í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ˆÜ ˛yô ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ xyã˛Ó˚ˆîÏ Ó˚G §ÇˆÏÎyà Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ È–
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !•ï˛§yôˆÏl §Ü˛° •Ó˚ˆÏÙyˆÏlÓ˚ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ
!Ü ˛Î˚yܲ°y˛õ xï˛ƒhs˝ à%Ó%̊c˛õ)î≈– •Ó˚ˆÏÙyˆÏlÓ˚ §%£ÏÙ !lı§Ó˚î Óƒ!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏܲ
ˆÏò• ï˛yÓ˚ x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î ˲yÓ˚§yÙƒ ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
ã˛y˛õ Óy ˛õ#í˛¸ˆÏîÓ˚ §yÙˆÏl ˛õí˛¸ˆÏ° Î!ò •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl !lı§Ó˚î Ó,!Âô ly
˛õyÎ˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ xyÙÓ˚y ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ §Ω˛yÓƒ !Ó˛õˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §!ë˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ
ˆÙyܲy!Ó°y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚Ó ly– §ÓˆÏ¢ˆÏ£Ïñ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï
!ӈϢ£Ï §ÙˆÏÎ˚ •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl !lı§Ó˚î ly âê˛ˆÏ° xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Ó,!Âôñ ˛õ!Ó˚lÙl
G ≤Ãçll ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y §Çâ!ê˛ï˛ •ˆÏÓ ly–
ÓÇ¢à!ï˛ ı
!çl ~ÓÇ xyã˛Ó˚î ı xyÙÓ˚y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !˛õï˛yÙyï˛yÓ˚ ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ
!çˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !Ó!˲ߨ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ í˛z_Ó˚y!ôܲyÓ˚ §)ˆÏe ˛õy•z– ~ܲ!ê˛
!¢¢% çˆÏß√Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ !˛õï˛yÙyï˛yÓ˚ ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤ÃyÆ !çˆÏlÓ˚
xllƒ §Ùy•yÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~•z í˛z_Ó˚y!ôܲyÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢
~ܲ!ê˛ flõfiê˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!ã˛e ~ÓÇ §ÙÎ˚§)!ã˛ ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– í˛z_Ó˚y!ôܲyÓ˚
§)ˆÏe ≤ÃyÆ ˛õ)Ó≈çlˆÏòÓ˚ ˜Ïò!•Ü˛ G Ùyl!§Ü˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyˆÏܲ
Ó°y •Î˚ ˆçˆÏl!ê˛Ü˛§ ågeneticsä Óy ≤Ãçll !Óòƒy– !¢¢%Ó˚ ç#Ól
¢%Ó˚% •Î˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ~ܲܲ çy•zˆÏàyê˛ ˆÜ˛y¢ åÙyï,˛ˆÏò• ˆÌˆÏܲ !là≈ï˛
!í˛¡∫yl% !˛õï,˛ˆÏò•˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ !là≈ï˛ ¢%Ü ˛yl% myÓ˚y !l!£Ï=˛ •Î˚ä Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ–
çy•zˆÏàyê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ «%˛o ˆÜ˛y¢ ÎyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛ˆÏw Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ܲ!ê˛ !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§
xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ 3 • ÙylÓ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !˲!_ 53
ÎyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xyÓyÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÜ ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyÙ §Ù)•– §Ù§ÇáƒÜ˛
ˆÜ ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyÙ !çl §• !˛õï˛y ~ÓÇ Ùyï˛yÓ˚ ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛z_Ó˚y!ôܲyÓ˚
§)ˆÏe !¢¢%Ó˚ ˆòˆÏ• ˛õ!Ó˚Óy!•ï˛ •Î˚–
ˆÜ ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyÙ åchromosomesä ı
ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ ÓÇ¢à!ï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õyòyl •° ˆÜ ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyÙ– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ£ÏÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ §%ˆÏï˛yÓ˚ Ùï˛ ˆçyí˛¸y ˆçyí˛¸y ˆÜ ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyÙ ÌyˆÏܲ– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛
!lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚yˆÏ§ ˆÜ ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyˆÏÙÓ˚ §Çáƒy ˛õ,Ìܲ !ܲv ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ ç#!Óï˛
≤Ãyl#Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~•z §Çáƒy!ê˛ ô %Ó åConstantä – çll ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢
å¢%Ü ˛yl% G !í˛¡∫yl%ä 23!ê˛ ˆÜ ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyÙ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ !ܲv ˆçyí˛¸yÎ˚
ˆçyí˛¸yÎ˚ lÎ˚– ~ܲ!ê˛ lï%˛l ≤Ãçß√ §,!fiê˛ •Î˚ ¢%Ü ˛ˆÏܲy¢ ~ÓÇ
!í˛¡∫ˆÏܲy¢ ~Ó˚ §Ç!Ù◊ˆÏî–
àË≈˛yÓfiÌyÎ˚ !¢¢% ï˛yÓ˚ !˛õï˛yÙyï˛yÓ˚ ܲyç ˆÌˆÏܲ 46!ê˛
ˆÜ ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyÙ !lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ§ñ ÎyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ 23!ê˛ ÙyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲñ
23!ê˛ ÓyÓyÓ˚ ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ ˆÜ ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyˆÏÙ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ •yçyÓ˚
•yçyÓ˚ !çl– Î!òG ¢%Ü ˛ˆÏܲy¢ å!˛õï˛yÓ˚ä !í˛¡∫ˆÏܲy¢ åÙyï˛yÓ˚ä ˆÌˆÏܲ
ܲyÎ≈ܲ°y˛õ 3É2
ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛Ó˚ SÈyeˆÏòÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ òˆÏ° ˲yà ܲÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
!lˆÏ¡¨y=˛ !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ G˛õÓ˚ !Óï˛Ü≈˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ó°ı
ÚÚÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl#ˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z!ã˛ï˛ !lí˛zÓ˚lñ §!ߨܲ£Ï≈ ~ÓÇ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf
§¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚ï˛_¥ !Óò‰ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ˆSȈÏí˛¸ ˆòGÎ˚y–ÛÛ
~ܲò° ≤ÃhflÏyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˛õˆ«˛ Ó°ˆÏÓ xyÓ˚ xlƒò° ~Ó˚ !Ó˛õˆÏ«˛ Ó°ˆÏÓ–
xy°yòy •Î˚ !ӈϢ£Ï ~ܲ!ê˛ !òܲ !òˆÏÎ˚– ¢%Ü %˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ 23l¡∫Ó˚
ˆÜ ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyÙ !ê˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ •zLjÏÓ˚!ç Óí˛¸•yˆÏï˛Ó˚ x«˛Ó˚ X xÌÓy
Y ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚– Î!ò X ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ¢%Ü ˛ˆÏܲy¢ !í˛¡∫ˆÏܲy¢ˆÏܲ !l!£Ï=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ
ï˛y•ˆÏ° !l!£Ï=˛ !í˛¡∫yl%!ê˛Ó˚ 23 l¡∫Ó˚ ˆÜ ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyˆÏÙÓ˚ ˆçyí˛¸y!ê˛
•ˆÏÓ XX ~ÓÇ !¢¢%!ê˛ •ˆÏÓ Ü˛lƒy!¢¢%– x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲ Î!ò Y ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
¢% Ü   ˛ ˆÏ Ü ˛y¢ !í˛¡∫ ˆ Ï Ü ˛y¢ˆÏ Ü ˛ !l!£Ï = ˛ ܲˆÏ Ó ˚ ñ ï˛ˆÏ Ó 23 l¡∫ Ó ˚
ˆÜ ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyˆÏÙÓ˚ ˆçyí˛¸y!ê˛ •ˆÏÓ XY ~ÓÇ !¢¢%!ê˛ •ˆÏÓ ˛õ%Ó˚%£Ï !¢¢%–
ˆÜ ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyÙ Ù)°ï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õòyÌ≈ !òˆÏÎ˚ !l!Ù≈ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ÎyˆÏܲ
ӈϰ !í˛x!:Ó˚y•zˆÏÓy!lí˛z!Üœ˛Ü˛ xƒy!§í˛ åDeoxyribonucleic
Acid Óy DNAä– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !çl Ù)°ï˛ !í˛É~lÉ~ xl% myÓ˚y
!l!Ù≈ï˛ – ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ≤ð«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ åTraitä !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ çlƒ ò%ˆÏê˛y !çl
!lÎ˚sfܲ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˆlÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚y ~ܲ•z fiÌyˆÏl xÓ!fiÌï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
xÌ≈yÍ ˆÜ ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyˆÏÙÓ˚ ~ܲ !ӈϢ£Ï ˆçyí˛¸yÎ˚ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ ˆÜ ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyÙ
~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ !çl xÓ!fiÌï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~Ó˚ ~ܲÙye Óƒ!ï˛Ü ˛Ù •°
54 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
!°Aà ˆÜ  ˛ yˆÏ Ù yˆÏ ç yÙ å Sex Chromosome ä xÌ≈ y Í ˆÎ
ˆÜ ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyÙÈüȈçyí˛¸y Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ !°Aà !lô≈yÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
!çl åGenesä ı
≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ ˆÜ ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyÙ •yçyÓ˚ •yçyÓ˚ ÓÇ¢à!ï˛ §¡∫rô#Î˚ !lˆÏò≈¢
!çˆÏlÓ˚ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ §!M˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏá– ~•z !çl §Ù)• Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚
ܲyÎ≈ôyÓ˚yÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ ܲï≈,˛c ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ˆÏï˛ !ӈϢ£Ï ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l í˛zͲõߨ
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ !lˆÏò≈¢ ÌyˆÏܲ Îy ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y !lÎ˚sfî ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
ˆÊ˛ˆÏlyê˛y•z!˛õܲ åPhenotypicä ≤ð«˛î à%!°Ó˚ ˛Ó!•≤Ãܲy¢ˆÏܲG
!lÎ˚sfî ܲˆÏÓ˚– ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ò,¢ƒÙyl ≤ð«˛îà%!°ˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ ˆÊ˛ˆÏlyê˛y•z˛õ
åˆÎÙlñ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ àë˛lñ ˜ò!•Ü˛ ¢!=˛ñ Ó%!Âô ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ
xyã˛Ó˚îàï˛ ≤ð«˛îä ˆÎ§Ó ≤ð«˛î §hs˝yˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õ!Ó˚Óy!•ï˛
•Î˚ !çlàï˛ í˛z˛õyòyˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ó°y •Î˚ ˆçˆÏlyê˛y•z˛õ
(genotype) ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ xyô%!lܲ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚
~ÓÇ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛yˆÏï˛ ˆçˆÏlyê˛y•z!˛õܲ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ
!˲ߨï˛y ˛õ!Ó˚ò,T˛ •Î˚–
~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ !çl !Ó!˲ߨ Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ !ÓòƒÙyl ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~ܲ!ê˛
!çˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲÓ˚)˛õ ˆÌˆÏܲ xlƒÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛lˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óƒ!=˛
(Mutation) – ˆÎ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óƒ!=˛ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ˆÏï˛ fl∫ï˛ıfl≥)˛ï≈˛ ˲yˆÏÓ
âˆÏê˛ ï˛y•z ˆçˆÏlyê˛y•zˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !˲ߨï˛y !lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ§ ~ÓÇ lï%˛l
≤Ãçy!ï˛Ó˚ !ÓÓï˛≈l §Çâ!ê˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˛õ!Ó˚Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° !ÓòƒÙyl !çˆÏlÓ˚
§ˆÏAà lï%˛l !çˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ%lı§ÇˆÏÎyçˆÏlÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •Î˚– lï%˛l
§ÇˆÏÎy!çï˛ ~•z !çl ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ ˛õÓ˚#«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ Ó˚yáy •Î˚ ~ÓÇ
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢•z !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yl ˆçˆÏlyê˛y•z˛õ!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ çlƒ
§Ó≈ˆÏ˛õ«˛y ˆÎyàƒï˛Ù–
§yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ !˲!_ ı xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §Ùyç §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ Ó˚)˛õyÎ˚î
(Cultural Basis : Socio-Cultural Shaping of
Behaviour)
xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˜ç!Óܲ !˲!_ ˛õyˆÏë˛Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y •Î˚ˆÏï˛y ôyÓ˚îy
ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈy ˆÎ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Ó•% xyã˛Ó˚î ˛•Ó˚ˆÏÙyˆÏlÓ˚ myÓ˚y ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •Î˚
~ÓÇ xyˆÏÓ˚y Ó•% xyã˛Ó˚î §Çâ!ê˛ï˛ •Î˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Óï≈˛ !Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ Ê˛° !•§yˆÏÓ–
ï˛ˆÏÓñ •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ï˛Óï≈˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §Ó xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ Óƒyáƒy
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y !lÎ˚sfˆÏl •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl
à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ !ܲv ÙylÓ xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ §¡õ)î≈ !lÎ˚sfî
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– ˆï˛Ù!l ÓyôyôÓ˚y å!l!ò≈T˛ ˛õƒyê˛yˆÏl≈Ó˚ä ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yñ
Îy ≤Ã!ï˛ÓˆÏï˛≈Ó˚ §Ó≈yˆÏ˛õ«˛y fl∫ï˛sf ~ܲ!ê˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒñ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚ ˲yà ÙylÓ
≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏï˛•z ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ly–
ï˛ˆÏܲ≈Ó˚ áy!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ Ó•% ˆ«˛Ïe ˆÌˆÏܲ•z
xyÙÓ˚y í˛zòy•Ó˚î ê˛ylˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ˆÎ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚î xlƒylƒ
ç#Óçhs%˝Ó˚ xyã˛Ó˚î xˆÏ˛õ«˛y ç!ê˛°ï˛Ó˚– ~•z ç!ê˛°ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl ܲyÓ˚î
~•z ˆÎñ ÙylÓ xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ !lÎ˚sfî ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛
˛õ!Ó˚Ù[˛° Îy xlƒylƒ ≤Ãyî#Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆl•z– ~ˆÏ§yñ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ù)°
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl Ú«%˛ôyÛ !lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲ!Ó˚ñ xyÙÓ˚y çy!l ~Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
˜ç!Óܲ !˲!_ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ~!ê˛ Ùyl%£Ï ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ ≤Ãyî#Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
§yôyÓ˚î ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒñ !ܲv Ùyl%£Ï ˆÎ˲yˆÏÓ ~•z ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)!ï≈˛˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y xï˛ƒhs˝ ç!ê˛°– ˆÎÙlñ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óƒ!=˛ !lÓ˚y!Ù£Ï
áyòƒ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ xyÓyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛í˛z ˆÜ˛í˛z xy!Ù¢y£Ï#– ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚y
!lÓ˚y!Ù¢y£Ï# Óy x!Ù¢y£Ï# •°– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !lÓ˚y!Ù¢y£Ï# !í˛Ù
ˆáˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲñ xyÓyÓ˚ xˆÏlˆÏܲ•z !í˛Ù áyÎ˚ ly– ˆÜ˛l ~Ó˚Ü˛Ù •Î˚⁄
!ã˛hs˝y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ Ùyl%£Ï ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ áyòƒy˲ƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚
~ï˛ !˲ߨ˲yˆÏÓ xyã˛Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ⁄ xyˆÏÓ˚y Î!ò xl%§rôyl ܲÓ˚
ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆòáˆÏÓ áyòƒ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒG ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ
Ó: 3É1 ˜ç!Óܲ G §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ §M˛y°l (Biological and Cultural Transmission)
xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÜ,˛ï˛ xyô%!lܲ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ lï%˛l !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ í˛zqÓ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÎyÓ˚
lyÙ §Ùyç ç#Ó!Óòƒy ~ÓÇ Îy ç#Ó!ÓK˛yl ~ÓÇ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ !ÙÌ!fl;Î˚y
!lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~!ê˛ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §yÙy!çܲ xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ !ÓÓï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ Úxhs˝Ë)≈˛!=˛Ù)°Ü˛ ˆÎyàƒï˛yÛÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÓ˚
xÌ≈ •° ˆÎ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ~Ùl ≤Ãï˛ƒy¢y ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ÎyˆÏï˛ ≤Ãçll
àï˛ §yÊ˛°ƒ x!ôܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî âê˛ˆÏÓ– àˆÏÓ£Ïܲàî ÎyÓ˚y !Ó!˲ߨ
§yÙy!çܲ xyã˛Ó˚î ˛õÎ≈yˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl åˆÎÙl ˛õ)Ó≈Ó˚yàñ ≤Ãçllñ
!¢¢% ≤Ã!ï˛˛õy°läñ ï˛yÓ˚y ˜ç!Óܲ §¡∫rô myÓ˚y §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ ç#Ó§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚
!ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛ï˛yˆÏܲ xÓÙ)°ƒyÎ˚l ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl–
ï˛yÓ˚y ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚l ˆÎ ÙylÓ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚îˆÏܲ ¢%ô%Ùye ˜ç!Óܲ
≤ÃÓlï˛y !òˆÏÎ˚ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly– ~!ê˛ §yÇây!ï˛Ü˛ ˲yˆÏÓ !¢ál myÓ˚y
≤Ã˲y!Óï˛– ˆ••z!í˛ ˆÜ˛°yÓ˚ åHeidi Keller)ñ ~ܲçl ≤Ãáƒyï˛
ÙˆÏly!Óòñ Óï≈˛Ùyl §ÙˆÏÎ˚ !Óï˛Ü≈˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ˆÎ ÓÇ¢àï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛Ë˛yˆÏܲ
!çl ~ÓÇ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !l!ò≈T˛ ~ÓÇ !lî≈yÎ˚ܲ Ó!•ı≤Ãܲy¢ ӈϰ Ë%˛° ܲÓ˚y
í˛z!ã˛ï˛ lÎ˚– !ï˛!l ÚÓÇ¢àï˛ ï˛Í˛õÓ˚ï˛yÛÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy ~ˆÏlˆÏSÈlñ ÎyÓ˚ Ù)°Ü˛Ìy
•° !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §%ò«˛ ≤Ãy!Æ âˆÏê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚
§ˆÏAà xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÎÌyÌ≈ í˛z˛õˆÏÎyçˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçˆÏl•z–
Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl !ÓŸªy§ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ˆÎñ ÙylÓçy!ï˛Ó˚ !ÓÓï≈˛l §Çâ!ê˛ï˛ •Î˚
ÓÇ¢àï˛ ~ÓÇ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ §M˛y°ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÎÔÌ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÎ˚– ~•z §M˛y°l
≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y !Ó!˲ߨ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ xy°yòy •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ !ܲv ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
§Ùyhs˝Ó˚y° ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ÓÇ¢àï˛ §M˛y°l ~Ùl ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y Îy ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛
ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓ âˆÏê˛ ÌyˆÏܲñ !ܲv §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ §M˛y°l ~ܲ!ê˛
xllƒ ÙylÓ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y– ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ xyhs˝ıÓÇ¢#Î˚ !¢ál å!¢«˛l
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ åˆÎÙl •yï˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˲yï˛ áyGÎ˚y xÌÓy ã˛yÙã˛ñ ܲyê˛yã˛yÙã˛
~ÓÇ S%È!Ó˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ áyGÎ˚yä –
ˆÎÔl xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ xyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zòy•Ó˚î !•§yˆÏÓ ˆlGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– xyÙÓ˚y
çy!l Ùyl%£Ï ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ ç#ÓçvÓ˚ ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ~•z xyã˛Ó˚ˆîÏ ~ܲ•zÓÜ˚ ˛Ù
•Ó˚ˆÏÙyl G ≤Ã!ï˛Óï≈˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ §ÇÎ%!=˛ âˆÏê˛– ˆÎáyˆÏl ç#ÓçvÓ˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÎÔl xyã˛Ó˚î á%Ó•z §Ó˚° ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ï˛Óï≈˛ xô#l å§Ó çv•z
≤ÃyÎ˚ ~ܲ•z ˲yˆÏÓ ˆÎÔl xyã˛Ó˚î §¡õߨ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲäñ ˆ§áyˆÏl
Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ï˛y ~ï˛•z ç!ê˛° ˆÎ ~ˆÏܲ ≤Ã!ï˛Óï≈˛yô#l !Ü ˛Î˚y
ӈϰ Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚y xï˛ƒhs˝ ܲ!ë˛l– Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆÎÔl xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
Ù%რ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ •° §Aà# ÙˆÏlylÎ˚l– ~•z ÙˆÏlylÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !Ë!_ ~ܲ!ê˛
§ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ !Ë˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !Ó!˲ߨ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Óƒy˛õܲ ˲yˆÏÓ ˛˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ
˛õ)î≈ •Î˚– Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆÎÔl xyã˛Ó˚Èî ~SÈyí˛¸yG !Ó!˲ߨ !lÎ˚Ùñ xyò¢≈ñ
Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô ~ÓÇ xy•zl myÓ˚y ¢y!§ï˛ •Î˚– Î!òG ~§Ó !lÎ˚Ù ~ÓÇ
xyò¢≈§Ù)• ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ïܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï˛≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚G
~ÓÇ xl%ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙäñ Îy ~ˆÏܲ ˜ç!Óܲ §M˛y°l ˆÌˆÏܲ xy°yòy
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ §M˛y°ˆÏl Óƒ!=˛ ï˛yÓ˚ !˛õï˛yÙyï˛y SÈyí˛¸yG xlƒylƒ
çlàî myÓ˚y ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •Î˚ – xlƒ!òˆÏܲ ˜ç!Óܲ §M˛y°ˆÏl ¢%ô%Ùye
!˛õï˛yÙyï˛y•z •° ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ í˛zͧ– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ¢%ô%Ùye ÙylÓçy!ï˛Ó˚•z˛
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Ú§yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ !˛õï˛yÙyï˛yÛ åˆÎÙl !Óhfl,Ïï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ò§ƒ §Ù)•ñ
!¢«˛Ü˛àî ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ ≤Ã˲yÓ¢y°# Óƒ!=˛Óà≈ä– §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ !ÓÓï≈˛l
¢%ô%Ùye xyhs˝ıÓÇ¢#Î˚ ≤Ã˲yˆÏÓÓ˚ myÓ˚y §#ÙyÓÂô lÎ˚– ôyÓ˚îy §Ù)• §M˛y!°ï˛
•Î˚ í˛z_Ó˚y!ôܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ÎyÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ÓˆÏí˛¸yÓ˚yG ˆSÈyˆÏê˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ
xyò¢≈ !•§yˆÏÓ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
~•z ò%•z≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈˲yˆÏÓ §yò,¢ƒÙÎ˚– ò%ˆÏê˛yÓ˚ x@˝Ãà!ï˛•z ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚
ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ !ÙÌ!fl;Î˚yÓ˚ ~˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#°– ò%ˆÏê˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛lñ
xÌ≈yÍ ï˛yÓ˚y fiÌyÎ˚# •ˆÏÓ ly ly!ܲ •y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓñ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚y ܲï˛ê˛y
x!˲ˆÏÎyçl Ù)°Ü˛ xÌ≈yÍ Ü˛ï˛ §%fiÌ Ë˛yˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚y ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ §ˆÏAà
Ùy!lˆÏÎ˚ !lˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈñ åˆÎ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ xyã˛Ó˚î!ê˛ ≤ÃÌÙ §¡õߨ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ä
§%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ÙylÓçy!ï˛Ó˚ ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe xyÙÓ˚y ˜Ïmï˛ í˛z_Ó˚y!ôܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ x!hflÏc
ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ Îy•z– ˜ç!Óܲ í˛z_Ó˚y!ôܲyÓ˚ §¡õߨ •Î˚ !çˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙñ ˆÎáyˆÏl
§yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ í˛z_Ó˚y!ôܲyÓ˚ §¡õߨ •Î˚ xl%ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ– ≤ÃÌÙ!ê˛ §¡õߨ
•Î˚ Úí˛zÑã%˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ !lã%˛Û ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÎ˚ åxÌ≈yÍ !˛õï˛yÙyï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ §hs˝ylä
xlƒ!òˆÏܲ !mï˛#Î˚!ê˛ •Î˚ Ú!lã%˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zã%˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÎ˚Û åÎÌy !¢¢% ˆÌˆÏܲ
!˛õï˛yÙyï˛y ˛õÎ≈hs˝ä – ˜mï˛ í˛z_Ó˚y!ôܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ï˛_¥ ˛õ!Ó˚ò,T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎñ Î!òG
˜ç!Óܲ G §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ¢!=˛ !˲ߨ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ Ê˛°yÊ˛°ñ ï˛Ìy!˛õ ï˛yÓ˚y ܲyç
ܲˆÏÓ˚ §Ùyhs˝Ó˚y° ¢!=˛ !•§yˆÏÓ– ï˛yÓ˚y ˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏAà !ÙÌ!fl;Î˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚
~ÓÇ ÙylÓ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ 3 • ÙylÓ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !˲!_ 55
x!ï˛Óy!•ï˛ •Î˚– ~§Ó í˛zòy•Ó˚î flõT˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚ ˆÎ ˜Ïç!Óܲ
í˛z˛õyòylà%!°•z ~ܲÙye ÙylÓ xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §y•y΃
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly– ç#Ó !ÓK˛yl#ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃòG ÙylÓ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ Óî≈lyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ fl∫˲yÓ xˆÏlܲ ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z !˲ߨï˛Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ÙylÓ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚
í˛zòÓ‰ ï≈˛l •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È ˜ç!Óܲ ~ÓÇ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ¢!=˛Ó˚ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ !Ü ˛Î˚yÎ˚–
~•z ¢!=˛•z xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Ó•% !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ §Ù≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ xyÓyÓ˚
Ó•% !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ !˲ߨ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–
§Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ó˚ ôyÓ˚ly ı ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˛õyë˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚SÈ ˆÎ ÙylÓ xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛
•ˆÏ° ~•z xyã˛Ó˚î ˆÎ §ÙyçÈüȧyÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ˆ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ âˆÏê˛ˆÏSÈ ˆ§•z
˛ˆ≤Ã!«˛ï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z ˆòáˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
ÙylÓ xyã˛Ó˚î Ù)°ï˛ı §yÙy!çܲñ ~ˆÏï˛ xˆÏlƒÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §¡õÜ≈˛ñ
xˆÏlƒÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏlÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yñ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ)Ó≈˛õ%Ó˚%£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ
≤ÃyÆ x§Çრ§,T˛ Óy›Ó˚ §ˆÏAà xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Óƒy˛õ,!ï˛ •zï˛ƒy!ò !ç!l£Ï
ç!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏSÈ– Î!òG xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Ùï˛ xyˆÏÓ˚y Ó•% ≤Ãyî#•z §yÙy!çܲ
!ܲvñ Ùyl%£Ï •° ˆ§•z§ˆÏAà §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛–
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !çK˛y§y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ñ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ Ó°ˆÏï˛ Ü˛# ˆÏÓyV˛yÎ˚⁄
~•z ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚ !òˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ° xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ Ó°ˆÏï˛
ܲ# ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ñ §•ç˲yˆÏÓ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ •°ñ ÚÚ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ ÙylÓÈüȧ,T˛
xÇ¢ÛÛ– ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Ó•% Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ !Ó!Óô xyã˛Ó˚îôyÓ˚yÓ˚
Ê˛°yÊ˛°ñ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ §•ñ ~•z Ê˛°yÊ˛° Ó›àï˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚
•ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ åˆÎÙl Îsf˛õy!ï˛ñ ˲yflÒÎ≈äñ ôyÓ˚îy •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎÙl
ˆ◊!îñ lÙ≈ä xÌÓy §yÙy!çܲ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yl •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ åˆÎÙl
˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ñ !Óòƒy°Î˚ä – xyÙÓ˚y §Ó≈e•z ~ˆÏܲ ˆò!á– ï˛yÓ˚y xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ
≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ Î!òG §Ó§ÙÎ˚ ~§¡õˆÏܲ≈ xyÙÓ˚y GÎ˚y!ܲӕy°
Ìy!ܲ ly–
!ܲS%È í˛zòy•Ó˚Èî ˆòáy Îyܲ– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~ál ˆÎ âˆÏÓ˚ ӈϧ xySÈ ï˛y
~ܲ!ê˛ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ Ê˛°yÊ˛° SÈyí˛¸y !ܲS%È•z lÎ˚– ~!ê˛ Ü˛yÓ˚%Ó˚ Óy›!Óòƒy
§ÇÜ ˛yhs˝ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !lÙ≈yl ˆÏÜ˛Ô¢° ò«˛ï˛yÓ˚ Ê˛°yÊ˛°– ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚
âÓ˚!ê˛ ã˛ï%˛ˆÏflÒyî •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ !ܲv xˆÏlܲ fiÌyl Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎáyˆÏl
à,• ã˛ï%˛ˆÏflÒyî lÎ˚ åˆÎÙl ~!flÒˆÏÙyˆÏòÓ˚ä– ~•z xôƒyÎ˚!ê˛ Îál ˛õí˛¸SÈ
ï˛ál ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y •Î˚ï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆã˛Î˚yÓ˚ ӈϧ xySÈ Îy !ܲS%È Óƒ!=˛ lܲ¢y
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ !ܲS%È!òl xyˆÏà– ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ˆã˛yÎ˚yˆÏÓ˚ Ó§yÓ˚
çlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï ˲!AàÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚ñ ˆ§ˆÏ•ï%˛ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ~•z
xyã˛Ó˚î!ê˛Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õyÎ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ í˛z=˛ í˛zqyÓl!ê˛•z– Ó•% §Ùyç Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ
ˆÎáyˆÏl ˆã˛Î˚yÓ˚ ӈϰ !ܲS%È ˆl•z– ˲yÓˆÏï˛ ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚ñ §Ó §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚
ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚y ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ˛õí˛¸y¢%ly ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ӈϧ ÌyˆÏܲ–
SÈyeÓ˚y ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ ˆã˛Î˚yˆÏÓ˚ ӈϧ– !ܲv §Ó !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÏã˛Î˚yÓ˚ ˆl•z–
ˆÓ!¢Ó˚ ˲yà @˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ SÈyeˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÜ˛yl ˆã˛Î˚yÓ˚ ˆl•z –
56 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
ï˛yÓ˚y Ùy!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ÓˆÏ§ xÌÓy ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §ÙyˆÏç !¢¢%Ó˚y ~ܲ!ê˛
âˆÏÓ˚ çˆÏí˛¸y •Î˚ ~ܲçl !¢«˛Ü˛ˆÏܲ §yÙˆÏl ˆÓ˚ˆÏá– Îy !ܲly xy§ˆÏ°
~ܲ!ê˛ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ Ê˛°yÊ˛°ñ ÎyˆÏܲ Ó°y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ Ú!Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚
≤ÃyÆ !¢«˛yÛ åSchoolingä – ~•z ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yl!ê˛ˆÏï˛ !ܲS%È Ó›àï˛
!òܲ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ˆÎÙl xRy!°Ü˛yñ !ܲS%È ôyÓ˚lyàï˛ !òܲ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÏÎÙl
Ú!Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÃÆ !¢«˛yÛ ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!òT≈˛ fiÌyˆÏl !l!òT≈˛ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ §Çâ!ê˛ï˛
•ˆÏÓ ~•z ôyÓ˚îyñ xÌÓy ˆÎ §Ó Óƒ!=˛ !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ ÌyܲˆÏÓ
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚î ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ §Ê˛°ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà !¢«˛y ˆ¢£Ï ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
˛õÓ˚ ¢Ç§y˛õe ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÓ– ~Ó˚ §ˆÏAà •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yˆÏl
ˆÎyàòylܲyÓ˚# §Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ §¡õˆÏܲ≈•z !ܲS%È xyã˛Ó˚îàï˛ ≤Ãï˛ƒy¢y– !¢«˛Ü˛
~ÓÇ SÈye í˛z˲ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚•z ˆÓ¢ !ܲS%È Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ
ˆÏÓ¢ !ܲS%È òy!Î˚c ˲yày˲y!à ܲˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏï˛ •Î˚– !Óòƒy°Î˚ !¢«˛y §¡õˆÏܲ≈
Óƒ!=˛ñ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ G §¡õòyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !˲ߨ !˲ߨ ôyÓ˚îy Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆÜ˛í˛z
ˆÜ˛í˛z ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚l !Óòƒy°Î˚ !¢«˛y ~ܲ!ê˛ Ù)°ƒÓyl !ç!l£Ï– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
x˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l#Î˚ ôyÓ˚îy Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ È ˆÎ !Óòƒy°Î˚ !¢«˛y Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ «˛Ùï˛y¢y°#
ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˲yàƒ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– xlƒ ܲyˆÏÓ˚y ܲyˆÏÓ˚y
ÙˆÏï˛ ~!ê˛ á%Ó ~ܲê˛y Ù)°ƒÓyl lÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ ¢!=˛Ó˚ G˛õÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
!ÓŸªy§G ˆl•z– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §ÙyˆÏç ˛õ%Ó˚%£Ï G Ù!•°yˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ
§Ùyl !¢«˛yÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ˆÜ˛yÌyG xyÓyÓ˚ ï˛y ˆòGÎ˚y
•Î˚ !l– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ò° !Óòƒy°Î˚ !¢«˛yÎ˚ Óƒy˛õܲ ˲yˆÏÓ
xÇ¢@˝Ã•Èî ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyÓyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ò° åˆÎÙl í˛z˛õçy!ï˛
xLjϢÓ˚ ò°ä á%Ó Ü˛Ù xÇ¢ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ xÌÓy ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚•z ܲˆÏÓ˚
ly !ӈϢ£Ï ã˛y!•òy §¡õߨ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚y xˆÏlܲ §ÙÎ˚•z !Óòƒy°Î˚ !¢«˛y
ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó!M˛ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~Ó˚ ˆ˛õSȈÏl !Ó!˲ߨ ܲyÓ˚î ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
!Ó!˲ߨ §ÙyˆÏç §¡±òyÎ˚ !°Aàñ çy!ï˛àï˛ ò°ñ ~ÓÇ !ӈϢ£Ï ã˛y!•òy
§¡õߨ Óƒ!=˛Óà≈ G ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !¢ál «˛Ùï˛y !lˆÏÎ˚ ôyÓ˚îyÎ˚ Óƒy˛õܲ
˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚–
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y Î!ò ã˛yÓ˚˛õyˆÏ¢ lçÓ˚ òyG ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆòáˆÏÓ ˆÏÎ Ùyl%£Ï
!•§yˆÏÓ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ xˆÏlܲê˛y•z ˆÜ˛ˆÏê˛ ÎyÎ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛
Ê˛°yÊ˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ §ˆÏAà !ÙÌ!fl;Î˚y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ ˆ§•z xl%§yˆÏÓ˚
xyã˛Ó˚î §¡õߨ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛– ~Ó˚ ÙyˆÏl •° §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
ܲyçÈ üÈ 3É3
!Ó!˲ߨ Ó˚yˆÏçƒÓ˚ SÈyeˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ áyòƒy˲ƒy§ñ í˛zͧÓñ
ˆ˛õy¢yܲ ˛õ!Ó˚FSÈòñ Ó˚#!ï˛l#!ï˛ •zï˛ƒy!ò !lˆÏÎ˚ ܲÌy ӈϰy–
˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ G §yò,¢ƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛y!°Ü˛y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~!ӣψÏÎ˚
!¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ §ˆÏAà xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚ –
xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ ï˛yͲõÎ≈˛õ)î≈ ˲yˆÏÓ Ó˚)˛õyÎ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– Î!òG ~ˆ«˛ˆÏe
~ê˛yG Ó°y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ ˆÎñ ˆÎÙl §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ Ó˚)˛õyÎ˚î
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛Ù!l xyÙÓ˚yG §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ˆÏܲ Ó˚)˛õyÎ˚l ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ìy!ܲ– Ó•) l,ï˛_¥!Óò
§Çfl,Ò!ï˛ G Ùl åpsyche) ˆÎ ~ˆÏܲ x˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ G˛õÓ˚ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ
!Ü ˛Î˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§ !òˆÏܲ ò,!T˛ xyܲ£Ï≈î ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ïÑ˛yÓ˚y ӈϰl ˆÎñ
Óƒ!=˛ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ §Ùyç ˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ G˛õÓ˚ !Ü ˛Î˚y¢#°
~ÓÇ ~•z ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ !Ü ˛Î˚y¢#°ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚y ~ˆÏܲ x˛õÓ˚ˆÏܲ
àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z x!˲Ùï˛ à%Ó˚%cˆÏòÎ˚ ˆÎ Ùyl%£Ï §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ¢!=˛Ó˚
!l!‹;Î˚ @˝Ã•#ï˛y lÎ˚– ÓÓ˚Ç ï˛yÓ˚y !lˆÏçÓ˚y•z˛ ˆ§•z ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ï˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛Ó˚)˛õyÎ˚î âê˛ˆÏÓ–
§Çfl,Ò!ï˛ Ü˛#⁄ (What is Culture ?)
§Çfl,Ò!ï˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §Ó§ÙÎ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ê˛y çyly §ˆÏ_¥Gñ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛
ܲ# ï˛y !lˆÏ Î ˚ Ó•% !môym®µ Ó˚ ˆ Ï Î ˚ ˆ Ï S È – ~ê˛y ˆÏ Î l xˆÏ l ܲê˛y•z
ˆË˛Ôï˛!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ Ú¢!=˛Û Óy §Ùyç!ÓòƒyÓ˚ Úò°Û ~Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ Ùï˛–
!ܲS%È ˆ°yܲ ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚l ˆÎ˛ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ §!ï˛ƒ•z !ÓòƒÙyl ~ÓÇ ~!ê˛
Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ç#ÓˆÏl à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ñ xyÓyÓ˚ !ܲS%È ˆ°yܲ ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚l §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ó˚
≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ x!hflÏfl∫ ˆl•z ÓÓ˚Ç ~!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ôyÓ˚îyÙye Îy §,!T˛˛ ܲÓ˚y
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ ~ܲò° ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ myÓ˚y ˲yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆlGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
§Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ó˚ x§Çრ§ÇK˛y §yôyÓ˚î˲yˆÏÓ ~Ó˚ !ܲS%È à%Óc%̊ ˛õ)î≈ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒˆÏܲ
!lˆÏò≈¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ •° ~•zˆÏÎ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
˛õ)Ó≈§)Ó˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚îàï˛ Ê˛°yÊ˛°– ~!ê˛ Ù)ï≈˛ ~ÓÇ xÙ)ï≈˛ ò%•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
!ӈϢ£Ï âê˛lyÓ˚ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚•z •z!Aàï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ Îy ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ
˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈•z !ÓòƒyÙyl !SÈ°– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ xyÙÓ˚y Îál ç#Ól ¢%Ó˚% ܲ!Ó˚ ï˛ál
ˆÌˆÏܲ•z §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ !SÈ°– ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô Îy ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛Óƒ
~ÓÇ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ë˛y£Ïy Îy ï˛yˆÏܲ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ܲ!ê˛
ç#Ól ôyÓ˚y Îy xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚ ˲yà•z xl%§Ó˚î ܲ!Ó˚ Îál
xyÙÓ˚y G•z ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ ÓˆÏí˛¸y •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛z!벖 §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ó˚ ~•z ôyÓ˚îy
•° Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ Óy!•ƒÜ˛ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §Ç˛õ,=˛ !ܲv Óƒ!=˛ÙˆÏlG
§Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îy !ÓòƒÙyl– !mï˛#Î˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ˆÏܲ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚y
•Î˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ ˲yˆÏÓ §M˛y!°ï˛ xÌ≈ !•§yˆÏÓ Îy §ÇˆÏܲˆÏï˛Ó˚
ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Ó˚)˛õy!Î˚ï˛ •Î˚– §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ xÌ≈ òyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈
ˆ◊!î §,!T˛˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ÎÌy §yÙy!çܲ ≤ÃÌy åˆÎÙl !ÓÓy•ä ~ÓÇ Ë)˛!Ùܲy
åˆÎÙl ÓÓ˚ä ~ÓÇ ˆÏ§•z §ˆÏAà Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyôñ !ÓŸªy§ ~ÓÇ ˛õ)Ó≈yl%Ùyl
•zï˛ƒy!òG– !Ó˚ã˛yí˛≈ !§í˛zí˛yÓ˚ åRichard Shwederä ~ˆÏܲ ~˲yˆÏÓ
Ó%!V˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈlı ~ܲçl ÙyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆÓyˆÏlÓ˚ fl∫yÙ# •ˆÏ°l ˆÙˆÏ§y ~•z
Óƒy˛õyÓ˚!ê˛ !¢áˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ° ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛yl˲yˆÏÓ xˆÏlƒÓ˚
ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó%ˆÏV˛ ˆlGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy!ê˛ xyÎ˚_ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
§Çfl,Ò!ï˛ˆÏܲ !ÓòƒyÙyl ÓyhflÏÓ !•§yˆÏÓ ôÓ˚y ˆ•yܲñ Óy xÙ)ï≈˛ ôyÓ˚îy
!•§yˆÏÓ xÌÓy ò%•z•z ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚y ˆ•yܲñ ~!ê˛ !ܲv Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚
G˛õÓ˚ Ó•% ÓyhflÏÓ ≤Ã˲yÓ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~!ê˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚
ÙylÓ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Ó•% à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒˆÏܲ ˆ◊!î!Ó˲yà ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ
Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ñ Îy ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ ˜ç!Óܲ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ !•§yˆÏÓ•z Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏï˛y–
ÙylÓ xyã˛Ó˚î ˆÎ §yÙy!çܲ G §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ §Çâ!ê˛ï˛
•Î˚ ï˛y §ÙÎ˚ G fiÌyl !•§yˆÏÓ Óƒy˛õܲ ˲yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •Î˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚î
!•§yˆÏÓ ≤ÃyÎ˚ Ü%˛!í˛¸ ÓSÈÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ !¢¢%Ó˚y ~ï˛Ó˚ܲÙ
í˛zͲõy!òï˛ oÓƒ åProduct) §¡õˆÏܲ≈ çylï˛ ly Îy Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xAà– ~ܲ•zÓ˚Ü˛Ù Ë˛yˆÏÓ ò)Ó˚Óï≈˛# çAà° ~ÓÇ
˛˛õy•yí˛¸# ~°yܲyÎ˚ Ó§Óy§Ü˛yÓ˚# ~ܲçl xy!òÓy§# ≤Ãyï˛ıÓ˚yˆÏ¢
!˛õÍçy Óy §ƒyu˛í˛zã˛ ˛õyÎ˚ ly–
˛õ)Ó≈Óï≈# xl%ˆÏFSȈÏò xyÙÓ˚y ≤ÃyÎ˚•z §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ ~ÓÇ §Ùyç
¢∑!ê˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~•z ò%!ê˛ ~ܲ•z
xˆÌ≈ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe °«˛î#Î˚ •° ˆÎñ ò%!ê˛ ¢∑ ~ܲ lÎ˚–
§Ùyç •° ~ܲò° Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ §Ù!T˛ ÎyÓ˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ xM˛ˆÏ°
Ó§Óy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~ܲ•z ˲y£ÏyÎ˚ ܲÌy ӈϰñ §yôyÓ˚î˲yˆÏÓ Îy
˛˛õyŸªÓï≈˛# ~°yܲyÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛ÓˆÏà≈Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ˆÓyôàÙƒ lÎ˚– ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ùyç
~ܲ!ê˛ çy!ï˛ •ˆÏï˛G ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ lyG •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ !ܲv ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ §ÙyˆÏç
ï˛yÓ˚ !lçfl∫ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ xyˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ ~•z §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛
xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ Ó˚)˛õy!Î˚ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ •° !Ó!˲ߨ ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛!ï˛ Îy ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ùyç ˆÌˆÏܲ xlƒ §ÙyçˆÏܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
§ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ~•z !Ó!˲ߨ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%!°Ó˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl#Ó˚y ÙylÓ
xyã˛Ó˚î !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛yl– ï˛y•zñ ~ܲò°
Óƒ!=˛ñ ÎyÓ˚y !¢Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Ólç §Ç@˝ÃˆÏ•Ó˚ myÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ç#!Óܲy
!lÓ≈y• ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚y ~Ùl !ܲS%È ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ §¡õߨ ç#ÓlôyÓ˚yÓ˚
≤Ã!ï˛!l!ôc ܲˆÏÓ˚ Îy ˆ§§Ó §ÙyˆÏç ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ lyñ ˆÎ §Ó §Ùyç
Ü,˛!£Ïç í˛zͲõyòl Óy Ùç%!Ó˚Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ç#Ól !lÓ≈y• ܲˆÏÓ˚–
§yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ §M˛y°l (Cultural Transmission)
xyÙÓ˚y ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ ˆòˆÏá!SÈ ˆÎl ÙylÓçy!ï˛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ xyÙÓ˚y •°yÙ
¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚ ~ÓÇ §ÙyçÈüȧyÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ~•z ò%•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛
ç#Ó– ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚ Ó,_#Î˚ ç#Ó !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !ܲS%È à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ã˛y!•òy
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•zà%!°Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)!ï≈˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓшÏã˛ ÌyܲyÓ˚
§Ω˛yÓly ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ ÎyÎ˚– ~•z ã˛y!•òyà%!°Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe x!ôܲyÇ¢
§ÙˆÏÎ˚•z xyÙÓ˚y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ x!ç≈ï˛ ò«˛ï˛yÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ìy!ܲ–
~ܲ•z§ˆÏAà xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zFã˛ !Óܲ!¢ï˛ «˛Ùï˛y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
!lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚˛ x!˲K˛ï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ °y˲Óyl •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ xlƒˆÏòÓ˚
xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ 3 • ÙylÓ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !˲!_ 57
x!˲K˛ï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲG °y˲Óyl •GÎ˚yÓ˚– xlƒ ˆÜ˛yl ≤Ãyî#Ó˚ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
Ùï˛ !¢ál «˛Ùï˛y ˆl•z– §%§Çà!ë˛ï˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !¢álñ
ÎyˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ !¢«˛yñ ï˛y xlƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤Ãyî# ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚
!l ~ÓÇ ~•z !ӈϟª xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Ùï˛ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ã˛y!•òy xyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏÓ˚y
ˆl•z– Ê˛°◊%!ï˛ˆÏï˛ñ xyÙÓ˚y !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚î ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
˛õy!Ó˚ Îy xllƒË˛yˆÏÓ Ùyl!Óܲ ~ÓÇ ÎyÓ˚ §,!T˛ˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y §Çfl,Ò!ï˛
Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚– ~•z §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î ~ÓÇ §yÙy!çܲ#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ç#Ó !•§yˆÏÓ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–
§yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î åEnculturation) ı
§yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ §ÙhflÏ Ó˚ܲˆÏÙÓ˚ !¢ál Îy ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
!lˆÏò≈¢ Óy ˙!FSÈܲ !¢«˛yòyl SÈyí˛¸y•z §Çâ!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚– xyÙÓ˚yñ ˲yÓ
ôyÓ˚îy ~ÓÇ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô !¢!á ¢%ô%Ùye ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ˆÎ ~à%!° xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
§yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚°kô– í˛zòy•Ó˚î˛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓñ Ú¢yܲ§Ó!çÛ
ܲ# ~ÓÇ xyàySÈy !ܲ xÌÓy òyly¢§ƒ ܲ# ~ÓÇ òyly•#l ¢§ƒ ܲ#
ï˛y ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈•z §ÇK˛y!Î˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y xyˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈•z ï˛yÓ˚y ¢yܲ§!∂ G
òyly¢§ƒ !•§yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ~ÓÇ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà Ùyl%£Ï ~•z !ӣψÏÎ˚
§•Ùï˛ K˛y˛õl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~§Ó ôyÓ˚îyà%!° ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ Óy x≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ˲yˆÏÓ
§M˛y!°ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ á%Ó Ë˛y°Ë˛yˆÏÓ !¢ál≤ÃyÆ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Ü˛yÓ˚î
~à%!° ~ܲ!ê˛ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ òˆÏ°Ó˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ x!˲ߨ xAà ˆÎ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚
ˆÜ˛yˆÏ l y ≤ß¿ í˛z a y!˛õï˛ •ˆÏ ï ˛ ˛õyˆÏ Ó ˚ ly– !¢áˆÏ l Ó˚ ~•z § Ó
í˛zòy•Ó˚îà%!°ˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ Ú§yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îÛ–
§%ï˛Ó˚yÇ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ ˆ§•z §ÙhflÏ !¢ál Îy
ÙylÓç#ÓˆÏl âˆÏê˛ Ü˛yÓ˚î ï˛y §ÙyçÈüȧyÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ ˛õ!Ó˚°kô–
§yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Ù)° í˛z˛õyòyl •° ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !¢ál–
Îál•z xyÙÓ˚y §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó› ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ
!¢!á ï˛ál•z §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î ≤ÃÙy!lï˛ •Î˚– ~•z !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›à%!°
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ)Ó≈§)Ó˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ myÓ˚y §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ˲yˆÏÓ Ó˚)˛õy!Î˚ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
~•z xˆÏÌ≈˛ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î §Ó§ÙÎ˚•z ˆ§•z !¢álˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ Îy
˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈•z ˛õ!Ó˚°kô– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Ù%რxÇ¢ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚
Ê˛°yÊ˛°– ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚à%!°ˆÏï˛ Ó•% ç!ê˛° ܲyçñ ˆÏÎÙl
Ó˚yߨyÓyߨyñ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ•z ˆ¢áy •Î˚– ~ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
!l!ò≈T˛ ˛˛õyë˛Ü ˛Ù ˆl•zñ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õyë˛ƒÓ•z ˆl•z ~ÓÇ Ó˚yߨyÓ˚ §%!ã˛!hs˝ï˛
!lˆÏò≈¢G ˆl•z–
Î!òG §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛≤Ã˲yÓ §%flõT˛ñ ï˛Ó% §yôyÓ˚îï˛ Ùyl%£Ï ï˛yÓ˚
Ê˛° §¡õˆÏܲ≈ xÓ!•ï˛ lÎ˚– ï˛yÓ˚y ~ §¡õˆÏܲ≈G xÓ!•ï˛ lÎ˚ ˆÎ
§ÙyˆÏç ˆ¢áyÓ˚ çlƒ ܲ# ܲ# °Ë˛ƒ lÎ˚– ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ~ܲ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛
!ÓˆÏ Ó ˚ y ôy˲y§ ~Ó˚ çß√ •Î˚ ˆÎñ ˆÏ Î §Ó ˆ°yܲ ˲#£Ï l ˲yˆÏ Ó
§Çfl,Ò!ï˛˛õÓ˚yÎ˚î ï˛yÓ˚y ≤ÃyÎ˚•z §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ˆÏܲ xl%ܲÓ˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚
§Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ó˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy §¡õˆÏܲ≈ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ Ü˛Ù §çyà ÌyˆÏܲ–
58 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
§yÙy!çܲ#ܲÓ˚î (Socialisation)
§yÙy!çܲ#ܲÓ˚î ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y ÎyÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Óƒ!=˛ K˛ylñ ò«˛ï˛y
~ÓÇ ≤ÃÓîï˛y xç≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ Îy ï˛yˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ò° Óy §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚
ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚ §ò§ƒ !•§yˆÏÓ xÇ¢@˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §ÙÌ≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~!ê˛ ~Ùl
~ܲ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y Îy §Ù@˝Ã ç#ÓlÓƒy˛õ# Ó•y° ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ÎyÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óƒ!=˛ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly hflψÏÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# !Ü ˛Î˚y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y ˆ¢ˆÏá xÌÓy !Óܲ!¢ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
§yÙy!çܲ#ܲÓ˚î ˛õ)Ó≈§)!ã˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛z_Ó˚y!ôܲyÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ §Ùyç ~ÓÇ
§Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ó˚ §M˛y°ˆÏlÓ˚ !˲!_ fl∫Ó˚)˛õ– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §ÙyˆÏç ~Ó˚ ÓƒÌ≈ï˛y
G•z §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ x!hflÏcˆÏܲ !Ó˛õߨ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
§yÙy!çܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy •z!Aàï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎñ §yôyÓ˚îï˛ Ùyl%£Ï ˆÎ §Ó
xyã˛Ó˚î ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚ ã˛y•zˆÏï˛ xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢ !Óhfl,Ïï˛ ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
xyã˛Ó˚î ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y Ó˚yˆÏá – xyÙÓ˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ §yÙy!çܲ
ˆ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ç#Ól ¢%Ó˚% ܲ!Ó˚ñ ˆ§áyˆÏl xyÙÓ˚y !ܲS%È ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !¢!á ~ÓÇ !ܲS%È Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ !¢!á ly– §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ §%flõT˛ í˛zòy•Ó˚î
•° xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˲y£Ïyàï˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚– Î!òG xyÙÓ˚y ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛ !ÓòƒÙyl
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˲y£ÏyÎ˚ ܲÌy Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ñ xyÙÓ˚y ¢%ô% !¢!á
ˆ§•z ˲y£Ïy Îy xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ùyl%£Ï ӈϰ– ~•z §yÙy!çܲ
ˆ≤Ã!«˛ï˛ ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xyÙÓ˚y xlƒ xˆÏlܲ !ܲS%È !¢!á åˆÎÙl ܲál
˛≤Èϫ˛y˲ˆÏܲ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ Ü˛ál ï˛yˆÏܲ òÙl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
•ˆÏÓä–
~ܲ!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §Ω˛yÓly xï˛ƒhs˝
à˲#Ó˚˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •Î˚ G•z§Ó Óƒ!=˛ˆÏòÓ˚ myÓ˚y ÎyÓ˚y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
§ˆÏAà §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛– ˆÎ ˆÜ˛í˛zñ ˆÎ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛y•zˆÏï˛ ˆÓ!¢ «˛Ùï˛y
§¡õߨñ ˆ§•z xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §yÙy!çܲ#ܲÓ˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~•z Óƒ!=˛ˆÏòÓ˚
Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ Ú§yÙy!çܲ#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ôÛ– ~•z ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ôˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !˛õï˛yÙyï˛yñ !¢«˛Ü˛ ~ÓÇ xlƒ ÓˆÏÎ˚yˆÏ烤˛Ó˚yñ
ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ §Ùyç §¡õˆÏܲ≈ x!ôܲ K˛yl Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
ˆ«˛ˆÏeñ Î!òG xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §ÙÓÎ˚§#Ó˚yG xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §yÙy!çܲ#ܲÓ˚îˆÏܲ
≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– §yÙy!çܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ô˛ ~ÓÇ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚
ÙˆÏôƒ §yÙy!çܲ#ܲÓ˚î ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y §Ó§ÙÎ˚ §•ˆÏç §M˛y°l •Î˚ñ ï˛y
!ܲv lÎ˚– ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ܲáˆÏly ܲáˆÏly m®µG •Î˚– ~•z §ÙhflÏ
˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ !ܲS%È !ܲS%È ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ˆÎ ¢%ô%Ùye ò![˛ï˛ •Î˚ ï˛y lÎ˚ñ
ÓÓ˚Ç xlƒ ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ myÓ˚y ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y!ê˛ Ü˛yÎ≈ܲÓ˚# ˲yˆÏÓ
xÓÓ˚%Âô ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~ܲ•z §ˆÏAà Ó•%˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏܲ ˛õ%Ó˚fl,Òï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚ ÎyˆÏï˛ ï˛y xyˆÏÓ˚y ˆÓ!¢ ¢!=˛ xç≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ
˛õ%Ó˚flÒyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ¢y!hflÏ §yÙy!çܲ#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ °ˆÏ«˛ƒ ≤Ãy!ÆÓ˚ Ù)° ˛õÌ
!•§yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z xˆÏÌ≈ñ §ÙhflÏ §yÙy!çܲ#ܲÓ˚î•z xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ !lÎ˚sfî ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ xlƒˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÈÏã˛T˛yÓ˚ Ê˛°–
§yÙy!çܲ#ܲÓ˚î Î!òG ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ˲yˆÏÓ §%!ã˛!hs˝ï˛ !¢«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y ÎyÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Ú@˝Ã•îˆÏÎyàƒÛ xyã˛Ó˚î !lÙ≈yl •ˆÏÓ– ï˛Ìy!˛õ
~•z ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y!ê˛ ~ܲÙ%á# lÎ˚– Óƒ!=˛ ¢%ô%Ùye ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §yÙy!çܲ
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ myÓ˚y•z ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •Î˚ lyñ ï˛yÓ˚y !lˆÏçÓ˚yG ~ˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆ§•z§Ó §ÙyˆÏçñ ˆÎáyˆÏl xˆÏlܲ §yÙy!çܲ ò° Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ
Óƒ!=˛ !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yl!ê˛Ó˚ xÇ¢ ˆ§ •ˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚–
≤ÃÓç  l åMigration) Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §ˆÏAàñ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ¢%ôÙ% ye ~ܲÓyÓ˚
§yÙy!çܲ#ܲÓ˚î •Î˚ ï˛y lÎ˚– ≤ÃyÎ˚•z ï˛yÓ˚ ç#!Óï˛Ü˛yˆÏ° !˲ߨ !˲ߨ
˲yˆÏÓ ˛õ%lı §yÙy!çܲ#ܲÓ˚î âˆÏê˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~•z ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚
˛õÓ˚§Çfl,Ò!ï˛@˝Ã•îñ Îy xyÙÓ˚y ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ~•z xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚Ó–
§yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î ~ÓÇ §yÙy!çܲ#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° xyÙÓ˚y xyhs˝ı§yÙy!çܲ
xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏî §yò,¢ƒ á%шÏç ˛õy•z ~ÓÇ !˲ߨ !˲ߨ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏî
˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ áÑ%ˆÏç ˛˛õy•z– ò%•z!ê˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y•z xlƒylƒ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ
!¢áˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛°– §yÙy!çܲ#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe !¢ál ~ܲ •zFSÈyÜ,˛ï˛
!¢«˛î– §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ !¢«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl
ˆl•z– §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ Óƒ!=˛ÓˆÏà≈Ó˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ó˚
≤Ã!ï˛ ≤Ã!°Æ ÌyܲyÓ˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏܲ– ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚ ˲yà
!¢ál•z xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ≤Ã!°Æ ÌyܲyÓ˚ çlƒ âˆÏê˛
ÌyˆÏܲñ §yÙy!çܲ#ܲÓ˚î ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏܲ ï˛y•z §•ˆÏç•z §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î
≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ xhs˝Ë)≈˛=˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Ó•% !¢ál §yÙy!çܲ#ܲÓ˚î ~ÓÇ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îñ í˛z˲ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
ˆÎÔÌ Ê˛°ñ ˲y£Ïy !¢ál ~ܲ!ê˛ §%®Ó˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î– ˆÎáyˆÏl xˆÏlܲ
˲y£ÏyÓ˚ !¢ál•z âˆÏê˛ ÌyˆÏܲ fl∫ï˛ıfl≥)˛ï≈˛Ë˛yˆÏÓñ ˆ§áyˆÏl ~Ùl !ܲS%È
˲y£ÏyG Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Îy §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ !¢«˛y ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚– ˆÎÙl ≤ÃÌ!Ùܲ
!Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ ÓƒyܲÓ˚î !¢«˛yñ xlƒ!òˆÏܲ Ùyï,˛Ë˛y£Ïy !˲ߨ xlƒË˛y£ÏyÓ˚
!¢álñ ˆÎÙl ~ܲçl •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y!˛õÎ˚yl !¢¢%Ó˚ !•!®ñ xÌÓy ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚
~ܲçl !¢¢%Ó˚ Ê˛Ó˚y!§ ˲y£Ïy !¢«˛y §¡õ)î≈˲yˆÏÓ•z ~ܲ!ê˛ •zFSÈyÜ,˛ï˛
≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y–
§yÙy!çܲ#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ô (Socialisation Agents)
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ Ó•% Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ «˛Ùï˛y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
§yÙy!çܲ#ܲÓ˚î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚– ~•z Óƒ!=˛Óà≈ˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ ÚÚ§yÙy!çܲ#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚
≤Ã!ï˛!l!ôÛÛ – !¢¢%Ó˚ ΈÏbÓ˚ xy•z!l òy!Î˚cG !˛õï˛yÙyï˛yÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚
lƒhflÏ– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyç •° ~Ùl˲yˆÏÓ !¢¢%ˆÏܲ Îb ܲÓ˚y ÎyˆÏï˛ ï˛yÓ˚
≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ ˲yˆÏÓ x!ç≈ï˛ §ÙhflÏ ˆÎyàƒï˛yà%!°Ó˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ !Óܲy¢
âˆÏê˛ ~ÓÇ ˆl!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÃÓlï˛yà%!° •…y§ ˛õyÎ˚ xÌÓy
!lÎ˚!sfï˛ •Î˚– ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ !¢¢% Ó,•Í §¡±òyÎ˚ G §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚
xÇ¢G ÓˆÏê˛ñ xlƒ xyˆÏÓ˚y xˆÏlܲ ≤Ã˲yÓG åˆÎÙl !¢«˛Ü˛ñ §ÙÓÎ˚flÒ
Órô%àîä ï˛yÓ˚ ç#ÓlˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ xyÙÓ˚y §ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õ ~•z
≤Ã˲yÓà%!°Ó˚ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ !lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚Ó–
!˛õï˛yÙyï˛y (Parents)
!¢¢%Ó˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ≤Ã˲yÓ •°
ï˛yÓ˚ !˛õï˛yÙyï˛yÓ˚– !¢¢% !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ï˛yÓ˚ !˛õï˛yÙyï˛yÓ˚
≤Ã!ï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ ˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚– !˛õï˛yÙyï˛y !ܲS%È xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ
í˛zͧy• òyl ܲˆÏÓ˚l Óy!ã˛Ü˛ ˛õ%Ó˚flÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ åˆÎÙl ≤âǧy
ܲˆÏÓ˚ä xÌÓy xlƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ÓyhflÏÓ ˛õˆÏÌ åˆÎÙl ã˛ˆÏܲyˆÏ°ê˛ !ܲˆÏl
!òˆÏÎ˚ xÌÓy !¢¢%Ó˚ xyܲyA«˛y xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó› !òˆÏÎ˚ä– ï˛yÓ˚y
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ !lÓ˚%ͧy!•ï˛G ܲˆÏÓ˚l x§•Ùï˛ Ù)°Ü˛
xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ myÓ˚y– ï˛yÓ˚y !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚
x!ï˛Óy!•ï˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy ܲˆÏÓ˚l ÎyˆÏï˛ ï˛yÓ˚y !Ó!˲ߨ •z!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛
x!˲K˛ï˛y °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ˜Ïï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòl ~ÓÇ !Ó!˲ߨ
˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ ˆÏÙyܲy!Ó°y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆ¢áyl– !¢¢%Ó˚ §ˆÏAà ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚Ü
≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ !˛õï˛yÙyï˛y !Ó!˲ߨ ˆÜ˛Ô¢° xÓ°¡∫l ܲˆÏÓ˚l
ÎyˆÏܲñ !˛õï,˛cÈüÈÙyï,˛c ˆÜ˛Ô¢° (Parenting Style) Ó°y •Î˚–
ܲï,˛≈ c˛õ)î≈ (Authoritative)ñ ˆfl∫FSÈyã˛yÓ˚# (Authoritarian) ~ÓÇ
àîï˛y!sfܲ (Democratic)ñ Óy xl%ˆÏÙyòlܲyÓ˚# !˛õï,˛cÈüÈÙyï,˛c
ˆÜ˛Ô¢ˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– àˆÏÓ£ÏlyÎ˚ ˆòáy ˆàˆÏSÈ !˛õï˛yÙyï˛yÓ˚
!lˆÏçÓ˚ !¢¢%Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ fl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛ G !lÎ˚sfî Ù)°Ü˛ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏl
˛˛Ó•% ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÎ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ !˛õï˛yÙyï˛y !lˆÏçÓ˚y
x!ï˛Óy!•ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚l åòy!Ó˚oƒñ x§%fiÌï˛yñ ܲÙ≈ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ã˛y˛õñ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ä •zï˛ƒy!ò §Ó•z ï˛yÓ˚y !¢¢%ˆÏܲ §yÙy!çܲ#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÜ˛yl
˛õÂô!ï˛ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚yˆÏÓl ï˛yÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ë˛yÜ%˛Ó˚Ùy
ë˛yÜ%˛Ó˚òy Óy òyò% !ò!òÙyÓ˚ §ˆÏAà !¢¢%Ó˚ â!l¤˛ï˛y ~ÓÇ §yÙy!çܲ
§¡õˆÏܲ≈Ó˚ !Ólƒy§ !¢¢%Ó˚ §yÙy!çܲ#ܲÓ˚ˆÏî §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ xÌÓy
!˛õï˛yÙyï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yˆÏÓÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˆlÎ˚–
!Óòƒy°Î˚ (School)
!Óòƒy°Î˚ §yÙy!çܲ#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ xyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó%̊c˛õ)î≈ ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ô– ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛
!¢¢%Ó˚y ~ܲê˛y ò#â≈§ÙÎ˚ !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ ܲyê˛yÎ˚ ï˛y•z !Óòƒy°Î˚ •ˆÏ°y ~Ùl
~ܲ!ê˛ §%§Çà!ë˛ï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yl Îy ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !¢«˛Ü˛ ~ÓÇ §•˛õyë˛#ˆÏòÓ˚
§ˆÏAà ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà òyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl
!˛õï˛yÙyï˛y ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ã˛y•zˆÏï˛G !Óòƒy°Î˚ˆÏܲ §yÙy!çܲ#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚
x!ôܲ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ÙyôƒÙ ӈϰ ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏFSÈ– !¢¢%Ó˚y ˆÎ ¢%ô%Ùye
K˛ylàï˛ ò«˛ï˛y åˆÎÙl ˛õë˛lñ !°álñ xAܲ ܲ£Ïyä !¢áˆÏSÈ ï˛y
lÎ˚ñ xyˆÏÓ˚y !Ó!˲ߨ §yÙy!çܲ ò«˛ï˛y åˆÎÙl ÓˆÏí˛¸yˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏAà Óy
§ÙÓÎ˚flÒˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ xyã˛Ó˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓñ Ë)˛!Ùܲy @˝Ã•î
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓñ òy!Î˚c ˛õy°l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓä ~§ÓG !¢áˆÏSÈ– ï˛yÓ˚y
§ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ lÙ≈ ~ÓÇ l#!ï˛à%!°ˆÏܲ !¢áˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ xydfiÌ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏSÈ
xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ 3 • ÙylÓ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !˲!_ 59
!Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚•z– xyˆÏÓ˚y !Ó!˲ߨ •z!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ à%îyÓ!° ˆÎÙl xydÈüÈí˛zòƒÙñ
xydÈüÈ!lÎ˚sfîñ òy!Î˚cK˛yl ~ÓÇ §,çl#¢#°ï˛y !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ myÓ˚y•z
í˛zͧy!•ï˛ •Î˚– ~•z §Ó à%îyÓ!° !¢¢%ˆÏܲ xyˆÏÓ˚y ˆÓ!¢ xyd
!lË≈˛Ó˚¢#° ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°– Î!ò ~•z §M˛y°l §Ê˛° •Î˚ñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ˆÎ
ò«˛ï˛y G K˛yl !¢¢% !Óòƒy°Î˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xç≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈñ ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛ˆÏÙÓ˚
ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Óy !¢«˛Ü˛ G §•˛õyë˛#ˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚
ÙyôƒˆÏÙñ ï˛y ï˛yÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ xlƒylƒ ˆ«˛ˆÏeG §M˛y!°ï˛ •Î˚– ˛Ó•%
àˆÏÓ£Ïܲàî !ÓŸªy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚l ˆÎ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ë˛yˆÏ°y !Óòƒy°Î˚ !¢¢%Ó˚ §y!Ó≈ܲ
Óƒ!=˛cˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~•zçˆÏlƒ•z xyÙÓ˚y ˆò!á ˆÎ
~Ùl!ܲ ò!Ó˚o !˛õï˛yÙyï˛yÓ˚yG ã˛yl ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !¢¢%ˆÏܲ ˲yˆÏ°y !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚
ˆ≤ÃÓ˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛–
§ÙÓÎ˚§# ˆày¤˛# (Peer Gropus)
Ùôƒ ˜¢¢ˆÏÓÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ù)რ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ •° ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚G
§yÙy!çܲ §¡õˆÏܲ≈Ó˚ Óƒy!ƈÏܲ ≤çy!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y– ~•z ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe Órô%ˆÏcÓ˚
à%Ó˚%c x˛õ!Ó˚§#Ù– Órô%c ¢%ô%Ùye !¢¢%ˆÏܲ xˆÏlƒÓ˚ §y•y΃ °y˲
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ˆòÎ˚ ï˛y lÎ˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ xlƒˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ~ܲˆÏe
!Ó!˲ߨ ܲyÎ≈Ü ˛Ù åˆÎÙl ˆá°yä ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°lyÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyàG ˆòÎ˚– !Ó!˲ߨ
à%lyÓ!° ˆÎÙl xˆÏlƒÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ܲS%È Ë˛yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆlGÎ˚yñ
!ÓŸªy§ñ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ §ÙˆÏV˛yï˛yñ Ë)˛!Ùܲy @˝Ã•î ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)Ó˚îñ
•zï˛ƒy!ò §ÙÓÎ˚flÒ Órô%ˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ•z !Óܲ!¢ï˛
•Î˚– !¢¢%Ó˚y !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ò,!T˛Ë˛!AàˆÏܲ xˆÏlƒÓ˚ §yÙˆÏl ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
~ÓÇ xˆÏlƒÓ˚ ò,!T˛Ë˛!AàˆÏܲ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚y G Ùy!lˆÏÎ˚ÈüȈlGÎ˚yÓ˚
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ !¢ál G °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚– xydÈüÈfl∫Ó˚)˛õc !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õÌ
§%àÙ •Î˚ §ÙÓÎ˚flÒ Órô%ˆÏòÓ˚ §•yÎ˚ï˛yÎ˚ñ ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ §ÙÓÎ˚flÒ Órô%ˆÏòÓ˚
§ˆÏAà !¢¢%Ó˚ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ï˛y•z §yÙy!çܲ#ܲÓ˚î ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yG
âˆÏê˛ ÌyˆÏܲ Ù§,î ˲yˆÏÓ–
àîÙyôƒˆÏÙÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ (Media Influences)
Óï≈˛Ùyl ܲyˆÏ°ñ àîÙyôƒÙà%!°G §yÙy!çܲ#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ô
!•§yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ à%î xç≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ò)Ó˚ò¢≈lñ áÓˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲyàçñ
ܲyçÈüÈ3É4
˛õÑyã˛!òl ôˆÏÓ˚ §Ü˛yˆÏ° G !ÓܲyˆÏ° xyôyârê˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛
G xyÌ≈§yÙy!çܲ ˆ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ xÓ!fiÌï˛ 4ÈüÈ5 !ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ˆÏܲ
˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲÓ˚ñ Îál ï˛yÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ
≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
ï%˛!Ù !ܲ ˛õ%e ~ÓÇ Ü˛îƒyÓ˚ §ˆÏAà !˛õï˛yÙyï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
˛˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ á%шÏç ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚SÈ⁄
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §%flõT˛ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õˆÏܲ ˆlyê˛ Ü˛Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ~!ӣψÏÎ˚
ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ §ˆÏAà xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚–
60 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
Ó•z ~ÓÇ ã˛°!Fã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çàÍ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ à,• ~ÓÇ
ç#ÓˆÏl ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ Ó˚yhflÏy á%шÏç !lˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆÎáyˆÏl !¢¢%Ó˚y ˛Ó•%
!ç!l£Ï ~•z §ÙhflÏ í˛zͧ ˆÌˆÏܲ !¢ˆÏá ÌyˆÏܲñ !ܲˆÏ¢yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛Ó˚%lÓ˚y
≤ÃyÎ˚•z ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xyò¢≈ˆÏܲ ˆ§áyl ˆÌˆÏܲ á%шÏç ˆlÎ˚ñ !ӈϢ£Ïï˛ı ò)Ó˚ò¢≈l
~ÓÇ ã˛°!Fã˛e ˆÌˆÏܲ– ò)Ó˚ò¢≈ˆÏl !•ÇflÀï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãò¢≈l ~ܲ !ӈϢ£Ï
xyˆÏ°yã˛ƒ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ñ ܲyÓ˚î !Ó!˲ߨ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÎ˚ ˆòáy ˆàˆÏSÈ ò)Ó˚ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚
ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !•ÇflÀï˛y ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛î !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xyÜ ˛Ùlydܲ xyã˛Ó˚î
Óy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÎ˚– ~ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî•z §yÙy!çܲ#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ~•z ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ô!ê˛ˆÏܲ
xyˆÏÓ˚y í˛z_Ù˲yˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ÎyˆÏï˛ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
~•z§Ó xlyܲy!A«˛ï˛ xyã˛Ó˚î !Óܲ!¢ï˛ ly •Î˚–
˛˛õÓ˚§Çfl,Ò!ï˛ @˝Ã•î åAcculturation)
˛õÓ˚§Çfl,Ò!ï˛ @˝Ã•î Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ~ÓÇ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l
Îy xlƒ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ó˚ §ˆÏAà ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° âˆÏê˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà
≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ åˆÎÙl ˆÜ˛í˛z Î!ò xlƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly lï%˛l §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ˆÏï˛
ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ Ó§Óy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ä xÌÓy ˛õˆÏÓ˚y«˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ åˆÎÙl
àîÙyôƒˆÏÙÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ Óy xlƒˆÏܲyˆÏly ˲yˆÏÓäñ ~!ê˛ ˙!FSÈܲ •ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚ åˆÎÙl Îál ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲçl í˛zFã˛!¢«˛yÓ˚ çlƒ ≤Ã!¢«˛ˆÏîÓ˚
çlƒ Óy ÓƒÓ§yÓy!îˆÏçƒÓ˚ çlƒ !ÓˆÏòˆÏ¢ ˆà°ä xÌÓy x˜Ïl!FSÈܲ
•ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ åˆÎÙl Å˛õ!lˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛ï˛yÓ˚ x!˲K˛ï˛yñ xyÜ ˛Ùlñ
Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ¢Ó˚lyÌ≈# •GÎ˚yä– ò%•z ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe•z Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ ≤ÃyÎ˚•z lï%˛l
!ܲS%È !¢áˆÏï˛ •Î˚ å~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚y ˆ¢ˆÏáä xlƒ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ òˆÏ°Ó˚
ˆ°yˆÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ç#Ól x!ï˛Ü ˛Ù ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ– í˛zòy•Ó˚î !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓñ
˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !Ó !ê˛¢ ¢y§ˆÏlÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ Ó•% Óƒ!=˛ ~ÓÇ ˆày¤˛# !Ó !ê˛¢ ç#Ól
˜¢°#Ó˚ xyòÓܲyÎ˚òy xyÎ˚c ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ï˛yÓ˚y •zLjÏÓ˚!ç ÙyôƒÙ !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚
ÎyGÎ˚y ˛˛õSÈ® ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈñ ˆÓï˛l˲yï˛y §• ܲyç @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈñ •zLjÏÓ˚!ç
ˆ˛õy¢yˆÏܲ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ §!Iï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈñ •zLjÏÓ˚!ç Óyܲƒy°y˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ
~ÓÇ ôÙ≈ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛lG ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–
˛õÓ˚§Çfl,Ò!ï˛ @˝Ã•î ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yl Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ç#ÓˆÏl ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §ÙÎ˚ âê˛ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚– Îál ï˛y âˆÏê˛ ï˛ál lÙ≈ñ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyôñ ≤ÃÓîï˛y ~ÓÇ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚
≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õà%!°Ó˚ ˛õ%î/ !¢ál âˆÏê˛– ~•z §ÙhflÏ !òܲ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚
çlƒ ˛õ%î/ §yÙy!çܲ#ܲÓ˚î ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚– ܲáˆÏly ܲáˆÏly Óƒ!=˛Ó˚
ܲyˆÏSÈ ~§Ó lï%˛l !ç!là%ˆÏ°y ˆ¢áy §•ç •Î˚ xyÓ˚ Î!ò ~•z !¢ál
§Ê˛° •Î˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆ§•z ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ x!˲Ù%ˆÏá ï˛yÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l
§•ˆÏç •ˆÏÓ ˆÏÎ ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ §ˆÏAà ˛õÓ˚§Çfl,Ò!ï˛ @˝Ã•î ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y!ê˛ ã˛°ˆÏSÈ–
~•z ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ lï%˛l ç#ÓˆÏl ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ï%˛°lyÙ)°Ü˛ ˲yˆÏÓ
Ù§,î ~ÓÇ §Ù§ƒy•#l •ˆÏÓ– xlƒ!òˆÏܲñxˆÏlܲ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛•z
Óƒ!=˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ lï%˛l ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ §ˆÏAà áy˛õ áyGÎ˚yˆÏï˛ x§%!Óôy
xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ܲ!ë˛l •ˆÏÎ˚ òÑyí˛¸yÎ˚ ~ÓÇ
ï˛yÓ˚y mˆÏ®µÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ÎyÎ˚– ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ §Ù)• ï%˛°lyÙ)°Ü˛
˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛T˛Ü˛Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚î ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ã˛y˛õ åStressä xl%Ë)˛ï˛ •ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚ Óy ˛õÓ˚§Çfl,Ò!ï˛ @˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° xyã˛Ó˚îÙ)°Ü˛ x§%!ÓôyÓ˚ §,!T˛
•ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl#Ó˚y Óƒy˛õܲ ˲yˆÏÓ àˆÏÓ£Ïîy ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ
˛õÓ˚§Çfl,Ò!ï˛@˝Ã•î ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÎ˚ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÙlhflÏy!cܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l •Î˚– ˆÎ
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õÓ˚§Çfl,Ò!ï˛ @˝Ã•î ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÎ˚ xlƒ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ó˚ ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ §ˆÏAà
ܲyÎ≈ܲ°y˛õ 3É5
!Ó!˲ߨ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ò#â≈§ÙÎ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ Ó§Óy§Ü˛yÓ˚# !ܲS%È Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ
!ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚ñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚ lyG ~ÓÇ
§Çfl,Ò!ï˛àï˛ ÙˆÏly˲yÓñ lÙ≈ ~ÓÇ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ !ܲS%È ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ~ÓÇ
§yò,¢ƒ §¡õˆÏܲ≈ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î §• Ó°ˆÏï˛ Ó°–
ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà xÓ¢ƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚– ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° xˆÏlܲ §ÙÎ˚ mˆÏ®µÓ˚
xÓï˛yÓ˚ly •Î˚– ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óƒ!=˛•z mˆÏ®µÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ x!ôܲ §ÙÎ˚
x!ï˛Óy!•ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ lyñ ï˛yÓ˚y ≤ÃyÎ˚•z !Ó!˲ߨ ˆÜ˛Ô¢° ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà
ܲˆÏÓ˚ m®µˆÏܲ §Ùyôyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚– ò#â≈ §ÙÎ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ ~ê˛y ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚y
•ï˛ ˆÎ xyô%!lܲï˛yÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ §yÙy!çܲ G §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l
~ܲÙ%á#ñ ÎyÓ˚ xÌ≈ •° §ÙhflÏ Óƒ!=˛ ÎyÓ˚y ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚
§¡ø%á#l •ˆÏFSÈl ï˛yÓ˚y àï˛yl%à!ï˛Ü˛ xÓfiÌyl ˆÌˆÏܲ xyô%!lܲ
xÓfiÌyˆÏl x@˝Ã§Ó˚ •l– Î!òGñ ˛õyŸã˛yï˛ƒ ˆò¢à%!°ˆÏï˛ x!˲˲y§l
ܲyÓ˚# ~ÓÇ ˆò¢#Î˚ G í˛z˛õçy!ï˛Ë)˛=˛ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏòÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ àˆÏÓ£Ïîy°kô
Ê˛°yÊ˛° ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆòáy ˆÏàˆÏSÈ ˆÎ ˛õÓ˚§Çfl,Ò!ï˛@˝Ã•î ç!lï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚
§Ù§ƒyÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ˆÏÙyܲy!Ó°y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ Óƒ!=˛ !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õrÌy
xÓ°¡∫l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ˛õÓ˚§Çfl,Ò!ï˛ @˝Ã•î ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y!ê˛
≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛˛õˆÏ«˛ Ó•%Ù%á# –
˛õÓ˚§Çfl,Ò!ï˛ @˝Ã•î ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛lˆÏܲ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ!wܲ ~ÓÇ
Ó›ˆÏܲ!wܲ hflψÏÓ˚ !lÓ˚#«˛î ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ!wܲ hflψÏÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l xˆÏlܲ§ÙÎ˚ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏly˲yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l myÓ˚y
≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛!°ï˛ •Î˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ Ó°y •Î˚ Ú˛õÓ˚§Çfl,Ò!ï˛ @˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙˆÏly˲yÓÛ–
Ó›ˆÏܲ!wܲ hflψÏÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛!°ï˛ •Î˚ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˜òl!®l xyã˛Ó˚î
~ÓÇ !Ü ˛Î˚yܲ°yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ Ó°y •Î˚ ˛õÓ˚§Çfl,Ò!ï˛@˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚
ˆÜ˛Ô¢°– ˛õÓ˚§Çfl,Ò!ï˛ @˝Ã•î ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏܲ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ° ò%!ê˛ hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚•z
!lÓ˚#«˛î ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– ˛õÓ˚§Çfl,Ò!ï˛@˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚ Ó›àï˛ hflψÏÓ˚ ~ܲçl Ó•%
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyÎ˚ Îy Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ç#ÓˆÏl ˛õ!Ó˚ò,T˛ •Î˚– ˲y£Ïyñ
˛ˆ˛õy¢yܲ ˛õ!Ó˚FSÈòñ ç#!Óܲy!lÓ≈yˆÏ•Ó˚ ˛õÌñ à,• ~ÓÇ à,•§yÙ@˝Ã#ñ
x°ÇܲyÓ˚ñ xy§ÓyÓ˛õeñ !ÓˆÏlyòl ÙyôƒÙñ ≤ÈÏÜ˛Ô¢ˆÏ°Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ñ
ºÙî x!˲K˛ï˛y ~ÓÇ ã˛°!Fã˛e ≤Ãò¢≈l •zï˛ƒy!ò ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚
˛˛õ!Ó˚flÒyÓ˚ •z!Aàï˛ !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ Îy Óƒ!=˛Óà≈ ~ÓÇ ˆày¤˛# ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏl
@˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~•z •z!Aàï˛à%!°Ó˚ G˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyÙÓ˚y
§•ˆÏç•z !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ܲï˛ê˛y ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏl ˛õÓ˚§Çfl,Ò!ï˛@˝Ã•îàï˛
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l Óƒ!=˛ G ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ ç#ÓˆÏl ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ܲÙye §Ù§ƒy
•° ~•z ˆÎñ ~•z •z!Aàï˛à%!° §Ó§ÙÎ˚ Óƒ!=˛ ~ÓÇ ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ §ˆÏã˛ï˛l
@˝Ã•îˆÏÎyàƒï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l !lˆÏò≈¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly– ï˛yÓ˚y Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ myÓ˚y à,•#ï˛
•Î˚ ܲyÓ˚î ~Ó˚y §•ç°Ë˛ƒ ~ÓÇ xy!Ì≈ܲ˲yˆÏÓ §y◊Î˚#– ï˛y•z ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~•z •z!Aàï˛à%!° ºy!hs˝çlܲ–
§ˆÏã˛ï˛l @˝Ã•îˆÏÎyàƒï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l §¡õˆÏܲ≈ !ÓŸªy§ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ°ñ
Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ!wܲ˲yˆÏÓ˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– çl ˆÓ!Ó˚ ï˛ÑyÓ˚
ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ ˛õÓ˚§Çfl,Ò!ï˛@˝Ã•î ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ çlƒ ≤Ãáƒyï˛–
!ï˛!l ӈϰl ˆÎ ò%!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ xyˆÏSÈ Îy ˛õÓ˚§Çfl,Ò!ï˛ @˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#
Óƒ!=˛ ~ÓÇ ˆày¤˛#ˆÏܲ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ §¡ø%á#l
•ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ܲ!ê˛ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ ~ÓÇ x!hflÏc Ó˚«˛yÓ˚
•zFSÈyÓ˚ ÙyeyÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §ÇÎ%=˛– x˛õÓ˚!ê˛ •° Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ xlƒ ˆày¤˛#Ó˚
§Çfl,Ò!ï˛ ~ÓÇ §ò§ƒˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ≤Ãyï˛ƒ!•Ü˛ !ÙÌ!‹;Î˚y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ Óy§lyÓ˚
Ùyey–
~•z !ӣψÏÎ˚ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˆl!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ G •z!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ í˛z_ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛
!l¡¨!°!áï˛ ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ ˛õÓ˚§Çfl,Ò!ï˛@˝Ã•î ˆÜ˛Ô¢° í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
~ܲ#˲Ól / ~!ê˛ ~Ùl ~ܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏly˲yÓ ÎyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ò%ˆÏê˛y
!ӣψÏÎ˚•z xy@˝Ã• ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •Î˚ ÎÌy !lçfl∫ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ ~ÓÇ fl∫Ó˚)˛õcˆÏܲ
ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáyñ ˆ§•z§ˆÏAà xlƒ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ òˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!òˆÏlÓ˚ !Ù◊!Ü ˛Î˚y
ã˛y!°ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyGÎ˚y– xlƒ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ó˚ ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ §ˆÏAà !ÙÌ!‹;Î˚y ã˛y°yˆÏï˛
ˆÏàˆÏ° ~ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !ܲS%È ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyl §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ~ܲ#Ë˛ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl
•Î˚–
xy_#ܲÓ˚î / ~!ê˛ ~Ùl ~ܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏly˲yÓñ ˆÎáyˆÏl Óƒ!=˛
!lˆÏçÓ˚ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ fl∫Ó˚)˛õcˆÏܲ ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚ ly ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚y
xlƒ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ó˚ §ˆÏAà xÇ¢ !•§yˆÏÓ ~ܲ#Ë)˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– ~•z ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe
~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ !lçfl∫ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ ~ÓÇ fl∫Ó˚)˛õˆÏcÓ˚ !Óly¢ âˆÏê˛–
!Ó!FSÈߨܲÓ˚î / ~!ê˛ ~Ùl ~ܲ ÙˆÏly˲yÓ ˆÎáyˆÏl Óƒ!=˛ !lçfl∫
§Çfl,Ò!ï˛ˆÏܲ ôˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏï˛y•z Ù)°ƒ ˆòÎ˚ ˆÎ ï˛yÓ˚y xlƒ
§yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ §ˆÏAà !ÙÌ!‹;Î˚y ~!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ã˛ˆÏ°– ~•z §Ó ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe
Óƒ!=˛ ≤ÃyÎ˚•z !lˆÏçÓ˚ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ fl∫Ó˚)˛õcˆÏܲ x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ ˆàÔÓ˚Óy!ß∫ï˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòˆÏá–
≤Ãy!hs˝Ü˛#ܲÓ˚î / ~!ê˛ ~Ùl ~ܲ ÙˆÏly˲yÓ ˆÎáyˆÏl á%Ó x“ §Ω˛yÓly
Óy xy@˝Ã• ÌyˆÏܲ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ˆÏܲ ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ñ xyÓyÓ˚
xlƒ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ §ˆÏAà §¡õÜ≈˛ Ó˚«˛yÎ˚G á%Ó Ü˛Ù xy@˝Ã•
xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ 3 • ÙylÓ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !˲!_ 61
˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •Î˚– ~§Ó ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe Óƒ!=˛àî §yôyÓ˚îï˛ı ܲ# ܲÓ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛
ˆ§ §¡õˆÏܲ≈ !§Âôyhs˝•#lï˛yÎ˚ ˆË˛yˆÏà ~ÓÇ ˛Ê˛°ï˛ı x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ ˛ ã˛yˆÏ˛õÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Óy§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚–
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~•z xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏ° ˆÎ ÙylÓ xyã˛Ó˚î ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y˛õ%!Ó˚ ˲yˆÏÓ
¢%ô% ˜ç!Óܲ í˛z˛õyòyˆÏlÓ˚ !lÎ˚sflyô#l lÎ˚– §ÙyçÈüȧyÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛
í˛z˛õyòylà%!° ˜ç!Óܲ ≤ÃÓlï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà !ÙÌ!‹;˛Î˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÎyˆÏï˛ ÙylÓ
xyã˛Ó˚î ~ܲ!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï §ÙyˆÏç !ӈϢ£Ï ~ܲ!ê˛ xÓÎ˚Ó °y˲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ §Ùyç ~ÓÇ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ ~•zÈ˛ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Óƒy˛õ# §Ù≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛
!Ó!¢T˛ lÎ˚ñ ÙylÓ xyã˛Ó˚îG §Ó≈òy ~ܲÓ˚ܲÙ˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •Î˚
ly– ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°•z xyÙÓ˚y Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ñ ˜ç!Óܲ !˲!_ SÈyí˛¸yG ÙylÓ
xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ !˲!_ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– !çl ˆÎáyˆÏl ˜ç!Óܲ
§M˛y°ˆÏlÓ˚ !°!˛õ !°ˆÏá ÌyˆÏܲ ˆ§áyˆÏl xl%ܲÓ˚î ˆ°ˆÏá §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛
§M˛y°ˆÏlÓ˚ !°!˛õ– !çl ~ÓÇ xl%ܲÓ˚î ~ܲ§ˆÏAà ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚
xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛Ó!•≤ÃܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ çlƒñ !ܲS%Èê˛y §ò,¢ ˲yˆÏÓñ !ܲS%Èê˛y !Ó£ÏÙ
˲yˆÏÓ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ x˲ƒhs˝ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !Ó!˲ߨ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ– xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚
§yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛˛ !˲!_ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ° ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ ˆÎ
Óƒ!=˛ ~ÓÇ ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xyã˛Ó˚îàï˛ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ¢%ô%Ùye ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˜ç!Óܲ
§Çàë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ àë˛làï˛ G ܲyÎ≈àï˛ à%îyÓ!°Ó˚ çlƒ•z •Î˚ ly–
xyã˛Ó˚îàï˛ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ §,!T˛ˆÏï˛ Óƒ!=˛ ~ÓÇ ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛
˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ xÓòyl Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
Ù)რ¢∑
˛õÓ˚§Çfl,Ò!ï˛@˝Ã•îñ ˛õ)î≈ Óy ¢)lƒ à%î‡l#!ï˛ñ çyàÓ˚îñ xƒy:lñ
Ù!hflÏflÒ Ü˛y[˛ñ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sfñ °â%Ù!hflÏflÒñ à%Ó˚%Ù!hflÏflÒñ
ˆÜ ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyÙñ ÓAܲ°ñ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ñ !í˛x!:Ó˚y•zˆÏÓy!lí˛z!Üœ˛Ü˛
xƒy!§í˛ (DNA)ñ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îñ xhs˝/«˛Ó˚y @˝Ã!rÌñ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ñ
!ÓÓï≈˛lñ !çlñ ˆày°yÏô≈ñ ÓÇ¢à!ï˛ñ ˆ•yˆÏÙy§ƒy!˛õÎ˚yl§ñ
˲yÓ˚§yÙƒñ ˆ•yˆÏÙyfiê˛y!§§ñ •y•zˆÏ˛õỹy°yÙy§ñ §%£Ï%¡¨y¢#£Ï≈ܲñ
xl%ܲÓ˚îñ fl¨yÎ˚%˜Ï≤Ã!ï˛ñ !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚ylñ !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§ñ ˆÓ˚!ê˛Ü%˛°yÓ˚
xƒy!QˆÏ˲!ê˛Ç !§ˆÏfiê˛Ù åRASä ܲAܲy° ˆ˛õ¢#ñ §yÙy!çܲ#ܲÓ˚îñ
ˆ§yÙy åˆÜ˛y¢ˆÏò•ä ˆò•àï˛ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sfñ ˛≤Ãçy!ï˛ñ §!ߨܲ£Ï≈#Î˚ òyly–

§yÓ˚yÇ¢
D Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf ˆÜ˛y!ê˛ˆÏܲy!ê˛ xhs˝§¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛ñ xï˛ƒhs˝ !Ó!¢T˛ ˆÜ˛y¢ myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ Ó°y •Î˚ !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yl– !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yl Óy
fl¨yÎ˚%ˆÏܲy¢ ÙylÓ xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ !lÎ˚sfî G §ÇˆÏÎyçl ܲˆÏÓ˚–
D ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf Ù!hflÏ‹Ò ~ÓÇ §%£Ï%¡¨yܲyˆÏ[˛Ó˚ §Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛– ≤Ãyhs˝#Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ !là≈ï˛ ¢yáy Îy §ÙhflÏ
¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚ SÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏSÈ– ~Ó˚ ò%!ê˛ Ë˛yà Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ı ˆÏò•àï˛ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf åÎy ܲAܲy°ˆÏ˛õ¢#ˆÏܲ !lÎ˚sfî ܲˆÏÓ˚ä ~ÓÇ fl∫Î˚Ç!Ü ˛Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf
åÎy xy˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#l xAà§Ù)•ˆÏܲ !lÎ˚sfî ܲˆÏÓ˚ä– fl∫Î˚Ç!Ü ˛Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf xyÓyÓ˚ §ÙˆÏÓò# ~ÓÇ ˛õÓ˚y§ÙˆÏÓò# ~•z ò%!ê˛ Ë˛yˆÏà !Ó˲=˛–
D !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xÓ!fiÌï˛ ˆí˛lí»˛y•zê˛ Îy ˜≤Ã!ï˛@˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ~ÓÇ xƒy:lñ Îy ˜≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛y¢ˆÏò• ˆÌˆÏܲ xlƒ !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yl Óy
ˆ˛õ¢#ï˛vˆÏï˛ ≤ÃÓy!•ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
D ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ xƒy:ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ê˛Ñyܲ ÌyˆÏܲ ÎyˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ §y•zlƒy˛õ§– !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yê˛∆yl§!Ùê˛yÓ˚ lyˆÏÙ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ˛õòyÌ≈
xƒy:ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ãyhs˝ˆÏò¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ !l/§,ï˛ •Î˚ Îy xlƒ !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏl ˛Óyï˛y≈ Ó•l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
D Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ Ù)° ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ xÇ¢ ˛õŸã˛yÍ Ù!hflÏ‹Ò åÎyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ §%£Ï%¡¨y¢#£Ï≈ܲñ ˆ§ï%˛Ù!hflÏ‹Òñ ˆÓ˚!ê˛Ü%˛°yÓ˚ àë˛l ~ÓÇ °â%Ù!hflÏ‹Òäñ
ÙôƒÙ!hflÏ‹Ò ~ÓÇ Ìƒy°yÙy§ ~ÓÇ •y•zˆÏ˛õỹy°yÙy§ myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛– Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ Ù)° xÇ¢!ê˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õ!Ó˚˲yˆÏà x@˝ÃÙ!hfl‹Ò ~ÓÇ à%Ó%̊Ù!hflψÏflÒÓ˚
ˆày°yô≈ xÓ!fiÌï˛–
D !°Ù!Óܲ !§ˆÏfiê˛Ù xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !lÎ˚sfî ˆÎÙlñ Î%Âô ܲÓ˚yñ ˛õy!°ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyGÎ˚y •zï˛ƒy!ò !lÎ˚sfî ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~!ê˛ !•ˆÏØyܲƒyÙ˛õy§ñ xƒy!ÙàˆÏí˛°y
~ÓÇ •y•zˆÏ˛õỹy°yÙy§ myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛–
D xhs˝/«˛Ó˚y @˝Ã!rÌ ï˛sf ܲï˛à%!° @˝Ã!rÌ myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛ ı ˛!˛õê%˛ƒ•zê˛y!Ó˚ @˝Ã!rÌñ Ìy•zÓ˚ˆÏÎ˚í˛ @˝Ã!rÌñ xƒy!í»˛ly° @˝Ã!rÌñ x@¿ƒy¢Î˚ ~ÓÇ
ˆàylyí˛–
D ~•z @˝Ã!rÌ §Ù)• ˆÌˆÏܲ !l/§,ï˛ •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl xyã˛Ó˚î ~ÓÇ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ë%˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
D ˜ç!Óܲ í˛z˛õyòylà%!° SÈyí˛¸yG §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ˆÏܲ ÙylÓ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ !•§yˆÏÓ Ùyly •Î˚– ~!ê˛ Ùl%£ÏƒÈüȧ,T˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ñ
ÎyÓ˚ ò%ˆÏê˛y !òܲ xyˆÏSÈñ Ó›àï˛ ~ÓÇ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ!wܲ– ~!ê˛ ~ܲò° Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏAà ˲yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆlGÎ˚y ç#Ól˜Ï¢°# ÎyÓ˚
ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Óƒ!=˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ xÌ≈ á%шÏç ˛õyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ç#Ól xl%¢#°ˆÏlÓ˚ !˲!_ !•§yˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ xÌ≈
~ÓÇ xl%¢#°l ÓÇ¢ ˛õÓ˚¡õÓ˚yÎ˚ §M˛y!°ï˛ •Î˚–

62 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
 D Î!òG ˜ç!Óܲ í˛z˛õyòyl §y!Ó≈ܲ˲yˆÏÓ §«˛Ù Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ !l!ò≈T˛ ܲï˛à%!° ò«˛ï˛yÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ ~ÓÇ §«˛Ùï˛y
!lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ í˛z˛õyòyl G ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚–
D xyÙÓ˚y §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ §¡õˆÏܲ≈ !¢!á §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î ~ÓÇ §yÙy!çܲ#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙñ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ §Ó ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
!¢«˛y Îy ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ˙!FSÈܲ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ âˆÏê˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
D §yÙy!çܲ#ܲÓ˚î •° ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y ÎyÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Óƒ!=˛ xç≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ K˛ylñ ò«˛ï˛y ~ÓÇ ≤ÃÓîï˛yñ Îy ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §«˛Ù ܲˆÏÓ˚
ˆï˛yˆÏ° ˆày¤˛# ~ÓÇ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ~ܲçl ï˛yͲõÎ≈˛õ)î≈ §ò§ƒ !•§yˆÏÓ xÇ¢@˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛– §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ §yÙy!çܲ#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚
≤Ã!ï˛!l!ôà%!° •° !˛õï˛yÙyï˛yñ !Óòƒy°Î˚ñ §ÙÓÎ˚§# ˆày¤˛#ñ àîÙyôƒÙ •zï˛ƒy!ò–
D ˛õÓ˚§Çfl,Ò!ï˛ @˝Ã•î Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ~ÓÇ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l Îy xlƒ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ó˚ §Çflõˆ¢≈Ó˚ Ê˛°fl∫Ó˚)˛õ–
˛õÓ˚§Çfl,Ò!ï˛ @˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÜ˛Ô¢° Îy Óƒ!=˛ ï˛yÓ˚ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y •° ~ܲ#˲Ólñ xy_#ܲÓ˚îñ !Ó!FSÈߨ
ܲÓ˚î ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˝Ü˛#ܲÓ˚î–
˛õÎ≈yˆÏ°yã˛ly Ù)°Ü˛ ≤ß¿
1ä ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ !ÓÓï≈˛lÙ)°Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ï˛ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˜ç!Óܲ !˲!_ˆÏܲ Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄
2ä !lÏí˛zˆÏÓ˚yl ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ï˛Ìƒ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚–
3ä à%Ó˚%Ù!hflψÏflÒÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ ˆày°yˆÏô≈Ó˚ lyÙ ˆ°á– ï˛yÓ˚y ܲ# ܲyç §¡õyòl ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄
4ä §yÙy!çܲ#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Ù%რ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ôà%!° Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚Ï–
5ä xy˛õÍܲy°#l ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ ˆÙyܲy!Ó°yÎ˚ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ fl∫Î˚Ç!Ü ˛Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §y•yÎ˚ƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄
6ä §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%!° Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚–
7ä ï%˛!Ù !ܲ ~•z !ÓÓ,!ï˛ˆÏï˛ §•Ùï˛ ˆÎ Úç#Ó!Óòƒy ~ܲ!ê˛ §«˛Ù Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˛õ«˛yhs˝ˆÏÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !l!ò≈T˛ !ܲS%È
˛≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚%˛õ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ó˚ §ˆÏAà §¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛Û– ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ í˛z_ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ fl∫˛õˆÏ«˛ Î%!=˛ òyG–
8ä §yÙy!çܲ#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Ù%რ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ôà%!° Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚–
9ä §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î G §yÙy!çܲ#ܲÓ˚îˆÏܲ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ⁄ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚–
10ä ˛ õÓ˚§Çfl,Ò!ï˛@˝Ã•î Ó°ˆÏï˛ Ü˛# ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚⁄ ˛õÓ˚§Çfl,Ò!ï˛@˝Ã•î ܲ# ~ܲ!ê˛ Ù§,î ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y⁄ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚–
11ä ˛ õÓ˚§Çfl,Ò!ï˛ @˝Ã•î ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ Óƒ!=˛ ˛õÓ˚§Çfl,Ò!ï˛@˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÎ ˆÏÜ˛Ô¢°§Ù)• @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚–

≤Ãܲ“ §¡∫!rôï˛˛ ôyÓ˚îy

1ä Ù!hflÏˆÏ‹Ò «˛!ï˛@˝ÃhflÏ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~Ùl ~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛Ìƒ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲÓ˚– ï%˛!Ù ~ܲçl !ã˛!ܲͧˆÏܲÓ˚ §y•y΃ @˝Ã•î
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ñ Ó•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈ !lˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ñ xÌÓy xyhs˝çy≈° xl%§rôyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚– fl∫y˲y!Óܲ ܲyÎ≈ܲ°yˆÏ˛õ §«˛Ù
Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ï˛yÓ˚ ï%˛°ly ܲÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ÓÓÓ˚î# ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚–
2ä ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ≤Ãyï˛ƒ!•Ü˛ Ó˚%!ê˛l ˆ°á– ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xÓ¢ƒ•z ï%˛!Ù ˆÎ ܲyÎ≈ܲ°y˛õ ܲÓ˚ ï˛y ÌyܲˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ˆ§•z§ˆÏAà ˆÜ˛yl‰ §ÙÎ˚ ï˛y
ܲÓ˚ ï˛yG ÌyܲˆÏÓ– í˛zòy•Ó˚î !•§yˆÏÓ Î!ò ï%˛!Ù 7ê˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ 8ê˛y ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ≤Ã!ï˛!òl ò)Ó˚ò¢≈l ˆòáñ ï%˛!Ù ~•z §ÙÎ˚!ê˛ !°áˆÏÓ
~ÓÇ Ü˛yÎ≈ܲ°y˛õ!ê˛G í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– Îï˛ê˛y ˛õyÓ˚ ˛õ%Cyl˛õ%C˲yˆÏÓ Óî≈ly ˆòˆÏÓ– ï%˛!Ù ò)Ó˚ò¢≈ˆÏl ˆÎ xl%¤˛yl!ê˛ ˆòá ï˛yÓ˚
lyÙ !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚– §Æy•Óƒy˛õ# G §Æy•yˆÏhs˝Ó˚ xy°yòy ï˛y!°Ü˛y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚– ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ ~•z ˜ò!lܲ ï˛y!°Ü˛y!ê˛ !lÓ˚#«˛î
ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ~ÓÇ ˆòáy ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yl‰ ܲyç!ê˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó•%° ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛– !ܲS%È §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô Óy
!ÓŸªy§ˆÏܲ ܲ# ~•z §yôyÓ˚î ~ÓÇ ˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏAà ˲yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆlGÎ˚y x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ !˲!_ !•§yˆÏÓ xl%Ùyl ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚⁄
åí˛zòy•Ó˚î fl∫Ó˚)˛õñ §Ó !¢«˛yÌ≈#•z ≤Ã!ï˛!òl Ó•% §ÙÎ˚ !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ ܲyê˛yÎ˚ñ ~•z !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛!°ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ ï˛yÓ˚y ~Ùl
§Çfl,Ò!ï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈ Îy !Óòƒy°Î˚ !¢«˛yˆÏܲ Ù)°ƒ ˆòÎ˚ä–

xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ 3 • ÙylÓ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !˲!_ 63

 ÙylÓ !Óܲy¢
xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ 4 Human
Human De
Devvelopment
Dev elopment

~•z xôƒyÎ˚!ê˛ ˛õyë˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y §«˛Ù •ˆÏÓ

t !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ xÌ≈ ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛–
t ÙylÓ !Óܲy¢ ≤çˆÏAà ÓÇ¢à!ï˛ G ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛–
t !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ hflÏÓ˚ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ˜Ï¢¢Óñ Óy°ƒÜ˛y°ñ ÓÎ˚/§!rôܲy°ñ ≤ÃyÆÓÎ˚flÒñ Óyô≈ˆÏܲƒÓ˚
≤Ãôyl ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛–
t !lçfl∫ !Óܲy¢ ~ÓÇ ï˛_¥ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛°l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛–

!Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›
Ë)˛!Ùܲy
!ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ xÌ≈
ç#Ól ≤çyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ Ó,!Âôñ !Óܲy¢ñ
˛ õ!Ó˚lÙl ~ÓÇ !ÓÓï≈˛l åÓy: 4É1ä–
!ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ܲyÓ˚# í˛z˛õyòyl§Ù)•–
!ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤çAà–
!Óܲy¢Ù)°Ü˛ hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ò¢≈l
≤Ãy܉˛çß√hflÏÓ˚
˜¢¢Ó
I wish I could travel by the road that Óy°ƒÜ˛y°
crosses the baby’s mind, and out beyond !°Aà ~ÓÇ ˆÎÔl Ë)˛!Ùܲy å4É2ä
all bounds; where messengers run ÓÎ˚/§!rôܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ ÓyôyÈüÈ!Ó˛õ!_–
errands for no cause between the
≤ÃyÆÓÎ˚flÒ ~ÓÇ Óyô≈ܲƒç!lï˛ hflÏÓ˚–
kingdoms of kings of no history; where
Reason makes kites of her laws and flies Ù%áƒ˛õò
them, and Truth sets Fact free §yÓ˚yÇ¢
from its fetters. ˛õÎ≈yˆÏ°yã˛lyÙ)°Ü˛ ≤ß¿
≤ÃܲˆÏ“Ó˚ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ ôyÓ˚îy–
– Rabindranath Tagore

64 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
 Ë)˛!Ùܲy
Î!ò ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚˛õyˆÏ¢ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ܲÓ˚ñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ~ê˛y °«˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ ˆÎ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ç#ÓˆÏl çˆÏß√Ó˚
˛õÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ !Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l •ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲñ Îy Ó,ÂôyÓfiÌy ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ã˛°ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ §ÙÎ˚
˛õÎ≈hs˝ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ Ó,!Âô ~ÓÇ !Óܲy¢ âˆÏê˛ñ ˆ§ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà Óy xyòylÈüÈ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ñ ã˛°yˆÏÊ˛Ó˚y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ñ àîly
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ñ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ !°áˆÏï˛ ˆ¢ˆÏá– §!ë˛Ü˛ ~ÓÇ Ë)˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ !lÓ˚)˛õî ܲÓ˚yG !¢ˆÏá ˆlÎ˚– ˆ§
Órô%c fiÌy˛õl ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆÎÔÓlyÓ˚ˆÏΩ˛Ó˚ hflÏÓ˚ˆÏܲ ˆË˛yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ !ÓÓy• ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ !¢¢%Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ó,Âô •ˆÏÎ˚
ÎyÎ˚– Î!òG xyÙÓ˚y ~ˆÏܲ x˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ !˲ߨñ ï˛y §ˆÏ_¥G xyÙÓ˚y xˆÏlܲ §yôyÓ˚î ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ˛ ˲yà ܲˆÏÓ˚
Ìy!ܲ– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ x!ôܲyÇ¢ Óƒ!=˛ ~ܲ ÓͧˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ •Ñyê˛y ã˛°y ~ÓÇ ò%•z ÓͧˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ܲÌy Ó°ˆÏï˛
!¢ˆÏá ÎyÎ˚–
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛lñ ï˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏÓà G Óƒ!=˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l– ~ܲ!ê˛ !¢¢%Ó˚
!ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ xÌ≈ (Meaning of Development) ÙyˆÏܲ ç!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ôÓ˚yñ ~ܲ!ê˛ Î%Ó!ï˛Ó˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ˲y•z ˆÓylˆÏòÓ˚
≤Ã!ï˛ ˆfl¨•Óͧ° ˲yÓ ≤Ãò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ !Ó!˲ߨ xAà˲!Aà ܲÓ˚y Óy
xyÙÓ˚y ÎálÈÈ!Óܲy¢ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !ã˛hs˝y ܲ!Ó˚ñ ï˛ál §Ó§ÙÎ˚•z
~ܲçl !ܲˆÏ¢yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆá°yÎ˚ ˛õÓ˚yçˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ò%/áñ §Ó•z •° §yÙy!çܲ
xyÙÓ˚y ˜ò!•Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï˛≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲÌy !ã˛hs˝y ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ìy!ܲñ ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y
≤ÃyˆÏ«˛y!˲ܲ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛°lñ Îy ÙylÓ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ §ˆÏAà
§yôyÓ˚î˲yˆÏÓ Óy!í˛¸âˆÏÓ˚ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛yÈüÈ˛Ë˛y•zˆÏÓylñ !˛õï˛yÈüÈÙyï˛y ~ÓÇ
à˲#Ó˚˲yˆÏÓ §¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛–
!˛õï˛yÙ•ñ !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ñ ˆá°yÓ˚ §yÌ# ~ÓÇ ã˛yÓ˚˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ xlƒylƒˆÏòÓ˚
Î!òG ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~•z ˛õyë˛ƒ˛õ%hflψÏܲÓ˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ ˛õ,Ìܲ
ÙˆÏôƒ °«˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– çß√ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ù,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ ˆ¢£Ï«˛î ˛õÎ≈hs˝ñ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
˛õ,Ìܲ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yà%ˆÏ°y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏÓñ ~ê˛y ÙˆÏl Ó˚yáy ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ˆÎ
ˆÎ ¢%ô%Ùye ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï˛≈lÈüÈ•z âˆÏê˛ ï˛y lÎ˚ñ ÓÓ˚Ç xyÙÓ˚y
˜ç!Óܲñ §yÙy!çܲ ~ÓÇ K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yà%ˆÏ°y ~ˆÏܲ x˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
ˆÎ˲yˆÏÓ !ã˛hsy ܲ!Ó˚ñ ˲y£ÏyÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲ!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÎ˲yˆÏÓ
§ˆÏAà â!l¤˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ §¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛– ~•z ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yà%ˆÏ°y Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÙylÓ
§yÙy!çܲ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ !Óܲy¢ âˆÏê˛ñ ï˛yÓ˚G ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l •Î˚– ÙˆÏl
ç#ÓlÓƒy˛õ# §yÙ!@˝Ãܲ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛lˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚–
ˆÓ˚ˆÏáyñ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï˛≈lÈ ÙylÓ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ¢%ô% Ùye ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï
ˆ«˛ˆÏe §#ÙyÓÂô lÎ˚ñ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y ÙylÓ ç#ÓˆÏl §%§Ç•ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ âˆÏê˛ ç#ÓlÓƒy˛õ# !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ï˛ /
ÌyˆÏܲ– !Óܲy¢ •° ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ãà!ï˛¢#°ñ §%!lÎ˚!sfï˛ Óy §%¢,C°ñ ç#ÓlÓƒy˛õ# !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ !Óܲy¢ §¡õ!ܲ≈ï˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÎ˚
xl%Ùyl!˲!_ܲ ôÓ˚l Îy çß√°@¿ ˆÌˆÏܲ ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚ §yÓ˚y ç#Ól !l¡¨!°!áï˛ xl%Ùylà%ˆÏ°y xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛–
Óƒy˛õ# ã˛°ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– !Óܲy¢ x!ôܲyÇ¢ ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z Ó,!Âô G «˛Î˚ñ 1ä !Óܲy¢ •° ç#ÓlÓƒy˛õ# ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y xÌ≈yÍ ~!ê˛ àË≈˛yÓfiÌy
å«˛Î˚ñ Îy Óyô≈ˆÏܲƒ §%!ã˛ï˛ •Î˚ä í˛z˲ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏAà ç!í˛¸ï˛ – ˆÌˆÏܲ ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó,ÂôyÓfiÌy ˛õÎhs˝ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ ÓÎ˚/hflψÏÓ˚•z âˆÏê˛
!Óܲy¢ ˜ç!Óܲñ K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ ~ÓÇ §yÙy!çܲ ≤ÃyˆÏ«˛y!˲ܲ ÌyˆÏܲ– ï˛yˆÏï˛ ≤Ãy!Æ G «˛!ï˛ í˛z˲Î˚•z ç!í˛¸ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲñ Îy
≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ !ÙÌ!fl;Î˚y myÓ˚y ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛˛ •Î˚– Ùyï˛yÈüÈ!˛õï˛y xyç#Ól à!ï˛¢#°Ë˛yˆÏÓ å~ܲ!òˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ
ˆÌˆÏܲ ÓÇ¢yl%Ü ˛ˆÏÙ ≤ÃyÆ !çl myÓ˚y !Óܲy¢ñ ˆÎÙlÈüÈ í˛zFã˛ï˛y ~ÓÇ §yˆÏÌ x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l âê˛yä ˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !Ü ˛Î˚y
Gçlñ Ù!hflÏ‹Òñ •,òÎ˚ ~ÓÇ Ê%˛§Ê%˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ !Óܲy¢ ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ ˜ç!Óܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ Ë)˛!ÙܲyˆÏܲ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– Îy §Ó•z ˜ç!Óܲ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ 2ä ÙylÓ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yà%ˆÏ°y ˆÎÙl ˜ç!Óܲñ
Ë)˛!Ùܲy G ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ §)ã˛Ü˛ °«˛î– !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ ~ÓÇ §yÙy!çܲ ≤ÃyˆÏ«˛y!˲ܲ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yà%ˆÏ°y
≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy !Ó!˲ߨ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà Î%=˛ ~ÓÇ ~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ç#ÓlÓƒy˛õ# !ÓܲyˆÏ¢˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏAà
x!˲K˛ï˛y xç≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y ˆÎÙlÈüÈ !ã˛hs˝lñ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îñ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyàñ GˆÏï˛yˆÏ≤Ãyï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ç!í˛¸ï˛–
§Ù§ƒy §Ùyôyl ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛Ó˚ §ˆÏAà §¡õÜ≈˛ fiÌy˛õl ܲˆÏÓ˚– !ÓܲyˆÏ¢ 3ä !Óܲy¢ Ó•%Ùyey˛ §¡õߨ– !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ùyey
≤Ã˲yÓ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ܲy!Ó˚ §yÙy!çܲ ÈüüüÈ ≤ÃyˆÏ«˛y!˲ܲ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ Óy í˛z˛õyòylà%ˆÏ°y Ó,!Âô ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ xyÓyÓ˚ xlƒ xlƒ
~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ xlƒylƒ Óƒ!=˛ÓˆÏà≈Ó˚ §ˆÏAà ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ !ÙÏÌ!fl;Î˚yÓ˚ !ܲS%È í˛z˛õyòyl •…y§G ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ

xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ 4 • ÙylÓ !Óܲy¢ 65

 ≤ÃyÆÓÎ˚flÒˆÏòÓ˚ x!˲K˛ï˛y !Óã˛«˛î •ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !§Âôyhsà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– Î!òG
ÓÎ˚§ Óyí˛¸yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚y ܲÙ≈ò«˛ï˛yÓ˚ à!ï˛ •…y§
ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆÎÙlÈüÈ ˆòÔí˛¸yˆÏly–
4ä !Óܲy¢ •° x!ôܲï˛Ó˚ lÙl#Î˚ñ xÌ≈yÍ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒñ
Ùyl!§Ü˛ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyç≈l¢#°ï˛y °«˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– Î!òG
~•z lÙl#Î˚ï˛y Óƒ!=˛!ӈϢˆÏ£Ï !˲ߨ– ~ê˛yÓ˚ xÌ≈ •° ˆÎñ
§¡õ)î≈ ç#Ól Ü ˛ˆÏÙ ò«˛ï˛yà%ˆÏ°y xyç#Ól í˛zß¨ï˛ G !Óܲ!¢ï˛
•ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
5ä !Óܲy¢ ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ xÓfiÌy myÓ˚ y ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •Î˚ –
í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õ ~ܲçl 20 ÓSÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚flÒ ˆ°yܲ !Î!l
˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ fl∫yô#lï˛y §Ç@˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ç#Ól x!ï˛Óy!•ï˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl xyˆÏÓ˚ܲçl 20 ÓSÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚flÒ ˆ°yܲ !Î!l xyçˆÏܲÓ˚
Î%ˆÏà xyˆÏSÈl ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ò%çˆÏlÓ˚ x!˲K˛ï˛y §¡õ)î≈ !˲ߨ–
6ä !Óܲy¢ Ó•%!Óô K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛– !Ó!˲ߨ
ˆ«˛eà%ˆÏ°y ˆÎÙlÈüÈ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛ylñ l,ï˛_¥!Óòƒyñ §Ùyç!Óòƒy
~ÓÇ fl¨yÎ˚!Óܲ !ÓK˛yl Îy ÙylÓ !Óܲy¢ˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛w ܲˆÏÓ˚
xôƒÎ˚l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚•z §¡õ)î≈
ç#ÓlÓƒy˛õ# !Óܲy¢Ù)°Ü˛ ≤çˆÏAàÓ˚ í˛z_Ó˚ ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚–
Óy: 4É1 Ó,!Âôñ !Óܲy¢ñ ˛õ!Ó˚îÙl ~ÓÇ !ÓÓï≈˛l (Growth, Development, Maturation and Evolution)
ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ xAàÈüÈ≤Ãï˛ƒˆÏAàÓ˚ xyܲyÓ˚ÈüÈxÌÓy §¡õ)î≈
ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ Óô≈lˆÏܲ Ó,!Âô Ó°y •Î˚– ~!ê˛ à%îàï˛ ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyîàï˛ í˛z˲Î˚•z
•ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ Gçlñ í˛zFã˛ï˛y •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ Ó,!Âô–
!Óܲy¢ •° ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y ÎyÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ §¡õ)î≈ ç#Ól ã˛ˆÏÜ ˛Ó˚
Ó,!Âô ˛ ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l˛ •Î˚– !Óܲy¢ ˛õò!ê˛ ˆ§•z ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛là%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ çlƒ
≤ÈÏÎyçƒ ÎyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !òܲ xyˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ ˛õ)Ó≈Óï≈˛# ܲyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ~ܲ!ê˛
!l!ò≈T˛ §¡õܲ≈ˆÏܲ ôˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏáñ Îy ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# §ÙÎ˚ ܲ# âê˛ˆÏÓ ï˛y !l!ò≈T˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õ x§%fiÌï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ˆÎ xfiÌyÎ˚# ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l âˆÏê˛
ï˛y !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛ lÎ˚– !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî âê˛y §Ó ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛là%ˆÏ°y
~ܲ lÎ˚ñ xï˛~Ó xyÎ˚ï˛ˆÏl ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l å¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ Ó,!Âôä xyl%˛õy!ï˛Ü˛
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l å!¢¢% ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤ÃyÆÓÎ˚flÒ •GÎ˚yäñ ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l å!¢¢%Ó˚
òÑyï˛ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ÎyGÎ˚yä ~ÓÇ lï%˛l ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°y xç≈l ܲÓ˚y– ~•z§Ó•z
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ à!ï˛ ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚§ˆÏÓ˚ !˲ߨ !Óܲy¢ Ó,!ÂôˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aà
!•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ xhs˝Ë≈%˛=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˛õ!Ó˚îÙl •° ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï˛≈l Îy ~ܲ!ê˛
!lô≈y!Ó˚ï˛ Ü ˛ÙˆÏܲ xl%§Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ÓÇ¢yl%à!ï˛ §¡∫rô#Î˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy
åÓœ%!≤Ãrê˛ä myÓ˚y Óƒy˛õܲ˲yˆÏÓ !lˆÏò≈!¢ï˛ •Î˚ Îy Ó,!Âô ~ÓÇ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚
§yò,¢ƒ í˛zͲõyòl ܲˆÏÓ˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ x!ôܲyÇ¢ !¢¢%•z !Óly §y•yˆÏ΃
66 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
7ä ~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ xl%ÎyÎ˚# ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
≤çAà xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ !Ü ˛Î˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ Îy ÓÇ¢yl%Ü ˛ˆÏÙ ≤ÃyÆ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛
˛õ!Ó˚ ˆ Ï Ó ˆÏ ¢ Ó˚ xhs˝ à ≈ ï ˛ §yÙy!çܲñ ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ ~ÓÇ
§yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ≤çˆÏAàÓ˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚%˛õñ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛
Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ç#ÓˆÏl âˆÏê˛ Ìyܲy âê˛lyà%!° ~ܲ lÎ˚– ˆl!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛
âê˛lyàˆÏ°y ˆÎÙlñ !˛õï˛yÈüÈÙyï˛yÓ˚ Ù,ï%˛ƒñ ò)â≈ê˛lyñ Ë)˛!Ùܲ¡õ
•zï˛ƒy!ò ˆÎÙl Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ç#ÓlˆÏܲ ~Ùl âê˛ly ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆï˛Ù!l ~Ó˚ ôlydܲ ≤Ã˲yÓ xyˆÏSÈ– ˆÎÙlÈüÈ ˛õ%Ó˚‹,Òï˛
•GÎ˚yñ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ë˛yˆÏ°y ã˛yÜ%˛!Ó˚ ˛õyGÎ˚y •zï˛ƒy!òG ï˛yˆÏܲ
≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ≤çˆÏAàÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l xl%ÎyÎ˚# Ùyl%£ÏG
˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
!ÓܲyˆÏ¢ ≤Ã˲yÓ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ܲyÓ˚# í˛z˛õyòyl§Ù)•
(Factors Influencing Development)È
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !ܲ ܲáˆÏly °«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !ܲS%È
!ܲS%È ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ àyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ó˚Ç ¢ƒyÙÓî≈ñ xyÓyÓ˚ !ܲS%È ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ í˛zIµ°
Ó˚Ç– !ܲS%È !ܲS%È ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ ã%˛° G ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ Ó˚ÇG !˲ߨ •Î˚ñ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ !ܲS%È Óƒ!=˛ °¡∫yñ xyÓyÓ˚˛ ˆÜ˛í˛z áyˆÏê˛y •Î˚ñ ˆÜ˛í˛z ¢yhs˝ Óy
í˛zòy§ •Î˚ xyÓyÓ˚ x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛í˛z ˆÜ˛í˛z ܲÌy Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õSÈ® ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ
xyÓyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛í˛z ≤çߨ !ã˛ˆÏ_Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ ˜ÏÓ!¢T˛ƒ Óƒï˛#ï˛
§yï˛ Ùy§ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§ Ó§ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ xyê˛ Ùy§ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§ òÑyí˛¸yˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~ܲ
ÓͧÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§ •Ñyê˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~ܲÓyÓ˚ !¢¢%Ó˚ x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ àë˛l
˛õÎ≈yÆ Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ !Óܲ!¢ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~•z xyã˛Ó˚îà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ ˜l˛õ%ˆÏîƒÓ˚
çlƒ ÎÌyÎÌ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ~ÓÇ fl∫“ x˲ƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚– Îy•z ˆ•yܲñ
Î!ò ~ܲ!ê˛ !¢¢% ˛õ!Ó˚îÙˆÏlÓ˚ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ x≤Ã›ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚
xyã˛Ó˚îà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ cÓ˚y!ß∫ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ çlƒ !ӈϢ£Ï ≤ÃÎ˚y§à%ˆÏ°y á%Ó ~ܲê˛y
°y˲òyÎ˚ܲ •Î˚ ly– ~•z ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yà%ˆÏ°y ˆË˛ï˛Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤Ãfl≥%˛!ê˛ï˛ ÚÚ~ܲ!ê˛
x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î ÓÇ¢yl%Ü ˛ˆÏÙ !lô≈y!Ó˚ï˛ §ÙÎ˚§yÓ˚!î Îy ≤Ãçy!ï˛Ó˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒˆÏܲ
xl%§Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚– ≤Ãçy!ï˛Ó˚ !ӈϢ£Ï ˛õ!Ó˚Óï˛≈lˆÏܲ•z !ÓÓï≈˛l Ó°y •Î˚–
≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ !lÓ≈yã˛l •° ~ܲôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !ÓÓï≈˛lÙ)°Ü˛ ˛≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y Îy G•z §ÙhflÏ
Óƒ!=˛ ~ÓÇ ≤Ãçy!ï˛ˆÏܲ•z §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÓ˚y §Ó≈ˆÏ◊¤˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˆÓшÏã˛ ÌyܲyÓ˚
çlƒ x!˲ˆÏÎyçˆÏl ~ÓÇ ≤ÃçlˆÏl §«˛Ù– ~•z !ÓÓï≈˛lÙ)°Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l
ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤Ãçy!ï˛Ó˚ ÓÇ¢ ˛õÓ˚¡õÓ˚y Ü ˛ˆÏÙ ã˛°ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– xy!ò ÙylÓ
ï˛Ìy ÓylÓ˚ ≤Ãçy!ï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ÙylˆÏÓÓ˚ í˛zͲõ!_ˆÏï˛ xyl%Ùy!lܲ 14 !Ù!°Î˚l
å~ܲ ˆÜ˛y!ê˛ ã˛!Õ‘¢ °yáä ÓSÈÓ˚ ˆ°ˆÏàˆÏSÈ– xl%Ùyl ܲÓ˚y •ÏÎ˚È ˆÎ Ú≤ÃyK˛
ÙylÓÛ (Homo sapiens) ÎyÓ˚y xyl%Ùy!lܲ 50ñ000 ÓSÈÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈
x!hflψÏc xy!ÓË)≈˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°–
Ó%!Âôñ !¢áˆÏl x«˛Ùï˛yñ flø,!ï˛ ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ Ùyl!§Ü˛ °«˛îà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚
çlƒ Óƒ!=˛ÓˆÏà≈Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !˲ߨï˛y °«˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ~•z !˲ߨï˛y Ìyܲy
§ˆÏ_¥G ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óƒ!=˛ xlƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤Ãçy!ï˛Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õ ˆòˆÏá !ã˛!•´ï˛
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ë%˛° ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly ı xyÙÓ˚y §Óy•z ≤ÃyK˛ ÙylÓ– ~Ùl ܲ# ܲyÓ˚î
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ܲ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ x˛õÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ !ܲv ~ܲ•z
§ˆÏAà ˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §yò,¢ƒÜ˛Ó˚îG ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ⁄ ~ê˛yÓ˚ í˛z_Ó˚
ÓÇ¢˛õÓ˚¡õÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ xyhs˝/!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ °%!ܲˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈•z ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ÏSÈ ˆÎñ ÓÇ¢à!ï˛Ó˚
!lÎ˚Ù§Ù)••z Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§ §ÙhflÏ ˆÜ˛Ô¢°à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÎyÓ˚ myÓ˚y ~ܲ
≤Ãçß√ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ ≤ÃçˆÏß√Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ≤Ãçy!ï˛Ó˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒyÓ°#
˛õ!Ó˚Óy!•ï˛ •Î˚–
xyÙÓ˚y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛!˛õï˛yÙyï˛yÓ˚ ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛z_Ó˚y!ôܲyÓ˚
§)ˆÏe !çlàï˛ §ÇˆÏܲï˛à%ˆÏ°y °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ìy!ܲ Îy xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ !ÓòƒÙyl Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !çlàï˛ §ÇˆÏܲï˛à%ˆÏ°y
~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ !òˆÏܲ ~ܲ•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ñ ˆÎ ï˛yÓ˚y Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ !çlàï˛
§ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ˆÏܲ•z ôyÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ !çlàï˛ §ÇˆÏܲˆÏï˛Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî•z
~ܲ!ê˛ !l!£Ï=˛ !í˛¡∫ˆÏܲy£Ï ÙylÓ!¢¢%Ó˚ Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ !Óܲ!¢ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ
~ܲ!ê˛ •y!ï˛ñ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õy!á xÌÓy ~ܲ!ê˛ •zÑò%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ܲáˆÏly•z
!Óܲ!¢ï˛ •Î˚ ly–
!çlàï˛ §M˛y°l ~ܲ!ê˛ xï˛ƒ!ôܲ ç!ê˛° ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y– xyÙÓ˚y
Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°y °«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ìy!ܲ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y Óƒy˛õܲ
§ÇáƒÜ˛ !çˆÏlÓ˚ §Ùy•yÓ˚– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ܲ“ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚yñ 80ñ
000 Óy ï˛yÓ˚G ˆÓ!¢ !çˆÏlÓ˚ §Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zͲõy!òï˛ ÎyÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî
!Ó!˲ߨ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ ~ÓÇ xyã˛Ó˚Ïî ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •Î˚– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !çlàï˛
ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy myÓ˚y §Ó ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚# •GÎ˚yG §Ω˛Ó lÎ˚– Ù)°
!çlàï˛ í˛z˛õܲÓ˚îà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ xÌÓy Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÓÇ¢yl%Ü ˛!Ùܲ ˙!ï˛•ƒˆÏܲ
!çˆÏ l yê˛y•z ˛ õ (genotype) Ó°y •Î˚ – Î!òG xyÙyˆÏ ò Ó˚
≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ˆÏàyã˛Ó˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ§Ù)ˆÏ• §ÙhflÏ !çlàï˛ í˛z˛õyòylà%ˆÏ°y
˛õ!Ó˚ò,¢ƒÙyl xÌÓy §%flõT˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ !ã˛!•´ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îˆÏÎyàƒ lyG •ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚– Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˆçˆÏlyê˛y•z˛õ ˆÎ˲yˆÏÓ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛îˆÏÎyàƒ ~ÓÇ
˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õˆÏÎyàƒ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%!°Ó˚ myÓ˚y x!Ë˛Óƒ=˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲñ ï˛yˆÏܲ
ˆÊ˛ˆÏlyê˛y•z˛õ (phenotype) Ó°y •Î˚– ˆÊ˛ˆÏlyê˛y•zˆÏ˛õÓ˚ xhs˝Ë≈%˛=˛
¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ °«˛îà%ˆÏ°y •° ˆÎÙl í˛zFã˛ï˛yñ Gçlñ ˆã˛yá G cˆÏܲÓ˚
Ó˚Ç ~ÓÇ xyÓ˚G xlƒylƒ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ ˆÎÙl ÈüÈ Ó%!Âôñ
§,çl¢#°ï˛y ~ÓÇ Óƒ!=˛c– Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~•z ò,¢ƒÙyl ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°yñ
Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÓÇ¢yl%Ü ˛!Ùܲ ≤ð«˛î ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ xyhs˝/!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚îyÙÙye– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y çyl ˆÎñ ~!ê˛ •° !çlàï §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ Îy
~ܲ!ê˛ !¢¢%Ó˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢ !l!ò≈T˛ ≤Ãîy°#ˆÏï˛ ≤ÃÓîï˛yÓ˚ §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ çlƒ !çl ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy ~ÓÇ §ÙÎ˚
§yÓ˚!î ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– !Ó!FSÈߨ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ !çˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
x!hflÏc ÌyˆÏܲ ly ~ÓÇ !Óܲy¢ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ•z •ˆÏÎ˚
ÌyˆÏܲ– ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî•z xyÙÓ˚y ≤ÈÏï˛ƒˆÏܲ•z ~ܲ xllƒ Óƒ!=˛–
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢àï˛ ≤Ã˲yÓà%ˆÏ°y ܲ# ⁄ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ !Óܲy¢ˆÏܲ ܲ#
≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ⁄ ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ !¢¢%Ó˚ ܲ“ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y
ÎyÓ˚ ˆçˆÏlyê˛y•zˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xhs˝Ù%≈á# •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛y
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ !ܲv ˆ§ ~Ùl ~ܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ ˛Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎáyˆÏl Ó!•Ù%≈!áï˛y
~ÓÇ §yÙy!çܲ !ÙÌ!fl;Î˚ y Ó˚ ≤ÃyÓ°ƒ Óï≈ ˛ Ùyl– ~•z ôÓ˚ ˆ Ï l Ó˚
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÏÓ !¢¢%ˆÏܲ !ܲS%Èê˛y Ó!•Ù≈%á# ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
ã˛° xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ!ê˛ í˛zòy•Ó˚î ˆlGÎ˚y Îyܲñ ~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛ ˆÎ ÚáyˆÏê˛yÛ
í˛zFã˛ï˛y §¡õߨ !çˆÏlÓ˚˛Óƒ!=˛ Î!ò xï˛ƒhs˝ §%¤%˛˛ G ˛õ%!T˛Ü˛Ó˚
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢG ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚˛õˆÏÓ˚G ˆ§ àí˛¸ í˛zFã˛ï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ x!ôܲ °¡∫y
•ˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù •ˆÏÓ ly– ~ê˛y ò¢≈yÎ˚ ˆÎñ !çl §#ÙyˆÏÓ˚áy !lô≈yÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚
~ÓÇ ~•z §#ÙyÓ˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ !Óܲy¢ˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚–
~ál ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y çylˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚SÈ ˆÎñ !˛õï˛yÙyï˛y !¢¢%Ó˚
!ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ çlƒ !çl ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !ܲ çyl ˆÎñ ï˛yÓ˚y
~ܲ!ê˛ à% Ó ˚ % c ˛õ) î ≈ Ë) ˛ !ÙܲyG ˛õy°l ܲˆÏ Ó ˚ ÌyˆÏ Ü ˛ ˆÎ ï˛yˆÏ ò Ó˚
§hs˝ylÈüȧhs˝!ï˛Ó˚y ܲ# ˛ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ §¡ø%á#l •ˆÏÓ⁄ ˆ§u»˛yflÒyÓ˚
(Sandrascarr, 1992) !ÓŸªy§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛l ˆÎñ !˛õï˛yÙyï˛y !lˆÏçÓ˚
§hs˝ylˆÏܲ ˆÎ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛y !ܲS%Èê˛y !lˆÏçÓ˚
ÓÇ¢yl%Ü ˛!Ùܲ ≤ÃÓîï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ Î!ò
!˛õï˛yÈüÈÙyï˛y Ó%!ÂôÙyl ~ÓÇ Ë˛yˆÏ°y ˛õyë˛Ü˛ •Î˚ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚
§hs˝ylÈüȧhs˝!ï˛Ó˚yG !lˆÏçÓ˚ §hs˝ylˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ çlƒ Ó•z ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ
~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ §Ω˛yÓƒ Ê˛°◊%!ï˛ ~•z •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !¢¢%Ó˚y
˲yˆÏ°y ˛õyë˛Ü˛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ àˆÏí˛¸ í˛zë˛ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ Ó•zÈüÈ˛õí˛¸yˆÏܲ í˛z˛õˆÏ˲yà
ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ~ܲ!ê˛ !¢¢%Ó˚ !lçfl∫ ˆçˆÏlyê˛y•z˛õ åÎy ˆ§ ÓÇ¢à!ï˛ myÓ˚y
xç≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈä ˆÎÙl §•ˆÏÎyà# ~ÓÇ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà# •GÎ˚yñ ï˛yˆÏܲ
§y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !¢«˛Ü˛ ~ÓÇ Ùyï˛y!˛õï˛yÓ˚ ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ x!ôܲ §%áܲÓ˚
≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ !ӈϢ£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~•z§Ó !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ÎyÓ˚y !¢¢%Ó˚y
x§•ˆÏÎyà# ~ÓÇ xÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà# •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ï˛ySÈyí˛¸y !¢¢%Ó˚y
!lˆÏçÓ˚y•z Ú!çl≤ÃÓ˚)˛õÛ Óy ÚˆçˆÏlyê˛y•z˛õÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚
!ܲS%È !ܲS%È ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ !lˆÏçÓ˚
!çl≤ÃÓ˚)˛õ Óy ˆçˆÏlyê˛y•zˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî !¢¢%Ó˚y §Aà#ï˛ñ ˆá°yô)°y
•zï˛ƒy!ò §!ë˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ §¡õyòl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆ§ ~Ùl
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ x!ôܲ §ÙÎ˚ ÓƒÎ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl ˆ§ ï˛yÓ˚ §Çà#ï˛ ò«˛ï˛yÓ˚
≤Ãò¢≈l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ~•z ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲçl ˆáˆÏ°yÎ˚yí˛¸G ˆá°yô)°y
§¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ ˆáÑyç áÓÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá ÌyˆÏܲ– ˜¢¢ÓyÓfiÌy
ˆÌˆÏܲ ˜Ü˛ˆÏ¢yÓ˚ÓfiÌy ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ ~•z !ÙÌ!fl;Î˚yà%ˆÏ°y
˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÓÇ¢yl%Ü ˛!Ùܲ˲yˆÏÓ ˛õyGÎ˚y !çˆÏlÓ˚
ÙˆÏï˛y ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢àï˛ ≤Ã˲yÓà%ˆÏ°yG ï˛ï˛ê˛y•z ç!ê˛°–
xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ 4 • ÙylÓ !Óܲy¢ 67
 Î!ò ˆï˛yÙyˆÏ ò Ó˚ Üœ ˛ y§ Ù!lê˛ˆÏ Ó ˚ Ó ˚ !lÓ≈ y ã˛ˆÏ l Ó˚ !˲!_
˛õí˛¸yˆÏ¢ylyÎ˚ ˲yˆÏ°y ~ÓÇ çl!≤ÃÎ˚ SÈye •Î˚ñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !ܲ Ó,•ÍÙ[˛°
ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚ ~Ó˚ ˆ˛õSȈÏl !çlàï˛ ly!ܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢àï˛ ≤Ã˲yÓ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ⁄ !ÓŸ
~ܲ!ê˛ @˝ÃyÙ#î ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ !¢¢% ˆÎ ly!ܲ xï˛ƒ!ôܲ Ó%!ÂôÙylñ Î!ò ÓôyÓ˚y Óy•ƒÙ[˛° ªy§
˲y Óy•ƒÙ[˛°
ˆ§ !lˆÏçˆÏܲ §!ë˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ x!Ë˛Óƒ=˛ ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ xÌÓy
ܲ!¡õí˛zê˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ly çyˆÏl ï˛y•ˆÏ° ˆ§ ã˛yÜ%˛!Ó˚ ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù Órô% ÓyrôÓ °â%Ù[˛° ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ¢#

•ˆÏÓly – ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !ܲ ÙˆÏl •Î˚ñ ~!ê˛ !çl ly!ܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚

≤Ã˲yˆÏÓ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ⁄
!ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆ≤ë˛y˛õê˛ (Context of Development)
!Óܲy¢ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ¢)lƒfiÌyˆÏl à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚ ly– ~!ê˛ §Ó§ÙÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
~ܲ!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï §Ùyç §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ù)°Ü˛ ˛õê˛Ë)˛!ÙÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ç!í˛¸ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
~•z xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎÙl ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˛õí˛¸ˆÏÓ ~ܲçˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y ç#ÓˆÏl xÌ≈yÍ
!Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ñ ˜Ü˛ˆÏ¢yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õl#ï˛ •GÎ˚yñ ã˛yܲ!Ó˚Ó˚ §rôyl
ܲÓ˚yñ !ÓÓy• ܲÓ˚yñ §hs˝yl •GÎ˚yñ xÓ§Ó˚ @˝Ã•î •zï˛ƒy!òñ ~•z §ÙhflÏ
ܲyçà%ˆÏ°y ˜ç!Óܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ~ÓÇ ~ܲçˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢àï˛
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÎÔÌ Ü˛yÎ≈Ó!°– ~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛ ç#ÓlÓƒy˛õ# ï˛yÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly §ÙÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l Óy Ó˚òÓò° •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
•zí˛z!Ó˚ ˆÓ lˆÏÊ˛lˆÏÓ ˆÏߨˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õê˛Ë)˛!ÙÙ)°Ü˛
ò,!T˛Ë˛!AàˆÏï˛ ~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢àï˛ í˛z˛õyòyl§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚
Ë)˛!ÙܲyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl– ~•z!ê˛ !ã˛e 4É1ÈüÈ~ Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚y
•°– °â%Ù[˛° (microsystem) •° §y¡±!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢
ˆÎáyˆÏl Óƒ!=˛ Ó§Óy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~!ê˛ ˆ§•z ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ˆÎáyˆÏl !¢¢%Ó˚y
§yÙy!çܲ ÙyôƒÙà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ !ÙÌ!fl;Î˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ ÎÌyÈüÈ
˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ñ ˆá°yÓ˚ §yÌ#ñ !¢«˛Ü˛ ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ¢#– ÙôƒÙ[˛°!ê˛ ~•z
§¡õˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ ~ܲçl !¢¢%Ó˚
!˛õï˛yÙyï˛y ~ܲçl !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ §¡õÜ≈˛ fiÌy˛õl ܲˆÏÓ˚
Óy !˛õï˛yÙyï˛y !lˆÏçÓ˚ !ܲˆÏ¢yÓ˚ ÓÎ˚§ ˆSȈϰˆÏÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Órô%ˆÏܲ ܲ# lçˆÏÓ˚
ˆòˆÏá ÌyˆÏܲ ~•z xl%Ë)˛!ï˛!ê˛ ~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ §ˆÏAà x˛õÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚
§¡õÜ≈˛!ê˛ˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– Óy•ƒÙ[˛° ˆ§•z §yÙy!çܲ
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ âê˛ly§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛ñ ˆÎáyˆÏl !¢¢% ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ
xÇ¢@˝ à •l ܲˆÏ Ó ˚ lyñ !ܲv ~à% ˆ Ï ° y ï˛yÍ«˛!îܲ˲yˆÏ Ó !¢¢% Ó ˚
xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ !˛õï˛y Óy Ùyï˛yÓ˚
fiÌylyhs˝Ó˚ í˛z˲ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ í˛zˆÏmˆÏàÓ˚ §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Îy !¢¢%Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ !ÙÌ!fl;Î˚y Óy !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ §yôyÓ˚î ≤Ãy˛õƒï˛yñ ˆÎÙlñ
!Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛õë˛lÈüÈ˛õyë˛lñ @˝ÃrÌyàyÓ˚ñ !ã˛!ܲͧyÓ˚ §%!Óôy ~ÓÇ
ÙˆÏlyÓ˚OˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒÙ •zï˛ƒy!ò ï˛yˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– Ó,•ÍÙ[˛°
(macrosystem) •° ˆ§•z §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ ˆÎáyˆÏl Óƒ!=˛ Ó§Óy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛ !Óòƒy°Î˚
ôy!Ù≈ܲ ˛ §yÌ#
õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ §•ˆÏÎyà#
çl§M˛yÓ˚
≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ¢# ܲyÎ≈fiÌ°
Ùˆ
ÏlyË
˛yÓ
ܲy°
âê˛ly Ù[˛°
!ã˛e 4É1 ı ˆÓ lˆÏÊ˛lˆÏÓ ˆÏߨˆÏÓ˚ÏÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤Ãy§!Aàܲ ò,!T˛Ë˛Aà#–
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ÏS ˆÎñ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ !Óܲ!¢ï˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
§Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ó˚ à%Óc%̊ Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ È– âê˛lyÙ[˛° (chronosystem) ~ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚
ç#Ól Ü ˛Ù ~ÓÇ §Ùyç ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ âê˛lyà%ˆÏ°y xhs˝Ë≈%˛=˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ
ˆÎÙlÈüÈ !˛õï˛yÈüÈÙyï˛yÓ˚ !ÓÓy•ÈüÈ!ÓˆÏFSÈòñ !˛õï˛yÈüÈÙyï˛yÓ˚ xy!Ì≈ܲ
xÓfiÌyÓ˚ !Ó˛õ!_ ~ÓÇ !¢¢%Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ~Ó˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ– §ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õ Ó°y
ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎñ ˆÓ lˆÏÊ˛lˆÏÓ ˆÏߨÈüÈ~Ó˚ ò,!T˛ˆÏܲyî •°ñ !¢¢%Ó˚ !Óܲy¢
í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒË˛yˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚ ç!ê˛° !ÓŸª Îy ï˛yˆÏܲ !âˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏáˆÏSÈ ï˛yÓ˚
myÓ˚y ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •Î˚ÈüüüÈ •ˆÏï˛˛ õyˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y ï˛yÓ˚ ˆá°yÓ˚ §yÌ#ˆÏòÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ
ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y Óyܲƒy°y˛õ xÌÓy ï˛yÓ˚ §yÙy!çܲ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ç#Ól
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ˆÎáyˆÏl ˆ§ çß√@˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÎ˚ ˆòáy ˆàˆÏSÈ
ˆÎñ ò!Ó˚o ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ !¢¢%Ó˚y Ó•z˛õeñ Ùƒyày!çlñ ˆá°ly •zï˛ƒy!ò
Ó!ç≈ï˛ í˛zj#˛õly•#l ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓÏ¢ ˛õyÎ˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ x˛õ)!ï≈˛
ÌyˆÏܲ ˆÎÙl @˝ÃrÌyàyˆÏÓ˚ñ !Ùí˛z!çÎ˚yˆÏÙ ~ÓÇ !ã˛!í˛¸Î˚yáylyÎ˚ ÎyGÎ˚y
•zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ x˲yÓñ ~Ùl !˛õï˛yÙyï˛y ˛õyÎ˚ ÎyÓ˚y xyò¢≈ Óƒ!=˛ Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ
ÓƒÌ≈ ~ÓÇ !â!O G ˆÜ˛y°y•°˛õ)î≈ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ Ó§Óy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z§Ó
˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ Ê˛°fl∫Ó˚)˛õ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ !¢áˆÏl ≤Ã!ï˛Ü)˛°ï˛y ~ÓÇ x§%!Óôy
ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚–
ò%à≈yl® !§l‰•y å1977ä ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚
!Óܲy¢ˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ çlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ Óy›!ÓòƒyÙ)°Ü˛ ÙˆÏí˛° í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl
ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ Óy›!Óòƒy§ÇÜ ˛yhs˝ !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ò%!ê˛
§ÙˆÏܲ!wܲ hflψÏÓ˚ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ G

68 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
§ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ §%flõT˛ hflÏÓ˚!ê˛ à,•ñ !Óòƒy°Î˚ñ §•˛õyë˛# •zï˛ƒy!ò !lˆÏÎ˚
à!ë˛ï˛– §%flõT˛ §ˆÏÓ≈yFã˛ hflÏÓ˚ Îy !¢¢%Ó˚ !Óܲy¢ˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚
ï˛yÓ˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Óy›!ÓòƒyÙ)°Ü˛ í˛z˛õyòyÏlà%ˆÏ°y •°ÈüÈ åܲä
Óy!í˛¸âÓ˚ñ x!ï˛ÙyeyÎ˚ !˲ˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî âˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xÓfiÌyñ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛
§òˆÏ§ƒÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õÎ≈yÆ çyÎ˚àyñ ˆá°lyñ ≤ÃÎ%!=˛Ù)°Ü˛ ÎsfÓƒÓfiÌy
•zï˛ƒy!ò– åáä !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛õë˛l ˛õyë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚)˛õ ~ÓÇ à%îyÓ!° !¢¢%
Îy !òˆÏÎ˚ !lˆÏçˆÏܲ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ ˆ§•z §ÙhflÏ §%ˆÏÎyàÈüȧ%!Óôy§Ù)•
åàä !ÙÌ!fl;Î˚yÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ ~ÓÇ Óy°ƒÜ˛yÏ° ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆá°yÓ˚ §yÌ#ˆÏòÓ˚
§yˆÏÌ Ü˛Ó˚y ܲyÎ≈ܲ°y˛õ §Ù)•–
~•z í˛z˛õyòylà%ˆÏ°y fl∫yô#l˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛yÎ≈ §¡õyòl ܲˆÏÓ˚ lyñ
!ܲv !lÓ˚hs˝Ó˚˲yˆÏÓ ~ˆÏܲ x˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏAà !ÙÌ!fl;Î˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ
!¢¢% Óy›ï˛ˆÏsf Ú˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓT˛l#Ó˚ hflÏÓ˚Û x•Ó˚• Ú§ˆÏÓ≈yFã˛ hflÏÓ˚ˆÏÜ˛Û ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ܲyÓ˚ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óƒ!=˛ Ó,•Í G à˲#Ó˚ !l!•ï˛– Îy•zˆÏ•yܲñ
~ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ §Ó§ÙÎ˚ flõT˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ò,¢ƒÙyl lÎ˚– Óy›!ÓòƒyÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓT˛l# hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õyòylà%ˆÏ°y à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚– ÈüÈ åÜ˛ä §yôyÓ˚î
ˆË˛Ôà!°Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢– ~ˆÏï˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆá°yÓ˚ çyÎ˚àyñ §%ˆÏÎyàÈüȧ%!Óôy
~ÓÇ âˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ °Ë˛ƒ xlƒylƒ ܲyÎ≈ܲ°y˛õ ÎyˆÏï˛ xhs˝Ë≈%˛=˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ
Ó§!ï˛Ó˚ §yôyÓ˚î !Ë˛í˛¸ñ çl§ÇáƒyÓ˚ !l!Óí˛¸ï˛y åáä çy!ï˛ñ ˆ◊!îñ
Óî≈ myÓ˚y ≤Ãò_ ≤Ãy!ï˛¤˛y!lܲ §Çàë˛l ~ÓÇ !¢¢%Ó˚ çlƒ §yôyÓ˚î
§% ˆ Ï Î yà §% ! Óôy ÎÌyÈüÈ ˛õyl#Î˚ ç°ñ !Óò% ƒ Í ˛õ!Ó˚ ˆ Ï £ Ï Ó yñ
xyˆÏÙyòÈü≤ÈÏÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy •zï˛ƒy!ò–
ò,¢ƒÙyl ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ!T˛ï˛ hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õyòyl§Ù)• ~ˆÏܲ
x˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏAà !ÙÌ!fl;Î˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !˲ߨ !˲ߨ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
!ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ !˲ߨ ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ §¡õ)î≈ ç#ÓlÜ ˛ˆÏÙ
ï˛yÓ˚ Óy›ï˛y!sfܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ
~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲ°yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ° Óƒ!=˛Ó˚
x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãy§!Aàܲï˛y ˆòáy á%Ó çÓ˚%!Ó˚–
!ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ hflÏÓ˚à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §yÙ!@˝Ãܲ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly
(Overview of Development Stages)
!Óܲy¢ˆÏܲ §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ܲy° Óy hflÏÓ˚ ~•z ò%•z!ê˛
¢ˆÏ∑ Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !lŸã˛Î˚ °«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ÏSÈ ˆÎ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚
ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ˲y•zˆÏÓyl Óy !˛õï˛yÈüÈÙyï˛y ~Ùl!ܲ ï%˛!Ù !lˆÏçG !Ó!˲ߨ
Ó˚Ü˛Ù xyã˛Ó˚î §¡õyòl ܲÓ˚– Î!ò ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !lˆÏçÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚˛õyˆÏ¢ Ìyܲy
˛≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ¢#ˆÏòÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ò,!T˛ !lˆÏ«˛˛õ ܲÓ˚ñ ˆòáˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚y !ë˛Ü˛
xl%Ó˚)˛õ˲yˆÏÓ xyã˛Ó˚î §¡õyòl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly– ~•z ˛ÓƒÓôyˆÏlÓ˚ xyÇ!¢Ü˛
ܲyÓ˚î •ˆÏ°y ≤ÈÏï˛ƒˆÏܲ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ !˲ߨ !˲ߨ hflψÏÓ˚ xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚
xyˆÏSÈ–
ÙylÓ ç#Ól !Ó!˲ߨ hflÏ ˆ Ï Ó ˚ Ó ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏ Ù x@˝ à §Ó˚ •Î˚ –
í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y •Î˚ˆÏï˛y Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl ÓÎ˚/§!rôܲyˆÏ° Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚SÈ
~ÓÇ Ü˛ˆÏÎ˚ܲ ÓSÈÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃyÆÓÎ˚ˆÏflÒÓ˚ hflψÏÓ˚ í˛z˛õl#ï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
!Óܲy¢Ù)°Ü˛ hflÏÓ˚ˆÏܲ xfiÌyÎ˚# Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ xl%Ùyl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ≤ÃyÎ˚•z
~ܲ ≤Ã˲yÓ¢y°# °«˛î Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ñ Îy ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ hflÏÓ˚ˆÏܲ
x!˲ߨï˛y ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ܲ!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï hflψÏÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛
°ˆÏ«˛ƒÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ x@˝Ã§Ó˚ •Î˚ÈüÈ ˆ§•z ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ Óy §«˛Ùï˛y Îy !òˆÏÎ˚
ܲyç ı 4É1
ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ç#Ól ˆÜ˛Ùl •Ïï˛ Î!ò ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ @˝ÃyÙ#î ~°yܲy
Óy ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ¢•ˆÏÓ˚ Óy§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ñ ˆÎáyˆÏl §ÙhflÏ §%ˆÏÎyà §%!Óôy
ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó!M˛ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ó Îy ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ¢•ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ Ìyܲ åxÌÓy ~Ó˚
Î!ò í˛zˆÏŒê˛y •ï˛ä– ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y òˆÏ° ~•z !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%ˆÏ°y ˆÎÙlñ
òy!Ó˚oƒñ !lÓ˚«˛Ó˚ï˛yñ ò)£Ïîñ çl§Çáƒy •zï˛ƒy!òˆÏܲ ÙˆÏl ˆÓ˚ˆÏá
xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
Óƒ!=˛ xÓ¢ƒ•z Ü,˛!ï˛c xÈçl≈ ܲÓ˚ˆÓÏ ˆ§•z ~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓ ˆÎ˲yˆÏÓ xlƒylƒ
Óƒ!=˛Ó˚y ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# hflψÏÓ˚ í˛z˛õl#ï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ xyˆÏà ˆÎ ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛ï˛yÎ˚
ˆàˆÏSÈl– !lı§ˆÏ®ˆÏ• Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •Î˚ ~ܲ
hflÏÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xlƒ hflψÏÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ÙyeyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~!ê˛ °«˛ƒ ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ xyã˛Ó˚î ~ÓÇ
ò«˛ï˛y ~ܲ!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï hflψÏÓ˚•z á%Ó §•ç ~ÓÇ §Ê˛° ˲yˆÏÓ !¢ál
ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó– ~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ~•z §Ç§yôl Óƒ!=˛ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆ§•z
hflψÏÓ˚ §yÙy!çܲ ≤Ãï˛ƒy¢yÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚–
ï˛y•zñ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ Ü ˛Ù!Óܲy¢Ù)°Ü˛ ܲyÎ≈ Ó°y •Î˚– ~ÓyÓ˚ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y
!ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ hflÏÓ˚à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ Ù)° ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛
˛õí˛¸ˆÏÓ–
≤Ãy܉˛ÈüÈçß√hflÏÓ˚ (Prenatal Stage)
àË≈˛ôyÓ˚î xÓfiÌy ˆÌˆÏܲ çß√ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ hflÏÓ˚!ê˛ˆÏܲ
çˆÏß√Ó˚ ˛õ)Ó≈Óï≈˛# hflÏÓ˚ Ó°y •Î˚– §yôyÓ˚îï˛ñ ~•z hflÏÓ˚!ê˛ ã˛!Õ‘¢ §Æy•
˛õÎ≈hs˝ fiÌyÎ˚# •Î˚– ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆçˆÏlSÈñ çˆÏß√Ó˚ ˛õ)Ó≈Óï≈˛# hflÏÓ˚
~ÓÇ çˆÏß√Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÓÇ¢yl%Ü ˛!Ùܲ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy !Óܲy¢ˆÏܲ
!lˆÏò≈!¢ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ≤Ãy܉˛çß√ hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚ !Óܲy¢ ÓÇ¢à!ï˛ ~ÓÇ
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢Ù)°Ü˛ í˛z˲Î˚ í˛z˛õyòyl myÓ˚y•z ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •Î˚–
≤Ãy܉˛ çß√hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Óܲy¢ Ùyï,˛§¡∫rô#Î˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ myÓ˚y G
≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •Î˚ñ ˆÎÙlÈüÈ ÙyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÓÎ˚§ñ ˛õ%!T˛ ~ÓÇ xyˆÏÓàÙ)°Ü˛
xÓfiÌy– ≤Ãy܉˛çß√hflψÏÓ˚ ÙyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ myÓ˚y Óy!•ï˛ ˆÓ˚yà §ÇÜ ˛Ùî !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ ≤Ã˲yÓ ˆÊ˛°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õ ~ê˛y ÙˆÏl
xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ 4 • ÙylÓ !Óܲy¢ 69
ܲˆÏÓ˚y ˆÎñ Ó˚%ˆÏÓ°y åçyÙy≈l !وϧ°§‰äñ ˆÎÔlyˆÏAà •yÓ˚!˛õ§ ~ÓÇ
~•zã‰˛ÈÉxy•zÉ!˲ ˲y•zÓ˚y§ lÓçyï˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ÓÇ¢à!ï˛Ù)°Ü˛ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚
ܲyÓ˚î •Î˚– ≤Ãy܉˛çß√hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ xlƒï˛Ù •)%Ù!ܲ •°
ê˛ƒyÓ˚yˆÏê˛yˆÏçl Îy ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢àï˛ í˛z˛õyòyl Îy !ÓܲyˆÏ¢ !Óã%˛ƒ!ï˛
âê˛yÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ~!ê˛ xfl∫y˲y!Óܲï˛y Óy Ù,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ !lˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
§yôyÓ˚î ê˛ƒyÓ˚yˆÏê˛yˆÏçˆÏlÓ˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛ •° ÙyòܲoÓƒñ §ÇÜ ˛yÙܲ ˆÓ˚yàñ
!Ó!ܲÓ˚î ~ÓÇ ò)£Ïî– àË≈˛yÓfiÌyÎ˚ Ù!•°yˆÏòÓ˚ myÓ˚y ÙyòܲoÓƒ åàÑyçyñ
ˆ•ˆÏÓ˚y•zlñ ˆÜ˛yˆÏܲl ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛äñ Ùòƒ˛õylñ ï˛yÙyܲ çyï˛#Î˚ oÓƒ
ˆ§ÓˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° º)ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ •y!lܲyÓ˚ܲ ≤Ã˲yÓ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ~ÓÇ çß√àï˛
xfl∫y˲y!Óܲï˛yÓ˚ V%Ñ˛!ܲˆÏܲ Óy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÎ˚– !Ó!ܲÓ˚î åÎÌy ÈüÈ~: ˆÓ˚ä
~ÓÇ !¢“yM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ã˛yÓ˚˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ˛õòyÌ≈ !çˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ fiÌyÎ˚#
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l xylˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ò)£Ïܲ ~ÓÇ !Ó£Ïy=˛ Óç≈ƒ ˛õòyÌ≈ñ
ˆÎÙlÈ ü È Ü˛yÓ≈ l È ü È ÙˆÏ l y:y•z í ˛ñ ˛õyÓ˚ ò ñ !§§yÓ˚ ÙˆÏ ï ˛y !Ó£Ï y =˛
˛õòyÌ≈à%ˆÏ°yG xlyàï˛ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ !Ó˛õˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zͧ •Î˚–
˜¢¢Óܲy° (Infancy)
çˆÏß√Ó˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ ~ÓÇ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# §ÙˆÏÎ˚ Ù!hflÏ‹Ò xyŸã˛Î≈çlܲ
ÙyeyÎ˚ !Óܲ!¢ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y •zˆÏï˛yÙˆÏôƒ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚
˛õˆÏí˛¸ÏSÈñ Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xÇ¢ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ~ÓÇ ÙylÓ Ü˛yÎ≈ܲ°y˛õ
§¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˆÎÙlÈüÈ Ë˛y£Ïyñ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛î ~ÓÇ Ó%!ÂôÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe à%Ó˚%Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚
à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛– çˆÏß√Ó˚ !ë˛Ü˛ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ lÓçyï˛ !¢¢%Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
!ܲv Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ §Ó fl¨yÎ˚%ˆÏܲy¢ ÌyˆÏܲ ly – ~•z ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛
fl¨yÎ˚!Óܲ §ÇˆÏÎyà á%Ó ï˛#Ó  à!ï˛ˆÏï˛ !Óܲ!¢ï˛ •Î˚– lÓçyï˛ !¢¢%Ó˚y
~ï˛ê˛yG x§•yÎ˚ lÎ˚ Îï˛ê˛y ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !ã˛hs˝y ܲÏÓ˚– ç#ÓlˆÏܲ !fiÌ!ï˛¢#°
Ó˚yáyÓ˚ çlƒ xï˛ƒyÓ¢ƒÜ˛#Î˚ !Ü ˛Î˚yà%ˆÏ°y lÓçyï˛Ü˛ !¢¢%Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ ÌyˆÏܲÈüüüÈ ˆ§ !lŸªy§ ˆlÎ˚ñ ˆã˛y£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ à°yô/ܲÓ˚î
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ Óç≈ƒ !lı§Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚– lÓçyï˛Ü˛ !¢¢% ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ §ÆyˆÏ• ~!ê˛ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù •Î˚ ˆÎñ ôÁ!l ˆÜ˛yl‰
!òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ xy§ˆÏSÈñ xlƒ lyÓ˚#Ó˚ ܲt˛fl∫Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ !lˆÏçÓ˚ ÙyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
ܲt˛fl∫ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ §yôyÓ˚î xAà˲!Aàñ
ÎÌyÈüÈ!ç•¥y ≤çy!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yñ Ù%á ˆáy°y ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ xl%ܲÓ˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
ˆ˛õ!¢ §M˛y°l §ÇÜ ˛yhs˝ !Óܲy¢ /
lÓçyï˛ !¢¢%Ó˚ §M˛y°l ≤Ã!ï˛Óï≈˛ myÓ˚y ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ ÈüÈ Îy
fl∫Î˚Ç!Ü ˛Î˚ñ Îy í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ í˛zj#˛õlyÎ˚ §yí˛¸y ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˜ï˛!Ó˚–
~!ê˛ ÓÇ¢yl%Ü ˛!Ùܲ˲yˆÏÓ í˛zôÁ≈ï˛l ˆÜ˛Ô¢°ˆÏܲ Ó•l ܲˆÏÓ˚– xÌ≈yÍ
~!ê˛ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ ˆ˛õ!¢ §M˛y°ˆÏlÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ àë˛lÙ)°Ü˛ ôy˛õ–
lÓçyï˛Ü˛ !¢¢%Ó˚y !¢áˆÏl §%ˆÏÎyà ˛õyGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ ≤Ã!ï˛ÓˆÏï≈˛Ó˚
ˆÜ˛Ô¢°ˆÏܲ x!˲ˆÏÎyçˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÜ˛Ô¢° !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– !ܲS%È
70 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
≤Ã!ï˛Óï≈˛ Îy lÓçyï˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎÙlÈüÈ Ü˛y!¢
ˆòGÎ˚yñ ˆã˛yá !Ùê‰˛!Ùê‰˛ ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ •y•z ˆï˛y°y §yÓ˚yç#Ól Óƒy˛õ#
ã˛°ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲ°yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚îÙˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ
xlƒylƒ !Óܲy¢à%ˆÏ°y xhs˝!•≈ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˙!•ƒÜ˛
!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ !lÎ˚sfî !Óܲ!¢ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ¢%Ó%̊ •Î˚ åˆê˛!Ó° 4É1 ˆòˆÏáyä Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚
!ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ ˜ò!•Ü˛ !Óܲy¢G x@˝Ã§Ó˚ •ˆÏï˛ ˛ÌyˆÏܲ–
!¢¢%Ó˚ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ ÙyǧˆÏ˛õ!¢ ~ÓÇ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf ˛õ!Ó˚˛õE˛ •Î˚
Îy §)- ò«˛ï˛yà%!°Ó˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ˛
¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ åˆ˛õ!¢àï˛ä ò«˛ï˛yà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛ •° Ó›Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ
ˆ˛õÔÑSÈyñ Ó§yñ •yÙyà%!í˛¸ ˆòGÎ˚yñ •Ñyê˛y ~ÓÇ ˆòÔí˛¸yˆÏly– ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ
åˆ˛õ!¢àï˛ä !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ôyÓ˚y §Ó≈çl#l •Î˚ñ ÎyˆÏï˛ §yÙylƒ Óƒ!ï˛Ü ˛Ù
ÌyˆÏܲ–
§ÇˆÏÓò#Î˚ «˛Ùï˛y /
~ál ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y çylˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚SÈ ˆÎñ lÓçyï˛Ü˛ !¢¢%Ó˚y
~ï˛ê˛yG x«˛Ù lÎ˚ Îï˛ê˛y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏá ÙˆÏl •Î˚– çˆÏß√Ó˚ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ
â^˝ê˛y ˛õˆÏÓ˚•z ˆ§ ï˛yÓ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ ÙyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ܲt˛fl∫Ó˚ !ã˛lˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
xlƒylƒ §ÇˆÏÓò# §yÙÌ≈ƒà%ˆÏ°yG ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ÌyˆÏܲ– lÓçyï˛Ü˛
!¢¢%Ó˚y ܲï˛ê˛y ˲yˆÏ°y˲yˆÏÓ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚⁄ lÓçyï˛Ü˛ !¢¢%Ó˚y
xlƒˆÏòÓ˚ Ù%áÙ[˛° ˆòáyÓ˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ÓÓ˚Ç !ܲS%È í˛zj#˛õܲ§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ
ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õSÈ® ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ Î!òG ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ !ܲS%È ÙyˆÏ§•z ~•z
˛õSÈ®à%!° ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– lÓçyï˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ò,!T˛ ≤ÃyÆÓÎ˚ˆÏflÒÓ˚
ò,!T˛Ó˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ §yôyÓ˚îï˛ «˛#î •Î˚– SÈÎ˚ Ùy§ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§ ~!ê˛ í˛zߨ!ï˛
°y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~ܲÓSÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚§ •ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ~ܲçl ≤ÃyÆÓÎ˚ˆÏflÒÓ˚
ò,!T˛Ó˚ å20‡20ä §Ùyl •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– lÓçyï˛ !¢¢%Ó˚y !ܲ Ó˚Ç ˆòáˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚⁄ Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl x!ôܲyLjϢÓ˚ Ùï˛ •° ˆÎñ ï˛yÓ˚y °y° ~ÓÇ §yòy
Ó˚ˆÏ.Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù •Î˚ !ܲv §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ï˛yÓ˚y Óî≈
!ã˛lˆÏï˛ x«˛Ù •Î˚ ~ÓÇ 3 Ùy§ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§ §¡õ)î≈ Óî≈ÈüÈò,!T˛ !Óܲ!¢ï˛
•Î˚–
lÓçyï˛Ü˛ !¢¢%Ó˚ ◊ÓˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ ˆÜ˛Ùl •Î˚⁄ lÓçyï˛Ü˛
!¢¢%Ó˚y !ë˛Ü˛ çˆÏß√Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚•z ¢%lˆÏï˛ ˛õyÎ˚ñ lÓçyï˛Ü˛ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚
!ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ•z ôÁ!lÓ˚ fiÌyl !lÓ˚)˛õˆÏîÓ˚ ò«˛ï˛y í˛zߨ!ï˛
•ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– lÓçyï˛ !¢¢%Ó˚y flõˆÏ¢≈Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~Ùl!ܲ
ï˛yÓ˚y ÓƒyÌyG xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– â yî ~ÓÇ fl∫yò ò%!ê˛ «˛Ùï˛y•z
lÓçyï˛ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ !Óܲy¢ (Cognitive Development)
~ܲ!ê˛ !ï˛l ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ !¢¢% !ܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó›ˆÏܲ xyê˛ ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚
!¢¢%Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ⁄ !çl !˛õÑÎ˚yˆÏç ˆçyÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚
ӈϰˆÏSÈl ˆÎñ !¢¢%Ó˚y !lˆÏçÓ˚y•z §!Ü ˛Î˚Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ˆÏܲ
 ˆê˛!Ó° 4É1 lÓçyï˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ !ܲS%È à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ≤Ã!ï˛Óï≈˛!Ü ˛Î˚y /
≤Ã!ï˛Óï≈˛ !Ü ˛Î˚y Óî≈ly !Óܲy¢Ù)°Ü˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚
ˆÓ˚y!ê˛Ç ày°ˆÏܲ ˆSÈÑyÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ÙyÌy ˆâyÓ˚yˆÏly 3ÈüÈ6 ÙyˆÏ§•z !Ó°%Æ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚–
~ÓÇ Ù%á ˆáy°y
ˆÙyˆÏÓ˚y Î!ò ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ï˛#Ó  xyGÎ˚yç •Î˚ ï˛ál !¢¢% 6ÈüÈ7 ÙyˆÏ§•z ~!ê˛ !Ó°%Æ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚
!lˆÏçÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yÙÓ˚ˆÏܲ ÓÑy!ܲˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ åÎ!òG ï˛#Ó  xyGÎ˚yç ~Ó˚ ˛≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y fiÌyÎ˚# Reflex
Óy•%ˆÏܲ §yÙˆÏlÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ≤çy!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚–ä
Rooting
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ xyÓyÓ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ Óy•%ˆÏܲ ~ܲ §ˆÏAà
!lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ§ ÙˆÏl •Î˚ ˆÎl !ܲS%È xyÑܲˆÏí˛¸ ôÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– Moro
xyÑܲˆÏí˛¸ ôÓ˚y Îál !¢¢%Ó˚ •yˆÏï˛Ó˚ ï˛y°%ˆÏï˛ xy.%° xÌÓy xlƒ 3ÈüÈ4 ÙyˆÏ§•z !Ó°%Æ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚–
ˆÜ˛yl Ó› myÓ˚y ã˛y˛õ ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚ñ !¢¢%Ó˚ •zFSÈyÜ,˛ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ xÑÑyܲˆÏí˛¸ ôÓ˚yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ
xy.%°à%!° ã˛yÓ˚˛õy¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ à%!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆlÎ˚– Óò° •Î˚–
ˆÓ!ܲˆÏl!flÒ˛ Îál !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ï˛°yÎ˚ •y°Ü˛y˲yˆÏÓ ˆê˛yܲy 8ÈüÈ12 ÙyˆÏ§•z ~!ê˛ !Ó°%!Æ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚
Grasp
ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚ ˛õòyAà%!° ï˛ál §yÙˆÏlÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ 9
ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ§ ~ÓÇ Ù%ˆÏí˛¸ ÎyÎ˚–
Babinski

í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛Ìƒ §Ó˚°Ë˛yˆÏÓ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
ÙˆÏl ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly– !¢¢%Ó˚y Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ lyly ˙!FSÈܲ
ï˛ÌƒyÓ!° xç≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝lˆÏܲ í˛z˛õˆÏÎyà# ܲˆÏÓ˚
ˆï˛yˆÏ° lï%˛l ˲yÓlyÓ˚ §ÇˆÏÎyçl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒñ ~!ê˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢
í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ˆÏܲ í˛zß¨ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– !˛õÑÎ˚yˆÏç !ÓŸªy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚l
ˆÎñ ˜¢¢ÓyÓfiÌy ˆÌˆÏܲ ˜Ü˛ˆÏ¢yÓ˚ÓfiÌy ˛õÎ≈hs˝ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝l ~ܲ!ê˛
ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛ hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ x!ï˛Ü ˛yhs˝ •Î˚˚ åˆê˛!Ó° 4É2 ˆòáä–
≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ hflÏÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝lˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ myÓ˚y
˛õ!Ó˚˲y!£Ïï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ÎyÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ §¡õܲ≈G Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ê˛y
ÙˆÏl Ó˚yáy òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ ˆÎñ ~!ê˛ !ã˛hs˝y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õ,Ìܲ˛ õrÌy˛ Îy ~ܲ!ê˛
hflÏÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xlƒ hflÏÓ˚ˆÏܲ˛ xyÓ˚ í˛zß¨ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyl lÎ˚–
~SÈyí˛¸yG ~ê˛y °«˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ ˆÎñ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§
~ܲ!ê˛ xyê˛ Ó£Ï#≈Î˚ !¢¢%Ó˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ !˲ߨ˲yˆÏÓ !ã˛hs˝y ܲÓ˚ ˆÜ˛l⁄
˜¢¢Ó ܲy° ˆÌˆÏܲ !¢¢% xÌ≈yÍ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ ò%•z ÓSÈÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢
ˆÌˆÏܲ K˛yˆÏl!wˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ~ÓÇ !Ó!˲ߨ Ó›Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ
!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ myÓ˚y xÌ≈yÍ ˆòáyˆÏ¢ylyñ flõ¢≈ñ Ù%á !òˆÏÎ˚ xyܲˆÏí˛¸ ôÓ˚yÓ˚
§y•yˆÏ΃ x!˲K˛ï˛y ˆlÎ˚– lÓçyï˛Ü˛ !¢¢%Ó˚y Óï≈˛Ùyl §ÙˆÏÎ˚ Óy§
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎ !ç!l§ !¢¢%Ó˚ ò,!T˛ xˆÏàyã˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ ÙˆÏlÓ˚ xˆÏàyã˛Ó˚G
•ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ Î!ò !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ §yÙˆÏl ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛yl ˆá°ly
°%!ܲˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yá ˆÎê˛y !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆ§ ˆá°y ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛ál ˆSÈyR !¢¢% ~Ùl
˛≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ ˆÎl !ܲS%È•z •Î˚!lñ xÌ≈yÍ ˆ§ ˆá°ly!ê˛ˆÏܲ áÑ%ˆÏç
ly ܲyÓ˚î !¢¢%Ó˚y ~ê˛y ˆÙˆÏl ˆlÎ˚ ˆÎ ˆá°ly!ê˛Ó˚ x!hflÏc ˆl•z–
!˛õÑÎ˚yˆÏçÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ñ ~•z hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ !¢¢%Ó˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ï˛yÍ«˛!îܲ §ÇˆÏÓòl#Î˚
x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚ lyñ xÌy≈Í ~!ê˛ •° Ó› fiÌy!Î˚ˆÏcÓ˚
x˲yÓˆÏÓyô ~•z!ê˛ ˆ§•z ˆã˛ï˛ly Îy Ó›!ê˛Ó˚ x!hflÏc ly Ìyܲy §ˆÏ_¥G
≤Ãï˛ƒ!«˛ï˛ •Î˚– Îy xyê˛ Ùy§ ÓÎ˚§ ˆÌˆÏܲ !¢¢%Ó˚y ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚
!lˆÏçÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ Ó›!ê˛ˆÏܲ °%!ܲˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ˆÏܲ xl%§Ó˚î
ܲˆÏÓ˚–
!¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˲y£Ïyàï˛ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ !˲!_ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛
ÌyˆÏܲ 3 ˆÌˆÏܲ 6 Ùy§ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ ÙyV˛yÙy!V˛ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ñ xfl≥%˛ê˛ Óy܉˛myÓ˚y
!¢¢%Ó˚ fl∫Ó˚ôÁ!l ¢%Ó˚% •Î˚– !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃyÓ˚!Ω˛Ü˛ ˲y£ÏyÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y xT˛Ù xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏÓ–
§yÙy!çܲ ≤ÃyˆÏ«˛y!˲ܲ !Óܲy¢
(Socio-emotional Development)
!¢¢% çˆÏß√Ó˚ ˛§ÙÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z §yÙy!çܲ ≤Ãyî#– ~ܲ!ê˛ !¢¢%
˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ Ù%áà%ˆÏ°yˆÏÏܲ x@˝Ãy!ôܲyÓ˚ !òˆÏï˛ ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛y!Î˚Ç
~ÓÇ ày!@≈’Ç ~•z ¢∑à%ˆÏ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚ !˛õï˛yÈüÈÙyï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛˛ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚–
SÈÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xyê˛ ÙyˆÏ§ !¢¢%Ó˚y x!ôܲ §M˛Ó˚î¢#° •ˆÏÎ˚ GˆÏë˛ ~ÓÇ
!lˆÏçÓ˚ ÙyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ Ìyܲyê˛y x!ôܲ ˛õSÈ® ܲˆÏÓ˚– Îál ˆ§ lï%˛l
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ù%á ˆòˆÏá Óy !lˆÏçÓ˚ ÙyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ xy°yòy •Î˚ ï˛ál
ˆ§ ˲Î˚ ˛õyÎ˚ ܲyߨy ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˛Ó˚yà ˆòáyÎ˚– !˛õï˛yÙyï˛yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ
˛õ%l!Ù≈°ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ !¢¢%Ó˚y xyÓyÓ˚ •y!§ñ xy!°Aàl myÓ˚y ˲yÓ !Ó!lÙÎ˚
ܲˆÏ Ó ˚ – !¢¢% ~ÓÇ !˛õï˛yÈüÈÙyï˛yÓ˚ å˛õy°lܲï≈ ˛ yä ÙˆÏ ô ƒ ˆÎ
xyˆÏÓàç!lï˛ Órôl !Óܲ!¢ï˛ •Î˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ xl%Ó˚yà (Attachment)
Ó°y •Î˚– •yˆÏ°≈y ~ÓÇ •yˆÏ°≈y ~Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ãyã˛#l àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛

xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ 4 • ÙylÓ !Óܲy¢ 71

 ˆê˛!Ó° 4É2 !˛õÑÎ˚yˆÏçÓ˚ K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ hflÏÓ˚ ÈüÈ
hflÓÏ ˚ xyl%Ùy!lܲ ÓÎ˚§ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ
§ÇˆÏÓò# §M˛y°lÙ)°Ü˛ 0ÈüÈ2 ÓͧÓ˚ !¢¢% §ÇˆÏÓòlydܲ xl%Ë˛ÓˆÏܲ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ !Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚
§yˆÏÌ §Ùß∫Î˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ myÓ˚y ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ˆÏܲ
xl%§rôyl ܲˆÏÓ˚˛–
˛õ)Ó≈ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÙ)°Ü˛ 2ÈüÈ7 ÓͧÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛#ܲÙ)°Ü˛ !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ •Î˚ / Ó›Ó˚ fiÌy!Î˚c
à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚– !¢¢%Ó˚y Ó›Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆË˛Ô!ï˛Ü˛
à%îyÓ!°Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §Ùß∫Î˚ §yôl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly–
Ù)ï≈˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÙ)°Ü˛ 7ÈüÈ11 ÓͧÓ˚ !¢¢% Ù)ï≈˛ âê˛ly §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ Î%!=˛ ï˛Ü≈˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚
ly ~ÓÇ Ó›ˆÏܲ !Ó!˲ߨ !ÓlƒyˆÏ§ ˆ◊!îË%˛=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
Ó›Ó˚ í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛lˆÏÎyàƒ
Ùyl!§Ü˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ ≤Ãò¢≈ˆÏl §«˛Ù •Î˚–
≤ÃÌyàï˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÙ)°Ü˛ 11ÈüÈ15 ÓͧÓ˚ ÓÎ˚/§!rôܲy°#l !ܲˆÏ¢yÓ˚ !ܲˆÏ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚y Î%!=˛ï˛Ü≈˛
à%ˆÏ°y !ÓÙ)ï≈˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
!§Âôyhs˝Ù)°Ü˛ !ã˛hs˝l !Óܲ!¢ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–

ÓylˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÓyFã˛yÓ˚˛ çˆÏß√Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ xyê˛ â^˝ê˛y ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ï˛yÓ˚ ÙyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ܲySÈ
!ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ hflÏÓ˚ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ í˛z˛õfiÌy!˛õï˛ •Î˚– ~ܲ!ê˛ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ fl∫!hflÏÓ˚
ˆÌˆÏܲ xy°yòy Ó˚yáy •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ÓylˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÓyFã˛yà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛
xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~Ó˚)˛õ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ÓŸªyˆÏ§Ó˚ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ çß√ •Î˚ Îy ˆÌˆÏܲ
˛õÓ˚#«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ ܲˆÏ«˛ Ó˚yáy •Î˚ ~ÓÇ SÈÎ˚ Ùy§ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ Ú§Í ÙyÛ myÓ˚y
~Ùl ≤Ãï˛ƒy¢y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •Î˚ ˆÎ ~•z çà͈Ïܲ Îy !lÓ˚y˛õò ~ÓÇ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛
ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛˛õy°l ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ñ ˆÎáyˆÏl ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛yÓ˚ myÓ˚y ˜ï˛!Ó˚
fiÌyl ӈϰ !ÓˆÏÓ!ã˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !ÓŸªyˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆÓyô
ï˛Ìy xlƒ!ê˛ Ü˛y˛õí˛¸ myÓ˚y ˜ï˛!Ó˚– xˆÏô≈ܲ ÓylˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÓyFã˛yà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ
§%áyl%Ë)˛!ï˛¢#° ~ÓÇ §ÇˆÏÓòl¢#° x!˲˲yÓܲˆÏcÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ myÓ˚˛y
ï˛yÓ˚ myÓ˚y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ÙyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚y áyGÎ˚yï˛– Î!òGñ ï˛yÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ Óy
!Óܲ!¢ï˛ •Î˚– Î!ò ˛!˛õï˛yÈüÈÙyï˛y §ÇˆÏÓòl¢#°ñ ˆfl¨•˛õÓ˚yÎ˚î ~ÓÇ
ܲy˛õˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ÙyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ myÓ˚y áyòƒ@˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚È ï˛Ìy!˛õ !¢¢% ÓylˆÏÓ˚Ó˚y
@˝Ã•î¢#° •Î˚ñ ~!ê˛ !¢¢%ˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ çylyÓ˚
ܲy˛õˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ÙyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ˆÓ!¢ ˆfl¨• ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ
¢!=˛¢y°# !˲!_ ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ x!ôܲ §ÙÎ˚ ÓƒÎ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•z àˆÏÓ£Ïîy!ê˛ˆÏï˛ flõT˛
!lÓ˚y˛õò xl%Ó˚yà !Óܲ!¢ï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ §Ω˛yÓly ÌyˆÏܲ– x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲñ
Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ˆÎ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£Ïî Óy áyÓyÓ˚ áyGÎ˚yˆÏlyÓ˚ xl%Ó˚yˆÏàÓ˚
Î!ò !˛õï˛yÙyï˛y §ÇˆÏÓòl•#lï˛y ~ÓÇ x§ˆÏhs˝y£Ï ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛Ìy
ˆ«˛ˆÏe à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ lÎ˚ ÓÓ˚Ç §Çflõ¢≈ G ï,˛!Æ•z x!ôܲ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚–
!¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòy£ÏÈüÈe%!ê˛ áÑ%ˆÏç ˆÓÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛yˆÏï˛ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !lŸã˛Î˚ ~ê˛y °«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚SÈ ˆÎñ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y !¢¢%Ó˚y !lˆÏçÓ˚ ˛õSȈϮÓ˚
xydÈüȧǢˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˲yÓlyÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ •Î˚– !lÓ˚y˛õˆÏò Ìyܲy !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚
ˆá°ly xÌÓy ܲ¡∫ˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ x!ôܲ xl%Ó˚yà ˆòáyÎ˚– ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
ˆÜ˛yˆÏ° !lˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚y •z!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲñ Ù%=˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ
ˆï˛Ùl x≤Ãï˛ƒy!¢ï˛ !ܲS%È ˆl•zñ ܲyÓ˚î !¢¢%Ó˚y çyˆÏl ˆÎñ ܲ¡∫°
ã˛°yˆÏÊ˛Ó˚y ~ÓÇ ˆá°yô)°y ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆÎáyˆÏl x§%Ó˚!«˛ï˛ !¢¢%Ó˚y ~ܲê%˛
xÌÓy ˆá°ly ï˛yÓ˚ Ùy lÎ˚– ï˛yÓ˚˛õˆÏÓ˚G ~à%ˆÏ°y ï˛yˆÏܲ §%á !òˆÏÎ˚
ò%!Ÿã˛hs˝y Óy x§•yÎ˚ï˛y xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ !˛õï˛y ÈüÈÙyï˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ Îál
ÌyˆÏܲ– !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ÓˆÏí˛¸y •GÎ˚yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚˛§¡õˆÏÜ≈˛
xy°yòy •Î˚ ˲ˆÏÎ˚ !ã˛ÍܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Óy ÜÑ˛yòˆÏï˛ ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ó˚yà
§%!l!Ÿã˛ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲñ ï˛ál ï˛yÓ˚y ~•z !ç!l§à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ï˛ƒyà
ܲˆÏÓ˚ – !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫yfiÌƒÜ˛Ó˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ çlƒ §ÇˆÏÓòl¢#° ~ÓÇ
ܲˆÏÓ˚ –
xyˆÏÓà˛õ)î≈ ÓÎ˚flÒˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏAà â!l¤˛ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ !ÙÌ!fl;Î˚yÓ˚ §¡õÜ≈˛•z
ÙylÓ !¢¢%Ó˚y !lˆÏçÓ˚ !˛õï˛yÈüÈÙyï˛y xÌÓy ≤Ã!ï˛˛õy°lܲyÓ˚#
≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ôy˛õ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ àîƒ Ü˛Ó˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
ÎyÓ˚y x!ÓÓ˚ï˛ G í˛z˛õÎ%=˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˲yˆÏ°yÓy§y ~ÓÇ ˆfl¨• ï˛yÓ˚
≤Ã!ï˛ !Ó!lÙÎ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛G ~ܲ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ xl%Ó˚yà ˜ï˛!Ó˚ Óy°ƒÜ˛y° (Childhood)
•Î˚– ~!Ó˚ܲ ~!Ó˚ܲ§ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ñ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ ÓSÈÓ˚!ê˛ xl%Ó˚yà ˜¢¢ÓܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ Óy°ƒÜ˛yˆÏ° !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ Ó,!Âô ô#Ó˚
!ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ §ÙÎ˚– ~!ê˛ !ÓŸªy§ G x!ÓŸªyˆÏ§Ó˚ à!ï˛ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– !¢¢%Ó˚y ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ˲yˆÏÓ !Óܲ!¢ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲñ

72 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zFã˛ï˛y ~ÓÇ Gçl Ó,!Âô ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢
!¢¢%Ó˚y •Ñyê˛ˆÏï˛ñ ˆòÔí˛¸yˆÏï˛ñ °yÊ˛ !òˆÏï˛ ˆ¢ˆÏáñ Ó° !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆá°y ܲˆÏÓ˚–
§yÙy!çܲ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ !¢¢%Ó˚ ~•z çàÍñ !˛õï˛yÈüÈÙyï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ
˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚ñ Óy!í˛¸Ó˚ ˛Ü˛yˆÏSÈÓ˚ ≤ÃyÆÓÎ˚flÒ ~ÓÇ !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ !Óhfl,Ï!ï˛ °y˲
ܲˆÏÓ˚ – !¢¢%Ó˚y ˲yˆÏ°y ~ÓÇ áyÓ˚yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy xç≈l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ¢%Ó˚%
ܲˆÏÓ˚ xÌy≈Í ˜l!ï˛Ü˛ï˛y ˆÓyˆÏôÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ âˆÏê˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˜¢¢Ó ܲyˆÏ°
!¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ «˛Ùï˛y Ó,!Âô ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲñ fl∫ï˛sfÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ ܲyÎ≈
§¡õyòl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– °ˆÏ«˛ƒÓ˚ !lô≈yÓ˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ≤ÃyÆ
ÓÎ˚flÒˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒy!¢ï˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%ˆÏ°y §¡õߨ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛
xl%Ë)˛!ï˛Ó˚ ˛§%ˆÏÎyàà%ˆÏ°y ˛õyGÎ˚yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ Ó!ô≈ï˛
˛õ!Ó˚îÙl !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ §yÙˆÏÌ≈ƒÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢ xÇ¢@˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚–
¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ !Óܲy¢
≤ÃyÓ˚!Ω˛Ü˛ !Óܲy¢ ò%!ê˛ l#!ï˛ˆÏܲ xl%§Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ı å1ä
!Óܲy¢ ˆ§Ê˛yˆÏ°yܲí˛y° xÌ≈yÍ Ù!hflÏ‹Ò Óy !¢Ó˚ xM˛° ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆ°ç
˛õÎ≈hs˝ ï˛Ìy !l¡¨yÇ¢ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ x@˝Ã§Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– !¢¢%Ó˚ ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
!l¡¨ xLjϢÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õ!Ó˚˲yˆÏàÓ˚ !lÎ˚sfî xyˆÏà °y˲
ܲˆÏÓ˚˛– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !lŸã˛Î˚ °«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ÏSÈ ˆÎñ ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî•z ≤Ãy܉˛
˜¢¢ÓܲyˆÏ° !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ Ù!hflÏ‹Ò ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xl%˛õyˆÏï˛ ÓˆÏí˛¸y •Î˚
xÌÓy Î!ò ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ !¢¢%ˆÏܲ •yÙyà%!í˛¸ ã˛°ˆÏï˛ ˆòˆÏáy ˆòáˆÏÓ
ˆÎñ ≤Ã̈ÏÙ •yï˛ˆÏܲ ܲyˆÏç °yàyÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚
ÌyˆÏܲ– å2ä Ó,!Âô ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙôƒË˛yà ˆÌˆÏܲ ¢%Ó˚% •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˛õˆÏÓ˚
ò)Ó˚≤Ãyhs˝#Î˚ xˆÏAàÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ~ˆÏàyÎ˚È ~ˆÏܲ ≤Ã!:ˆÏÙyܲí˛y° ≤ÃÓ,!_ñ xÌ≈yÍ
!¢¢% ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ãyhs˝#Î˚ xAàà%!°Ó˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ ôˆÏí˛¸ !lÎ˚sfî °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚
ÌyˆÏܲ– ≤ÃÌÙyÓfiÌyÎ˚ !¢¢% ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yl Ó›Ó˚ ܲySÈyܲy!SÈ ˆ˛õÔÑSÈyÓ˚ çlƒ
˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y ¢Ó˚#Ó˚ˆÏܲ ÓÑyܲyÎ˚ñ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§ ˆÎˆÏܲyˆÏly oÓƒ§yÙ@˝Ã#
˛õÎ≈hs˝ ˆ˛õÔÑSȈÏï˛ !lˆÏçÓ˚ Óy•%à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ §yÙˆÏlÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ≤çy!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚–
~•z ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ˛˛õ!Ó˚îÙˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛°◊%!ï˛ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
x«˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî â!ê˛ï˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ lÎ˚ñ ˆÎáyˆÏl e%!ê˛˛õ)î≈ !¢¢%Ó˚yG
!ë˛Ü˛ xl%Ó˚)˛õ˲yˆÏÓ•z ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ï˛y!°Ü˛y 4É3 ≤Ãôyl ~ÓÇ §)- §M˛y°lÙ)°Ü˛ ò«˛ï˛yà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ Ù%რí˛z˛õyòyl‡ ≤Ã!ï˛˛õyòl
ÓÎ˚§ ≤Ãôyl §M˛y°l Ù)°Ü˛ ò«˛ï˛y
3 ÓͧÓ˚ °yÊ˛yˆÏlyñ °yÊ˛ ˆòGÎ˚yñ ˆòÔí˛¸yˆÏly–
4 ÓͧÓ˚ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ !§Ñ!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ ~ܲ ˛õy !òˆÏÎ˚
!§Ñ!í˛¸ ã˛í˛¸y ~ÓÇ lyÙy
5 ÓͧÓ˚ o%ï˛à!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˆòÔí˛¸yˆÏlyñ
ˆòÔˆÏí˛¸ xyl® í˛z˛õˆÏ˲yà ܲÓ˚y–
!¢¢%Ó˚y Îï˛ ÓˆÏí˛¸y •ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲñ ï˛ál ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õyï˛°y ˆòáyÎ˚
ܲyÓ˚î ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ôˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ xLjϢÓ˚ í˛zFã˛ï˛y Ó,!Âô ˛õyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
ã˛!Ó≈ •…y§ ˛ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xlƒylƒ xˆÏAàÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ Ù!hflÏ‹Ò
~ÓÇ ÙyÌyÓ˚ x!ôܲ o%ï˛à!ï˛ˆÏï˛ Ó,!Âô •ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ Ó,!Âô
~ÓÇ !Óܲy¢ xï˛ƒhs à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ܲyÓ˚î ~!ê˛ !¢¢%Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒÜ˛yÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ
§yÙˆÏÌ≈ƒÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚îÙˆÏl §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆÎÙlÈüÈ ˆleÈüÈ•hflÏ §Ùß∫Î˚lñ
ˆ˛õl!§° ôÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ˆ°áyÓ˚ ≤ÃÎ˚y§ ܲÓ˚y– Ùôƒ ~ÓÇ ≤Ãyhs˝#Î˚
Óy°ƒÜ˛yˆÏ° !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ¢!=˛ §yÌ≈ܲÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ Ó,!Âô •ˆÏï˛
ÌyˆÏܲ– Gçl Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ Ù%áƒ Ü˛yÓ˚î !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Ü˛Aܲy° ~ÓÇ ˆ˛õ!¢
ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ Ó,!Âôñ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xlƒylƒ xAàà%!°Ó˚ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚
Ó,!ÂôG xlƒï˛Ù ܲyÓ˚î–
§M˛y°lÙ)°Ü˛ !Óܲy¢
≤ÃyÓ˚!Ω˛Ü˛ Óy°ƒÜ˛yˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤Ãôyl §M˛y°lÙ)°Ü˛ ò«˛ï˛yÓ˚
xhs˝à≈ï˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÎÌyÈñÈ Óy•% ~ÓÇ ˛õyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ñ ï˛Ìy xyd
!ÓŸªyˆÏ§Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ˛õ)î≈˲yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ ã˛°yˆÏÊ˛Ó˚y ܲÓ˚y– §)-
§M˛y°lÙ)°Ü˛ ò«˛ï˛y •° xyAà%ˆÏ°Ó˚ !l˛õ%îï˛y ï˛Ìy ˆleÈüÈ•hflÏ
§Ùß∫Î˚ ≤ÃyÓ˚!Ω˛Ü˛ Óy°ƒÜ˛yˆÏ° ΈÏÌT˛ í˛zߨ!ï˛ °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z §ÙˆÏÎ˚
!¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ÓÑy xÌÓy í˛yl •yˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˛õSȈϮÓ˚ x@˝Ãy!ôܲyÓ˚ !Óܲ!¢ï˛
•Î˚– ≤ÃyÓ˚!Ω˛Ü˛ Óy°ƒÜ˛yˆÏ° ≤Ãôyl ~ÓÇ §)- §M˛y°lÙ)°Ü˛ «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚
ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ !¢«˛yà%ˆÏ°y ˆê˛!Ó° 4É3ÈüÈ~ ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ !Óܲy¢
!¢¢%Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó›Ó˚ fiÌy!Î˚ˆÏcÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy!ê˛ xç≈l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
«˛Ùï˛y ï˛yˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó›ˆÏܲ í˛z˛õfiÌy!˛õï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ çlƒ Ùyl!§Ü˛
§ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°– Îy•zÈ ˆ•yܲñ ~•z
hflψÏÓ˚ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÎ ˆÎyàƒï˛y!ê˛Ó˚ x˲yÓ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ï˛y •°
Ùyl!§Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏ Ó Ü˛yç ܲÓ˚ y Ó˚ xl% Ù !ï˛ ≤ÃòyˆÏ l Îy ly!ܲ ˆ§
¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ˲yˆÏÓ xyˆÏà•z ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°– ≤Ãyhs˝#Î˚Óy°ƒÜ˛yˆÏ° K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛
§)- §M˛y°lÙ)°Ü˛ ò«˛ï˛y
ÓœÜ˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ !Ó!”˛Ç ÓylyˆÏlyñ ï˛ç≈l# G
xyAà%ˆÏ°Ó˚ §•yÎ˚ï˛yÎ˚ Ó›ˆÏܲ ï%˛ˆÏ° ôÓ˚y–
!ã˛eàï˛ ôÑyôyÓ˚ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚yà%ˆÏ°y !ë˛Ü˛ë˛yܲ
˲yˆÏÓ §yçyˆÏly
•yï˛ñ Óy•% ~ÓÇ ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ÙhflÏ xÇ¢
ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ lí˛¸yã˛í˛¸yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §Ùß∫Î˚ ܲÏÓ˚y–
xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ 4 • ÙylÓ !Óܲy¢ 73
!Óܲy¢!ê˛ !˛õÑÎ˚yˆÏçÓ˚ ≤Ãyܲ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yààï˛ !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ò,!T˛ !lˆÏ«˛˛õ
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ – åï˛y!°Ü˛y 4É2 ˆòˆÏáyä– ˆÎ Ó› ˆË˛Ô!ï˛Ü˛ Ó˚)˛õ myÓ˚y
í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ lÎ˚ñ ï˛yˆÏܲ Ùyl!§Ü˛ Ó˚)˛õ ≤Ã!ï˛fiÌy!˛õï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˆÎyàƒï˛y
!¢¢%Ó˚y ≤ÃyÆ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈy ˆÎñ !¢¢%Ó˚y
!Ó!˲ߨ SÈ!Ó Óy xyÜ,˛!ï˛ xÑyˆÏܲ Ùyl%£Ïñ àySÈÈüÈ˛õy°yñ Ü%˛Ü%˛Ó˚ñ Óy!í˛¸âÓ˚
≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ ˆÓyV˛yˆÏlyÓ˚ çlƒ– ˆ§ ¢%ô%Ùye ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ÈüüüÈ ˜òâ≈ƒ Óy
í˛zFã˛ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ò,!T˛ !lˆÏ«˛˛õ ܲÓ˚ï˛ Îy !¢¢%Ó˚ Ùyl!§Ü˛ çàï˛ˆÏܲ
!Óhfl,Ïï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚– ≤Ãï˛#ܲÙ)°Ü˛ !ã˛hs˝ˆÏl x@˝Ãà!ï˛ ã˛°ˆÏï˛
ÌyˆÏܲ– ≤Ãy܉˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yààï˛ !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ãôyl ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ •°
xydˆÏܲ!wܲï˛yÓyò (egocentrism) xÌy≈Í !¢¢%Ó˚y ~ܲ !òˆÏܲ
ˆÎÙl ~•z çà͈Ïܲ !lç ò,!T˛ˆÏܲyî myÓ˚y ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ xlƒ!òˆÏܲ
xˆÏlƒÏÓ˚ ò,!T˛ˆÏܲyîˆÏܲ ï˛ï˛ê˛y à%Ó˚%ˆÏcÓ˚ §!•ï˛ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛˛ §«˛Ù •Î˚
ly– xydˆÏܲw#ܲï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î !¢¢%Ó˚y §Ó≈≤ÃyîÓyˆÏò (animism)
!°Æ •ÏÎ˚ÈüÈ !ã˛hs˝y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ §Ó Ó› Óy oÓƒ§yÙ@˝Ã# ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y
§ç#Ó– ï˛yÓ˚y !lç≈#Ó Ó›Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !lˆÏçÓ˚ ç#ÓlˆÏܲ ܲ“ly ܲˆÏÓ˚
ÌyˆÏܲ– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ÈüÈ Î!ò ˆòÔí˛¸yˆÏlyÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ !¢¢%Ó˚y
!˛õSȈϰ Ó˚yhflÏyÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ÎyÎ˚ ï˛ál ˆ§ §Ó≈≤ÃyîÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚
ӈϰ ˆÎñ ÚÚÓ˚yhflÏy xyÙyˆÏܲ ÓƒyÌy !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–Û !¢¢% Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ
ˆÙyê˛yÙ%!ê˛ ã˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ §yï˛ ÓͧˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §Ó ≤ß¿à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚
í˛z_Ó˚ ã˛yÎ˚ñ ˆÎÙl / xyܲy¢ ˆÜ˛l l#°⁄ àySÈ Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ ÓˆÏí˛¸y •Î˚⁄
~ÓÇ xyÓ˚ xˆÏlܲ !ܲS%È⁄ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ß¿ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ~ê˛y çylˆÏï˛
§y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ ~•z §ÙhflÏ Ó› ˆÎ Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆï˛Ùl ˆÜ˛l⁄
!˛õÑÎ˚yˆÏç ~•z hflÏÓ˚ˆÏܲ fl∫K˛yï˛ !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ hflÏÓ˚ ӈϰl– ≤Ãy܉˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yààï˛
hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xlƒï˛Ù ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ •° !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛!wܲï˛yÓ˚
≤ÃÓîï˛yñ Îy •° ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ âê˛lyˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ çlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛
!ӈϢ£Ï ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ Óy à%ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ò,!T˛˛õyï˛ Ü˛ÏÓ˚y– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ
~ܲ!ê˛ !¢¢% ÚÓˆÏí˛¸y @’yˆÏ§Û §Ó˚Óï˛ ˛õyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆçò ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ~ܲ!ê˛
ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ÙyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ˆÙyê˛y @’yˆÏ§Ó˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ °¡∫y G ˛§Ó˚% @’y§ˆÏܲ•z
ˆÓ!¢ ≤Ãyôylƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲñ ˆÎáyˆÏl ò%ˆÏê˛y @’yˆÏ§•z §Ù˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî §Ó˚Óï˛
ÌyˆÏܲ–
Îál !¢¢%Ó˚y ÓˆÏí˛¸y •ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ xyl%Ùy!lܲ §yï˛
ˆÌˆÏܲ ~àyˆÏÓ˚y ÓͧÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ ï˛ál åÙôƒ ~ÓÇ ≤Ãyhs˝#Î˚
Óy°ƒÜ˛y° ˛õÎ≈hs˝ä ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫K˛yï˛ !ã˛hs˝là%ˆÏ°y ˆÎÔ!=˛Ü˛ !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚
çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛fiÌy!˛õï˛ •Î˚– ~•z hflÏÓ˚!ê˛ Ù)ï˛≈ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÙ)°Ü˛ !ã˛hs˝lñ
Îy ˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚È xÌ≈yÍ Ùyl!§Ü˛ !Ü ˛Î˚y Îy !¢¢%ˆÏܲ
Ùyl!§Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ xl%Ù!ï˛ ˆòÎ˚ Îy ly!ܲ ˆ§ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ˲yˆÏÓ
xyˆÏà•z ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°– Ù)ï≈˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàà%ˆÏ°y •ˆÏ°y Ùyl!§Ü˛ !Ü ˛Î˚y Îy
≤Ã!ï˛Óï≈˛lˆÏÎyàƒ– ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ã!§Âô x˲#«˛yÎ˚ !¢¢%Ó˚ §yÙˆÏl x!Óܲ°
ò%!ê˛ Ùy!ê˛Ó˚ Ó° í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– x˲#«˛Ü˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó°ˆÏܲ §Ó˚%
Ê˛y!°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyܲyˆÏ°l ~ÓÇ x˛õÓ˚!ê˛ˆÏܲ §!ë˛Ü˛Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá ˆòÈl– Î!ò
74 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
§yï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ xyê˛ ÓͧˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !¢¢%ˆÏܲ !çK˛y§y ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ˆÜ˛yl‰!ê˛ˆÏï˛
ˆÓ!¢ ܲyòy xyˆÏSÈñ §yï˛ Óy xyê˛ ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ !¢¢% í˛z_Ó˚ ˆòˆÏÓ ˆÎñ
ò%ˆÏê˛yˆÏï˛ §Ù ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ܲyòy Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~Ùl ˲yÓyÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î •°ñ !¢¢%
~•z ܲ“ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ Ó°!ê˛ˆÏܲ §Ó˚% ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛Ê˛y!°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyܲyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ
~ÓÇ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ Ó° ÓylyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ÎyÓ˚ xÌ≈ •° ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ˆÎyàƒ
Ùyl!§Ü˛ !Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏܲ Ù)ï≈˛ Óy ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ Ó›Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ܲ“ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù
•GÎ˚y– ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ñ ≤Ãy܉˛≤ÈÏÎ˚yààï˛˛ hflψÏÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !¢¢% !ë˛Ü˛
ܲ# ܲÓ˚ï˛⁄ ˆ§ ¢%ô%Ùye ~ܲ!ê˛ !ӣψÏÎ˚ÈüüüÈ ˜òâ≈ƒ Óy í˛zFã˛ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
ò,!T˛ !lˆÏ«˛˛õ ܲÓ˚ï˛– Ù)ï≈˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ
ò,!T˛ !lˆÏ«˛˛õ ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ xyˆÏ°yܲ˛õyï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚
xl%Ù!ï˛ ˆòÎ˚– ~!ê˛ !¢¢%ˆÏܲ ~•z ÙˆÏÙ≈ í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚yÎ˚ ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly
Ó›ˆÏܲ ˆòáyÓ˚ !˲ߨ !˲ߨ ˛õÌ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ÎyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚îyÙfl∫Ó˚)˛õ ï˛yÓ˚
xydˆÏܲ!wܲï˛yÓyˆÏòG ˛•…y§ xy§ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– !ã˛hs˝l x!ôܲ lÙl#Î˚
•ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛ ~ÓÇ !¢¢%Ó˚y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §Ù§ƒy §ÙyôyˆÏlÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ !ÓܲˆÏ“Ó˚
!ã˛hs˝y ܲˆÏÓ˚ Óy ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •ˆÏ° ˆ§•z ôy˛õà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ Ùyl!§Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ
˛≤Ãï˛ƒyl%§Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– Î!òG ≤Ãyܲ‰È≤ÈÏÎ˚yàï hflψÏÓ˚˛ !¢¢% ~ܲ!ê˛
Ó›Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §¡õÜ≈˛ ˆòáyÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y !Óܲ!¢ï˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆ§ !ÓÙ)ï≈˛ !ã˛hs˝y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ lyñ xÌ≈yÍ ˆ§ ï˛y•z ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
Ó›Ó˚ xl%˛õ!fïÏï˛ !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ !l˛õ%î ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly–
ܲyç / 4É2
§Ùyl xyܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ fl∫FSÈ ò%!ê˛ @’y§ lyG ~ÓÇ ò%!ê˛ˆÏï˛•z
§Ù˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ç° lyG– ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !mï˛#Î˚ Óy ˛õM˛Ù
ˆ◊î#Ó˚ SÈyeˆÏòÓ˚ !çK˛y§y ܲÓ˚ / @’y§à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ !ܲ §Ù˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ç°
xyˆÏSÈ !ܲly⁄ xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ!ê˛ °¡∫y G ˛õyï˛°y @’y§ lyG ~ÓÇ !¢¢%Ó˚
§yÙˆÏl•z ≤ÃÌÙ!ê˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÎˆÏܲyˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ @’yˆÏ§Ó˚ ç° ï,˛ï˛#Î˚
~ܲ!ê˛ @’yˆÏ§ ˲ˆÏÓ˚ lyG– ~ÓyÓ˚ !¢¢%!ê˛ˆÏܲ ≤ß¿ ܲˆÏÓ˚y ˆÎñ ˆÜ˛yl‰
@’y§!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ˆÓ!¢ ç° Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ⁄ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !ܲ ~•z í˛z_Ó˚à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ áÑ%ˆÏç ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚SÈ⁄
í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ Ó#çà!îˆÏï˛Ó˚ §Ù#ܲÓ˚îˆÏܲ §¡õߨ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚
ôy˛õà%ˆÏ°y !ã˛hs˝y ܲÓ˚y xÌÓy ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ oy!âÙyˆÏÓ˚áy Óy x«˛ ˆÓ˚áyÓ˚
ܲ“ly ܲÏÓ˚y–
!¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ Ó!ô≈ï˛ K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ «˛Ùï˛yà%ˆÏ°y ˲y£ÏyÙ)°Ü˛
!Óܲy¢ˆÏܲ §•ç ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°– xT˛Ù xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˛õí˛¸ˆÏÓ
ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ !¢¢%Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !Ó!˲ߨ ¢∑yÓ!° ~ÓÇ ÓƒyܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !Óܲy¢
•ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
§Ùyç ≤Èϫ˛y˲Ù)°Ü˛ !Óܲy¢
!¢¢% ˆ Ï ò Ó˚ §Ùyç ≤ÃˆÏ « ˛y˲Ù) ° ܲ !ÓܲyˆÏ ¢ Ó˚ à% Ó ˚ % c ˛õ) î ≈
!òܲà%ˆÏ°y •° fl∫Î˚Çñ !°Aà ~ÓÇ ˜l!ï˛Ü˛ï˛y– ˜¢¢ÓyÓfiÌyÓ˚
≤ÃyÓ˚!Ω˛Ü˛Ü˛yˆÏ° fl∫Î˚Ç (self) ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !ܲS%È à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ !Óܲy¢ •ˆÏï˛
ÌyˆÏܲ– §yÙy!çܲ#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî !¢¢%Ó˚y ~•z xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ !Óܲ!¢ï˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎñ ˆ§ ˆÜ˛ ~ÓÇ ˆ§ ܲyÓ˚ §ˆÏAà !Ù!°ˆÏÎ˚ !lˆÏçˆÏܲ !ã˛lˆÏï˛
ã˛yÎ˚– fl∫ï˛sfˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ !¢¢%ˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ܲyç
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ≤Ã›ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°– ~!Ó˚ܲ ~!Ó˚ܲ§lÈüÈ~Ó˚ Ùï˛yl%§yˆÏÓ˚ñ
!¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫È üÈ•zFSÈyÓ˚ ܲyçà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ !˛õï˛yÙyï˛y ˆÎ ˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y
ܲˆÏ Ó ˚ ñ ï˛yÓ˚ myÓ˚ y !¢¢% ˆ Ï ò Ó˚ ÙˆÏ ô ƒ Ë) ˛ !Ùܲy fl∫ Ó ˚ ) ˛ õ ˆÓyô Óy
x˛õÓ˚yôˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ •Î˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ §y•zˆÏܲ° ã˛y°yˆÏlyñ
ˆòÔí˛¸yˆÏlyñ ˆflÒ!ê˛Ç ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ ˆá°yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ fl∫yô#lï˛y ˆòGÎ˚y ~ÓÇ
4É2 Gender ~ÓÇ Sex ~Ó˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy (Gender and Sex Roles)
òyÓyˆÏá°y !ܲ ˛õ%Ó˚%£Ï ly Ù!•°yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆá°y ly í˛z˲ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚⁄ Ó˚yߨy ܲÓ˚y !ܲ
Ù!•°yˆÏòÓ˚ ly ˛õ%Ó˚%£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyç ⁄ ày!í˛¸ ã˛y°yˆÏlyñ !Óï˛Ü≈˛ ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ˛õòyÌ≈
!ÓòƒyÓ˚ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyàyˆÏÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛î ܲÓ˚y ~à%ˆÏ°y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ܲ# Ó°ˆÏÓ⁄ xÌÓy
!ê˛!˲Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Î%Óܲ Óy Î%Ó!ï˛Ó˚ çlƒ !ÓÜ ˛Î˚çyï˛ oÓƒà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly
ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ˆSȈϰ ~ÓÇ ˆÙˆÏÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛Ùl •GÎ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ ï˛yÓ˚ §¡∫ˆÏrô ï˛yÓ˚y ܲ#
ӈϰ⁄
ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lÓ˚y !°Aà ˜Ó£ÏˆÏÙƒÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly x!hflÏc xyˆÏSÈ !ܲly
ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lá%Ñï˛ àˆÏÓ£Ïîy ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÎ˚ ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎ
Ù!•°yˆÏòÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ˛õ%Ó˚%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚y x!ôܲ xyÜ ˛Ùîydܲ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˛õ%Ó˚%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚y
Ù!•°yˆÏòÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ í˛zë˛Ü˛ ˜Óë˛Ü˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yñ ˆSÈyȈÏê˛y ÙyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ˆòÔí˛¸ xÌÓy
•y•zÈüÈçy¡õ ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ˆÏï˛ Ë˛yˆÏ°y ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ù!•°yÓ˚y ˛õ%Ó˚%£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚
˲yˆÏ°y ˆleÈüÈ•hflÏ §Ùß∫ˆÎÏ Ó˚ ˚ ˲yˆÏ°y ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ï˛Ìy ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚
ˆçyí˛¸ ~ÓÇ ˛xAàà%!° ˛õ%Ó%̊£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ x!ôܲ lÙl#Î˚ •Î˚– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~•z
ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˜Ó£ÏˆÏÙƒÓ˚ í˛zͧ ܲ# ӈϰ ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚y⁄ ~à%ˆÏ°y !ܲ á%Ó òÓ˚ܲy!Ó˚
Óy xlƒ ܲÌyÎ˚ Ù!•°yÓ˚y ܲ# ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ӈϢ£Ï flf#§%°Ë˛ §Ç°«˛î !lˆÏÎ˚ çß√yÎ˚
~ÓÇ ˛õ%Ó˚%£Ï !ܲ !ӈϢ£Ï ˛õ%Ó˚%£Ï§%°Ë˛ §Ç°«˛î !lˆÏÎ˚ Óy ~•z ˜Ó£ÏÙƒà%ˆÏ°y !ܲ
xyÙÓ˚y ˆÎ çàˆÏï˛ Óy§ ܲ!Ó˚ ï˛yÓ˚ §,!T˛⁄
§Ó≈y!ôܲ ¢!=˛¢y°# Ë)˛!Ùܲy •° ˆÎáyˆÏl Óƒ!=˛ §yÙy!çܲ ~ÓÇ
!°Aà Ë)˛!ÙܲyˆÏï˛G Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~à%ˆÏ°y xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ§•z ÙyeyˆÏܲ !ë˛Ü˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚
Îy ˛õ%Ó˚%£Ï Óy Ù!•°yˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ ӈϰ !ÓˆÏÓ!ã˛ï˛ •Î˚– xyÓyÓ˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl
sex Ó°ˆÏï˛ ç#Ó !ÓK˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ ÙyeyˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚– Gender Ó°ˆÏï˛
˛õ% Ó ˚ % £ Ï ~ÓÇ flf # çy!ï˛Ó˚ §yÙy!çܲ˛ ÙyeyˆÏ Ü ˛ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ – ~áyˆÏ l
Gender ~Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ò,!T˛Ë˛Aà# Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ~ܲ!ê˛
•° ˛õ%Ó˚%£Ï ~ÓÇ flf#Ó˚ !°Aà fl∫Ó˚)˛õcó Îy ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ Îál 3 ÓSÈÓ˚
ÓÎ˚§ •Î˚ ï˛ál ˆÌˆÏܲ xç≈l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ¢%Ó%̊ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ §!ë˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ
ˆSȈϰ ~ÓÇ ˆÙˆÏÎ˚ ӈϰ xyáƒy !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Óyí˛¸yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õSÈ®à%ˆÏ°y ˆá°ly ~ÓÇ ˆá°yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •Î˚–
~ܲ!ê˛ !°Aà Ë)˛!Ùܲy •° ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ãï˛ƒy¢yÓ˚ !Ólƒy§ ˆÎ!ê˛
flf# Óy ˛õ%Ó˚%£ÏˆÏܲ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ !ã˛hs˝y ܲÓ˚yñ ܲyç ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛Ó˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛
ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈ ˆòÎ˚– !ӈϢ£Ïï˛ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆàyí˛¸yÓ˚ !òˆÏܲÓ˚ ÓSÈÓ˚à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛
!¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚ ˆòGÎ˚y !¢¢%Ó˚ ~•z ˆÓyˆÏôÓ˚ §,!T˛ •Î˚ ˆÎñ
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆlGÎ˚y í˛zˆÏòƒyà!ê˛ §ÙÌ≈l ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲ Î!ò
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓyV˛yˆÏly •Î˚ ˆÎ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ß¿à%ˆÏ°y xlÌ≈ܲ ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
ˆá°y ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y ï˛yÓ˚y ˆá°ˆÏSÈ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y xÌ≈•#l ï˛ˆÏÓ fl∫ÈüÈ≤ÃÓ!ï≈˛ï˛
ܲyÎ≈ܲ°yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ çlƒ x˛õÓ˚yôˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ §,!T˛ •Î˚– Îy !¢¢%Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#
ç#ÓlÓƒy˛õ#G fiÌyÎ˚# ÌyˆÏܲ– ≤ÃyÓ˚!Ω˛Ü˛ Óy°ƒÜ˛yˆÏ° xydÈüÈí˛z˛õ°!kô
Ó°ˆÏï˛ ~ܲçˆÏÏlÓ˚ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ myÓ˚y §ÇK˛y!Î˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yˆÏܲ
ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ı xy!Ù °¡∫yñ ˆÙˆÏÎ˚!ê˛Ó˚ ܲyˆÏ°y ã%˛° xyˆÏSÈñ xy!Ù ~ܲ!ê˛
ˆÙˆÏÎ˚ •zï˛ƒy!ò– Ùôƒ ~ÓÇ ≤Ãyhs˝#Î˚ Óy°ƒÜ˛yˆÏ° !¢¢% !lˆÏçˆÏܲ §Ω˛Ó
!˛õï˛yÙyï˛y !°Aà §yÙy!çܲ#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ≤Ã˲yÓ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
˛õ%Ó˚flÒyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ¢y!hflÏ ≤ÃòyˆÏlÓ˚ myÓ˚y ï˛yÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ !°Aà í˛z˛õˆÏÎyà#
~ÓÇ xl%˛õˆÏÎyà# xyã˛Ó˚î ˆ¢áyÎ˚– !˛õï˛yÙyï˛y xˆÏlܲ §ÙÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲlƒyˆÏòÓ˚
flf#§%°Ë˛ xyã˛Ó˚î ˆ¢áyˆÏlyÓ˚ çlƒ ~ÓÇ ˆSȈϰˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ%Ó˚%£Ï§%°Ë˛ xyã˛Ó˚î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
çlƒ ˛õ%Ófl˚ ÒyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ¢y!hflÏ ˆòÎ˚– §•˛õyë˛#ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ G !°Aà §yÙy!çܲ#ܲÓ˚ˆîÏ Ó˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ù%რxÓòyl !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ àîƒ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚–
!˛õï˛yÙyï˛y fl%Ò° ÓÎ˚!§ ˆSȈϰˆÏòÓ˚ fl%Ò° ÓÎ˚!§ ˆÙˆÏÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚
ˆÓ!¢ Óyôy ˆòÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆSȈ° Ï ~ÓÇ ˆÙˆÏΈ˚ òÏ Ó˚ xy°yòy ê%˛!ܲê˛y!ܲ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ òy!Î˚ˆcÏ
!lÎ%=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ≤Ãyï˛ƒ!•Ü˛ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ Ùyï˛y!˛õï˛y !lˆÏçÓ˚ ˆÙˆÏÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚
~ܲ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ÚÚ!lË≈˛Ó˚ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!¢«˛îÛÛ ˆòÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆSȈϰˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ≤ÃܲyÓ˚
fl∫ï˛sfï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!¢«˛î !òˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲl– ܲyê≈%˛l ~ÓÇ ÓƒÓ§y!Î˚ܲ !ÓK˛y˛õl§•
àîÙyôƒÙ !°Aà ~ܲyß∫!Î˚ï˛y !ã˛Ó˚fiÌyÎ˚#Ó˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˛çyly ÎyÎ˚– !°Aà
~ܲyß∫!Î˚ï˛y !ÓK˛y˛õˆÏlÓ˚ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÎ˚ ˆòáy ˆàˆÏSÈ ˆÎ §ÙhflÏ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ˆÏܲ•z
!ÓK˛y˛õˆÏlÓ˚ ܲï≈˛y ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏe ˛õ%Ó˚%£ÏÓ˚y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ Ù!•°yˆÏòÓ˚ !l˲≈Ó˚¢#° ~ÓÇ
âˆÏÓ˚yÎ˚y Ë)˛!ÙܲyÎ˚ ˆòáyˆÏly •Î˚ Óy Ù!•°yÓ˚y ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà ≤çyôl#Î˚ §yÙ@˝Ã#
!Ó!Ü ˛ ~ÓÇ ˛õ%Ó˚%£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ Ü ˛#í˛¸yÓ˚˚ §yÙ@˝Ã#Ó˚ x!ôܲ §Ω˛yÓly ÌyˆÏܲ–
!¢¢% Îál ˛~ܲÓyÓ˚ õ%Ó˚%£Ï Óy Ù!•°yÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !¢ˆÏá ˆlÎ˚
ï˛yÓ˚y !°ˆÏAàÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ çà͈Ïܲ §Çà!ë˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
!¢¢%Ó˚ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà ~ÓÇ xyã˛Ó˚î ~ܲ!ê˛ x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î ˆ≤ãÏîy Îy !°Aà !˲!_
myÓ˚y !lˆÏò≈!¢ï˛ •Î˚ Îy §ÙyçÈüȧyÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ xyò¢≈ ~ÓÇ ~ܲyß∫Î˚#ï˛yˆÏܲ ˆÙˆÏl
ã˛°yÓ˚ çlƒ– !¢¢% §!Ü ˛Î˚˲yˆÏÓ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ §yÙy!çܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ° ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
§yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ !°Aààï˛ xyã˛yÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚î xl%§yˆÏÓ–˚ ~ܲÓyÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚y !°Aà xyò¢≈ˆÜÏ ˛
xhs˝Ó˚#î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ !°Aà í˛z˛õˆÏÎyà# xyã˛Ó˚î ≤Ãï˛ƒy¢y ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ˆSȈϰÓ˚y Ê˛ƒy™# ˆí»˛§ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÎ˚ ˆÙˆÏÎ˚§%°Ë˛ ˆ˛õy¢yܲ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏï˛
≤Ãï˛ƒyáƒyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– xyÓyÓ˚ Îál âÓ˚ âÓ˚ ˆáˆÏ° ï˛ál ˆÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚y !˛õï˛yÓ˚
Ë)˛!Ùܲy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ≤Ãï˛ƒyáƒyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~ܲÓyÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ !°Aà
§ly=˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ñ !¢¢%Ó˚y ~ܲçl ¢!=˛¢y°# ~ܲ•z !°ˆÏAàÓ˚ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛
Óƒ!=˛cˆÏܲ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xyòÏ¢≈ ÓylyˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– !°Aà ê˛y•z˛õܲÓ˚î ï˛ál •Î˚ Îál
Óƒ!=˛Ó˚y ï˛Ìƒ!°!˛õÓÂô ~ÓÇ §%§Çà!ë˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ í˛zòƒï˛ •Î˚ ˆ§•z ˆÓ˚áy ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚
Îy §ÙyˆÏç ˛õ%Ó˚%£Ï ~ÓÇ Ù!•°yˆÏòÓ˚ !l!ò≈T˛ Óy xyò¢≈Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚–
xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ 4 • ÙylÓ !Óܲy¢ 75
x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ myÓ˚y ˛õ!Ó˚˲y!£Ïï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎÙl ÈüÈ ÚÚxy!Ù á%Ó
ã˛ê˛˛õˆÏê˛ ~ÓÇ xy!Ù á%Ó çl!≤ÃÎ˚ÛÛ xÌÓy ÚÚÎál !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ !¢«˛Ü˛
xyÙyˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly òy!Î˚c ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛ál xy!Ù àÓ≈ˆÏÓyô ܲ!Ó˚–ÛÛ
~SÈyí˛¸yG !lˆÏçˆÏܲ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ myÓ˚y §ÇK˛y!Î˚ï˛
ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ !¢¢%Ó˚ xyd !ÓÓÓ˚ˆÏî ˛ xhs˝!l≈!•ï˛ ÌyˆÏÜ˛È fl∫ÈÎ˚ÇÈ È~Ó˚
§yÙy!çܲ ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aàñ ~Ùl È í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ §yÙy!çܲ ˆày¤˛# •°
!Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §Aà#ï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛ylñ ~l˲y•zÓ˚lÙƒyrê˛ Üœ˛yÓ Óy ˆÎÈüˆÜ˛yl
ôÙ≈#Î˚ ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ §ò§ƒ •GÎ˚y– !¢¢%Ó˚ xydÈüÈí˛z˛õ°!kôˆÏï˛G §yÙy!çܲ
ï%˛°ly xhs˝!l≈!•ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– !¢¢%Ó˚y §Ω˛Óï˛ ~•z Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝y ܲˆÏÓ˚
ˆÎ ˆ§ xlƒˆÏòÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ܲ# ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ xÌÓy ܲ# ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚
ly– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ ÚÚxy!Ù xï%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ l¡∫Ó˚ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚!SÈÛ
Óy Úxy!Ù xyÙyÓ˚ ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ xlƒylƒˆÏòÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ x!ï˛ o%ï˛ à!ï˛ˆÏï˛
ˆòÔí˛¸yˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚–Û ~•z !Óܲy¢Ù)°Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ
~ˆÏܲ x˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ x!˲ߨï˛yˆÏܲ fiÌy!˛õï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚–
ܲyç / 4É3
!lˆÏçÓ˚ §ÙÓÎ˚!§ ï˛Ìy Ùyï˛y!˛õï˛yÓ˚ §yÙˆÏl ~ܲ!ê˛
ˆSȈϰÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y Î!ò ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆÙˆÏÎ˚ •G xÌÓy ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y
Î!ò ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆSȈϰ •G Ü˛Ù˛õˆÏ«˛ ~ܲ â^˝ê˛y ˛õÎ≈hs˝ x!˲lÎ˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚y– !lˆÏçÓ˚ x!˲K˛ï˛y!ê˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛°l ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ
ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ xlƒylƒˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y °«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !lˆÏç•z ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !çK˛y§y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚y– xlƒ !°ˆÏAàÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ xl%Ó˚)˛õ ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲÓ˚y ܲï˛ê˛y ܲ!ë˛l⁄
~ܲÓyÓ˚ !¢¢%Ó˚y !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲÏÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ï˛ál ï˛yÓ˚
§yÙy!çܲ çàÍ!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó!•ç≈àˆÏï˛Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ !Óhfl,Ï!ï˛ °y˲
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ˛– ˆ§ !lˆÏçÓ˚ §ÙÓÎ˚!§ Óy §Ùܲ«˛ˆÏòÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ x!ôܲ
§ÙÎ˚ x!ï˛Óy!•ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ – ï˛y•zñ !¢¢%Ó˚y !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ §Ùܲ«˛ˆÏòÓ˚
§yˆÏÌ ˆÎ x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ §ÙÎ˚ Óƒ!Î˚ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~!ê˛ ï˛yÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛
xyÜ,˛!ï˛ ˆòÎ˚–
˜l!ï˛Ü˛ !Óܲy¢ /
!¢¢%Ó˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xlƒï˛Ù à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aà •°
Ùyl!Óܲ !Ü ˛Î˚yà%ˆÏ°y §!ë˛Ü˛ Óy Ë)˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆ¢áy–
!¢¢%Ó˚ ˆÎ˲yˆÏÓ §!ë˛Ü˛ ~ÓÇ Ë%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ
x˛õÓ˚yôˆÏÓyô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ !lˆÏçˆÏܲ xlƒ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ fiÌyˆÏl Ó˚yáˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Îál xlƒÓ˚y §Ù§ƒyÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ï˛ál ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §y•y΃
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ~•z §Óà%ˆÏ°y ˜l!ï˛Ü˛ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ í˛z˛õyòyl– !ë˛Ü˛
ˆÎ˲yˆÏÓ !¢¢%Ó˚y K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ôy˛õˆÏܲ x!ï˛Óy!•ï˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚– °ˆÏÓ˚™ ˆÜ˛y°Óyà≈ ~Ó˚ Ùï˛yl%§yˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚y ˜l!ï˛Ü˛ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚
!Ó!˲ߨ ôyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚G x!ï˛Ü ˛Ù ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ Îy !¢¢%Ó˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ
76 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
§¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛– ˆÜ˛y°Óyà≈ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°
ˆÎáyˆÏl ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ˛ ~Ùl à“ Ó°y •Î˚ñ ˆÎáyˆÏl ã˛!Ó˚eà%ˆÏ°y ˜l!ï˛Ü˛
í˛z˲Î˚ §ÇܲˆÏê˛Ó˚ §¡ø%á#l •Î˚– !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ !çK˛y§y ܲÓ˚y •° í˛z˲Î˚
§ÇܲˆÏê˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~•z ã˛!Ó˚eà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ܲ# ܲÓ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛l⁄
ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ !¢¢%Ó˚y !Ó!˲ߨ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§ §!ë˛Ü˛ ~ÓÇ Ë%˛°ˆÏܲ !˲ߨ˲yˆÏÓ
!ã˛hs˝y ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y !¢¢%Ó˚yñ xÌy≈Í lÎ˚ ÓͧˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ñ Óy!•ƒÜ˛
«˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ myÓ˚y !ã˛hs˝y ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛yÓ˚ Ùï˛yl%§yˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ ¢y!hflÏ ˆòGÎ˚y
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Ü˛yÓ˚î ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyçà%ˆÏ°y Ë%˛° ~ÓÇ ˛õ%Ó˚%fl,Òï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛yÓ˚
ܲyÓ˚î ܲyçà%ˆÏ°y §!ë˛Ü˛– !¢¢% Óyí˛¸yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌñ xÌ≈yÍ ≤Ãyܲ
ÓÎ˚/§!rôܲyˆÏ°ñ ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xlƒˆÏòÓ˚ !lÎ˚ˆÏÙÓ˚ !Ólƒyϧ ˆÎÙl
!˛õï˛yÙyï˛y xÌÓy §ÙyˆÏ ç Ó˚ xy•z l §Ù) ˆ Ï • Ó˚ myÓ˚ y ˜l!ï˛Ü˛
ˆÎÔ!=˛Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ •Î˚– ~•z §ÙhflÏ !lÎ˚Ùà%ˆÏ°y !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚
ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚– ã˛!Ó˚eÓyl •GÎ˚y ï˛Ìy xlƒ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ fl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛
å¢y!hflÏ ˆ Ï Ü ˛ ly ~!í˛¸ ˆ Ï Î ˚ ä ˛õyGÎ˚ y Ó˚ í˛z ˆ Ï j ˆÏ ¢ ƒ ~•z à % ˆ Ï ° yˆÏ Ü ˛
x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#îܲÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– !¢¢%Ó˚y !lÎ˚ÙˆÏܲ !l!Ÿã˛ï˛ !lˆÏò≈!¢Ü˛y
!•§yˆÏÓ ˆòˆÏáñ ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y xl%§Ó˚î ܲÓ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛– ~•z hflψÏÓ˚ ˜l!ï˛Ü˛
!ã˛hs˝l xyˆÏ˛õ!«˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ xlÙl#Î˚– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ
ܲyç / 4É4
~ܲçl ˆÓ˚yà# à%Ó˚%ï˛Ó˚ xÓfiÌyñ Ó•% ÓSÈÓ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ •y§˛õyï˛yˆÏ°
˲!ï≈˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛ ˆòáy Îy!FSÈ° ly– ˆÓ˚yà#Ó˚
ç#Ól Ó˚«˛yܲyÓ˚# Îsf!ê˛ !ܲ ï%˛ˆÏ° ˆÊ˛°y í˛z!ã˛ï˛⁄ Óy ÚÚ xyÓ˚yˆÏÙÓ˚
ÙÓ˚îÛÛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aà ܲ# ⁄ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚
§yˆÏÌ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
ï˛yÓ˚y ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ˜l!ï˛Ü˛ !lÎ˚ÙyÓ!° !Óܲ!¢ï˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆòˆÏáSÈ ˆÎñ Óy°ƒÜ˛yˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆ¢ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚
Ü ˛ˆÏÙyߨ!ï˛Ó˚ •yÓ˚ !¢¢%Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §Ùß∫Î˚ ~ÓÇ Ë˛yÓ˚§yÙƒ Ó˚«˛y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
«˛Ùï˛yˆÏܲ Ó,!Âô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˲y£ÏyÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ âˆÏê˛ ~ÓÇ
!¢¢% Î%!=˛Ó˚ myÓ˚y ï˛Ü≈˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– §yÙy!çܲ˲yˆÏÓ !¢¢%Ó˚y
§yÙy!çܲ ÓƒÓfiÌy˛õlyñ ÎÌyÈüÈ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ñ §ÙÓÎ˚!§ˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏAà
x!ôܲÈüÈç!í˛¸ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# !Ó˲yˆÏàñ ÓÎ˚/§!rôܲy° ˆÌˆÏܲ
≤ÃyÆ ÓÎ˚flÒ xÓfiÌy ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ÙylÓ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï˛≈là%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ
ˆÓ˚áy!AÜ˛ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
ÓÎ˚/§!rôܲy°#l Óyôy§Ù)• /
•zLjÏÓ˚!ç ¢∑ Adolescence ܲÌy!ê˛ °ƒy!ê˛l ¢∑
Adolescere ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈ ÎyÓ˚ xÌ≈ Ú˛õ!Ó˚îÙˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌ
!Óܲ!¢ï˛ •GÎ˚y–Û ~!ê˛ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ Óy°ƒ ~ÓÇ ≤ÃyÆÓÎ˚ˆÏflÒÓ˚
ÙôƒÜ˛yˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l¢#°hflÏÓ˚– ÓÎ˚/§!rôܲy°ˆÏܲ §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚
ˆ§•z hflÏÓ˚ !•§yˆÏÓ §ÇK˛y!Î˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚ Îy ¢%Ó˚% •Î˚ ˜Ü˛ˆÏ¢yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲñ
Îál ˆÎÔl ˛õ!Ó˚îÙl Óy ≤ÃçlˆÏlÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y °kô •Î˚– ~!ê˛ ˜ç!Óܲ
~ÓÇ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ ò%•z ˲yˆÏÓ•z ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l hflÏÓ˚ ӈϰ x!˲!•ï˛
ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– Î!òG ~•z hflψÏÓ˚ âê˛y ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛là%ˆÏ°y §Ó≈çl#l
•Î˚ñ !ܲˆÏ¢yÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ x!˲K˛ï˛yà%%ˆÏ°y §yÙy!çܲñ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ ~ÓÇ
§yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ÙyeyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õ ˆÎ§Ó
§Çfl,Ò!ï˛ ˆÎáyˆÏl ÓÎ˚/§!rôܲy°ˆÏܲ §Ù§ƒyçlܲ xÌÓy !Óºy!hs˝Ü˛Ó˚
!•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˆòáy •Î˚ñ !ܲˆÏ¢yÓ˚Ó˚y G•z §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ó˚ ~ܲçl ˆÌˆÏܲ á%Ó
˛õ,Ìܲ x!˲K˛ï˛y °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ – ˆÎáyˆÏl ˜Ü˛ˆÏ¢yÓ˚ܲy°ˆÏܲ
≤ÃyÆÓÎ˚ˆÏflÒÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ~ÓÇ òy!Î˚c˛õ)î≈ ܲyç @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §)e˛õyï˛
Ó°y •Î˚– Î!òG x!ôܲyÇ¢ §ÙyˆÏç•z ÓÎ˚ı§!rôܲy°!ê˛ Ü˛Ù˛õˆÏ«˛
~ܲ!ê˛ §Ç!«˛Æ ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ܲy° ˛õÎ≈hs˝ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲñ ~!ê˛ §Ó §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ó˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z §Ó≈çl#l lÎ˚–
¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ !Óܲy¢ /
˜Ü˛ˆÏ¢yÓ˚ܲy° Óy !°Aà ˛õ!Ó˚˛õE˛ï˛y Óy°ƒÜ˛yˆÏ°Ó˚ §Ùy!ƈÏܲ
!ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ˛ ~ÓÇ Îy ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ Ó,!Âô ~ÓÇ !°Aà ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ
í˛z˲ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ lyê˛Ü˛#Î˚ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l myÓ˚y !ӈϢ£Ï˲yˆÏÓ
!ã˛!•´ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly âê˛ly lÎ˚ñ ÓÓ˚Ç ~!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü ˛Ùyß∫!Î˚ܲ
≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ xAà– ˜Ü˛ˆÏ¢yÓ˚ܲyˆÏ° •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl !là≈ï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî
Ù%რ~ÓÇ ˆàÔî !°Aà ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°y !Óܲ!¢ï˛ •Î˚– Ù%რ!°Aà
˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%!°Ó˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛ •° ˆ§•z °«˛îà%ˆÏ°y Îy ≤ÃçlˆÏlÓ˚ §ˆÏAà
≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ç!í˛¸ï˛ ~ÓÇ ˆàÔî °«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛ •° !°Aà
˛õ!Ó˚˛õE˛ï˛y ≤ÃyÆ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ °«˛î Óy !ã˛•´§Ù)•– ˆSȈϰˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
˜Ü˛ˆÏ¢yÓ˚ܲy°#l ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛là%ˆÏ°y Ù%áÙ[˛ˆÏ° òy!í˛¸ àçyˆÏlyñ à°yÓ˚
fl∫ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ~•z o%ï˛ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ myÓ˚y !ã˛!•´ï˛ •Î˚ – ˆÙˆÏÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ í˛zFã˛ï˛y o%ï˛•yˆÏÓ˚ Ó,!Âô ˛õyÎ˚ §yôyÓ˚îï˛ Úxyòƒ }ï%˛Û }ï%˛ã˛ˆÏÜ ˛Ó˚
¢%Ó˚%Ó˚ ò%•z ÓͧÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈•z– ˆSȈϰˆÏòÓ˚ 12 Óy 13 ÓͧÓ˚ ÓÎ˚§ ~ÓÇ
ˆÙˆÏÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe 10 Óy 11 ÓͧÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§•z §yôyÓ˚îï˛ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚
ˆòÔí˛¸ ¢%Ó˚% •Î˚– ˜Ü˛ˆÏ¢yÓ˚ܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ xl%Ü ˛ˆÏÙ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ
!Ó£ÏÎ˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ ~ܲ•zÓ˚Ü˛Ù Ü˛y°yl%Ü ˛!Ùܲ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ ò%•zçl
ˆSȈϰÓ˚ åxÌÓy ò%•zçl ˆÙˆÏÎ˚ä ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲçˆÏlÓ˚ ˜Ü˛ˆÏ¢yÓ˚ܲyˆÏ°Ó˚
xl%Ü ˛Ù §¡õ)î≈ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ xlƒçˆÏlÓ˚ ¢%Ó˚% •GÎ˚yÓ˚ xyˆÏà•z – ï˛yˆÏï˛
ÓÇ¢à!ï˛˛ ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ í˛z˲Î˚•z ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ x!˲ߨ ÎÙç ܲySÈyܲy!SÈ §ÙˆÏÎ˚•z xyòƒ
}ï%˛ˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õÔˆÏSÈ ÎyÎ˚ ºyï,˛cÙ)°Ü˛ ÎÙç ~Ó˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ó àˆÏí˛¸ ˆòáy
ÎyÎ˚ ôl# ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xy§y ˆÙˆÏÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ xyòƒ }ï%˛ ò!Ó˚o ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚
ˆÌˆÏܲ xy§y ˆÙˆÏÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ï˛yí˛¸yï˛y!í˛¸ •Î˚ó ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛
≤ÃÓîï˛yÎ˚ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ xyòƒ}ï%˛Ó˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§ •…y§ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈ Ü˛yÓ˚î
!¢ˆÏ“yß¨ï˛ ˆò¢à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ ˛õ%!T˛ ~ÓÇ í˛zß¨ï˛ !ã˛!ܲͧy ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ í˛z_Ù
ò,!T˛≤ÃòyˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî–
˜Ü˛ˆÏ¢yÓ˚ܲyˆÏ° ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ !ܲS%È §ÇáƒÜ˛
ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ÏlG xl%£ÏAàÜ ˛ˆÏÙ âˆÏê˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˜Ü˛ˆÏ¢yÓ˚ܲyˆÏ°
ܲySÈyܲy!SÈ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ !ܲˆÏ¢yÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ˆÏï˛ !°ˆÏAàÓ˚ §òˆÏ§ƒÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛
~ÓÇ ˆÎÔl !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›ˆÏï˛ xy@˝ÃˆÏ•Ó˚ Ó,!Âô •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÎÔl xl%Ë)˛!ï˛Ó˚
lï%˛l §ˆÏã˛ï˛lï˛yÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆÎÔlï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà
Óyí˛¸yÓ˚ ˆ˛õSȈÏl ˆÎ í˛z˛õyòylà%ˆÏ°y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ï˛y •° Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˜ç!Óܲ
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ §ˆÏã˛ï˛lï˛y ~ÓÇ §ÙÓÎ˚!§ñ !˛õï˛yÙyï˛y G
§ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ˆÎÔl ò,!T˛Ë˛Aà#Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ x!ôܲ à%Ó˚%c xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ܲÓ˚y–
~SÈyí˛¸yG xˆÏlܲ !ܲˆÏ¢yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎÔl ~ÓÇ ˆÎÔl ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛
í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ x˲yÓ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ ˆÎÔlï˛y G ˆÎÔl ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚
§¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ºyhs˝ ôyÓ˚îyG Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆÎÔlï˛y ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó£Î˚ ˆÎ!ê˛
!lˆÏÎ˚ !˛õï˛yÙyï˛yñ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ã˛ã≈˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ç!ê˛°ï˛y xl%˲Ó
ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛y•z !ܲˆÏ¢yÓ˚Ó˚y ˆÎÔl §¡∫rô#Î˚ !ӣψÏÎ˚ ˆày˛õl#Î˚ï˛y ÓçyÎ˚
Ó˚yˆÏá ÎyÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° !Ó!˲ߨ ï˛Ìƒ ~ÓÇ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ !Ó!lÙÎ˚ˆÏܲ xyˆÏÓ˚y
ܲ!ë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°– Óï≈˛ÙylܲyˆÏ° !ܲˆÏ¢yÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÎÔl xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚ñ xlƒylƒ ˆÎÔl §ÇÜ ˛yhs˝ ˆÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ !Ó˛õˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî í˛zˆÏmà
≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏFSÈ–
ˆÎÔl fl∫Ó˚)˛õˆÏcÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ ˆÎÔl ≤ÃÓîï˛yˆÏܲ §ÇK˛y!Î˚ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚
~ÓÇ ˆÎÔl xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ !lˆÏò≈¢ly ˆòÎ˚– ~•z˲yˆÏÓ ~!ê˛ !ܲˆÏ¢yÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚
ܲyˆÏSÈ ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ !Óܲy¢Ù)°Ü˛ ܲyç (Developmental
task) •ˆÏÎ˚ òÑyí˛¸yÎ˚– ÓÎ˚/§!rôܲy° ¢%Ó˚% •GÎ˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y
!lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚˚ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ܲ# !ã˛hs˝y ܲÓ˚⁄ !ܲˆÏ¢yÓ˚Ó˚y ~ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ xyFSÈߨ
•ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ ˆÎ ï˛yÓ˚y ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ˆòáˆÏï˛ñ ~ÓÇ ~!ê˛Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ùyl!§Ü˛
≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õ !Óܲ!¢ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˜¢¢ÓܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈
!Óܲy¢Ù)°Ü˛ ܲyç •° !lçfl∫ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õE˛ï˛yˆÏܲ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚y–
!ܲˆÏ¢yÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ @˝Ã•îˆÏÎyàƒ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ÓyhflÏ!Óܲ
≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õ !Óܲ!¢ï˛ ܲÓ˚y xï˛ƒyÓ¢ƒÜ˛#Î˚– ~ê˛y ÙˆÏl Ó˚yáy ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl
ˆÎ ÓÎ˚§!rôܲyˆÏ° ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛
~ÓÇ §yÙy!çܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛lG âˆÏê˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l /
!ܲˆÏ¢yÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝yôyÓ˚y xyÓ˚G ˆÓ!¢ !ÓÙ)ï≈˛ñ ï˛Ü≈˛!˲!_ܲ
~ÓÇ xyò¢≈Óyò# •ˆÏÎ˚ GˆÏë˛ ó ï˛yÓ˚y xyÓ˚G ˆÓ!¢ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝yôyÓ˚yñ
xlƒˆÏòÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝yôyÓ˚y ~ÓÇ xlƒÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ܲ# ˲yÓˆÏSÈ ˛ ï˛y
§«˛Ù˲yˆÏÓ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ÓÎ˚/§!rôܲy°#lˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒÜ˛yÓ˚
ˆÎÔ!=˛Ü˛ !Óܲy¢ ï˛yÓ˚ K˛yl˛ ~ÓÇ §yÙy!çܲ §ˆÏã˛ï˛lï˛yÎ˚˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
lï%˛l Ùyey ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– !˛õÑÎ˚yˆÏçÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ñÚ≤ÃÌyàï˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yààï˛
!ã˛hs˝yÛ ~àyˆÏÓ˚y ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õˆÏlˆÏÓ˚y ÓͧÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆòáy ˆòÎ˚–
xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ 4 • ÙylÓ !Óܲy¢ 77
~•z hflψÏÓ˚ !ܲˆÏ¢yÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝y ÓyhflÏ!Óܲ Ù)ï≈˛ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛Ó˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ !Óhfl,Ï!ï˛
°y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆ§•z xl%˲Óà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚y x!ôܲ !ÓÙ)ï≈˛
Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ !ã˛hs˝y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ Î%!=˛ ≤Ãòyl
ܲˆÏÓ˚– !ÓÙ)ï≈˛ï˛yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ ˜ÏܲˆÏ¢yÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ xyò¢≈Óyò# !ã˛hs˝y˲yÓlyG
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– !ܲˆÏ¢yÓ˚Ó˚y !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ~ÓÇ xlƒˆÏòÓ˚ xyò¢≈ ã˛!Ó˚e
!òˆÏÎ˚ !ã˛hs˝y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z xyò¢≈ ÙylòˆÏ[˛ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚
§yˆÏÌ xlƒˆÏòÓ˚ ï%˛°ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ – í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ ~ܲçl xyò¢≈
!˛õï˛yÙyï˛y ˆÜ˛Ùl •ˆÏÓ ˆ§ ~•z Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !lˆÏçÓ˚
Ùyï˛y!˛õï˛yÓ˚ ï%˛°ly ~•z xyò¢≈ ÙylòˆÏ[˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ܲáˆÏly
ܲáˆÏly ~!ê˛ !ܲˆÏ¢yÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓfløˆÏÎ˚ ˆÊ˛°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎñ ~•z lï%˛l
˛õyGÎ˚y xyòˆÏ¢≈Ó˚ ÙylòˆÏu˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yl‰!ê˛ˆÏܲ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚y
í˛z!ã˛ï˛– !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤ÃyÓ˚!Ω˛Ü˛ hflψÏÓ˚ Ìyܲy !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ myÓ˚y ÓƒÓ•,ï˛
≤ÃˆÏ ã ˛T˛y G Ë% ˛ ˆÏ ° Ó˚ ò, ! T˛Ë˛Aà#Ó˚ ï% ˛ °lyÎ˚ §Ù§ƒy §ÙyôyˆÏ l
!ܲˆÏ¢yÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝l xˆÏlܲê˛y•z ˛¢,C°yÓÂô •Î˚˛– ï˛yÓ˚y ܲyˆÏç ~ܲ!ê˛
§Ω˛yÓƒ à!ï˛˛õÌ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !ã˛hs˝y ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆÜ˛l !ܲS%È âˆÏê˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ˆÎ˲yˆÏÓ
~!ê˛ xyˆÏSÈ ï˛yÓ˚ ¢,C°yÓÂô §Ùyôyl ˆáÑyˆÏç– !˛õÑÎ˚yˆÏç ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
ˆÎÔ!=˛Ü˛ !ã˛hs˝lˆÏܲ Úxl%Ùyl!˲!_ܲ xÓˆÏÓ˚y•# ˆÎÔ!=˛Ü˛Ü˛Ó˚îÛ
ӈϰˆÏSÈl–
Î%!=˛Ù)°Ü˛ !ã˛hs˝l ˜l!ï˛Ü˛ ˆÎÔ!=˛Ü˛Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ˆÏܲG
≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– §yÙy!çܲ !lÎ˚Ùà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˛õÓ˚Ù xyò¢≈
!•§yˆÏÓ àîƒ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚ ly ~ÓÇ ˜l!ï˛Ü˛ !ã˛hs˝ˆÏl !ܲS%È lÙl#Î˚ï˛y
ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– !ܲˆÏ¢yÓ˚Ó˚y !Óܲ“ ˜l!ï˛Ü˛ à!ï˛˛õˆÏÌÓ˚ í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ
!ÓܲˆÏ“Ó˚ xˆÏß∫£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ˜l!ï˛Ü˛ !lÎ˚ÙyÓ!°Ó˚
myÓ˚y !§Âôyhs˝ ˆlÎ˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ xyÙyÓ˚ ô)Ù˛õyÎ˚# ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ˆÏòÓ˚
ÙˆÏï˛y xyÙyÓ˚G !ܲ ô)Ù˛õyl ܲÓ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛⁄ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yˆÏï˛ lܲ° ܲÓ˚y
!ܲ l#!ï˛§¡øï˛⁄ ~!ê˛ !ܲˆÏ¢yÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §yÙy!çܲ xyò¢≈à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ
ly ÙylyÓ˚ §Ω˛yÓlyG í˛zͲõߨ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Î!ò ˆ§ ï˛yÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ˜l!ï˛Ü˛
!lÎ˚ÙyÓ!°Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ mrô •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ ~•z ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§Ó˚
Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye ܲˆÏ°ˆÏçÓ˚ !lÎ˚Ù ÙylˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô
≤Ãò¢≈lܲyÓ˚# xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏl ˆÎyàòyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ – ˜Ü˛ˆÏ¢yÓ˚Ó˚y
~ܲ !ӈϢ£Ï ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ xydˆÏܲ!wܲï˛yÓ˚G !Óܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
ˆí˛!Ë˛í˛ ~°Ü˛y•zu˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚ Ùï˛yl%§yˆÏÓ˚ñ ܲy“!lܲ ˆflÀyï˛y ~ÓÇ Óƒ!=˛àï˛
í˛z˛õܲÌy !ܲˆÏ¢yÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ xydˆÏܲ!wܲï˛yÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ í˛z˛õyòyl– ܲy“!lܲ
ˆflÀyï˛y !ܲˆÏ¢yÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ÓŸªy§ ˆÎ xlƒylƒ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚y ï˛yÓ˚
≤Ã!ï˛ Îï˛ê˛y í˛zß√ly ï˛ï˛ê˛y ˆ§ !lˆÏçG í˛zß√ly– ï˛yÓ˚y ܲ“ly ܲˆÏÓ˚
ˆÎ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚y §Ó§ÙÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ lçÓ˚ !òˆÏFSÈ ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛
ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆSȈϰÓ˚ ܲÌy ܲ“ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ
ˆ§ ï˛yÓ˚ ¢yˆÏê≈˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆ°ˆÏà Ìyܲy ܲy!°Ó˚ òyˆÏàÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆ°yܲ
ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà ˆòˆÏÓ xÌÓy ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÙˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÓ˚ àyˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ Ê%˛fl%Ò!í˛¸
xyˆÏSÈñ ˆ§ ˲yÓˆÏSÈ ˆÎ ˆ°yܲ ï˛yÓ˚ cܲ áyÓ˚y˛õ ~ê˛y !lˆÏÎ˚ !ã˛hs˝y
78 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~!ê˛ •° ˆ§•z ܲy“!lܲ ˆ◊yï˛y Îy ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛
xyd§ˆÏã˛ï˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°– Óƒ!=˛àï˛ l#!ï˛Ü˛Ìy !ܲˆÏ¢yÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚
xydˆÏܲ!wܲï˛yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xÇ¢ ÎyˆÏï˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ x!mï˛#Î˚ •GÎ˚yÓ˚
xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ !l!•ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– !ܲˆÏ¢yÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ x!mï˛#Î˚ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ˆÏï˛
~Ùl ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ xlƒ
ˆÜ˛í˛z í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ly– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ ~ܲçl !ܲˆÏ¢yÓ˚# !ã˛hs˝y
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ ˆ§ ~ܲçl Órô% myÓ˚y !ÓŸªy§âyï˛Ü˛ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ˆÎ Ü˛T˛
ˆ§ xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛y xlƒ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚y í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ly–
§yôyÓ˚îï˛ ~Ùl ¢%lˆÏï˛ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ !ܲˆÏ¢yÓ˚Ó˚y !˛õï˛yÙyï˛yˆÏܲ
ӈϰ ˆÎñ Úˆï˛yÙÓ˚y xyÙyˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛ lyÛ– !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛àï˛
x!mï˛#Î˚ï˛yÓ˚ xl%Ë˛ÓˆÏܲ ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ ÓyhflÏÓ ˆÌˆÏܲ ò)ˆÏÓ˚
§ˆÏÓ˚ ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ çàÍ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ï˛yÓ˚y Ó˚)˛õܲÌyÎ˚ ˛õ)î≈
!ܲS%È à“ Ó%ˆÏl – Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ˜l!ï˛Ü˛ à“à%ˆÏ°y ≤ÃyÎ˚•z !ܲˆÏ¢yÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚
ˆÓ˚yçlyÙã˛yÓ˚ xÇ¢ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
fl∫Ó˚)˛õc àë˛l
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y xÓ¢ƒ•z ~Ùl ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚ á%шÏçSÈ / xy!Ù ˆÜ˛⁄
xyÙyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yl‰ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ ˛˛õí˛¸yˆÏ¢yly ܲÓ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛⁄ xy!Ù !ܲ
{ŸªˆÏÓ˚ !ÓŸªy§#⁄ ~•z§Ó ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ í˛z_ˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲçˆÏlÓ˚ xydxl%Ë)˛!ï˛Ó˚
§ÇK˛y Óy fl∫Ó˚)˛õc xl%§rôyˆÏlÓ˚ !çK˛y§ƒÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ç!í˛¸ï˛– fl∫Ó˚)˛õc
•° ï%˛!Ù ˆÜ˛ ~ÓÇ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyôñ ≤Ã!ï˛◊%!ï˛ ~ÓÇ !ÓŸªy§ ܲ#
ï˛yˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚– !ܲˆÏ¢yÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ܲyç •° ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
!˛õï˛yÙyï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ fl∫Ó˚)˛õc ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚y– ÓÎ˚/§!rôܲyˆÏ°
~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó!FSÈߨï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ Óƒ!=˛àï˛ !ÓŸªyˆÏ§Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
!ÓlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢ §«˛Ù ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ° Îy x!˲lÓ Ë˛yˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚
!lçfl∫– fl∫Ó˚)˛õc °y˲ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÎ˚ ˜Ü˛ˆÏ¢yÓ˚Ó˚y !˛õï˛yÙyï˛yÓ˚
§yˆÏÌ ~ÓÇ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ mˆÏrôÓ˚ x!˲K˛ï˛y °y˲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚– !ܲˆÏ¢yÓ˚Ó˚y ÎyÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ mrôÙ)°Ü˛ fl∫Ó˚)˛õˆÏcÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ
x!˲ˆÏÎyçl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚y !lˆÏçÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ lï%˛l
xydxl%Ë)˛!ï˛˛ !Óܲ!¢ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– !ܲˆÏ¢yÓ˚Ó˚y ÎyÓ˚y fl∫Ó˚)˛õc
§ÇܲˆÏê˛Ó˚ §ˆÏAà Ùy!lˆÏÎ˚ !lˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù •Î˚ ly ï˛yÓ˚y !Ó!˲ߨ !Óºy!hs˝Ó˚
§¡ø%á#l •Î˚– ~!Ó˚ܲ§lÈüÈ~Ó˚ Ùï˛yl%§yˆÏÓ˚ñ ~•z Úfl∫Ó˚)˛õˆÏcÓ˚ §Çܲê˛Û
Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ !lˆÏçÓ˚ ˆá°yô)°yÓ˚ §yÌ# ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ !Ó!FSÈߨï˛yÓ˚
˛õˆÏÌ ã˛y!°ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ xÌÓy ï˛yÓ˚y ˲#ˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
xyd˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ •y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°– ~ܲ!òˆÏܲ !ܲˆÏ¢yÓ˚Ó˚y ˆÎÙl !lˆÏçÓ˚
fl∫ï˛sfï˛yÓ˚ •zFSÈy ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ !ܲv ˆ§ ~ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˲Î˚G
ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !lˆÏçÓ˚ Ùyï˛y!˛õï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ xï˛ƒ!ôܲ !lË≈˛Ó˚ï˛y
≤Ãò¢≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚– xyd!ÓŸªy§ ~ÓÇ !lÓ˚y˛õ_y•#lï˛yÓ˚ ˲yÓlyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
x!ÓÓ˚yÙ x!fiÌÓ˚ï˛y ~•z hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ–
 !ܲˆÏ¢yÓ˚Ó˚y ~ܲ§ÙÎ˚ x!˲ˆÏÎyà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ xlƒÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
§yˆÏÌ Ú!¢¢% ˆË˛ˆÏÓÛ xyã˛Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆÎáyˆÏl xlƒ!òˆÏܲ xyÓyÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚y•z
fl∫yFSÈ®ƒ ˆáÑyçyÓ˚ çlƒ Ùyï˛y!˛õï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#° •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
~ܲ!ê˛ fl∫Ó˚)˛õc ≤ÃyÆ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˆ§ !lˆÏçÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛ï˛y ~ÓÇ
x!˲ߨï˛yÓ˚ xl%§rôyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ x!ôܲ òy!Î˚c Ó•l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !lˆÏçÓ˚
§¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ §%flõT˛ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ xÌ≈yÍ ~ܲ!ê˛ fl∫Ó˚)˛õc °y˲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ÓÎ˚§!rôܲy°#l hflψÏÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚)˛õˆÏcÓ˚ àë˛l !Ó!˲ߨ í˛z˛õyòyl myÓ˚y
≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õê˛Ë)˛!Ùñ õy!Ó˚Óy!Ó˚ܲ G §yÙy!çܲ
Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyôñ çy!ï˛àï˛ ˛õê˛Ë)˛!Ù ~ÓÇ §Ùyç xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ xÓfiÌyñ
~à%ˆÏ°y §ÙyˆÏç ~ܲ!ê˛ fiÌyl ˛õyGÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ !ܲˆÏ¢yÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ xl%§rôyˆÏl
≤Ã˲yÓ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ !ܲˆÏ¢yÓ˚Ó˚y Óy!í˛¸Ó˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ x!ôܲ
§ÙÎ˚ ÓƒÎ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ §ÙÓÎ˚!§ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ §ÙÌ≈l ï˛Ìy
@˝Ã•îˆÏÎyàƒï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÓ° ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛y•z ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ
˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §¡õÜ≈˛à%ˆÏ°y Ü˛Ù à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ •ˆÏÎ˚ GˆÏ벖 §ÙÓÎ˚!§ˆÏòÓ˚
§yˆÏÌ Ó!ô≈ï˛ !ÙÌ!fl;Î˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §yÙy!çܲ ò«˛ï˛y ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ¢yôl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
~ÓÇ !Ó!˲ߨ §yÙy!çܲ xyã˛Ó˚î ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §%ˆÏÎyà ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚–
§ÙÓÎ˚§# ~ÓÇ x!˲˲yÓܲÓ˚y •° ˜mï˛ ã˛y˛õñ ÎyÓ˚ !ܲˆÏ¢yÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚ à%Ó˚%ï˛Ó˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ܲáˆÏly ܲáˆÏly x!˲˲yÓܲˆÏòÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ
m®µÙ)°Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ §ÙÓÎ˚!§ˆÏòÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Ó!ô≈ï˛ fl∫Ó˚)˛õˆÏcÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ
˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– !ܲv x!˲˲yÓܲ ~ÓÇ §ÙÓÎ˚!§ §yôyÓ˚îï˛
˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)Ó˚ܲ Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !ܲˆÏ¢yÓ˚Ó˚y !Ó!˲ߨ ã˛y!•òyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚ï,˛!Æ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ Ó,!_Ù)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!ï˛◊%!ï˛ !ܲˆÏ¢yÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚)˛õˆÏcÓ˚
àë˛lˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ xyÓ˚G ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ܲyÓ˚î– ÚÓˆÏí˛¸y
•ˆÏÎ˚ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ܲ# •ˆÏÓ⁄ ~•z ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ çlƒ ˲!Ó£ÏƒÍ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !ã˛hs˝y
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §yÙÌ≈ƒ ~ÓÇ ÓyhflÏ!Óܲ G xç≈lˆÏÎyàƒ °«˛ƒà%ˆÏ°y !lô≈yÓ˚î
ܲÓ˚ ˆ Ï ï ˛ §ÙÌ≈ ܲˆÏ Ó ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ ° – !ܲS% È §Çfl, Ò !ï˛ˆÏ ï ˛ Î% Ó Ü˛ˆÏ ò Ó˚
ˆ˛õ¢yÈüÈ!lÓ≈yã˛l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ fl∫yô#lï˛y ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl xlƒylƒ
!ܲS%È §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ~•z !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ~•zÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ ˛õSȈϮÓ˚
!Óܲ“ ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ly– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeñ !˛õï˛yÙyï˛y myÓ˚y à,•#ï˛
!§Âôyhs˝•z !¢¢%Ó˚y @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– !Ó£ÏÎ˚ !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏl ˛õSȈϮÓ˚
!Ó£ÏÎ˚ !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ x!˲K˛ï˛y ܲ# !SÈ°⁄ !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚
ˆ˛õ¢yàï˛ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl !ÓòƒyÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆÜ˛y§≈ ~ÓÇ ç#!ÓܲyÓ˚
à%îÙyl §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ ï˛Ìƒ ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ã˛yÜ%˛!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ˆ˛õ¢y
!lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !§ÂôyˆÏhs˝ !lˆÏò≈¢ly ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ãôyl §ÇflÀÓ
~ܲçl ≤ÃyÆÓÎ˚flÒ Óƒ!=˛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ xyÙÓ˚y Îál !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚
ÓÎ˚/§!rôܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚ܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ò,!T˛ !lˆÏ«˛˛õ ܲ!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ mrôñ
x!lŸã˛Î˚ ï ˛yñ xyܲ!fløܲ !l/§Aàï˛yñ ˆày¤˛# ã˛y˛õ ≤ÃË, ˛ !ï˛
!Ó£ÏÎ˚à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˛õ%lÓ˚%ˆÏoܲ ܲ!ÏÓ˚ñ ï˛ál xyÙÓ˚y xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛!ÏÓ˚ ˆÎ
~ê˛y !l!Ÿã˛ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ~ܲ!ê˛ flõ¢≈ܲyï˛Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚ !SÈ°– ÓÎ˚/§!rôܲy°#l
§ÙˆÏÎ˚ §ÙÓÎ˚!§ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓñ lï%˛l x!ç≈ï˛ fl∫yô#lï˛yñ xÙ#ÙyÇ!§ï˛
§Ù§ƒy ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xˆÏlˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ•z x§%!ÓôyÓ˚ §,!T˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
§ÙÓÎ˚!§ˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛y˛õ xl%§Ó˚î •z!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ ~ÓÇ ˆl!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ í˛z˲Î˚•z
•ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˜Ü˛ˆÏ¢yÓ˚Ó˚y ≤ÃyÎ˚¢•z ô)Ù˛õylñ Ùyòܲ˛oÓƒñ Ùòƒ˛õyl
~ÓÇ Ùyï˛y!˛õï˛yÓ˚ !lÎ˚ÙyÓ!°Ó˚ ˲y.l §¡õ!ÏÜ≈˛ï˛ !§ÂôyˆÏhs˝Ó˚
§¡ø%á#l •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~•z§Ó !§Âôyhs˝ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ly
ˆçˆÏ l !lˆÏ ï ˛ ˛õyˆÏ Ó ˚ – !ܲˆÏ ¢ yÓ˚ Ó ˚ y x!lŸã˛Î˚ ï ˛yñ ~ܲyܲ#cñ
xydÈüȧˆÏ®•ñ í˛z!m@¿ï˛y ~ÓÇ !lˆÏçÓ˚G !lˆÏçÓ˚ ˲!Ó£ÏƒÍ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛
í˛zˆÏmˆÏàÓ˚ §¡ø%á#l •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Îál ï˛yÓ˚y !Óܲy¢Ù)°Ü˛
Óyôyà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ x!ï˛Ü ˛Ù ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛ál ï˛yÓ˚y í˛zˆÏ_çlyñ xyl® ~ÓÇ
§«˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛Ó˚ x!˲K˛ï˛y xç≈l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~ál ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y
˜Ü˛ˆÏ¢yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ܲS%È Óyôy§Ù)•ñ ÎÌyÈüÈ x˛õÓ˚yôñ ÙyòܲoˆÏÓƒÓ˚ x˛õÓƒÓ•yÓ˚
~ÓÇ áyòƒ@˝Ã•î §¡∫rô#Î˚ Óƒy!ô §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏÓ–
x˛õÓ˚yô≤ÃÓî !¢¢% (Delinquency) :
x˛õÓ˚yô !Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚îà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ •z!Aàï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ §yÙy!çܲ Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ xfl∫#Ü,˛ï˛ xyã˛Ó˚î ˆÌˆÏܲ ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ
x˛õÓ˚yô ~ÓÇ x˛õÓ˚yôÙ)°Ü˛ ܲyçG Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– fl%Ò° ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õy°yˆÏlyñ
âÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õy!°ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyGÎ˚yñ ã%˛!Ó˚ñ ÓÓ≈Ó˚Ù)°Ü˛ xyã˛Ó˚î §¡õyòl
ܲÓ˚y ≤Ã˲, !ï˛ í˛zòy•Ó˚îà%ˆ°
Ï y ~Ó˚ xhs˝Ë˛≈=% ˛– ˆÎ§Ó !ܲˆÏ¢yÓ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ x˛õÓ˚yô
≤ÃÓîï˛y ~ÓÇ xyã˛Ó˚îÙ)°Ü˛ §Ù§ƒy Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆl!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛
xyd ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ñ !ÓŸªyˆÏ§ âyê˛!ï˛ ~ÓÇ !l¡¨ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zÍܲ£Ï≈ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚–
x˛õÓ˚yô≤ÃÓîï˛y §yôyÓ˚îï˛ !˛õï˛yÙyï˛yÓ˚ !l¡¨ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ §•ˆÏÎy!àï˛yñ
xl%˛õÎ%=˛ xl%¢y§l ~ÓÇ ˛õy!Ó˚˛õy!Ÿª≈ܲ !ÓÓyˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ç!í˛¸ï˛–
≤ÃyÎ˚•z !ܲˆÏ¢yÓ˚Ó˚y ÎyÓ˚y ~•z §¡±òyÎ˚Ë%˛=˛ ÎyÓ˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ •° ò!Ó˚oï˛yñ
ˆÓܲyÓ˚c ~ÓÇ Ùôƒ!Ó_ñ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲydï˛yÓ˚ x˲yÓ ï˛yÓ˚y ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà
xyܲ£Ï≈ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ ~ÓÇ §•ˆÏÎyà#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ çl!≤ÃÎ˚ï˛y °y˲ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
çlƒ x§yÙy!çܲ ܲyç ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– Îy•zˆÏ•yܲñ x!ôܲyÇ¢
x˛õÓ˚yô≤ÃÓî !¢¢%Ó˚y !ã˛Ó˚ܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ çlƒ x˛õÓ˚yô≤ÃÓî •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ
ly– x˛õÓ˚yôÙ)°Ü˛ xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ •…y§ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚
§ÙÓÎ˚!§ òˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛lñ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ §yÙy!çܲ òy!Î˚cà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛
x!ôܲ §ˆÏã˛ï˛lï˛y ~ÓÇ xydˆÏÎyàƒï˛yÓ˚ xl%˲ˆÏÓÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ñ xyò¢≈
Óƒ!=˛ •z!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ xyã˛Ó˚îà%!°Ó˚ xl%ܲÓ˚îñ ˆl!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ ÙˆÏly˲yˆÏÓÓ˚
á[˛l ~ÓÇ ò%Ó≈° xydôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ x!ï˛Ü ˛Ùî–
ÙyòܲoˆÏÓƒÓ˚ x˛õÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ (Substance Abuse) :
˜Ü˛ˆÏ¢yÓ˚ܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚!ê˛ ô)Ù˛õylñ Ùòƒ˛õyl Óy ÙyòÜ oˆÏÓƒÓ˚
x˛õÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛y ÌyˆÏܲ– !ܲS%È !ܲˆÏ¢yÓ˚Ó˚y ˛õ#í˛¸ˆÏlÓ˚ §ˆÏAà
xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ 4 • ÙylÓ !Óܲy¢ 79
áy˛õ áyGÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ô)Ù˛õyl Óy Ùyòܲ oÓƒ ˆ§ÓˆÏlÓ˚ xy◊Î˚ !lˆÏÎ˚
ÌyˆÏܲ– ~!ê˛ §Çà!ï˛§yôˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÜ˛Ô¢°à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ òy!Î˚c˛õ)î≈
!§Âôyhs˝ @˝Ã•ˆÏî •hflψϫ˛˛õ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ô)Ù˛õyl Óy ÙyòܲoˆÏÓƒÓ˚
ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xˆÏlܲ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §ÙÓÎ˚!§ˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛y˛õ ~ÓÇ ˆày¤˛#
myÓ˚y !ܲˆÏ¢yÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ã˛y!•òyñ xÌÓy ≤ÃyÆÓÎ˚flÒˆÏòÓ˚ lƒyÎ˚
xyã˛Ó˚î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ •zFSÈy xÌÓy !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ܲyç Óy §yÙy!çܲ
ܲyÎ≈ܲ°y˛õ ã˛y˛õ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ°yÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˆòáy
ˆàˆÏSÈ ˆÎ !ܲˆÏ¢yÓ˚ ÎyÓ˚y ÙyòܲoÓƒñ Ùò ~ÓÇ ï˛yÙyˆÏܲÓ˚ xy§!=˛Ó˚
≤Ã!ï˛ flõ¢≈ܲyï˛Ó˚ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚y xyˆÏÓà≤ÃÓî ~ÓÇ x!lŸã˛Î˚ï˛y
Ü,˛!ï˛ˆÏcÓ˚ çlƒ ò%Ó≈° xydfl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛ ~ÓÇ ò%Ó≈° ≤Ãï˛ƒy¢y ÌyˆÏܲ–
§ÙÓÎ˚!§ˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛y˛õ ~ÓÇ §ÙÓÎ˚!§ˆÏòÓ˚ òˆÏ° ÌyܲyÓ˚ ã˛y!•òy
!ܲˆÏ¢yÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ Ùyòܲ oÓƒñ Ùò ~ÓÇ ô)Ù˛õyl ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Óyôƒ
ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ lï%˛Óy ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õ•y§yflõò •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ •Î˚– Î!ò Ùyòܲ
oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ò#â≈ §ÙÎ˚ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ã˛°ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ~!ê˛
¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ï˛y xÌ≈yÍ ÙyòܲoÓƒñ Ùò xÌÓy ï˛yÙyˆÏܲÓ˚
≤Ã!ï xy§!=˛Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ !lˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ Îy !ܲˆÏ¢yÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ Óy!ܲ ç#ÓlˆÏܲ
àΩ˛#Ó˚˲yˆÏÓ !Ó˛õߨ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°– Ùyòܲ oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ x˛õÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ˆÏܲ
≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yô ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ !˛õï˛yÈüÈÙyï˛yñ §ÙÓÎ˚!§ñ ˲y•zÈüȈÓyl ~ÓÇ
≤ÃyÆ ÓÎ˚flÒˆÏòÓ˚ •z!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ §¡õÜ≈˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ lï%˛l !ò!Õ‘ˆÏï˛ Úˆ§y§y•z!ê˛ Ê˛Ó˚ !̈ÏÎ˚ê˛yÓ˚ •zl
~í%˛ˆÏܲ¢l ˆ≤Ãy@˝ÃyÙÛ lyÙܲ ÙyòܲoÓƒ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ê˛° ܲyÎ≈Ü ˛Ù
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ï˛yÓ˚y 13ÈüÈ25 ÓͧÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏlyÓ˚OˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ
§í˛¸Ü˛ ≤Ãò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ÙyòܲoÓƒ ˆ§Ól ˆÌˆÏܲ !ÓÓ˚ï˛ ÌyܲyÓ˚
!¢«˛y ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– United Nations International Drug
Control Programme (UNDCP) ~•z ܲÙ≈§)ã˛#ˆÏܲ ˆ§•z
≤ÈÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ §Çàë˛l myÓ˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zòy•Ó˚î !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ !lÓ≈yã˛l
ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
áyòƒ@˝Ã•î §¡∫rô#Î˚ Óƒï˛ƒÎ˚ / (Eating Disorders)
ÓÎ˚/§!rôܲy°#lˆÏòÓ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ xyˆÏÓ¢ ܲ“ly çàˆÏï˛
Óy§ ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ §ÙÓÎ˚!§ˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ï%˛°ly ܲÓ˚yÈüÈ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl ï˛yÓ˚y !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛
xyˆÏÓ¢ˆÏܲ xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– Anorexia Nervosa ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛
áyòƒ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ Óƒï˛ƒÎ˚ Îy xly•yÓ˚ myÓ˚y ˆÓ˚yày •GÎ˚yÓ˚ !lÓ˚hs˝Ó˚
≤ÈÏã˛T˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ç!í˛¸ï˛– §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ !ܲˆÏ¢yÓ˚Ó˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
áyòƒ ï˛y!°Ü˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ !l!ò≈T˛ !ܲS%È áyòƒˆÏܲ Óyò ˆòÎ˚ xÌÓy ¢%ô%Ùye
Gçl ܲÙyˆÏlyÓ˚ áyòƒ•z @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚– àîÙyôƒÙà%ˆÏ°yG ˆÓ˚yày
•GÎ˚yˆÏܲ xï˛ƒhs˝ xyܲy!Cï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛FSÈ!Ó Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
ˆÓ˚yày •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ~Ùl xyô%!lܲ ≤Ã!ï˛FSÈ!ÓˆÏܲ xl%ܲÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y
~lyˆÏÓ˚y!:Î˚y lyˆÏË≈˛y§yÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ã˛y!°ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– Bulimia •° xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ
80 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ áyòƒ §¡∫rô#Î˚ Óƒï˛ƒÎ˚ ÎyˆÏï˛ Óƒ!=˛ x!ï˛ áyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ˛õˆÏÓ˚
ˆÓ˚ã˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ (binge-and-purge) ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õrÌy xl%§Ó˚î
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛ x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ xy•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ fl∫ •zFSÈyÎ˚
Ó!Ù Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ xÌÓy ˆçy°y˛õ myÓ˚y ˆÓ˚ã˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ §ÙˆÏÎ˚
í˛zˆÏ˛õy§ˆÏܲG !Óܲ“ !•§yˆÏÓ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~lyˆÏÓ˚y!:Î˚y lyˆÏË≈˛y§y
~ÓÇ Ó%!°!ÙÎ˚y ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ˲yˆÏÓ Ù!•°yˆÏòÓ˚ Óƒï˛ƒÎ˚ñ Îy §yôyÓ˚îï˛
¢•Ó˚yM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚à%!°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛–
≤ÃyÆÓÎ˚flÒܲy° ~ÓÇ Ó,ÂôyÓfiÌy
(Adulthood and Old Age)
~ܲçl ≤ÃyÆÓÎ˚flÒˆÏܲ §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ~Ùl ~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛
!•§yˆÏÓ §ÇK˛y!Î˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚ ˆÎ ly!ܲ òy!Î˚c¢#°ñ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õE˛ñ xyd
!lË≈˛Ó˚ ~ÓÇ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §%§Ù!ß∫ï˛– ~•z ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢
!˲ߨï˛y ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ñ Îy ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛y ÎyÎ˚ñ Îál ~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛
≤ÃyÆÓÎ˚flÒ •Î˚ xÌÓy ≤ÃyÆÓÎ˚ˆÏflÒÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy xl%Ùyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛ál
§ÙÎ˚ !lô≈yÓ˚ˆÏî ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚˛– ˆÜ˛í˛z ˆÜ˛í˛z˛ !lˆÏçÓ˚ ܲˆÏ°ˆÏçÓ˚
˛õí˛¸yˆÏ¢ylyÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ ã˛yÜ%˛!Ó˚G ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ xÌÓyñ !ÓˆÏÎ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˛õí˛¸yˆÏ¢yly ˆSȈÏí˛¸ ˆòÎ˚– xlƒÓ˚y !ÓˆÏÎ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚G
~ÓÇ xy!Ì≈ܲ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ xyd!lË≈˛Ó˚ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚G !˛õï˛yÙyï˛yÓ˚
§ˆÏAà Ó§Óy§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ≤ÃyÆÓÎ˚flÒˆÏòÓ˚ Ë)˛!ÙܲyÓ˚ xl%Ùyl
Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ §yÙy!çܲ ≤çAà myÓ˚y !lˆÏò≈!¢ï˛ •Î˚– ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ §Óã˛y•zˆÏï˛
à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ âê˛lyÓ!°Ó˚ åˆÎÙlÈüÈ !ÓÓy•ñ ã˛yÜ%˛!Ó˚ñ §hs˝yl •GÎ˚yä
§ˆÏÓ≈y_Ù §ÙÎ˚ •Î˚ˆÏï˛y !Ó!˲ߨ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ˆÏï˛ !˲ߨ !ܲv ~ܲ•z
§Çfl,Ò!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤ÃyÆÓÎ˚ˆÏflÒ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÌ §yò,¢ƒ ÌyˆÏܲ–
≤ÃyÓ˚!Ω˛Ü˛ ≤ÃyÆÓÎ˚flÒ hflψÏÓ˚ñ ò%!ê˛ Ù%áƒ Ü˛yç •°ñ ≤ÃyÆ ÓÎ˚flÒ
ç#ÓlÎyeyÓ˚ §Ω˛yÓlyà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ xl%§rôyl ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ~ܲ!ê˛
!fiÌ!ï˛¢#° ç#ÓlôyÓ˚ y ˛ !Óܲ!¢ï˛ ܲÓ˚ y – !ÓÇ¢!ï˛ï˛Ù ÓÎ˚ § ñ
≤ÃyÆÓÎ˚flÒˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ lÓ!¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ˛õÓ≈ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ í˛z˛õfiÌy!˛õï˛
•Î˚– ~•z §ÙÎ˚ ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚Ü ˛ˆÏÙ ~ܲ!ê˛ !lË≈˛Ó˚ï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ xyd!lË≈˛Ó˚ï˛yÎ˚
Ó˚)˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ •GÎ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛– ~ܲçl Î%ÓˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲ# ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ç#Ól ã˛yÎ˚ñ
!ӈϢ£Ïï˛ ï˛yÓ˚ !ÓÓy• ï˛Ìy Ó,!_ Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ~•z ≤Ã!ï˛FSÈ!Ó myÓ˚y ~•z!ê˛
!lˆÏò≈!¢ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
ˆõ¢y ~ÓÇ Ó,!_
ç#!Óܲy í˛z˛õyç≈lñ ˆ˛õ¢y !lô≈yÓ˚î ï˛Ìy ˆ˛õ¢y !Óܲ!¢ï˛
ܲÓ˚y Ü%˛!í˛¸ ~ÓÇ !e¢ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§ ˆ°yܲˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ !Ó£ÏÎ˚–
ܲÙ≈ç#ÓˆÏl ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲÓ˚y ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ç#ÓlˆÏܲ•z ~ܲ!ê˛
≤Ã!ï˛m!®µï˛y ˛õ)î≈ âê˛ly– !Ó!˲ߨ §Çà!ï˛!Óôylñ ܲyˆÏÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õyÓ˚ò!¢≈ï˛yñ
ܲyÎ≈ܲy!Ó˚ï˛yˆÏܲ ≤ÃÙyî ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛y ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
!lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ G !lˆÏÎ˚yàܲyÓ˚#Ó˚ í˛z˲ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒy¢yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §Ùß∫Î˚§yôl
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ í˛zˆÏmà ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– ~!ê˛ lï%˛l Ë)˛!Ùܲy ~ÓÇ òy!Î˚ˆÏcÓ˚
§)e˛õyï˛G •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ç#!ÓܲyÓ˚˛ í˛zߨÎ˚l ~ÓÇ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚î ≤ÃyÆ
ÓÎ˚flÒˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ܲyç •ˆÏÎ˚ GˆÏ벖
!ÓÓy•ñ x!˲˲yÓܲc ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ /
Î%Óܲ Î%Ó!ï˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ÓÓyˆÏ•Ó˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ≤ÈÏӈϢÓ˚
§ÙÎ˚ ˆ§ x!˲ˆÏÎyçl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚ñ ˆ§ê˛y Î!ò x˛õÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ xyˆÏà
ˆÌˆÏܲ ly çyly ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛ˆÏÓ ï˛yˆÏܲ çylyñ ~ˆÏܲ x˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õSÈ®ñ
x˛õSÈ®ÈüÈ fl∫yò ~ÓÇ Ó˚%!ã˛Ó˚ §Çà!ï˛ §yôˆÏlÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛
ÌyˆÏܲ– Î!ò í˛z˲Î˚ §Aà#•z ܲÙ≈Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚ñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° Óy!í˛¸âˆÏÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy
~ÓÇ òy!Î˚c ˲yà ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ §¡õyòl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c
ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚–
!ÓÓy• ܲÓ˚y SÈyí˛¸yG x!˲˲yÓܲ •GÎ˚y Î%ÓܲˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛!ë˛l ~ÓÇ ˛õ#í˛¸lÙ)°Ü˛ Ó˚)˛õyhs˝Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ GˆÏ벲ñ Î!òG ~!ê˛
§yôyÓ˚îï˛ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ ˲yˆÏ°yÓy§yÓ˚ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛Ó˚ §ˆÏAà ç!í˛¸ï˛–
≤ÃyÆÓÎ˚flÒ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚y Ùyï,˛c Óy !˛õï,˛Ïc ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y
!Ó!˲ߨ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ ˆÎÙlÈüÈ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚ !¢¢%Ó˚ §Çáƒyñ §yÙy!çܲ
§•yÎ˚ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ ~ÓÇ !ÓÓy!•ï˛ Î%à°ˆÏòÓ˚ xyl® xÌÓy
!lÓ˚yl®ï˛y myÓ˚y ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
!ÓÓy• §Aà#Ó˚ Ù,ï%˛ƒ xÌÓy !ÓÓy•!ÓˆÏFSÈò ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛
˛õy!Ó˚Óy!Ó˚ܲ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÓ˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl ~ܲܲ ˲yˆÏÓ •Î˚ˆÏï˛y
!˛õï˛y Óy Ùyï˛yˆÏܲ §hs˝yˆÏlÓ˚ òy!Î˚c !lˆÏï˛ •Î˚– §y¡±!ï˛Ü˛Ü˛yˆÏ°ñ
Ù!•°yˆÏòÓ˚ Óy!í˛¸Ó˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ã˛yÜ%˛!Ó˚Ó˚ çlƒ Ü ˛ÙÓ!ô≈ï˛ ˆã˛T˛y ~ܲ xlƒ
≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl !˛õï˛y Ùyï˛y ò%çˆÏl•z ܲÙ≈Ó˚ï˛
ÌyˆÏܲ– Îál !˛õï˛yÙyï˛y ò%çl•z ܲÙ≈Ó˚ï˛ •l ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ã˛y˛õ
~ܲܲ ܲÙ≈Ó˚ï˛ !˛õï˛yÙyï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ~ܲ•z •Î˚ñ ˆÎÙl í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ
!¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòáyˆÏ¢yly ܲÓ˚yñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ܲyç ˆòáyñ x§%fiÌï˛y
~ÓÇ Ü˛yÎ≈y°Î˚ G Óy!í˛¸âˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲÙ≈˲yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏAà Ùy!lˆÏÎ˚ ˆlGÎ˚y
•zï˛ƒy!ò– x!Ó˲yÓܲˆÏcÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ç!í˛¸ï˛ ã˛y˛õ Ìyܲy §ˆÏ_¥G Ó,!Âô
~ÓÇ §v!T˛Ó˚ çlƒ xllƒ §%ˆÏÎyà §%!Óôy ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~!ê˛
˛õÓ˚Óï˛≈# ≤ÃçˆÏß√Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ í˛zˆÏmà˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ !lˆÏò≈¢ly
Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚–
≤ÃyÓ˚ ! Ω˛Ü˛ ≤ÃyÆÓÎ˚ fl Ò hflÏ ˆ Ï Ó ˚ âˆÏ ê ˛ Ìyܲy ¢yÓ˚ # !Ó˚ Ü ˛
˛õ!Ó˚Óï˛≈là%ˆÏ°y ˜ò!•Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õE˛ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛là%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî •ˆÏÎ˚
ÌyˆÏܲ– Î!òG ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛là%ˆÏ°yÓ˚˛ âê˛yÓ˚ •yˆÏÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
!˲ߨï˛y ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ñ ≤ÃyÎ˚ §Ó ÙôƒÓÎ˚flÒ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚y !lˆÏçÓ˚ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ
!Ü ˛Î˚yÎ˚ !ܲS%È xLjϢ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ xÓl!ï˛ xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆÎÙlÈüÈ
ò,!T˛¢!=˛Ó˚ xÓl!ï˛ ~ÓÇ ã˛ÙܲhflψÏÓ˚ §ÇˆÏÓòl¢#°ï˛y ~ÓÇ
◊Óî¢!=˛Ó˚ «˛Î˚ ~ÓÇ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˛õ!Ó˚Óï˛≈l åÎÌyÈüÈ
Ó!°ˆÏÓ˚áyñ ã%˛° ˛õÑyܲy Óy ˛õyï˛°y •GÎ˚yñ Gçl Ó,!Âô •GÎ˚yä–
≤ÃyÆÓÎ˚flÒ hflψÏÓ˚ !ܲ K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l âˆÏê˛⁄ ~ê˛y
!ÓŸªy§ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ˆÎ !ܲS%È K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ «˛Ùï˛y ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ •…y§
˛õyÎ˚ ˆÎê˛y xlƒ «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe •Î˚ ly– ˆÎ §ÙhflÏ Ü˛yˆÏç ò#â≈fiÌyÎ˚#
flø,!ï˛ xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y «˛îfiÌyÎ˚# flø,!ï˛Ó˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ x!ôܲ
•…y§ ˛õyÎ˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ ~ܲçl ÙôƒÓÎ˚flÒ Óƒ!=˛ ~ܲ!ê˛
ˆê˛!°ˆÏÊ˛yl ly¡∫yÓ˚ ï˛yÍ«˛!îܲ˲yˆÏÓ ˆ¢ylyÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚G ÙˆÏl Ó˚yˆÏá
!ܲv !ܲS%È !òl ˛õÓ˚ ˆ§ ~!ê˛ Ë˛yˆÏ°y˲yˆÏÓ fløÓ˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛lyG ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
ÓÎ˚§ Óyí˛¸yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zÍܲ£Ï≈ï˛y Ó,!Âô ˆ˛õˆÏ°G flø,!ï˛Ó˚
ôyÓ˚î «˛Ùï˛y !Ó˛õ%°Ë˛yˆÏÓ •…yˆÏ§Ó˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛y °«˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ~ê˛y
ÙˆÏl Ó˚yáy òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ñ Ó%!ÂôÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Óƒ!=˛àï˛ !˲ߨï˛y
ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÎÙl !¢¢%Ó˚y•z Óƒ!ï˛Ü ˛Ù# •Î˚ ly ˆï˛Ù!l §Ó
≤ÃyÆÓÎ˚flÒÓ˚yG K˛yl# •Î˚ ly–
Ó,ÂôyÓfiÌy (Old Age)
Ó,ÂôyÓfiÌy ܲál ¢%Ó˚% •Î˚ ~ê˛y !lô≈yÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y ï˛ï˛ê˛y §•ç
lÎ˚– ≤ÃÌyàï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ xÓ§Ó˚ @˝Ã•îˆÏܲ Ó,ÂôyÓfiÌyÓ˚ §ˆÏAà Î%=˛ ܲÓ˚y
•Î˚˛– ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ~ál Óƒ!=˛ ò#â≈ §ÙÎ˚ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ˆÓшÏã˛ ÌyˆÏܲñ ã˛yÜ%˛!Ó˚
ˆÌˆÏܲ xÓ§Ó˚ @˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§Ó˚G ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l •ˆÏFSÈ ~ÓÇ Ó,ÂôyÓfiÌyˆÏܲ
ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ ˆSÈò!Ó®%!ê˛G xyÓ˚G í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ í˛zë˛ˆÏSÈ – Ó,Âô Óƒ!=˛ˆÏòÓ˚
ˆÎ §Ó ˛õ#í˛¸yòyÎ˚ܲ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ §ˆÏAà !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ áy˛õ áyGÎ˚yˆÏï˛
•Î˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xÓ§Ó˚@˝Ã•îñ ˜ÓôÓƒñ x§%fiÌï˛yñ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
Ù,ï%˛ƒ ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛Ó˚˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– !ܲS%È !ܲS%È í˛z˛õyˆÏÎ˚ Ó,ÂôyÓfiÌyÓ˚ ˛≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l âˆÏê˛ˆÏSÈ– ~ál ~Ùl È Óƒ!=˛Ó˚yG Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSlÈ ÎyÓ˚y §_Ó˚ Óy
ï˛yÓ˚ x!ôܲ ÓÎ˚ § ˛õyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ y §ˆÏ c G xï˛ƒy!ôܲ §!Ü  ˛ Î˚ ñ
ܲÙ≈¢!=˛§¡õߨ G §,çl¢#° •Î˚– ~•z §ÙhflÏ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚y ò«˛ •Î˚
~ÓÇ ˆ§•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ù)°ƒ !òˆÏÎ˚
ÌyˆÏܲ˛– !ӈϢ£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ Ó˚yçl#!ï˛ñ §y!•ï˛ƒñ Óy!îçƒñ ܲ°y ~ÓÇ
!ÓK˛yl !Ó˲yˆÏà ÓÎ˚flÒ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl– Ó,ÂôyÓfiÌyÓ˚ ˆ˛õÔÓ˚y!îܲ
ôyÓ˚îy!ê˛Ó˚G ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l •ˆÏFSÈ ˆÎáyˆÏl Ó°y •ï˛ Óƒ!=˛ x«˛Ù •ˆÏÎ˚
ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ÎyÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ˲Î˚ylܲ ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ ¢%Ó˚% •Î˚–
!lÈ/§ˆÏ®ˆÏ•ñ Ó,ÂôyÓfiÌyÓ˚ xl%Ë˛Ó §yÙy!çܲ xy!Ì≈ܲ
xÓfiÌy ˛õÎ≈yÆ fl∫yfĩ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ£ÏÓyñ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ÙˆÏly˲yÓñ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚
≤Ãï˛ƒy¢y ~ÓÇ ˛õÎ≈yÆ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy˛õly ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ≤ÃyÆÓÎ˚ˆÏflÒÓ˚ ≤ÃyÓ˚!Ω˛Ü˛ ܲyˆÏ° ܲyç x!ôܲ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ •ˆÏÎ˚
ÌyˆÏܲñ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ G x!ôܲ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ §ÓˆÏ¢ˆÏ£Ï
fl∫yfĩ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ •ˆÏÎ˚ GˆÏ벖 §%flõT˛Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õñ
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃyÆ ÓÎ˚flÒˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫yfĩ§¡øï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ÓÎ˚§Ó,!Âô ~•z !Ó£ÏÎ˚
à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆÎÙlÈüÈ xyÙÓ˚y !lˆÏçÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç ܲï˛ê%˛Ü%˛
≤Ã˲yÓ¢y°#ñ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚ ˛õy!Ó˚Óy!Ó˚ܲ §¡õÜ≈˛à%ˆÏ°y˛ ܲï˛ê˛y
≤Ã#!ï˛˛õ)î≈ï˛y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Órô%c ܲï˛ê˛y ˲yˆÏ°yñ xyÙÓ˚y
ܲï˛ê˛y fl∫yfĩÓyl ~ÓÇ K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y ܲï˛ê˛y
ˆÎyàƒï˛y§¡õߨ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ–
xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ 4 • ÙylÓ !Óܲy¢ 81
 §!Ü  ˛ Î˚ ˆ˛õ¢yàï˛˛ ç#Ól ˆÌˆÏ Ü ˛ xÓ§Ó˚ @˝ à •î á% Ó •z
à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈– !ܲS%È Óƒ!=˛ xÓ§Ó˚@˝Ã•îˆÏܲ ˆl!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛lÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ
≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛yÓ˚y !ÓŸªy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎñ ~•z!ê˛ §v!T˛˛ ~ÓÇ
xydÈȧ¡øyˆÏlÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ í˛zͧ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ– x˛õÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛àî ~!ê˛ˆÏܲ
ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ~Ùl ~ܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛Ïl Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ˆòˆÏá ˆÎáyˆÏl˛ !lˆÏçÓ˚ •zFSÈyˆÏܲ˛
x!ôܲ §ÙÎ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ~!ê˛ ˆòáy ˆàˆÏSÈ ˆÎñ ÓÎ˚flÒ ≤ÃyÆÓÎ˚!§Ó˚y
lï%˛l x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ˆáy°yˆÏÙ°y Óy Ù%=˛ ò,!T˛ˆÏܲyî Ó˚yˆÏáñ x!ôܲ
≤ÃÎ˚y§¢#° ~ÓÇ Ü,˛!ï˛cÙ)°Ü˛ xyã˛Ó˚îà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ ÓƒhflÏ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ
§ˆÏÓy≈ÍÜ,˛T˛ §Çà!ï˛!Óôyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §ˆÏã˛T˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
ܲyç 4É5
ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ !ï˛l!ê˛ !˲ߨ hflψÏÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §y«˛yÍ Ü˛Ó˚ñ
ˆÎÙl ÈüÈ 20ÈüÈ35 ÓͧÓ˚ñ 35ÈüÈ60 ÓͧÓ˚ñ ~ÓÇ 60 ÓͧˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
x!ôܲ– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏAà !l¡¨!°!áï˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%!° §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ܲÌyÓyï≈˛y
Ó°ˆÏÓ /
ܲä ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏl ˆÎ ≤Ãôyl Ó˚)˛õyhs˝Ó˚à%ˆÏ°y âˆÏê˛ˆÏSÈ–
áä ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛là%!° ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ~•z
§¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ï˛yÓ˚y ܲ# xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚⁄
!Ó!˲ߨ ò° myÓ˚y !ÓˆÏÓ!ã˛ï˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ âê˛lyà%!°Ó˚ ï%˛°ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
Ó,Âô ≤ÃyÆÓÎ˚flÒˆÏòÓ˚G ˛õy!Ó˚Óy!Ó˚ܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy ~ÓÇ lï%˛l
Ë)˛!ÙܲyÓ˚ åë˛yÜ%˛Ó˚òyä Îy ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !¢áˆÏï˛ •Î˚ ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §Çà!ï˛!Óôyl
ܲÓ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ •Î˚– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §hs˝ylÓ˚y §yôyÓ˚îï˛ !lˆÏçÓ˚ ç#!Óܲyñ
˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ ÓƒhflÏ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ !lˆÏçÓ˚ fl∫ï˛sf Óy!í˛¸âÏÓ˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚G
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– xy!Ì≈ܲ xÓ°¡∫l ~ÓÇ ~ܲyܲ#cˆÏܲ ò)Ó˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
çlƒ Ó,Âô ≤ÃyÆÓÎ˚flÒ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚y !lˆÏçÓ˚ §hs˝ylˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#°
•Î˚˛ åÎál ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §hs˝ylÓ˚y Óy!í˛¸ ˆSȈÏí˛¸ ã˛ˆÏ° ÎyÎ˚ä– ~!ê˛ !ܲS%È
Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !lÓ˚y¢y ~ÓÇ xÓ§yò í˛zͲõߨ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
Ó,ÂôyÓfiÌyÎ˚ ¢!=˛•#lï˛yÓ˚ xl%Ë˛Ó ~ÓÇ fl∫yfĩ G xy!Ì≈ܲ
§¡õ!_ •…y§ ˛õyGÎ˚y !lÓ˚y˛õ_y•#lï˛y G !lË≈˛Ó˚ï˛yÓ˚ §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
Ó,Âô Óƒ!=˛Ó˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xy◊Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˆòáyˆÏ¢ylyÓ˚ çlƒ xlƒˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
!lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ˆÏï˛ Ó,ÂôÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §hs˝ylˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
!lË≈˛Ó˚ •GÎ˚yˆÏܲ §ÙÌ≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ܲyÓ˚î Ó,ÂôyÓfiÌyÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î≈yÓ˚
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚– Ó›ï˛ ≤Ãyã˛ƒ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ˆÏï˛ x!ôܲyÇ¢ Ùyï˛yÈüÈ!˛õï˛y•z
!lˆÏçÓ˚ §hs˝ylˆÏòÓ˚ ~•z ≤Ãï˛ƒy¢yÎ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛˛õy°l ܲÓ˚ï˛ ˆÎ ï˛yÓ˚y
Ó,ÂôyÓfiÌyÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÎbÈüÈ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛ã≈˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ÓÎ˚flÒˆÏòÓ˚ !lÓ˚y˛õ_y ~ÓÇ
§yÓ˚yÇ¢
t ≤Ãy܉˛ÈüÈ çß√hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Óܲy¢ ÙyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ x˛õ%!T˛ñ Ùyòܲ oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ÙyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !ܲS%È x§%fiÌï˛yÓ˚ myÓ˚y ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
t ˆ˛õ¢# §M˛y°lÙ)°Ü˛ !Óܲy¢ ˆ§Ê˛yˆÏ°yܲí˛y° ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!:ˆÏÙy!í˛fiê˛y° ≤ÃÓ,!_ˆÏܲ xl%§Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ≤ÃyÓ˚!Ω˛Ü˛ ˆ˛õ¢#Î˚
!Óܲy¢ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õE˛ï˛y ~ÇÓ !¢ál í˛z˲ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
82 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
~ܲydˆÏÓyô ≤Ãòyl ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ ˆÎ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ~•z xl%˲Ó
ܲÓ˚yÎ˚ ˆÏÎ Ùyl%£Ï ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ÎbÓyl å!ӈϢ£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ §Çܲê˛Ü˛yˆÏ°ä
~ÓÇ ÙˆÏl Ó˚yáy òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ xyÙÓ˚y §Óy•z ~ܲ!òl Ó,Âô •Ó–
Î!òG Ù,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ §Ω˛yÓly ≤Ãyhs˝#Î˚ ≤ÃyÆÓÎ˚flÒ hflψÏÓ˚ x!ôܲ
•Î˚ñ ï˛Ìy!˛õ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly hflψÏÓ˚ Ù,ï%˛ƒ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– xlƒ
Óƒ!=˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ !¢¢% ~ÓÇ Î%ÓܲÈüÈÎ%Ó!ï˛ˆÏòÓ˚ Ù,ï%˛ƒˆÏܲ
§yôyÓ˚lï˛ x!ôܲ ò%/áçlܲ Ùyly •Î˚ – !¢¢% ~ÓÇ Î%ÓܲÈüÈÎ%Ó!ï˛ˆÏòÓ˚
ò%â≈ê˛lyÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî Ù,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ §Ω˛yÓly x!ôܲ •Î˚ñ !ܲv Ó,ÂôˆÏòÓ˚ §yôyÓ˚îï˛
ò%Ó˚yˆÏÓ˚yàƒ Óƒy!ôÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî Ù,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ §Ω˛yÓly ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ ÎyÎ˚– ˛õ!ï˛ Óy
˛õb#Ó˚ Ù,ï%˛ƒ §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ x§#Ù «˛!ï˛– !lˆÏçÓ˚ §Aà#Ó˚ Ù,ï%˛ƒÓ˚
˛õˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ ç#!Óï˛ ÌyˆÏܲñ ˆ§ à˲#Ó˚ ܲT˛ˆÏ˲yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ~ܲyܲ#cñ
xÓ§yòñ xy!Ì≈ܲ «˛!ï˛Ó˚ §¡ø%á#l •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ fl∫yfĩ
§¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ xy¢AܲyG Ó,!Âô ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– !ÓôÓyˆÏòÓ˚ §Çáƒy
!Ó˛õb#ܲˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ x!ôܲ •Î˚ ܲyÓ˚î !Ó!˲ߨ xl%§rôyl myÓ˚y
ˆòáy ˆàˆÏSÈ ˆÎ Ù!•°yÓ˚y ˛õ%Ó˚%£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ x!ôܲ §ÙÎ˚ ç#!Óï˛
ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ˆ§ ï˛yÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ÓˆÏí˛¸y ~Ùl ˛õ%Ó˚%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §ˆÏAà
!ÓÓy• ÓrôˆÏl xyÓÂô •Î˚– ~Ùl §ÙˆÏÎ˚ §hs˝ylñ ly!ï˛ÈüÈlyï˛!l
~ÓÇ Órô%ÈüÈÓyrôÓÓ˚y G•z Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ §Aà#Ó˚ Ù,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ ܲˆÏT˛Ó˚ §ˆÏAà
áy˛õ ˆáˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
!˲ߨ !˲ߨ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ó˚ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚y Ù,ï%˛ƒˆÏܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ
ò,!T˛ˆÏܲyˆÏî ˆòˆÏá– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆàyu˛ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ~ê˛y !ÓŸªy§
ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ˆÎ Ù,ï%˛ƒ çyò% ~ÓÇ ˜òï˛ƒòylÓ myÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆÙí˛yàyflÒÓ˚
~Ó˚ ˆï˛ly°y §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ ¢!=˛ˆÏܲ Ù,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î !•§yˆÏÓ
àîƒ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚– ÙylÓ !Óܲy¢ñ ˆÎê˛y ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~•z xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸SÈñ
Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ç#ÓˆÏl˛≤Ã˲yÓ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ܲyÓ˚# !Ó!˲ߨ í˛z˛õyòylà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ˛ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛
ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–
Ù%áƒ˛õò
ÓÎ˚ / §!rôܲy°ñ §Ó≈ ≤ ÃyîÓyòñ xl% Ó ˚ y àñ ˆÜ˛w#ܲÓ˚ î ñ
ˆ§Ê˛yˆÏ°yܲí˛y°ñ Ù)ï≈˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yààï˛ hflÏÓ˚ñ xÓˆÏÓ˚y•# !ã˛hs˝lñ
!Óܲy¢ñ xydˆÏܲ!wܲï˛yñ !ÓÓï≈˛lñ !°Aàñ fl∫Ó˚)˛õï˛ñ ˜¢¢Óñ
˛õ!Ó˚˛îÙlñ xyòƒ}ï%˛˛ñ ˆ˛õ!¢àï˛ §M˛y°ˆÏlÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ñ Ó›àï˛
fiÌy!Î˚cñ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàñ ˆÊ˛ˆÏlyê˛y•z˛õñ ≤Ãyܲçß√hflÏÓ˚ñ ˛õ)Ó≈ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yààï˛
hflÏÓ˚ñ Ù%რˆÎÔl ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒñ ≤Ã!:ˆÏÙy!í˛fiê˛y° ≤ÃÓ,!_ñ ˆÎÔÓlyÓ˚Ω˛ñ
≤Ã!ï˛Óï≈ ˛ ñ ˆàÔî ˆÎÔl ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒñ Úfl∫ Î ˚ Ç Ûñ §ÇˆÏ Ó ò#Î˚
ˆ˛õ!¢§M˛y°lÙ)°Ü˛ hflÏÓ˚ñ ê˛ƒyÓ˚yˆÏê˛yˆÏçl–
t !˛õÑÎ˚yˆÏçÓ˚ K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ï˛_¥ xl%ÎyÎ˚# !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ Ó› fiÌy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚)˛õc Ü ˛Ù¢ !Óܲ!¢ï˛ •GÎ˚y §ÇˆÏÓò# ˆ≤ÃÓ˚ܲ
hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ù%რ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ– ˛õ)Ó≈ §!Ü ˛Î˚ydܲ hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ã˛hs˝ˆÏl !ܲS%È âyê˛!ï˛ñ ˆÎÙlÈüÈ ˆÜ˛w#ܲÓ˚îñ x˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l#Î˚ï˛y ~ÓÇ xydˆÏܲ!wܲï˛yˆÏܲ
!ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
t Ù)ï≈˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yààï˛hflψÏÓ˚ñ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ùyl!§Ü˛ í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õlyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà §¡õyòl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y !Óܲy¢ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲñ Îy
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §ÇÓ˚«˛ˆÏî §«˛Ù ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°– ≤ÃÌyàï˛ hflÏÓ˚!ê˛ xˆÏlܲê˛y ˆÓ!¢ !ÓÙ)ï≈˛ñ ¢,C°yÓÂô ~ÓÇ ˆÎÔ!=˛Ü˛ !ã˛hs˝lˆÏܲ !Óܲ!¢ï˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚–
tˆÜ˛y°Óyà≈ ~Ó˚ Ùï˛yl%§yˆÏÓ˚ñ ˜l!ï˛Ü˛ ˆÎÔ!=˛Ü˛Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ x@˝Ãà!ï˛ !ï˛l!ê˛ hflÏÓ˚ myÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ˛ñ Îy ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ §¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛
~ÓÇ K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ !Óܲy¢ myÓ˚y !lô≈y!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚–
t ˆÎÔÓlyÓ˚ˆÏΩ˛Ó˚ hflψÏÓ˚ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ ï˛#Ó ï˛y ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ âê˛ly ˆÎáyˆÏl ≤Ãçll §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õE˛ï˛y ~ÓÇ ˆàÔî !°Aà çll
xhs˝!l≈!•ï˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~!Ó˚ܲ§l ~Ó˚ Ùï˛yl%§yˆÏÓ˚ñ fl∫Ó˚)˛õˆÏcÓ˚ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ x@˝Ã§Ó˚ï˛y ÓÎ˚/§!rôܲy°#lˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ܲ!ê˛
Ù%რÓyôy–
t ≤ÃyÆÓÎ˚flÒ hflψÏÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ fiÌyÎ˚#c ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l í˛z˲Î˚•z °«˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ≤ÃyÆÓÎ˚flÒˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !Ó!˲ߨ
âê˛ly ˛õy!Ó˚Óy!Ó˚ܲ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §!ߨ!•ï˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎáyˆÏl !ÓÓy• Ùyï˛yÈüÈ!˛õï˛y ~ÓÇ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ âÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚
ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §Çà!ï˛§yôl ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
t ≤ÃyÆ ÓÎ˚flÒ hflψÏÓ˚ ÓÎ˚§ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛là%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆã˛•yÓ˚yñ flø,!ï˛ ~ÓÇ K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ç!í˛¸ï˛–
t !¢¢% ≤Ã!ï˛˛õy°ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ !˲ߨï˛y !¢¢% ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ï˛˛õy°ˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xl%Ó˚yˆÏàÓ˚ ôÓ˚lˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–

§Ù#«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ≤ß¿
1ä !Óܲy¢ ܲyˆÏܲ ӈϰ⁄ ~!ê˛ Ó,!Âô G ˛õ!Ó˚îÙl ˆÌˆÏܲ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ !˲ߨ⁄
2ä !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ç#ÓlÓƒy˛õ# ò,!T˛Ë˛!AàÓ˚ Ù)° ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°y Óî≈ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
3ä !Óܲy¢Ù)°Ü˛ ܲyç ܲ#⁄ í˛zòy•Ó˚î !òˆÏÎ˚ Óî≈ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
4ä Ú!¢¢%Ó˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚ÈÛÈüÈ í˛zòy•Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ §˛õˆÏ«˛ Î%!=˛ òyG–
5ä §yÙy!çܲ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ í˛z˛õyòyl !Óܲy¢ˆÏܲ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ã˲yÓ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄
6ä !Óܲy¢Ùyl !¢¢%Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ ˛˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
7ä Óy°ƒÜ˛yˆÏ° à!ë˛ï˛ xl%Ó˚yˆÏàÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ ò#â≈fiÌyÎ˚# ≤Ã˲yÓ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˜òl!®l ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î !òˆÏÎ˚ Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
8ä ÓÎ˚/§!rôܲy° ܲ#⁄ xydˆÏܲ!wܲï˛yÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
9ä ˜Ü˛ˆÏ¢yÓ˚yÓfiÌyÎ˚ fl∫Ó˚)˛õc !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤Ã˲yÓܲyÓ˚# í˛z˛õyòylà%ˆÏ°y ܲ#⁄ í˛zòy•Ó˚î §•Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ í˛z_ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §˛õˆÏ«˛
Î%!=˛ òyG–
10ä ≤ÃyÆÓÎ˚flÒ hflψÏÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛ ܲ# ܲ# ÓyôyÓ˚ §¡ø%á#l •Î˚⁄

≤ÃܲˆÏ“Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îy
1ä !Óàï˛ ò%•z !ï˛l ÓͧˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ x!˲K˛ï˛yà%ˆÏ°y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !ã˛hs˝y ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ !l¡¨!°!áï˛ ≤ß¿à%!°Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚ òyGı
ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ Ùyï˛y!˛õï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà !ܲ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ !ÓÓyò •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ⁄ ≤Ãôyl §Ù§ƒyà%ˆÏ°y ܲ# !SÈ°⁄ ï%˛!Ù ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ §Ù§ƒyà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ
ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ §Ùyôyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈy ~ÓÇ Ü˛yÓ˚ §•yÎ˚ï˛y !lˆÏÎ˚SÈ⁄ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ï˛y!°Ü˛y!ê˛ ï%˛!Ù ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ §•˛õyë˛#ˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ï%˛°ly
ܲˆÏÓ˚y – ~à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §Ùï˛y xyˆÏSÈ Ü˛#⁄ ï%˛!Ù !ܲ ~ál ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ xyˆÏàÓ˚ §Ù§ƒyà%ˆÏ°y xyÓ˚G ˲yˆÏ°y
§ÙyôyˆÏlÓ˚ ܲÌy !ã˛hs˝y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y⁄
2ä Órô%ÈüÈÓyrôÓˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ˆá°yô)°y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õ)Ó≈ §!Ü ˛Î˚ydܲ hflψÏÓ˚ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ å4 ˆÌˆÏܲ 7 ÓͧÓ˚ ÓÎ˚§ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ä
ò,!T˛ˆÏܲyˆÏîÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ •hflÏ!°!˛õ ≤Ã›ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚– !ë˛Ü˛ xl%Ó˚)˛õ˲yˆÏÓ ÓÎ˚/§!rôܲy°#lˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒG~ܲ!ê˛ •hflÏ!°!˛õ ≤Ûï˛
ܲÓ˚– ~•z ò%!ê˛ ò,¢ƒ ܲ# ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ !˲ߨ⁄ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ Órô%ˆÏòÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ܲ#Ó˚)˛õ !˲ߨ⁄

xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ 4 • ÙylÓ !Óܲy¢ 83

 §ÇˆÏÓòlñ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà ~ÓÇ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛ Î˚y
Sensory, Attentional
Sensory, Attentional and
xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ 5 Perceptual
and Perceptual Processes
Sensory, Attentional and Perceptual Processes
Processes
xôƒyÎ˚!ê˛ ˛õí˛¸yÓ˚˛ õÓ˚ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y Îy çylˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù •ˆÏÓ
— §ÇˆÏÓòlÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚)˛õ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛–
— ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y ~ÓÇ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆÏ˲ò §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛–
— xyܲyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ fiÌylàï˛ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓñ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÎ˚ §Ùyç §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ù)°Ü˛
í˛z˛õyòyˆÏlÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy xl%§rôyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛–
— ˜òl!®l ç#ÓˆÏl §ÇˆÏÓòlñ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà ~ÓÇ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛°l xôƒÎ˚l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛–

The quality of life is determined
by its activities.
– Aristotle ≤ÃܲˆÏ“Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îy
!Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›
Ë)˛!Ùܲy
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ˆÏܲ çyly
í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚)˛õ ~ÓÇ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆÏ˲ò
§ÇˆÏÓòˆÏlÓ˚ Ó˚)˛õ
ò,!T˛àï˛ §ÇˆÏÓòl
xlƒylƒ ÙylÓ §ÇˆÏÓòl§Ù)• åÓy: 5É1ä
◊Óîàï˛ §ÇˆÏÓòl
ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyàÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y
!lÓ≈yã˛lÙ)°Ü˛ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà
á![˛ï˛ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà åÓy: 5É2ä
!fiÌ!ï˛¢#° ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà
ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ ≤çyÓ˚ åÓy: 5É3ä
xƒyˆÏê˛l¢l ˆí˛!Ê˛!§ê˛ •y•zxƒy!Q!˲!ê˛ !í˛§xí≈˛yÓ˚ Óy ADHD åÓy: 5É4ä
≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y
≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aà§Ù)•
≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îܲyÓ˚#
≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ §Çàë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ l#!ï˛§Ù)•
fiÌylñ à˲#Ó˚ï˛y G ò%Ó˚c ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛l
~Ü˛ã˛«%˛Ù)°Ü˛ §%e ~ÓÇ !mÈüÈã˛«%˛Ù%°Ü˛ §%e
≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ l#!ï˛§Ù%•
xôƒy§
≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ˆÏî §Ùyç §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ù)°Ü˛ ≤Ã˲yÓ
Ù%áƒ˛õò
§yÓ˚yÇ¢
˛õÎ≈yˆÏÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ ≤ß¿§Ù)%•

84 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
 Ë)˛!Ùܲy
˛õ)Ó≈Óï˛#≈ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !¢ˆÏáSÈ ˆÎ xyÙÓ˚y ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ •z!wˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Óy!•ƒÜ˛ ~ÓÇ x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛
!Ó!˲ߨ í˛zj#˛õܲà%!°Ó˚ í˛zj#˛õlyÎ˚ §yí˛¸y ˆò•z– Î!òG !ܲS%È §Ç@˝Ãy•Ü˛ xyÙÓ˚y Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ åí˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ
ˆã˛yá ~ÓÇ Ü˛yläñ xlƒà%ˆÏ°y ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ x˲ƒhs˝ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Îy ˜Óò%ƒ!ï˛Ü˛ Óy Îy!sfܲ ΈÏsfÓ˚ §y•y΃ SÈyí˛¸y ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó lÎ˚–
~•z xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !Ó!˲ߨ §Ç@˝Ãy•Ü˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ •ˆÏÓ ÎyÓ˚y Óy!•ƒÜ˛ ~ÓÇ x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛Ìƒ §Ç@˝Ã•
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï ò,!T˛ !lˆÏ«˛˛õ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ã˛«%˛ ~ÓÇ Ü˛ˆÏî≈Ó˚ àë˛l G ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°Ó˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ñ ò¢≈l G ◊Óî ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚
§ˆÏAà §¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛ !ܲS%È ÙçyòyÓ˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yG xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !ܲS%È !ӈϢ£Ï !Ó£ÏÎ˚ çylˆÏÓñ Îy
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ K˛yˆÏl!wÎ˚ myÓ˚y ≤ÃyÆ ï˛Ìƒ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ~ÓÇ !°!˛õÓÂô ܲÓ˚ˆÏî §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyˆÏà ≤Ã˲yÓ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ܲyÓ˚#
í˛z˛õyòyl§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ~ÓÇ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆÏ˲ò §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !ÓhflÏy!Ó˚ï˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÓ– §Ó≈ˆÏ¢ˆÏ£Ïñ xyÙÓ˚y
≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y !lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚Ó Îy xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õy!Ó˚˛õy!Ÿª≈ܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ˆÏܲ xÌ≈˛õ)î≈ ˲yˆÏÓ çylˆÏï˛ xl%Ù!ï˛ ≤Ãòyl
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y xyÓ˚G çylyÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ˛õyˆÏÓ ˆÎ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ !ܲS%È §ÇáƒÜ˛ í˛zj#˛õܲ ˆÎÙl !ܲS%È xyܲyÓ˚ G SÈ!Ó xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îˆÏܲ Ë%˛° ˛õˆÏÌ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚–

•z!wÎ˚à%!° ¢%ô%Ùye Ó!•/˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z ï˛Ìƒ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly

˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ˆÏܲ çyly åKnowing the worldä
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢˛ ˆÎáyˆÏl xyÙÓ˚y Óy§ ܲ!Ó˚ ï˛y ˜Ó!ã˛eƒÙÎ˚ Ó›– Óƒ!=˛ G
âê˛lyÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)î≈– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆÎ âÓ˚!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ÓˆÏ§ xySÈ ˆ§!ê˛ °«˛ƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚˛õyˆÏ¢ xˆÏlܲ !ç!l§ á%шÏç ˛õyˆÏÓ– ~Ùl
ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲê˛yÓ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ° ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆòáˆÏÓ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆê˛!Ó°ñ
ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆã˛Î˚yÓ˚ñ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Ó•zñ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Óƒyàñ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ â!í˛¸ñ
ˆòGÎ˚yˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ SÈ!Ó ~ÓÇ xyÓ˚G lyly• §yÙ@˝Ã# Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– Î!ò
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Óy!í˛¸Ó˚ ܲˆÏ«˛ ÎyG ï˛ˆÏÓ xyÓ˚G xˆÏlܲ lï%˛l
Ó› °«˛ƒ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– åˆÎÙlñ ˛õye G Ü˛í˛¸yñ xy°Ùy!Ó˚ñ !ê˛!Ë˛ä– xyÓyÓ˚
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y Î!ò ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Óy!í˛¸Ó˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ÎyG ï˛ˆÏÓ xyÓ˚G xlƒ xˆÏlܲ
lï%˛l !ç!l§ á%шÏç ˛õyˆÏÓ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y §yôyÓ˚î˲yˆÏÓ ˆã˛l
~ÓÇ çyl åàySÈñ ˛õ¢%ñ Óy!í˛¸âÓ˚ä– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ x!˲K˛ï˛y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
˜òl!®l ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ x!ï˛§yôyÓ˚î !Ó£ÏÎ˚– xyÙÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ
ܲ!ã˛Í ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤ÃÎ˚y§ ܲ!Ó˚–
Î!ò ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛í˛z !çK˛y§y ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ÚÚˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ
Ó°ˆÏÓ ˆÎ !Ó!˲ߨ Ó›à%ˆÏ°y ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ âˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óy Óy!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ xÌÓy
Ó!•/˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ xÓ!fiÌï˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ⁄ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y á%Ó §Ω˛Óï˛ ~•z í˛z_Ó˚•z
ˆòˆÏÓ ˆÎ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y G•z Ó›à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚˛õyˆÏ¢ ˆòˆÏáSÈ Óy
xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚SÈ–ÛÛ ~Ùl!ê˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ ˆÏï˛yÙÓ˚y Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ Ó°yÓ˚
ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚SÈ ˆÎ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ •z!wÎ˚ åSense
organsä !Ó!˲ߨ Ó›Ó˚ K˛yl xy•Ó˚ˆÏî §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•z
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !lçfl∫ ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ï˛ÌƒG §Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ˚– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
K˛yˆÏl!wˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ≤ÃyÆ ï˛Ìƒ•z xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ Ù)° !˲!_ˆÏܲ
àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ K˛yˆÏl!wÎ˚à%!° åSense organsä!Ó!˲ߨ
ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ Ó›Ó˚ lyly!Óô ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ !lÓÂôܲÓ˚î åregisteräܲˆÏÓ–˚ Î!òG
!lÓÂôܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ Ó› ~ÓÇ Ó›Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ à%î åí˛zòy•Ó˚îñ xyܲyÓ˚ñ
xyÜ,˛!ï˛ G Ó˚Çä xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà xyܲ£Ï≈î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù •ˆÏÓ–
!lÓ!rôï˛ ï˛Ìƒ!ê˛ xÓ¢ƒ•z Ù!hflÏˆÏ‹Ò åbrainä ˆ˛õÔÑSÈyˆÏly ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl–
Îy ï˛Ìƒ ˆÌˆÏܲ xÌ≈ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÓÏ – ï˛y•ˆÏ° Ó°y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓñ˚ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
˛õy!Ó˚˛õy!Ÿª≈ܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ K˛yl !ï˛l!ê˛ Ù)° ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y §ÇˆÏÓòlñ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛î
~ÓÇ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !l˲≈Ó˚¢#°– ~•z ˛≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yà%!° ~ˆÏܲ x˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
§yˆÏÌ GˆÏï˛yˆÏ≤Ãyï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ç!í˛¸ï˛– xï˛~Ó ~•z ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yà%!° ≤ÃyÎ˚¢•z
~ܲ•z ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ í˛z˛õyòyl ӈϰ !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~•z
≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y!ê˛ˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y åcognitionä–
í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚)˛õ G ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆÏ˲ò
åNature and Varieties of Stimulusä
Ó!•/˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ Îy xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚˛õyˆÏ¢ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛yˆÏï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
í˛zj#˛õܲ Óï≈˛Ùyl– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !ܲS%È ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ åí˛zòy•Ó˚îñ à,•äñ
!ܲS%È xyÓyÓ˚ ¢%ô% ˆ¢yly ÎyÎ˚ åí˛zòy•Ó˚îñ §Çà#ï˛äñ xyÓyÓ˚ ~ˆÏòÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ xyÓ˚G xˆÏlܲ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ àrô åí˛zòy•Ó˚îñ Ê%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ àrôäñ
xÌÓy fl∫yò åí˛zòy•Ó˚îñ !Ù!T˛ä xyÙÓ˚y @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚– xyÓyÓ˚

xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ 5 — §ÇˆÏÓòlñ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà ~ÓÇ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛ Î˚y 85

~ÙlG xyˆÏSÈ Îy ¢%ô% flõˆÏ¢≈Ó˚ åí˛zòy•Ó˚îñ ܲyÙˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yÙ°ï˛yä
ÙyôƒˆÏÙ xyÙÓ˚y çylˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚– ~•z §ÙhflÏ í˛zj#˛õܲ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ
ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ï˛Ìƒ §Çà,•#ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
K˛yˆÏl!wÎ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Îy !Ó!˲ߨ í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §ÇˆÏÎyà fiÌy˛õl
ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ùyl%£Ï !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §yï˛!ê˛ K˛yˆÏl!wÎ˚ x!˛õ≈ï˛
xyˆÏSÈ– ~•z K˛yˆÏl!wÎ˚à%!°ˆÏܲ §ÇˆÏÓòl Óy ï˛Ìƒ §Ç@˝Ãy•Ü˛
åreceptorsä !•§yˆÏÓ çyly ÎyÎ˚– ܲyÓ˚î ~•zà%!° !Ó!˲ߨ §)e
ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛Ìƒ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ˚ – ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õÑyã˛!ê˛ •z!wÎ˚ Ó!•/çàÍ
ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛Ìƒ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆ§à%!° •°ñ ã˛«%˛ñ ܲî≈ñ ly!§Ü˛yñ !ç•¥y
~ÓÇ cܲ– Î!òG xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆã˛yá ¢%ô%Ùye ò¢≈ˆÏl §•yÎ˚ܲñ ܲî≈
◊ÓˆÏîñ ly!§Ü˛y â yˆÏî ~ÓÇ !ç•¥y fl∫yò @˝Ã•ˆÏî §•yÎ˚ܲ xyÓyÓ˚ cܲ
í˛z£÷Ïï˛yñ ˜¢ï˛ƒ ~ÓÇ ˆÓòly– §ÇˆÏÓòˆÏlÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï §Ç@˝Ãy•Ü˛à%!° ¢%ô%
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ cˆÏܲÓ˚ x˲ƒhs˝ˆÏÓ˚ xÓ!fiÌï˛– ~•z ˛õÑyã˛!ê˛ Óy!•ƒÜ˛ K˛yˆÏl!wÎ˚
Óƒï˛#ï˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xyÓ˚G ò%!ê˛ à˲#Ó˚ §ÇˆÏÓòl ådeep sensesä
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ó°y •Î˚ ˆã˛T˛#Î˚ åKineastheticä ~ÓÇ
ˆË˛!fiê˛Ó%°yÓ˚ åVestibularä §ÇˆÏÓòl– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §ÇˆÏÓòl
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ~ˆÏܲ x˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏAà §¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛ xAà ≤Ãï˛ƒˆÏAàÓ˚
xÓfiÌylàï˛ G §M˛y°lÙ)°Ü˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ï˛Ìƒ §Çà,•#ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛
§•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z §yï˛ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ K˛yˆÏl!wˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ xyÙÓ˚y
ò¢!ê˛ xy°yòy í˛z j #˛õܲ §¡õˆÏ Ü ≈ ˛ !lÓrô ܲÓ˚ ˆ Ï ï ˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ –
í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y °«˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y xyˆÏ°y!ê˛ í˛zIµ° Óy
xl%Iµ° !ܲlyñ xyÓyÓ˚ ~!ê˛ •°%òñ °y° Óy §Ó%ç !ܲly •zï˛ƒy!ò–
¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe °«˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y ˆÎ ¢∑!ê˛ ï˛#Ó  Óy «˛#î !ܲlyñ
xyÓyÓ˚ñ ¢∑!ê˛ §%Ùô%Ó˚ Óy !Ó!«˛Æ !ܲly •zï˛ƒy!ò– í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ ~•z
!Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ à%îà%!° xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ K˛yˆÏl!wÎ˚ myÓ˚y !lÓrô ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚
ÌyˆÏܲ–
§ÇˆÏÓòˆÏlÓ˚ Ó˚)˛õ åSense Modalitiesä ı
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ K˛yˆÏl!wÎ˚ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Ó!•/ Óy xhs˝/ çàˆÏï˛Ó˚ §ÙhflÏ
≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ï˛Ìƒ §Çà,•#ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly í˛zj#˛õܲ Óy Ó› ˆÌˆÏܲ
xyàï˛ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ˆã˛ï˛lyˆÏÓyô Îy K˛yˆÏl!wÎ˚ myÓ˚y §Çà,•#ï˛ •Ï°
ï˛y•z •Ï° §ÇˆÏÓòl åSensationä– ~•z ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ xyÙÓ˚y
!Ó!˲ߨ ˜ç!Óܲ í˛zj#˛õܲ åPhysical stimuliäˆÏܲ §ly=˛ ~ÓÇ
!lÓrô ܲ!Ó˚– §ÇˆÏÓòl Ó°ˆÏï˛ ~•zê˛yG ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ Îy í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚
≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ x!˲K˛ï˛y ˆÎÙl í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ ôÙ≈ xÌ≈yÍ Ü˛!ë˛lñ í˛z£÷Ïñ
ï˛#Ó  ~ÓÇ Ó˚Çñ Îy ÎÌyÎÌ K˛yˆÏl!wˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §ÇˆÏÓòˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛°fl∫Ó˚)˛õ–
!Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ K˛yˆÏl!wÎ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ í˛zj#˛õly
@˝Ã•l ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ !Ó!˲ߨ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ˛õ)Ó˚î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ K˛yˆÏl!wÎ˚
!ӈϢ£Ï ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ï˛Ìƒ §Ç@˝ÃˆÏ• !ӈϢ£Ï Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ
~ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ •ˆÏFSÈ §ÇˆÏÓòˆÏlÓ˚ Ó˚)˛õ åSense Modalitiesä–
86 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
K˛yˆÏl!wˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ܲyÎ≈àï˛ §#ÙyÓÂôï˛y
åFunctional Limitations of Sense Organsä ı
K˛yˆÏl!wˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ xyˆÏàñ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ °«˛ ܲÓ˚y òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ ˆÎñ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §ÙhflÏ K˛yˆÏl!wˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
ܲyÎ≈àï˛ !ܲS%È §#ÙyÓÂôï˛y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ Ó°y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆã˛yá x!ï˛ «˛#î Óy x!ï˛ï˛#Ó  xyˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ Ó›Ó˚ §ÇˆÏÓòˆÏl
§«˛Ù lÎ˚– ~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyl x!ï˛ «˛#î Óy x!ï˛ í˛zFã˛§%Ó˚
¢%lˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– ~•z ~ܲ•z §ï˛ƒ xlƒylƒ K˛yˆÏl!wˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆÓ°yG
≤ÈÏÎy烖 Ùyl%£Ï !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ §yí˛¸y ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚
≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y!ê˛Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §#Ùy Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ç@˝Ãy•Ü˛ myÓ˚y °!«˛ï˛
•GÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!Ÿã˛ï˛ ï˛#Ó ï˛yÓ˚ Óy Ó,•ˆÏ_ Ìyܲy
ÓyM˛l#Î˚– ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÎ ¢yáyÎ˚ í˛zj#˛õܲ G í˛zj#˛õܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ
≤ÃyÆ §ÇˆÏÓòl §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ ÙˆÏlyˆÏ˲Ôï˛
åPsycho-physicsä Ó°y •Î˚–
~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zj#˛õܲˆÏܲ ò,!T˛ˆÏàyã˛Ó˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˆ§•z í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚
~ܲ!ê˛ l)ƒlï˛Ù Ùyl Óy Ìyܲy ÓyN˛l#Î˚– §ÇˆÏÓòl ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏܲ ¢%Ó˚%
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆÎ l%ƒlï˛Ù Ùyl ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛yˆÏܲ !l!Ÿã˛ï˛ §#Ùy
åAbsolute thresold or absolute limen) Ó°y •Î˚–
í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ ~ܲ @’y§ çˆÏ° ~ܲ!ê˛ !ã˛!lÓ˚ òyly !òˆÏ° ç°!ê˛
!Ù!T˛ °yàˆÏÓ ly– !mï˛#Î˚ òyly!ê˛ ˆÎyà ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°G ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !Ù!T˛
°yàˆÏÓ ly– !ܲv ~ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ !ã˛!lÓ˚ òyly ˆÎyà ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛
~ܲ §ÙÎ˚ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏl •ˆÏÓ ç°!ê˛ !Ù!T˛ °yàˆÏï˛ ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–
!ã˛!lÓ˚ òylyÓ˚ ˆÎ l)ƒlï˛Ù §Çáƒy çˆÏ° !ÙT˛ï˛y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛y•z
•ˆÏÓ çˆÏ°Ó˚ !ÙT˛ï˛yÓ˚ !l!Ÿã˛ï˛ §#Ùy– åAbsoulte thresold
or ALä
~•z ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ê˛y °«˛ Ó˚yáy òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ ˆÎ !l!Ÿã˛ï˛ §#ÙyÓ˚
åabsolute limenä ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ !fiÌÓ˚ !Ó®% ÌyˆÏܲ ly– ÓÓ˚Ç
~!ê˛ Óƒ!=˛ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ xÓfiÌy G ˆ≤ãÏîyòyÎ˚# xÓfiÌyÓ˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#° ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ Ó•%°yLjϢ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •ˆÏï˛
ÌyˆÏܲ– xï˛~Óñ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓ¢ !ܲS%È §ÇáƒÜ˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛î ≤ÃÎ˚yˆÏ§Ó˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~!ê˛ˆÏܲ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ˆÎ §ÇáƒÜ˛ !ã˛!lÓ˚
òyly ¢ï˛Ü˛Ó˚y 50 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ ÓyÓ˚ çˆÏ° !ÙT˛ˆÏcÓ˚ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛Ó˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ
ï˛y•z •° !ÙT˛ˆÏcÓ˚ !l!Ÿã˛ï˛ §#Ùy – Î!ò ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y xyˆÏÓ˚y !ܲS%È §ÇáƒÜ˛
!ã˛!lÓ˚ òyly çˆÏ° ˆÙ¢yG ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚ ˲yà ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~•z §Ω˛yÓly
xyˆÏSÈ ˆÎ ç° ≤ÃyÎ˚ !Ù!T˛ ӈϰ•z !ÓÓ,ï˛ •ˆÏÓ ly!ܲ áy!° ç°–
~ܲ•z §ÙˆÏÎ˚ §ÙhflÏ í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ °«˛ ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó˛õÓ˚
lÎ˚ xyÓyÓ˚ §ÙhflÏ í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ °«˛ ܲÓ˚yG §Ω˛Ó
lÎ˚– ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ °«˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeG
ò%!ê˛ í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õyÌ≈ˆÏܲƒÓ˚ l)ƒlï˛Ù Ùyl Ìyܲy ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– ò%!ê˛
í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ï˛#Ó ï˛yÓ˚ ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ l)ƒlï˛Ù Ùyl §ÇˆÏÓòˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ~ˆÏܲ ≤ÈÏ˲òç!lï˛ §#ÙyˆÏÓ˚áy åDifferential
limenä ӈϰ– ~•z âê˛ly!ê˛ ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ çlƒ xyÙÓ˚y xyÓyÓ˚G !ã˛!lÓ˚
òylyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y!ê˛ !lˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚– ˆÎÙlñ xyÙÓ˚y ˆòˆÏá!SÈ ˆÎ çˆÏ°
~ܲ!ê˛ !l!Ÿã˛ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî !ã˛!lÓ˚ òyly ˆÙ¢yˆÏlyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ áy!° ç°
!Ù!T˛ xl%Ë)˛ï˛ •Î˚– ã˛ˆÏ°y xyÙÓ˚y ~•z !ÙT˛ï˛y!ê˛ ÙˆÏl ܲ!Ó˚– ~ál
≤ß¿ •° ˛õ)Ó≈Óï˛#≈ !ÙT˛ˆÏcÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ !ÙT˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ
Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ Ü˛ï˛Ü˛à%!° !ã˛!lÓ˚ òylyÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl⁄ ~ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ !ã˛!lÓ˚
òyly !Ù!¢ˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ÓyÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ fl∫yò@˝Ã•î ܲ!Ó˚ñ !ܲS%È ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî !ã˛!lÓ˚
òyly ˆÙ¢yˆÏlyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆòáy ÎyˆÏÓ ~ܲ §ÙÎ˚ ç°!ê˛ ˛õ)Ó≈Óï˛#≈ !ÙT˛ˆÏcÓ˚
ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ !Ù!T˛ °yàˆÏï˛ ¢%Ó˚% ܲÓ˚°– ˆÎ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî !ã˛!lÓ˚ òyly
ˆÙ¢yˆÏlyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ !ÙT˛ˆÏcÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ˛õ)Ó≈Óï˛#≈ !ÙT˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ xhs˝ï˛ ¢ï˛Ü˛Ó˚y 50 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ ÓyÓ˚ xl%Ë)˛ï˛ •ˆÏ° ~ˆÏܲ•z
!ÙT˛ï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏ˲òç!lï˛ §#ÙyˆÏÓ˚áy Óy Differential limen
(DL) Ó°y •Î˚– ~•zÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÏÎñ ˆË˛Ô!ï˛Ü˛ í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚
l)ƒlï˛Ù ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l Îy ¢ï˛Ü˛Ó˚y 50 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ ≤ÃÎ˚yˆÏ§ §ÇˆÏÓòˆÏl
˛õyÌ≈ Ü ˛ƒ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ˆ Ï ï ˛ §«˛Ù ~ˆÏ Ü ˛•z ≤ÃˆÏ Ë ˛òç!lï˛ §#ÙyˆÏ Ó ˚ á y
Differential Thresold or DL ӈϰ–
~ï˛«˛ˆÏl ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y Ó%ˆÏV˛ ˆàSÈ ˆÎñ !Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ åí˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ ã˛«%˛ñ ܲî≈ä !l!Ÿã˛ï˛ §#ÙyˆÏÓ˚áy åALä
~ÓÇ ≤ÈÏ˲òç!lï˛ §#ÙyˆÏÓ˚áy åDLä SÈyí˛¸y §ÇˆÏÓòl §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˆÓyV˛y
§Ω˛Ó lÎ˚– !ܲv Gê˛y•z ΈÏÌT˛ lÎ˚– §ÇˆÏÓòl ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y ¢%ô%Ùye
í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#° lÎ˚– K˛yˆÏl!wÎ˚ ~ÓÇ
Ù!hflψ‹ÒÓ˚ !˲ߨ !˲ߨ ˆÜ˛ˆÏwÓ˚ fl¨yÎ˚!Óܲ ˛õÌG ~•z ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÎ˚ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈
Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ܲ!ê˛ K˛yˆÏl!wÎ˚ í˛zj#˛õly @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
˜Óò%ƒ!ï˛Ü˛ flõ®l !•§yˆÏÓ §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
˜Óò%ƒ!ï˛Ü˛ flõ®l åElectrical Impulseä °«˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ~•z
flõ®lˆÏܲ Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ í˛zFã˛ ˆÜ˛ˆÏw ˆ˛õÔÑSÈyˆÏly xyÓ¢ƒÜ˛– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
K˛yˆÏl!wˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Óy ï˛yÓ˚ fl¨yÎ˚!Óܲ ˛õÌ ~ÓÇ G•z K˛yˆÏl!wˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ
§¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ ˆÜ˛ˆÏw ˆÜ˛yˆÏly àë˛l Óy ܲyÎ≈àï˛ ~!ê˛ Óy «˛!ï˛
§ÇˆÏÓòl ˛≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ xyÇ!¢Ü˛ Óy §¡õ)î≈ «˛!ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù–
ò,!T˛àï˛ §ÇˆÏÓòl åVisual Sensationä ı
§ÙhflÏ §ÇˆÏÓòˆÏlÓ˚ Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ò¢≈l åVisionä Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
§Ó≈y!ôܲ í˛zß¨ï˛ •Î˚– !Ó!˲ߨ xl%Ùyl xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ xyÙÓ˚y Óy!•ƒÜ˛
çàˆÏï˛Ó˚ ï˛Ìƒ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ¢ï˛Ü˛Ó˚y 80 ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚
ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ìy!ܲ– Óy•ƒçàˆÏï˛Ó˚ ï˛Ìƒ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ◊Óî
~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ §ÇˆÏÓòlG à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ò,!T˛àï˛
G ◊Óîàï˛ §ÇˆÏÓòl !lˆÏÎ˚˛ xyÙÓ˚y ~áyˆÏl !ÓhflÏy!Ó˚ï˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly
xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ 5 —
ܲÓ˚ÏÓ– xlƒylƒ §ÇˆÏÓòˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ Óy: 5É1ÈüÈ~ ˆòGÎ˚y
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
Îál xyˆÏ°y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆã˛yˆÏá ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ò¢≈lç!lï˛
@˝Ãy•Ü˛à%!°ˆÏܲ í˛zj#!˛õï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ï˛ál ò¢≈làï˛ §ÇˆÏÓòˆÏlÓ˚ §)ã˛ly
•Î˚– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆã˛yá xyˆÏ°yÓ˚ G•z Óî≈Ü ˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ §ÇˆÏÓòl¢#°
•Î˚ ÎyÓ˚ ï˛Ó˚Aà˜ÏòˆÏâ≈ƒÓ˚ åwavelengthä ≤çyÓ˚ 380 ˆlˆÏly!Ùê˛yÓ˚
ˆÌˆÏܲ 780 ˆlˆÏly!Ùê˛yÓ˚ •Î˚ å~ܲ ˆlˆÏly!Ùê˛yÓ˚ §Ùyl ~ܲ !Ùê˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
~ܲ !Ó!°Î˚l ˲yàä– xyˆÏ°yÓ˚ ~•z ≤çyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §ÇˆÏÓòl
§Ω˛Ó lÎ˚–
ÙylÓ ã˛«%˛ åHuman Eyeä
ÙylÓ ã˛«%˛Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ã˛eñ !ã˛e 5É1 ~ ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y
ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyFSÈ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆã˛yá !ï˛l!ê˛ hflÏÓ˚ myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛– Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
hflÏÓ˚!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ fl∫FSÈ ˆŸªï˛˛õê˛° Óy ܲ!l≈Î˚y åCorneaä ~ÓÇ Ü˛!ë˛l
ˆflœÒÓ˚y åScleraä ÌyˆÏܲ Îy ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y ˆã˛yá!ê˛ˆÏܲ !âˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏá– ~!ê˛
ˆã˛yáˆÏܲ Ó˚«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ xyܲyÓ˚ˆÏܲ ÎÌyÎÌ Ó˚yˆÏá– ÙyˆÏV˛Ó˚
hflÏÓ˚!ê˛ˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ ˆÜ˛yÓ˚GˆÏÎ˚í˛ åChoroidäñ ÎyˆÏï˛ Ó•% Ó˚=˛çy!°Ü˛y
Óï≈˛Ùyl– !Ë˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ hflÏÓ˚!ê˛ ˆÓ˚!ê˛ly åRetinaä lyˆÏÙ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛– ~ˆÏï˛
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ xyˆÏ°yÓ˚!Ÿ¬ §Ç@˝Ãy•Ü˛ åPhotoreptorsä åÓ˚í˛ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛yl‰
ˆÜ˛y¢ä ~ÓÇ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !Óhfl,Ïï˛ çy!°Ü˛y–
§yôyÓ˚îï˛ ˆã˛yáˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛ƒyˆÏÙÓ˚yÓ˚ åcameraä §ˆÏAà
ï%˛°ly ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚î fl∫Ó˚)˛õñ ˆã˛yá ~ÓÇ Ü˛ƒyˆÏÙÓ˚y
ò%ˆÏê˛yˆÏï˛•z ˆ°™ åLensäÓï≈˛Ùyl– ˆ°™ åLensä ˆã˛yáˆÏܲ ò%!ê˛
x§Ùyl ≤ÈÏܲyˆÏ¤˛ åChamberä !Ó˲=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈñ ˆ§à%!° •° ç°#Î˚
≤ÈÏܲy¤˛ åaquaous chamber ä ~ÓÇ !˲!ê˛∆Î˚y§ ≤ÈÏܲy¤˛
åVitreous chamberä– ç°#Î˚ ≤ÈÏܲy¤˛!ê˛ ˆ°™ ~ÓÇ Ü˛!l≈Î˚yÓ˚
ÙyV˛yÙy!V˛ xÓ!fiÌï˛– ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ çˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y oÓî ˲Ó˚y ~ÓÇ Îy
xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y •Î˚ ~ˆÏܲ x!«˛ˆÏfl¨• åAqueous humorä Ó°y
•Î˚– !˲!ê˛∆Î˚y§ ≤ÈÏܲy¤˛ ˆ°™ ~ÓÇ ˆÓ˚!ê˛lyÓ˚ ÙyV˛yÙy!V˛ xÓ!fiÌï˛–
~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆç!°Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l ˲Ó˚y xyˆÏSÈ ï˛yˆÏܲ !˲!ê˛∆Î˚y§ oÓ
åVitreous humorä Ó°y •Î˚– ~•z ï˛Ó˚° åFluidä ò%!ê˛ ˆ°™ˆÏܲ
ÎÌyfiÌyˆÏl ôˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏá ~ÓÇ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ˛õyGÎ˚y
ÎyÎ˚– í˛z˛õˆÏÎyçˆÏlÓ˚ åAccomnodationä çlƒ ~!ê˛ ˆ°™ˆÏܲ
˛õÎ≈yÆ lÙl#Î˚ï˛y ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÎyçl •° ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y
ÎyÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !˲ߨ !˲ߨ ò%Ó˚ˆÏc Ó›ˆÏܲ ˆÊ˛yܲy§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆ°™ !lˆÏçÓ˚
xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~!ê˛ !§!°Î˚y!Ó˚ ˆ˛õ!¢ åCiliary
musclesä myÓ˚y !lÎ˚!sfï˛ñ Îy ˆ°ˆÏ™Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~•z
ˆ˛õ!¢à%!° ò%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ó›ˆÏܲ ˆÊ˛yܲy§ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˆ°™ˆÏܲ ≤çy!Ó˚ï˛
åflattenä ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ü˛yˆÏSÈ Ó›ˆÏܲ ˆÊ˛yܲy§ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˆ°™ˆÏܲ
§ÇÜ%˛!ã˛ï˛ åThicken ä ܲˆÏÓ˚y – ܲƒyˆÏÙÓ˚yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ˆã˛yˆÏáG
§ÇˆÏÓòlñ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà ~ÓÇ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛ Î˚y 87
 Óy: 5É1 xlƒylƒ ÙylÓ §ÇˆÏÓòl§Ù)•
ò¢≈l ~ÓÇ ◊Óî SÈyí˛¸yG xyÓ˚G xlƒylƒ §ÇˆÏÓòl Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Îy xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îˆÏܲ §Ù,Âô ܲˆÏÓ˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛Ù°y ¢%ô%Ùye ï˛yÓ˚
Ó˚ˆÏ.Ó˚ çlƒ•z xyܲ£Ï≈î#Î˚ lÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï fl∫yò G àrôG Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~áyˆÏl
xlƒylƒ §ÇˆÏÓòlà%!° §Ç!«˛Æ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •°ı
1É â yî åSmellä ı â yîàï˛ §ÇˆÏÓòˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zj#˛õܲ •° ÓyÎ˚%ˆÏï˛
í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ xl%§Ù)•– ˆ§à%!° ly§yÓ˚ˆÏrô  ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ
ˆ§áyˆÏl Óï≈˛Ùyl !§=˛ ly§y ܲ°yÎ˚ åmoist nasal tissueä !وϢ
ÎyÎ˚– ~ˆÏï˛ ˆ§à%!° â yî@˝Ãy•# §ÇflõˆÏ¢≈ xyˆÏ§– Ùyl%ˆÏ£Ï ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
@˝Ãy•Ü˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §Çáƒy 50 !Ù!°Î˚l ~ÓÇ Ü%˛Ü%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ 200
!Ù!°Î˚l– ï˛Ó%G xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ â yî @˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y á%Ó•z ≤Ã˲yÓ¢y°#–
~ê˛y çyly ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ Ùyl%£Ï ≤ÃyÎ˚ 10ñ000 xy°yòy àrô !ã˛lˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ
˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– xlƒ •z!wˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y â yîàï˛ §ÇˆÏÓòlG
§ÇˆÏÓòlÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎyçl ˆòáyÎ˚–
2É fl∫yò åTasteä ı fl∫yòàï˛ §ÇˆÏÓòˆÏlÓ˚ §Ç@˝Ãy•Ü˛ !ç•¥yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y fl≥˛#ï˛ Ë˛yàà%!°Ó˚ !Ë˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ xÓ!fiÌï˛ñ ÎyˆÏܲ ˆ˛õ!˛õ!°
(Papille) Ó°y •Î˚– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ ˛õƒy!˛õ!°ˆÏï˛ fl∫yò ˆÜ˛yÓ˚ˆÏܲÓ˚ åTaste
budäà%FSÈ Óï≈˛Ùyl– Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 10ñ000 fl∫yòˆÏܲyÓ˚ܲ
Óï≈˛Ùyl– Î!òG Ùyl%£Ï òy!Ó Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ áyˆÏòƒÓ˚ fl∫yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !Ó!˲ߨ àˆÏrôÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛!ï˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– !ܲv Ùye ã˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ fl∫yò Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ üüüÈ !Ù!T˛ñ
ê˛Ü˛ñ !ï˛=˛ ~ÓÇ °Óîy=˛– ï˛ál ~ê˛y ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ §Ω˛Ó •Î˚ ˆÎ xyÙÓ˚y
xyÓ˚G xˆÏlܲ fl∫yˆÏòÓ˚G xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ ˛õy•z⁄ ~ê˛yÓ˚ í˛z_Ó˚ •Ï° ˆÎñ xyÙÓ˚y
¢%ô%Ùye áyˆÏòƒÓ˚ fl∫yˆÏòÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ•z ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ••z lyñ ï˛ySÈyí˛¸y ~Ó˚ àrôñ
~Ó˚ ܲîy åTextureäñ ~Ó˚ ï˛y˛õÙyeyñ !ç•¥yÎ˚ ~Ó˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ ~SÈyí˛¸y
xyˆÏÓ˚y xˆÏlܲ §ÇˆÏÓòl myÓ˚yG ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ••z– Îál ~•z í˛z˛õyòylà%!°
ÌyˆÏܲ ly ï˛ál ¢%ô% ~•z ã˛yÓ˚ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ fl∫yò•z Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– ~SÈyí˛¸yG
xyˆÏ°yܲÓ˚!Ÿ¬ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyîˆÏܲ !lÎ˚sfî ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛
Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ È–
~•z ܲyç!ê˛ ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ Ù!î åIrisä ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ã˛ˆÏÜ ˛Ó˚
lƒyÎ˚ Ó˚!.l !V˛!Õ‘ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Îy ܲ!l≈Î˚y ~ÓÇ ˆ°ˆÏ™Ó˚ ÙyV˛áyˆÏl !fiÌï˛–
~!ê˛ ˆã˛yˆÏá ≤ÈÏÓ¢Ü˛yÓ˚# xyˆÏ°yܲÓ˚!Ÿ¬Ó˚ ÙyeyˆÏܲ !lÎ˚sfî ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚
ï˛yÓ˚yÓ˚ §ˆÏAܲyã˛l ~ÓÇ ≤çyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ myÓ˚y– x“ xyˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚
ï˛yÓ˚y ≤çy!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ í˛zIµ° xyˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ §ÇÜ%˛!ã˛ï˛ •Î˚– ˆÓ˚!ê˛ly
ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ !Ë˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ hflÏÓ˚– ~ˆÏï˛˛ ˛õÑyã˛ ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyˆÏ°yܲ
§ÇˆÏÓòl#Î˚ åPhotosensitiveä ˆÜ˛y¢ §Ù)• Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
Ó˚í˛ årodsä ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛yl åconeä §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈– Ó˚í˛ ˆÜ˛y¢
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚y!e˛ ò,!T˛Ó˚ åScotopic or night visionä §Ç@˝Ãy•Ü˛–
~!ê˛ x!ï˛ «˛#î xyˆÏ°yˆÏï˛G ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏï˛ Óî≈•#l ò,!T˛
88 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
!Ó!˲ߨ fl∫yˆÏòÓ˚ xl%˛õyˆÏï §ÇˆÏÎyçˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ !Ó!Óô ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ fl∫yˆÏòÓ˚ §,!T˛
•Î˚ Îy x!˲lÓ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
3É flõ¢≈àï˛ ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ cܲçyï˛ §ÇˆÏÓòl
åTouch and other skin sensesä ı
cܲ •ˆÏ° ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ K˛yˆÏl!wÎ˚ Îy flõ¢≈åã˛y˛õäñ í˛z£÷Ïï˛yñ ˜Ï¢ï˛ƒ ~ÓÇ
ÓƒÌyÓ˚ §ÇˆÏÓòl í˛zͲõߨ ܲˆÏÓ˚– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ cˆÏܲ ~•z ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚
§ÇˆÏÓòˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ !ӈϢ£Ï §Ç@˝Ãy•Ü˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– flõ¢≈çyï˛ §Ç@˝Ãy•Ü˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
cˆÏܲ §Ùyl˲yˆÏÓ !Óhfl,Ïï˛ lÎ˚– ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ܲS%È xÇ¢
åí˛zòyı Ù%áñ xy.%%ˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙyÌyä xlƒylƒ xÇ¢ åí˛zòyÈüÈ˛õyä ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓ!¢
§ÇˆÏÓòl¢#°– ÓƒÌyÓ˚ §ÇˆÏÓòˆÏlÓ˚ åPain sensationä ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ӈϢ£Ï
í˛zj#˛õܲ ˆl•z– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ~•z ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ !lô≈yÓ˚î á%Ó•z ܲ!ë˛l •ˆÏÎ˚ òÑyí˛¸yÎ˚–
4É ˆã˛T˛#Î˚ §ÇˆÏÓòl åKnes thetic systemä ı ~•z
§ÇˆÏÓòˆÏlÓ˚ §Ç@˝Ãy•Ü˛ ≤Ãôylï˛ •yˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ ˆçyí˛¸yÎ˚ åjointäñ !°àyˆÏÙˆÏrê˛
åligamentsäñ ˆ˛õ!¢ˆÏï˛ åmusclesä ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ~•z ï˛sf!ê˛
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xˆÏAàÓ˚ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ !fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ !ӣψÏÎ˚ §%ã˛ly ˆòÎ˚
~ÓÇ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §Ó˚° åˆÎÙlÈüÈܲÑyˆÏôÓ˚ °Ü˛ flõ¢≈ ܲÓ˚yä ~ÓÇ ç!ê˛°
åˆÎÙlÈüÈä §M˛y°lˆÏܲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆòÎ˚ ~ÓÇ §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ~•z ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ !lô≈yÓ˚î
á%Ó•z ç!ê˛° •ˆÏÎ˚ òÑyí˛¸yÎ˚–
5É ˆË˛!fiê˛Ó%°yÓ˚ §ÇˆÏÓòl åVestibular systemä ı ~•z
ï˛sf!ê˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !fiÌ!ï˛ñ à!ï˛ ~ÓÇ cÓ˚î ~•z §Ó !ӣψÏÎ˚ §)ã˛ly
ˆòÎ˚ ÈüÈ ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˲yÓ˚§yÙƒ ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ çlƒ xyÓ¢ƒÜ˛– ~•z §ÇˆÏÓòˆÏlÓ˚
•z!wÎ˚ xhs˝ıܲˆÏî≈ xÓ!fiÌï˛ – ˆÎáyˆÏl ˆË˛!fiê˛Ó%°yÓ˚ !V˛!Õ‘ åVestibular
Sacä xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !fiÌ!ï˛ !ӣψÏÎ˚ xÓàï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÎ˚ ˆï˛Ù!l xô≈Ó,_yܲyÓ˚
ly!°Ü˛y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ à!ï˛ ~ÓÇ cÓ˚î §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ §)ã˛ly ˆòÎ˚–
˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ˆÜ˛yl ˆÜ˛y¢§Ù)ˆÏ• !òÓyÓ˚!Ÿ¬Ó˚ åPhotopic or
Daylightä §Ç@˝Ãy•Ü˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~!ê˛ xˆÏlܲ í˛zFã˛ xyˆÏ°yܲÓ˚!Ÿ¬Ó˚
åhigh illuminatingä hflˆÏ ÓÏ ˚ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Óî≈Ù° ) ܲ åcolourä
ò,!T˛ˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ ˆã˛yˆÏá 100 !Ù!°Î˚l Ó˚í˛ ~ÓÇ
!Ù!°Î˚l ˆÜ˛yl ˆÜ˛y¢ Óï≈˛Ùyl– ˆÜ˛yl ˆÜ˛y¢ ˆÊ˛y!ÓÎ˚yÓ˚ åfoveaä
ܲySÈyܲy!SÈ ˆÓ˚!ê˛lyÓ˚ ÙyV˛yÙy!V˛ xLjϢ §Ó≈y!ôܲ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– Îy
Ùê˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ òylyÓ˚ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛yÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y Ó,_yܲyÓ˚ ˆ«˛eñ ~ˆÏܲ
˛õ#ï˛ !Ó®%G åyellow spotä Ó°y •Î˚– ~•z ˆ«˛e!ê˛ §Ó≈y!ôܲ
ã˛y«%˛£Ï ï˛#«¯˛ï˛yÓ˚ åvisual acquityä ˆ«˛e– xyˆÏ°yܲÓ˚!Ÿ¬Ó˚
§Ç@˝Ãy•Ü˛ SÈyí˛¸yG ˆÓ˚!ê˛lyÎ˚ xƒy:ˆÏlÓ˚ à%FSÈ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ åganglion
cell) Îy xÓ!ê˛Ü˛ fl¨yÎ˚%Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ Ù!hflÏˆÏ‹Ò ˆ˛õÔÑSÈyÎ˚–

ܲ!l≈Î˚y
ܲl#!lܲ
ç°#Î˚ !•í˛zÙÓ˚
ï˛yÓ˚yÓ˚rô 
ò%Ó˚fiÌ í˛zj#˛õܲ
ˆ°™
!§!°Î˚y!Ó˚ ˆ˛õ!¢
ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!° åWorking of the Eyeä
xyˆÏ°yܲÓ˚!Ÿ¬ ܲlçyÇ!ê˛Ë˛y åConjunctiveä ñ ܲ!l≈Î˚y åCorneaä
~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚yÓ˚rô  åpupilä x!ï˛Ü ˛Ù ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ°ˆÏ™ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Óy ˆÓ˚!ê˛lyÎ˚
≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛!°ï˛ •Î˚– ˆÓ˚!ê˛ly ò%•z˲yˆÏà !Ó˲=˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ly!§Ü˛y xô≈ ånasal
halfä ~ÓÇ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆê˛ˆÏ¡õyÓ˚y° xô≈ åtemporal halfä ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚
!Ë˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xô≈yÇ¢ ålyˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲySÈyܲy!SÈä Îy ˆÊ˛y!ÓÎ˚yˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛w ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ùôƒ
!Ó®% ôˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏܲ ly!§Ü˛yô≈ Ó°y •Î˚– ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xô≈yÇ¢ å°°yˆÏê˛Ó˚
ܲySÈyܲy!SÈä Îy ˆÊ˛y!ÓÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛w ˆÌˆÏܲ ¢%Ó˚% •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ˆÏܲ ê˛ƒyˆÏ¡õyÓ˚y°
xô≈ Ó°y •Î˚– í˛yl ò¢≈l ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ Ó˚!Ÿ¬ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ Óy!òˆÏܲÓ˚ xô≈ˆÏܲ
í˛zj#!˛õï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ åxÌ≈yÍ ly!§Ü˛yô≈ í˛yl ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ê˛ƒyˆÏ¡õyÓ˚y° xô≈ Óy
ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ä Óy ò¢≈l ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ Ó˚!Ÿ¬ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ í˛yl xô≈ˆÏܲ í˛zj#!˛õï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚
åxÌ≈yÍ Óy ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ ly!§Ü˛yô≈ ~ÓÇ í˛yl ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ ê˛ƒyˆÏ¡õyÓ˚y° xô≈ä–
ˆÓ˚!ê˛lyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó›Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zˆÏŒê˛y ≤Ã!ï˛!Ó¡∫ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •Î˚– ò¢≈l §¡∫!rôï˛
fl¨yÎ˚!Óܲ flõ®l x!ôܲ fl¨yÎ˚%Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ Ó!•Ó˚yÓÓ˚ˆÏî ˆ≤Ã!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚
ˆÎáyˆÏl ≤Ã!ï˛!Ó¡∫!ê˛ ˆ§yçy ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yàï˛ •Î˚ñ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !ã˛e 5É1
ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ x˛õ!ê˛Ü˛ fl¨yÎ˚% ˆÓ˚!ê˛lyÎ˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl ˆ¢£Ï •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎáyˆÏl
xyˆÏ°yܲÓ˚!Ÿ¬Ó˚ §Ç@˝Ãy•Ü˛ ˆl•z– ~•z xLjϢ ò¢≈l §ÇˆÏÓòl ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚•z
§Ω˛Ó lÎ˚– ï˛y•z ~ˆÏܲ xrô!Ó®% åBlind spotä Ó°y •Î˚–
x!˲ˆÏÎyçl åAdaptationä
ÙylÓ ã˛«%˛ xyˆÏ°yܲ Ó˚!Ÿ¬Ó˚ ~ܲ !Óhfl,Ïï˛ ÙyeyÎ˚ ܲyÎ≈ §¡õyòl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
ܲáˆÏly ܲáˆÏly xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yܲÓ˚!Ÿ¬Ó˚ hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ o%ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l !òˆÏÎ˚
xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ 5 —
!˲!ê˛∆Î˚y§ !•í˛zÙÓ˚
ˆÊ˛y!ÓÎ˚y
!lܲê˛fiÌ í˛zj#˛õܲ
xrô!Ó®% fl¨yÎ˚%
xrô!Ó®%
ˆÓ˚!ê˛ly
!ã˛e 5É1 ÙylÓ ã˛«%˛Ó˚ àë˛l
ˆÎˆÏï˛ •Î˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ Îál xyÙÓ˚y Ùƒy!ê˛!l ˆ¢yˆÏï˛ ã˛°!Fã˛e ˆòáˆÏï˛
Îy•z ï˛ál •ˆÏ° ˆì˛yܲyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ G•záyˆÏl í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ Ó›à%!° ˆòáˆÏï˛
x§%!Óôy •Î˚– Î!òG 15ÈüÈ20 !Ù!lê˛ Ü˛yê˛yˆÏlyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ xyÙÓ˚y xyÓyÓ˚ §Ó
ˆòáˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù ••z– ã˛°!Fã˛e ˆ¢£Ï •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ xyÙÓ˚y Îál Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓÓ˚
••z ï˛ál Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyˆÏ°y ~ˆÏï˛y ï˛#Ó  ӈϰ ÙˆÏl •Î˚ ˆÎ xyÙÓ˚y !ܲS%È•z
ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õy•z ly– xyÓyÓ˚ xˆÏlܲ §ÙÎ˚ ˆã˛yá ˆáy°y Ó˚yáˆÏï˛G x§%!Óôy
•Î˚– Î!òG ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ !Ù!lˆÏê˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xyÙÓ˚y fl∫y˲y!Óܲ xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ
!ë˛Ü˛ ˆòáˆÏ ï ˛ ˛õy•z – •ˆÏ ° ˆì˛yܲyÓ˚ x!˲ˆÏ Î yçˆÏ l Ó˚ ï% ˛ °lyÎ˚ ~•z
x!˲ˆÏÎyçl!ê˛ xˆÏlܲ o%ï˛ •Î˚– ˆÎ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y!ê˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yܲÓ˚!Ÿ¬Ó˚
!Ó!˲ߨ ï˛#Ó ï˛yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ x!˲ˆÏÎyçˆÏl §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏܲ Úò,!T˛àï˛
x!˲ˆÏÎyçlÛåvisual adaptationä Ó°y •Î˚–
xyˆÏ°yܲ x!˲ˆÏÎyçl åLight adaptationä Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆ§•z
≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl «˛#î xyˆÏ°y ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛#Ó  xyˆÏ°yÎ˚ ≤ÈÏӈϢÓ˚
x!˲ˆÏÎyçl •Î˚– ~•z ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y!ê˛ •ˆÏï˛ ~ܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ò%•z !Ù!lˆÏê˛Ó˚ ܲySÈyܲy!SÈ
§ÙÎ˚ °yˆÏà– xlƒ!òˆÏܲ xrôܲyÓ˚ x!˲ˆÏÎyçl åDark adaptationä
Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆ§•z ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl ï˛#Ó  xyˆÏ°y ˆÌˆÏܲ «˛#î
xyˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ ≤ÈÏӈϢÓ˚ x!˲ˆÏÎyçl •Î˚– ~•zê˛y ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yÓ˚
ò,!T˛ˆÏàyã˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyô â^˝ê˛y Óy ï˛yÓ˚G ˆÓ!¢ §ÙÎ˚ !lˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yà%!°ˆÏܲ §•ç §Ó˚° ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ !ܲS%È ˛õÌG Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
~•z ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y!ê˛Ó˚ §ˆÏAà xÓàï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ÙçyòyÓ˚
ܲyç ˆòGÎ˚y •°–
§ÇˆÏÓòlñ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà ~ÓÇ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛ Î˚y 89
 ܲyç 5É1
~ܲ!ê˛ xyˆÏ°y!Ü˛ï˛ çyÎ˚ày ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ xrôܲyÓ˚ âˆÏÓ˚ ÎyG ~ÓÇ
˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚˲yˆÏÓ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ Ü˛ï˛«˛î §ÙÎ˚ °yà° !°!˛õÓÂô ܲÓ˚–
˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÓyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ °y° ã˛¢Ùy ˛õˆÏÓ˚ í˛zIµ° çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲy– ~ál
xyÓyÓ˚ xrôܲyÓ˚ âˆÏÓ˚ ÎyG ~ÓÇ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚˲yˆÏÓ ˆòáˆÏï˛
Ü˛ï˛ §ÙÎ˚ °yàˆÏ°y ï˛y !°!˛õÓÂô ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y °«˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ °y°
ã˛¢Ùy!ê˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° xrôܲyÓ˚ x!˲ˆÏÎyçˆÏl ˆÎ §ÙÎ˚
ˆ°ˆÏàˆÏSÈ ~•z ˆ«˛ˆÏe xˆÏlܲ Ü˛Ù §ÙÎ˚ ˆ°ˆÏàˆÏSÈ– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !ܲ çyl
~•z âê˛ly!ê˛ ˆÜ˛l âê˛°⁄ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Órô% ~ÓÇ !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚
§ˆÏAà xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
xyˆÏ°yܲ ~ÓÇ xrôܲyÓ˚ x!˲ˆÏÎyçˆÏlÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yܲ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ
!˲!_ ı
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y xÓyܲ •ˆÏÓ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛l xyˆÏ°yܲ ~ÓÇ xrôܲyÓ˚ x!˲ˆÏÎyçl
•ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏÜ ⁄ ≤Ãyã˛#l Ùï˛Óyò xl%ÎyÎ˚#ñ xyˆÏ°yܲ ~ÓÇ xrôܲyÓ˚
x!˲ˆÏÎyçl xyˆÏ°yܲ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî âˆÏê˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
Ó˚í˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ ~ܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yܲ §ÇˆÏÓòl¢#° (Photo
sensitive) Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ˛õòyÌ≈ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÎyˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ ˆÓ˚yˆÏí˛y!∞l
Óy !˲ç%Î˚y° ˛õÓ˚ˆÏ˛õ° (Rhodopsinor Visual Purple)–
xyˆÏ°yܲ Ó˚!Ÿ¬Ó˚ !Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ myÓ˚y ~•z Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ xl%!ÓÓ˚!Oï˛
•Î˚ Óy ˆË˛ˆÏ. ÎyÎ˚– ~•z âê˛lyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛•z xyˆÏ°yܲ x!˲ˆÏÎyçl
•ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲñ xyˆÏ°yܲÓ˚!Ÿ¬Ó˚ x˛õ§yÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° xrôܲyÓ˚
x!˲ˆÏÎyçl •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛y•z !˲ê˛y!Ùl Ú~Û ~Ó˚ §•yÎ˚ï˛yÓ˚ Ó˚í˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚
Ó˚Oܲ ˛õòyÌ≈ ˛õ%lÓ˚%Ͳõy!òï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õ%l/fiÌy˛õl ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏܲ
xl%ˆÏÙyòl ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚– Ó˚í˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ ˆÓ˚yˆÏí˛y!∞ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ%lfiÌy˛õl
≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ §ÙÎ˚ §yˆÏ˛õ«˛ âê˛ly– ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî xrôܲyÓ˚
x!˲ˆÏÎyçl ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y!ê˛ xyˆÏ°yܲ x!˲ˆÏÎyçl ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y ˆÌˆÏܲ ô#Ó˚
à!ï˛ˆÏï˛ •Î˚– ï˛y•z ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎñ ˆÎ §ÙhflÏ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚y !˲ê˛y!Ùl ÈüÈ
~ÛÈüÈÓ˚ x˲yˆÏÓ ˆË˛yˆÏà ï˛yÓ˚y xrôܲyÓ˚ x!˲ˆÏÎyçˆÏl x«˛Ù •Î˚ ~ÓÇ
~•z §ÙhflÏ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ xrôܲyˆÏÓ˚ ã˛°yˆÏÊ˛Ó˚y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ x§%!Óôy •Î˚– ~•z
xÓfiÌyˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ Ó˚yï˛Ü˛yly ånight blindnessä ~ܲ!ê˛
§Ùyhs˝Ó˚y° ˛õòyÌ≈ Îy ˆÜ˛yl ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ~•z˛
˛õòyÌ≈!ê˛ xy•zˆÏÎ˚yˆÏí˛y˛õ!§l åiodopsinä lyˆÏÙ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛–
Ó˚ˆ.Ï Ó˚ ò¢≈l §ÇˆÏÓòl åColour visionä
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ˆÏ¢Ó˚ §ˆÏAà !ÙˆÏÌy!fl;Îy˚ Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y ¢%ô% ˜Ó!ã˛eƒÙÎ˚
Ó›Ó˚ §¡ø%á#l ••z ly ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˜Ó!ã˛eƒÙÎ˚ ÓÏî≈G ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ܲ!Ó˚– ~ê˛y
ˆçˆÏl Ó˚yáy ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl Óî≈ •ˆÏFSÈ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §ÇˆÏÓòˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛ÎyÓ˚
~ܲ!ê˛ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ !ӈϢ£Ïc– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Ù!hflÏ‹Ò Îál Óy•ƒ
90 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤ÃyÆ ï˛Ìƒ Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛ál ~•z !ӈϢ£Ï ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ
§Çà!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚– ÙˆÏl Ó˚yáy xyÓ¢ƒÜ˛ ˆÎñ xyˆÏ°yܲÓ˚!Ÿ¬Ó˚ Óî≈ly
ˆË˛Ô!ï˛Ü˛ Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ~Ó˚ ï˛Ó˚Aà ˜ÏòˆÏâ≈ƒÓ˚ åwave lenghtä í˛z˛õÓ˚
!l˲≈Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ •Î˚ñ ÓˆÏî≈Ó˚ Ó˚%ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ lÎ˚– xyÙÓ˚y
xyˆÏà•z ˛õˆÏí˛¸!SÈñ ò,¢ƒÙyl Óî≈y°#Ó˚ åvisual spectrumä ¢!=˛Ó˚
≤çyÓ˚ 360ÈüÈ780 ˆlˆÏly!Ùê˛yÓ˚ å360- 780um ä •Î˚ñ Îy
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yܲ Ó˚!Ÿ¬Ó˚ §Ç@˝Ãy•Ü˛ §ly=˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ò,¢ƒÙyl
Óî≈y°#Ó˚ ¢!=˛Ó˚ ≤çyÓ˚ ~Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ l#ˆÏã˛ Óy í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ •ˆÏ° ï˛y ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚
˛õˆÏ«˛ «˛!ï˛Ü˛yÓ˚ܲ •Î˚– §)Î≈yˆÏ°yܲ Ó˚yÙôl%Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y §yï˛!ê˛ Ó˚ˆÏ.Ó˚
ÎÌyÎÌ !Ù◊î– ˆÎ Ó˚.à%ˆÏ°y ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y •° ˆÓà%!l
åvioletäñ l#° åIndigoäñ xyܲy¢# åblueäñ §Ó%ç ågreenäñ
•°%òåyellowäñ Ü˛Ù°y åorangeä ~ÓÇ °y°åredäóñ §ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õ
ˆÓ!lxy§•Ü˛°y åVIBGYORä–
ÓˆÏî≈Ó˚ Ùyey åDimension of Colourä
~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛ ÎyÓ˚ Óî≈Ù)°Ü˛ ò¢≈l fl∫y˲y!Óܲñ ˆ§ §yï˛ !Ù!°Î˚ˆÏlÓ˚
åSeven millionä ˆÌˆÏܲG ˆÓ!¢ ÓˆÏî≈Ó˚ ÙyeyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Óî≈ §ÇˆÏÓòl !ï˛l!ê˛ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ÙyeyÓ˚ myÓ˚y
Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ˆ§à%!° •° Óî≈ (Hue)– §¡õ,!=˛ åsaturationä
~ÓÇ í˛zIµ°ï˛y åbrightnessä– Óî≈ Ó˚ˆÏ.Ó˚ !lçfl∫ à%î– §Ó˚°
ܲÌyÎ˚ Óî≈ Ó°ˆÏï˛ Ó˚ˆÏ.Ó˚ lyÙˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚îñ °y°ñ l#°
~ÓÇ §Ó%ç – Óî≈ !Ó!˲ߨ ï˛Ó˚Aà˜ÏòˆÏâ≈ƒÓ˚ •Î˚– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ Ó˚ˆÏ.Ó˚ !ӈϢ£Ï
ï˛Ó˚Aà ˜òâ≈ƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ l#° Ó˚ˆÏ.Ó˚ ï˛Ó˚Aà˜Ïòâ≈ƒ •°
≤ ÃyÎ˚ 465 ˆlˆÏly!Ùê˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ §Ó%ç Ó˚ˆÏ.Ó˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 500 ˆlˆÏly!Ùê˛yÓ˚–
Óî≈•#l (Achromatic) Ó˚. ˆÎÙl ܲyˆÏ°yñ §yòy ~ÓÇ ô)§Ó˚ñ
~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ÓˆÏî≈Ó˚ åhueä ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ ˆl•z– §¡õ,!=˛ •°
~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ à%î Îy ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆ«˛e åsurfaceä Óy
Ó› ~Ó˚ ÓˆÏî≈Ó˚ xyˆÏ˛õ!«˛Ü˛ ÙyeyÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛ •Î˚– ~ܲܲ
ï˛Ó˚Aà˜ÏòˆÏâ≈ƒÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yܲÓ˚!Ÿ¬ˆÏܲ å~ܲ Óî#≈ä x!ôܲ §¡õ,=˛ ÙˆÏl
•Î˚– Îál xyÙÓ˚y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ï˛Ó˚Aà ˜òˆÏâ≈ƒÓ˚ !Ù◊î ܲ!Ó˚ ï˛ál
§¡õ,=˛ï˛yÓ˚ Ùyey •…y§ ˛õyÎ˚– ô)§Ó˚ Óî≈!ê˛ §¡õ)î≈Ó˚)˛õ x§¡õ,=˛
•Î˚– í˛zIµ°ï˛yˆÏܲ xyˆÏ°yܲ Ó˚!Ÿ¬Ó˚ ï˛#Ó ï˛yÓ˚ Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛î ܲÓ˚y
•Î˚– ~!ê˛ Óî≈ ~ÓÇ Óî≈•#l ò%ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏ.Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛
•ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– §yòy ~ÓÇ Ü˛yˆÏ°y í˛zIµ° Óî≈ÙyeyÓ˚ ¢#ˆÏ£Ï≈ ~ÓÇ !lˆÏ¡¨
xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– §yòy Ó˚ÏÇ í˛zIµ° Óî≈ÙyeyÓ˚ §ˆÏÓ≈yFã˛ Ùyl ~ÓÇ
ܲyˆÏ°y Ó˚ˆÏ. Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ í˛zIµ° Óî≈ÙyeyÓ˚ §Ó≈!l¡¨ Ùyl–
ÓˆÏî≈Ó˚ !Ù◊î åColour Mixturesä
§ÙhflÏ Ó˚Ü˛Ù ÓˆÏî≈Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~•z xq$ï˛ §¡õÜ≈˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~à%ˆÏ°y Î%@¬
˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)Ó˚ܲ Ó˚Ç !•§yˆÏÓ à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚– Îál §!ë˛Ü˛ ÙyeyÎ˚ ˆÙ¢yˆÏly
•Î˚ ï˛ál ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)Ó˚ܲ Óî≈!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ Óî≈ÙÎ˚ åactrnomaticä ô)§Ó˚
Óy §yòy Ó˚ˆÏ. ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚– ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)Ó˚ܲ ÓˆÏî≈Ó˚ åcomplementaryä
í˛zòy•Ó˚î •°ñ °y°ÈüȧÓ%çñ •°%òÈüÈl#°– °y°ÈüȧÓ%ç ~ÓÇ l#° Ó˚.ˆÏܲ
ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ Ó˚. åprimary colourä Ó°y •Î˚– ܲyÓ˚î ~•z !ï˛l!ê˛
Ó˚ˆÏ.Ó˚ xyˆÏ°yܲÓ˚!Ÿ¬Ó˚ !Ù◊ˆÏî ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó˚. í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚– §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚
§yôyÓ˚î í˛zòy•Ó˚î •°ñ ˆê˛!°!˲¢ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õò≈y– ~ˆÏï˛ l#°ñ °y° ~ÓÇ
§Ó%ç Ó˚ˆÏ.Ó˚ !Ó®% Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•z !ï˛l Ó˚ˆÏ.Ó˚ !Ù◊î !Ó!˲ߨ Ó˚. ~ÓÇ
ÓˆÏî≈Ó˚ SÈê˛y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ Îy xyÙÓ˚y !ê˛!˲Ó˚ ˛õò≈yÎ˚ ˆò!á–
í˛z_Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õ åAfter Imagesä
~!ê˛ ò¢≈l §ÇˆÏÓòˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ÙçyòyÓ˚ âê˛ly– ò¢≈l ˆ«˛Ïe ˆÌˆÏܲ
í˛zj#˛õܲ §ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚G G•z í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ !ܲS%È §ÙÎ˚
˛õÎ≈hs˝ ˆÌˆÏܲ ÎyÎ˚– ~•z ≤Ã˲yÓˆÏܲ•z í˛z_Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õ åafter imageä
Ó°y •Î˚– í˛z_Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õ ò%•z ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ •Î˚ñ §òÌ≈ܲ í˛z_Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õ
åpositive after imageä ~ÓÇ l~‰èÌ≈ܲ í˛z_Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õ
ånegative after imageä §òÌ≈ܲ í˛z_Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õ Óî≈ §¡õ,!=˛
~ÓÇ í˛zIµ°ï˛y Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ Ù%° í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ lƒyÎ˚ §ò,¢ƒ •Î˚– ~!ê˛
§yôyÓ˚îï˛ xrôܲyÓ˚ x!˲ˆÏÎyçˆÏl ˆã˛yˆÏá §yÙylƒ ï˛#Ó  í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚
í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ â!ê˛ï˛ •Î˚– x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲ l~è‰Ì≈ܲ í˛z_Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õ
˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)Ó˚ܲ ÓˆÏî≈Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚ ˆòáy ˆòÎ˚– ~•z !Ó¡∫à%ˆÏ°y ˆòáy ˆòÎ˚ Îál
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óƒ!=˛ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 30 ˆ§ˆÏܲu˛ ÎyÓÍ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ӈϢ£Ï Ó˚ˆÏ.Ó˚ !Ó®%Ó˚
!òˆÏܲ ï˛y!ܲˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚˛õˆÏÓ˚•z ˆÜ˛yˆÏly xflõT˛ ˛õê˛Ë)˛!ÙˆÏï˛
ˆã˛yá §!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆlÎ˚ åˆÎÙl §yòy Óy ô)§Ó˚ï˛ˆÏ°ä– Î!ò Óƒ!=˛ l#°
Ó˚ˆÏ.Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ï˛yܲyÎ˚ñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° l~‰èÌ≈ܲ í˛z_Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õ •°%ò Ó˚ˆÏ.Ó˚
ˆòáy ˆòˆÏÓ– ~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓ °y° Ó˚ˆÏ.Ó˚ í˛zj#˛õܲ!ê˛ l~è‰Ì≈ܲ í˛z_Ó˚
≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õ !•§yˆÏÓ §Ó%ç Ó˚. ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
◊Óîàï˛ §ÇˆÏÓòl åAuditory Sensationä
◊Óî ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ §ÇˆÏÓòˆÏlÓ˚ Ó˚)˛õñ Îy xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛
à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~!ê˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ˆÏÎyàƒ fiÌylàï˛
ï˛Ìƒ ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó› Óy Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !l!Ÿã˛ï˛ ôyÓ˚îy
SÈyí˛¸yG ~!ê˛ Óyã˛!lܲ xyòyl ≤ÃòyˆÏlG à%Ó%̊c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
˛◊Óîàï˛ §ÇˆÏÓòl ¢%Ó˚% •Î˚ Îál ¢∑ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲˆÏî≈ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚
~ÓÇ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl ◊Óî •z!wÎ˚à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ í˛zj#!˛õï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚–
ÙylÓ Ü˛î≈ åThe Human Earä
ܲî≈ •ˆÏFSÈ ◊Óî í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ §Ç@˝Ãy•Ü˛ – Î!òG ~Ó˚ ≤Ãôyl
ܲyç •° ˆ¢yly– ~!ê˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ ˲yÓ˚§yÙƒ Ó˚«˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛G
§y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ܲˆÏî≈Ó˚ àë˛lˆÏܲ !ï˛l!ê˛ xLjϢ ˲yà ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ Ó!•/ܲî≈ñ ÙôƒÜ˛î≈ ~ÓÇ xhs˝/ܲî≈ Ó°y •Î˚– å!ã˛e 5É2 ä
xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ 5 —
Ó!•/ܲî≈ åExternal Earä ı ~ˆÏï˛ ≤Ãôyl ò%!ê˛ xÇ¢ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ
ÎÌy ˛õeܲ åPinnaä ~ÓÇ Ü˛î≈Ü%˛•Ó˚ (audimeatus) – ˛õe
•ˆÏFSÈ ï˛Ó˚%îy!fiÌï%˛°ƒ åcartilaginonsä Ê˛yˆÏlˆÏ°Ó˚ xyÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚
åfunnel shapedä xÇ¢ñ Îy ˛õy!Ó˚˛õy!Ÿª≈ܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ ¢∑
ï˛Ó˚Aà åsound wavesä §Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ˚– ܲî≈Ü%˛•Ó˚ åAuditory
meatusä •° ~ܲ!ê˛ ly!°Ü˛y Îy ˆ°yÙ ~ÓÇ ˆÙyÙ myÓ˚y §%Ó˚!«˛ï˛
~ÓÇ Îy ¢∑ ï˛Ó˚AàˆÏܲ ˛õeܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ܲˆÏî≈Ó˚ ˛õò≈y ˛õÎ≈hs˝ Ó•l ܲˆÏÓ˚
!lˆÏÎ ÎyÎ˚–
ÙôƒÜ˛î≈ åMiddle Ear ä ı ÙôƒÜ˛î≈ ¢%Ó˚% •Î˚ ܲˆÏî≈Ó˚ ˛õò≈y
åtympanumä ˆÌˆÏܲ– ~!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ •y°Ü˛y ˛õò≈y Îy ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ܲ¡õˆÏl
x!ï˛ ÙyeyÎ˚ §ÇˆÏÓòl¢#°– ~!ê˛ Ü˛î≈˛õê˛•ˆÏܲ xl%§Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~!ê˛
•zí˛zfiê˛y!¢Î˚yl ly°#Ó˚ åEustachian tubeä §y•yˆÏ΃ Ê˛ƒy!Ó˚.:ÈüÈÓ˚
åpharynxä §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ñ Îy ܲî≈˛õê˛ˆÏ•Ó˚ ÓyÎ%Ó˚ ã˛y˛õ ÓçyÎ Ó˚yˆÏá–
à•¥Ó˚ åcavityä ˆÌˆÏܲ ܲ¡õl !ï˛l!ê˛ x!fiÌ ÎÌyñ ˆÙ!°Î˚y§
åmalleus or hammeräñ •zlܲy§ åineus or anvilä ~ÓÇ
ˆfiê˛!˛õ§ åstappes or stirrupä ˆÜ˛ x!ï˛Ü ˛Ù ܲˆÏÓ˚ – ~à%ˆÏ°y
¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ܲ¡õˆÏlÓ˚ ï˛#Ó ï˛yˆÏܲ 10 à%î Óy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÎ˚ ~ÓÇ xhs˝/ܲˆÏî≈
ˆ≤ÃÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚–
xhs/ܲî≈ åInner Earä
xhs˝/ܲˆÏî≈Ó˚ àë˛ˆÏl ~ܲ!ê˛ ç!ê˛° xÇ¢ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Îy !V˛!Õ‘ÙÎ˚
ˆày°Ü˛ôyôy åmembranous labyrinthä lyˆÏÙ çyly ÎyÎ˚– Îy
x!fiÌÎ%=˛ xyÓÓ˚î åx!fiÌÙÎ˚ ˆày°Ü˛ôÑyôy Óy Boney lyabrinthä
myÓ˚y xyÓ,ï˛– !V˛!Õ‘ÙÎ˚ ˆày°Ü˛ôÑyôy ~ÓÇ x!fiÌÙÎ˚ ˆày°Ü˛ôÑyôyÓ˚
ÙyV˛áyˆÏl ~ܲ ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ °!§Ü˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ~ˆÏܲ ˛õÓ˚y°!§Ü˛y
åPerilymphä Ó°y •Î˚–
x!fiÌÙÎ˚ ˆày°Ü˛ôÑyôyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛ylˆÏܲyˆÏî !ï˛l!ê˛
xô≈Ó_, yܲyÓ˚ ç°ly!° åsemicircularä Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ~ÓÇ ~ܲ!ê˛ à•¥Ó˚
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÎyˆÏܲ ˆË˛!fiê˛!Óí˛z° åvestibutleä Ó°y •Î˚ ~ÓÇ Ü%˛[˛!°Ü,˛ï˛
xÇ¢ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÎyˆÏܲ ܲܲ!°Î˚y åcochleaä Ó°y •Î˚– xô≈Ó,_yܲyÓ˚
ç°ly!°ˆÏï˛ §%«¯˛ ˆ°yÙ¢ ˆÜ˛y¢ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ Îy ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˲!Aààï˛
åposturalä ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ x!Ólƒy§àï˛
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ x!ôܲ §ÇˆÏÓòl¢#°– ~ܲ!ê˛ x!fiÌÙÎ˚ ܲ܉˛!°Î˚y
!Ë˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !V˛!Õ‘ÙÎ˚ ܲ܉˛!°Î˚y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÎyˆÏܲ flÒy°yÓ˚ !Ù!í˛Î˚y
(Scalamedia) Ó°y •Î˚– ~!ê˛ ~ˆÏu˛y!°¡≥˛ åendolymphä
myÓ˚y ˲!ï≈˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏï˛ Ü%˛[˛!°Ü,˛ï˛ !V˛!Õ‘ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÎyˆÏܲ ˆÓ!§°yÓ˚
ˆÙÙÓ l åbasiliar membraneä – ~ˆÏï˛ §%- ˆ°yÙ¢ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚
~ܲ!ê˛ ¢,C°y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Îy xÓ˚àyl xÊ˛ ܲÓ˚!ê˛ åorgan of cortiä
~Ó˚ àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~!ê˛ ◊ÓˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl xAà–
§ÇˆÏÓòlñ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà ~ÓÇ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛ Î˚y 91
 ˆÙ!°Î˚y§
Ó!•/ly!°
ܲî≈˛õeܲ
!ê˛ˆÏ¡õy!lܲ !V˛!Õ‘
ˆfiê˛!˛õ§
!ã˛e 5É2 ÈüÈ ÙylÓ Ü˛ˆÏî≈Ó˚ àë˛l
ܲˆÏî≈Ó˚ ܲyç åworking of the earä
!˛õly ôÁ!l ܲ¡õlˆÏܲ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ˚ ◊ÓîmyÓ˚ myÓ˚y ܲî≈˛õê˛ˆÏ•
ˆ˛õÔÑSÈyÎ˚– ܲî≈à•¥ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ܲ¡õl !ï˛l!ê˛ x!fïÏï˛ fiÌylyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛
•Î˚– Îy ܲ¡õlˆÏܲ ¢!=˛¢y°# ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ xhs˝/ܲˆÏî≈ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚–
xhs˝/ܲˆÏî≈ ܲ܉˛!°Î˚y ¢∑ ï˛Ó˚AàˆÏܲ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚– ܲ¡õl myÓ˚y xhs˝/
°!§Ü˛y å endolymph ä à!ï˛¢#° •Î˚ ñ Îy xÓ˚ à yl xÊ˛
ܲÓ˚!ê˛ˆÏï˛G ܲ¡õl í˛zͲõߨ ܲˆÏÓ˚– §Ó≈ˆÏ¢ˆÏ£Ïñ fl¨yÎ˚% flõ®l ◊ÓîÙ)°Ü˛
fl¨yÎ˚%ˆÏï˛ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ñ Îy ܲܲ!°Î˚yÓ˚ ï˛°ˆÏò¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚
~ÓÇ ◊ÓˆÏîÓ˚ Ó!•/hflψÏÓ˚ ˆ˛õÔSÈyÎ˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl ~•z flõ®ˆÏlÓ˚ Óƒyáƒy
ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
í˛zj#˛õܲ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ôÁ!l åsound as a stimulusä È
xyÙÓ˚y §Óy•z çy!lñ ôÁ!l •° ܲˆÏî≈Ó˚ çlƒ í˛zj#˛õܲ– ~!ê˛ Óy!•ƒÜ˛
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ ã˛yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨï˛yÓ˚ Ê˛°fl∫Ó˚)˛õ– ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆË˛Ô!ï˛Ü˛
§M˛y°l åphysical movementä ã˛yÓ˚˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ÙyôƒÙà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛
åˆÎÙlÈüÈ ÓyÎ˚%ä Óyôy í˛zͲõߨ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛ySÈyí˛¸y ÓyÎ˚%Ó˚ xî%à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ
92 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
ˆ§Ü%˛ƒ°
xô≈Ó,_yܲyÓ˚ ç°ly!° •zí˛z!ê˛∆ܲ°
•zl!˲°
ˆÊ˛!§Î˚y° lyË≈˛
◊ÓîÙ)°Ü˛ fl¨yÎ˚%
ܲ܉˛!°Î˚y
•zí˛zfiê˛y¢Î˚yl ly!°
ˆày°yܲyÓ˚ à•¥Ó˚ .
lyí˛¸yã˛yí˛¸y ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ã˛yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l xyˆÏ§ñ Îy ¢∑
ï˛Ó˚AàÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ SÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚– ~!ê˛ 1100 Ê%˛ê˛ ≤Ã!ï˛
ˆ§ˆÏܲu˛ ˆÓˆÏà ã˛°yã˛° ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z˛˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛là%ˆÏ°y ï˛Ó˚ˆÏAà ~Ùl
˲yˆÏÓ ã˛°yã˛° ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎl !ë˛Ü˛ xˆÏlܲê˛y ˛õ%Ü%˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛õyÌÓ˚ ˆSÈÑyí˛¸yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚
í˛zͲõߨ ˆì˛í˛zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y– Îál ~•z ¢∑ï˛Ó˚Aà xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲˆÏî≈ ôyE˛y
ˆòÎ˚ñ ï˛ál ~•z Îy!sfܲ ã˛yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏl ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆ§ˆÏê˛Ó˚
§)ã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ÎyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚îyˆÏÙ ◊Óî §Ç@˝Ãy•Ü˛à%ˆÏ°y í˛zj#!˛õï˛ •Î˚–
§Ó˚° ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢∑ï˛Ó˚Aà •° ï˛y Îy ~ܲ ˛õ%lÓ˚yÓ,!_Ù)°Ü˛
§y•zl ï˛Ó˚ˆÏAà åsinie waveä lƒyÎ˚ §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ ã˛yˆÏ˛õÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ Ü ˛Ùyàï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ å!ã˛e 5É3 ä– ¢∑ ï˛Ó˚ˆÏAàÓ˚ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚
åAmplitudeä ~ÓÇ ï˛Ó˚Aà ˜òâ≈ƒ !˲ߨ !˲ߨ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– !ÓhflÏyÓ˚
•° ã˛yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ Ùyey– xÌ≈yÍ xî%à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚
Ù)°!fiÌ!ï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ fiÌylã%˛ƒ!ï˛Ó˚ §#Ùy– !ã˛e 5É3 ˆï˛ ¢∑ ï˛Ó˚ˆÏAàÓ˚
!ÓhflÏyÓ˚ˆÏܲ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙôƒÓï˛#≈ fiÌyl åmeanä ˆÌˆÏܲ ¢#£Ï≈fiÌyl
åcrestä Óy áyˆÏï˛Ó˚ ò%Ó˚c Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ï˛Ó˚Aà˜Ïòâ≈ƒ
åwave lengthä •° ò%!ê˛ ¢#£Ï≈ fiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒÜ˛yÓ˚ ò)Ó˚c– ¢∑
ï˛Ó˚ ˆ Ï A àÓ˚ §, ! T˛ •Î˚ Ù) ° ï˛ ÓyÎ˚ % Ü ˛îyÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈ y Î˚ Ü   ˛ !Ùܲ
§ÇˆÏ Ü ˛yã˛lå compression ä ~ÓÇ xyÓy§ˆÏ l Ó˚
ådecompressionä Óy ï˛l%Ë˛ÓˆÏlÓ˚ årarefactionä Ê˛ˆÏ°–
§ÇˆÏ Ü ˛yã˛l ˆÌˆÏ Ü ˛ ï˛l% Ë ˛Ól ~ÓÇ ï˛l% Ë ˛Ól ˆÌˆÏ Ü ˛ xyÓyÓ˚
§ÇˆÏܲyã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ã˛yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎ §¡õ)î≈ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l •Î˚ ~Ó˚
ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛Ó˚Aà ã˛ˆÏÜ ˛Ó˚ í˛zqÓ •Î˚–
!ÓhflÏyÓ˚
~ܲ ã˛Ü ˛
!ã˛e 5É3 ¢∑ï˛Ó˚Aà
¢∑ ï˛Ó˚AàˆÏܲ Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲ¡õyˆÏAܲÓ˚ myÓ˚y– ÎyÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ˆ§ˆÏܲˆÏu˛ Ü˛ï˛ ã˛Ü ˛ ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚– ~Ó˚ ~ܲܲˆÏܲ
Ó°y •Î˚ •yç≈ åHartz or H2ä – ܲ¡õyAܲ ~ÓÇ ï˛Ó˚Aà˜ÏòˆÏâ≈ƒÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ ÓƒhflÏyl%˛õy!ï˛Ü˛ §¡õܲ≈– Îál ï˛Ó˚Aà˜Ïòâ≈ƒ Ó,!Âô ˛õyÎ˚ ï˛ál
ܲ¡õl •…y§ ˛õyÎ˚ xyÓyÓ˚ Îál ï˛Ó˚Aà˜Ïòâ≈ƒ •…y§ ˛õyÎ˚ ï˛ál ܲ¡õl
Ó,!Âô ˛õyÎ˚– ~SÈyí˛¸yG ~ˆÏï˛ ôÁ!lÓ˚ !ï˛l!ê˛ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ ÙyeyG
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ˆÎÙlñ fl∫Ó˚¢!=˛ åloudnessäñ fl∫Ó˚@˝ÃyÙ åpitchä ~ÓÇ
í˛z˛õfl∫låtimbreä –
ôÁ!lÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚¢!=˛ ï˛yÓ˚ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ åamplitudeä myÓ˚y !lô≈y!Ó˚ï˛
•Î˚– Ó,•Í !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ Î%=˛ ¢∑ ï˛Ó˚Aà ï˛#Ó  åloudä ¢∑Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ≤Ãï˛ƒ!«˛ï˛
•Î˚ñ xyÓyÓ˚ «˛#î !ÓhflÏyÓ˚Î%=˛ ¢∑ï˛Ó˚Aà ˆÜ˛yÙ° åsoftä ¢∑Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ
≤Ãï˛ƒ!«˛ï˛ •Î˚– fl∫Ó˚¢!=˛ˆÏܲ ˆí˛!§ˆÏÓ° åDecibel or dbä myÓ˚y
˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– fl∫Ó˚@˝ÃyÙ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ôÁ!lÓ˚ í˛zFã˛hflÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ l#ã%˛hflÏÓ˚ˆÏܲ
ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚– ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ¢yflf#Î˚ §Çà#ˆÏï˛ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ §yï˛!ê˛ §%Ó˚ fl∫Ó˚@˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚
Ü ˛!Ùܲ Ó,!Âô Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •Î˚– ܲ¡õl ~ܲ!ê˛ ôÁ!lÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚@˝ÃyÙˆÏܲ
!lô≈yÓ˚l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ܲ¡õyAܲ í˛zFã˛ •ˆÏ°ñ fl∫Ó˚@˝ÃyÙG í˛zFã˛ •ˆÏÓ– ◊ÓˆÏîÓ˚
≤çyÓ˚ §yôyÓ˚îï˛ 20H2 - 20,000H2 ˛õÎ≈hs˝ •Î˚– í˛z˛õfl∫l Ó°ˆÏï˛
~ܲ!ê˛ ôÁ!lÓ˚ à%î Óy ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ ~ܲ!ê˛
àyí˛¸#Ó˚ •z!OˆÏlÓ˚ ¢∑ ~ÓÇ ~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ܲÌyÓyï≈˛yÓ˚ Ó°yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚
ÙˆÏôƒ !ӈϢ£Ïc Óy í˛z˛õfl∫ˆÏlÓ˚ !òܲ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– ~ܲ!ê˛
ôÁ!lÓ˚ í˛z˛õfl∫l ¢∑ ï˛Ó˚ˆÏAàÓ˚ ç!ê˛°ï˛yˆÏܲ ≤Ãò!¢≈ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ ˛õyGÎ˚y ˆÓ!¢Ó˚ ˲yà ôÁ!l•z ç!ê˛° •Î˚–
xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ 5 —
ܲyç 5É2
ò,!T˛ ~ÓÇ ◊Óî §ÇˆÏÓòlˆÏܲ §yôyÓ˚îï˛ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ à%Ó%̊c˛õ)î≈ §ÇˆÏÓòl
!•§yˆÏÓ ÙˆÏl •Î˚– ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ç#Ól ˆÜ˛Ùl •ï˛ Î!ò ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ly Ìyܲï˛⁄ ˆÜ˛yl‰ §ÇˆÏÓòl!ê˛ ˆÜ˛
•yÓ˚yˆÏ° ï%˛!Ù ˆÓ!¢ xyï˛!AÜ˛ï˛ •ˆÏÓ⁄ ˆÜ˛l •ˆÏÓ ⁄ !ã˛hs˝y ܲÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
ˆ°ˆÏáy–
Î!ò ï%˛!Ù Îyò%Ó˚ myÓ˚y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ §ÇˆÏÓòˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈«˛Ùï˛yˆÏܲ
Óyí˛¸yˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ˆÜ˛yl‰ §ÇˆÏÓòl!ê˛ˆÏܲ í˛zß¨ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ çlƒ
ˆÓˆÏSÈ !lˆÏï˛⁄ ï%˛!Ù !ܲ Îyò% SÈyí˛¸y ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ ~•z §ÇˆÏÓòlà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚
«˛Ùï˛y í˛zß¨ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛⁄ !ã˛hs˝y ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ˆ°ˆÏáy–
ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyàÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y åATTENTIONAL PROCESSESä
˛õ)ÓÓ≈ ï˛#≈ xLjϢ xyÙÓ˚y §ÇˆÏÓòˆÏlÓ˚ !ܲS%È Ó˚˛) õ !lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ!˚ SÈñ
Îy xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Óy!•ƒÜ˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ~ÓÇ x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î xÇ¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛Ìƒ
§Ç@˝Ã• ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó,•Í §ÇáƒyÎ˚ í˛zj#˛õܲ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
K˛yˆÏl!wÎ˚ˆÏܲ ≤Ã!ï˛!lÎ˚ï˛ xyâyï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏSÈ !ܲv xyÙÓ˚y ~ܲ•z §ÙˆÏÎ˚
§Óà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ °«˛ ܲ!Ó˚ ly– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÌˆÏܲ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛Ó˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚•z xyÙÓ˚y ò,!T˛ !lˆÏ«˛˛õ ܲ!Ó˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ Îál ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y
ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲÓ˚ ï˛ál !Ó!˲ߨ Ó›Ó˚ Ù%ˆÏáyÙ%!á •Gñ ˆÎÙlÈüÈ
òÓ˚çyñ ˆòGÎ˚y°ñ çyly°yñ ˆòGÎ˚yˆÏ° °yàyˆÏly SÈ!Óñ ˆê˛!Ó°ñ ˆã˛Î˚yÓ˚ñ
SÈyeñ fl%҈ϰÓ˚ Óƒyàñ çˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆÓyï˛° •zï˛ƒy!ò– !ܲv ~ܲ•z §ÙˆÏÎ˚
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ¢%ô% ~ܲÈüÈò%•z!ê˛ Ó›Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛•z ò,!T˛ !lˆÏ«˛˛õ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y–
ˆÎ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ í˛zj#˛õܲ§Ù)• ˆÌˆÏܲ !ܲS%È í˛zj#˛õܲˆÏܲ ÓySÈy•z
ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà åAttentionä ӈϰ–
~áyˆÏl °«˛ Ó˚yáy òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ ˆÎ !lÓ≈yã˛l SÈyí˛¸yG ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ xlƒ
˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎÙlñ §ï˛Ü≈˛ï˛yñ ~ܲy@˝Ãï˛y ~ÓÇ §rôyl •zï˛ƒy!ò–
§ï˛Ü≈˛ï˛y Ó°ˆï˛ ~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˆ§•z ï˛Í˛õÓ˚ï˛yˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ Îy
!òˆÏÎ˚ Óƒ!=˛ ï˛yÓ˚ §¡ø%ˆÏá í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ xyã˛Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÔí˛¸ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÓ˚ xÇ¢ ˆlGÎ˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚
ˆòÔí˛¸ ¢%Ó˚% •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆÓ˚áy!ê˛ Ü˛yˆÏSÈ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎyà#Ó˚y ˆòÔí˛¸
¢%Ó˚%Ó˚ ÓÑy!¢ ÓyçyˆÏlyÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ §ï˛Ü≈˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ xˆÏ˛õ«˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆòáy
ÎyÎ˚– ~ܲy@˝Ãï˛y Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ ~ܲ•z §ÙˆÏÎ˚ !ܲS%È !ӈϢ£Ï Ó›ˆÏܲ
ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ çlƒ xˆÏlƒ Ó›à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ò,!T˛Ó˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá G•z Ó›ˆÏï˛
§ˆÏã˛ï˛l˲yˆÏÓ ÙˆÏly!lˆÏÓ¢ ܲÓ˚y– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ñ
~ܲçl SÈye !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˲y£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ~ܲy@˝Ã •Î˚ ~ÓÇ !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
§ÇˆÏÓòlñ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà ~ÓÇ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛ Î˚y 93
!Ó!˲ߨ ˆÜ˛yîy ˆÌˆÏܲ xyàï˛ àu˛ˆÏày° Óy xyGÎ˚yçà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ~!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚
ÎyÎ˚– ~ܲçl ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛Ü˛ §rôyˆÏlÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ Ó›Ó˚ ˆ§ê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ !ܲS%È
í˛z˛õˆÏ§ˆÏê˛Ó˚ ˆáÑyç ܲˆÏÓ˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y Îál ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚
˲y•z G ˆÓylˆÏòÓ˚ !Óòƒy°Î˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xylˆÏï˛ ÎyGñ ï˛ál x§Çáƒ
ˆSÈ ˆ Ï ° ˆÏ Ù ˆÏ Î ˚ ˆ Ï ò Ó˚ ÙyV˛áyˆÏ l ï˛yˆÏ ò Ó˚ ˆáÑ y ç ܲÓ˚ – ~•z §ÙhflÏ
!Ü ˛Î˚yܲ°yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ çlƒ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ !ܲS%È ≤ÃÎ˚y§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚– ~•z xˆÏÌ≈
ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÜ˛w ~ÓÇ §#ÙyˆÏÓ˚Ïáy ÌyˆÏܲ– Îál ˆã˛ï˛lyÓ˚
ˆ«˛e!ê˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ӈϢ£Ï Ó› Óy âê˛lyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆÜ˛w#Ë)˛ï˛ •Î˚ ï˛ál
~ˆÏܲ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ ˆÜ˛w Óy ˆÜ˛w!Ó®% åfocul point of
attentionä Ó°y •Î˚– ~Ó˚ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ˆÏï˛ Îál Ó› Óy âê˛ly ˆã˛ï˛lyÓ˚
ˆÜ˛w ˆÌˆÏܲ ò%ˆÏÓ˚ xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ¢%ô% ~ܲ!ê˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛
xflõT˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˆã˛ï˛ly •Î˚ñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ §#ÙylyÓ˚ (fringe
of attention) xÓfiÌylÓ˚ï˛ Ó°y •Î˚–
ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyàˆÏܲ !Ó!˲ߨ˲yˆÏÓ ˆ◊!î!Ó˲yà ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yàï˛
ò,!T˛Ë˛!AàÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyàˆÏܲ ò%•z˲yˆÏà ˲yà ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
ˆ§à% ˆ Ï ° y •° !lÓ≈ y !ã˛ï˛ å selection ä ~ÓÇ !fiÌ!ï˛¢#°
åsustainedä ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà– ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ ~•z ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆÏ˲òà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚
≤Ãôyl ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyÙÓ˚y §Ç!«˛Æ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚Ó– xˆÏlܲ
§ÙÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y ~ܲ•z §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ò%!ê˛ xy°yòy Ó›Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà#
•ˆÏï˛ •Î˚– ~Ùl Îál âˆÏê˛ñ ~ˆÏܲ !Ó˲=˛ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà ådivided
attentionä Ó°y •Î˚– Óy: 5É2ˆï˛ !ÓÓ,ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Ü˛ál
~ÓÇ Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ !Ó˲yçl §Ω˛Ó–
!lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà åSelective Attentionä
!lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà ≤Ãôylï˛ x“ §ÇáƒÜ˛ í˛zj#˛õܲ˛ Óy Ó› Îy
xà!îï˛ í˛zj#˛õܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ÓySÈy•z ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛–
xyÙÓ˚y ≤Ã̈ÏÙ•z ӈϰ!SÈ ˆÎñ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏï˛
Óy: 5É2 !Ó˲=˛ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà åDivided Attentionä
˜òl!®l ç#ÓˆÏl xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ Ó›Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ~ܲ•z §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà
!òˆÏï˛ •Î˚– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y xÓ¢ƒ•z ˆòˆÏáSÈ ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚y ày!í˛¸ ã˛y°yÎ˚ ~ÓÇ Órô%Ó˚
§yˆÏÌ Ü˛Ìy ӈϰ Óy ˆÊ˛yˆÏl G ˆÙyÓy•z° ˆÊ˛yˆÏl ܲÌy ӈϰñ Óy ˆÓ˚yò
ã˛¢Ùy ˛õÓ˚ˆÏSÈñ Óy àyl ¢%lˆÏSÈ– Î!ò xyÙÓ˚y GˆÏòÓ˚ á%Ó Ü˛ySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ
ˆò!á ï˛y•ˆÏ° xyÙÓ˚y ˆòáˆÏÓy ˆÎ ï˛yÓ˚y xlƒylƒ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ày!í˛¸
ã˛y°yˆÏlyˆÏï˛ ˆÓ!¢ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà#ñ ï˛yÓ˚˛õˆÏÓ˚G !ܲS%È ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà xlƒ
ܲyçà%!°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒG Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆÓyV˛y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎñ !ӈϢ£Ï òÓ˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲ•z
§ÙˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲy!ôܲ !ӣψÏÎ˚ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyàˆÏܲ Ó^˝ê˛l ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– Î!òG
94 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
@˝Ã•î ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y §#!Ùï˛ •Î˚– ~•z ܲÌyÓ˚
xÌ≈ •° ~•z ~ܲ!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï §ÙˆÏÎ˚ Óƒ!=˛ Ùye !ܲS%È §ÇáƒÜ˛
í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚•z ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ≤ß¿ •° ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
ˆÜ˛yl‰ í˛zj#˛õܲà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ !lÓ≈yã˛l ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yܲÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÓ⁄
ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲàî í˛zj#˛õܲ !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !ܲS%È §ÇáƒÜ˛
!lô≈yÓ˚ˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲÌy í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl–
!lÓ≈ y ã˛lÙ) ° ܲ ÙˆÏ l yˆÏ Î yˆÏ à ≤Ã˲yÓ!Óh fl Ï y Ó˚ Ü ˛yÓ˚ #
í˛z˛õyòyl§Ù)• ı
!lÓ≈yã˛lÙ)°Ü˛ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyˆÏà !Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ!ÓhflÏyÓ˚ܲyÓ˚#
!lô≈yÓ˚ܲ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~à%ˆÏ°y˛ §yôyÓ˚îï˛ í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ ~ÓÇ
Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ §yôyÓ˚îï˛ Óy!•ƒÜ˛
~ÓÇ x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î í˛z˛õyòyl ~•z ò%•z˲yˆÏà ˲yà ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
Óy!•ƒÜ˛ í˛z ˛ õyòyl å Extenral factors ä à%ˆÏ°y
í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛– xlƒ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°y !fiÌÓ˚
ÌyܲˆÏ° í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ xyܲyÓ˚ñ ï˛#Ó ï˛y ~ÓÇ à!ï˛ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyˆÏà à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈
!lô≈yÓ˚ܲ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •Î˚– Ó,•Íñ í˛zIµ° ~ÓÇ à!ï˛¢#°
í˛zj#˛õܲ á%Ó §•ˆÏç•z ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyàˆÏܲ xyܲ£Ï≈î ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎ §ÙhflÏ
í˛zj#˛õܲ x!˲lÓ ~ÓÇ §yÙylƒ ç!ê˛° •Î˚ñ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°yG xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ ˆÜ˛ˆÏw á%Ó §•ˆÏç•z ã˛ˆÏ° xyˆÏ§– àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ
çyly ˆàˆÏSÈñ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yܲ!ã˛e åphotograpsä xlƒ !lç#≈Ó
Ó›Ó˚ xyˆÏ°yܲ!ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ °ˆÏ«˛ƒ á%Ó ¢#â •z ã˛ˆÏ°
xyˆÏ§– ~•z˲yˆÏÓ Óyã˛!lܲ ܲÌyÓyï≈˛yÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ SȈϮyÙÎ˚ ◊ÓîÙ)°Ü˛
í˛zj#˛õܲ á%Ó ï˛yí˛¸yï˛y!í˛¸ í˛zj#!˛õï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚
xyܲ£Ï≈ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ xyܲ!fløܲ ~ÓÇ ï˛#Ó  í˛zj#˛õܲ xq$ï˛ «˛Ùï˛y
≤Ãò¢≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î í˛z˛õyòyl åInternal factorsä §Ù)• Óƒ!=˛Ó˚
x˲ƒhs˝ˆÏÓ˚ Óï≈˛Ùyl– ~à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ≤Ãôylï˛ ò%!ê˛ ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ Ë˛yà ܲÓ˚y
~•z!ê˛ x!ôܲ x˲ƒy§°kô !Ü ˛Î˚yܲ°yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z §Ω˛Ó •Î˚ñ ܲyÓ˚î
à%ˆÏ°y fl∫Î˚Ç!Ü ˛Î˚ •Î˚ ï˛ySÈyí˛¸y lï%˛l Óy Ü˛Ù x˲ƒy§°kô ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚
fl∫Î˚Ç!Ü ˛Î˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲ°yˆÏ˛õ Ü˛Ù ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà !lˆÏӈϢÓ˚ òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚–
fl∫Î˚Ç!Ü ˛Î˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÎ˚ !ï˛l!ê˛ ≤Ãôyl ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ åܲä ~!ê˛ !Óly
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly x!˲≤ÃyˆÏÎ˚ §Çà!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚– åáä ~!ê˛ xˆÏã˛ï˛l˲yˆÏÓ §Çà!ë˛ï˛
•Î˚– åàä ~ˆÏï˛ á%Ó Ü˛Ù !ã˛hs˝lÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ åí˛zòy•Ó˚îÈüÈ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ¢∑ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚y Óy xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ç%ˆÏï˛yÓ˚ ò!í˛¸ Óyôy !Óly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
!ã˛hs˝l SÈyí˛¸y•z ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ä òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚–
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ÎÌyÈüÈ ˆ≤ãÏîyÙ)°Ü˛ í˛z˛õyòyl åmotivation factorsä
~ÓÇ K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ í˛z˛õyòyl åcognitive factorsä– ˆ≤ãÏîyÙ)°Ü˛
í˛z˛õyòyl xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˜ç!Óܲ ~ÓÇ §yÙy!çܲ í˛z˛õyòyˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ
§¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛–
Îál xyÙÓ˚y «%˛ôyï˛≈ Ìy!ܲ ï˛ál ˆÜ˛yˆÏly •y°Ü˛y áyGÎ˚yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ àˆÏrôÓ˚
≤Ã!ï˛ xyÙÓ˚y xyÜ,˛T˛ ••z– ˆÎ SÈyeˆÏܲ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y !òˆÏï˛ •Î˚ñ ï˛yˆÏܲ
˛õÓ˚#«˛y ly ˆòGÎ˚y SÈyeˆÏòÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õí˛¸yˆÏlyˆÏï˛ ˆÓ!¢
ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà# •ˆÏï˛ •Î˚– K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ í˛z˛õyòyˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ xy@˝Ã•ñ
ÙˆÏly˲yÓ ~ÓÇ ≤Û!ï˛Ù)°Ü˛ xÓfiÌy– Ó› ~ÓÇ âê˛ly Îy xy@˝Ã•
§M˛yÓ˚ܲyÓ˚# ï˛y á%Ó ï˛yí˛¸yï˛y!í˛¸ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà xyܲ£Ï≈î ܲˆÏÓ˚–
§Ùyl˲yˆÏÓ xyÙÓ˚y ˆÎ•z §ÙhflÏ Ó› Óy âê˛lyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ xl%Ü)˛°
ò,È !T˛Ë˛!Aà Ó˚y!á ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà á%Ó §•ˆÏç xyܲ!£Ï≈ï˛ •Î˚–
≤Û!ï˛Ù)°Ü˛ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ Ùyl!§Ü˛
xÓfiÌyÓ˚ §,!T˛ •Î˚ñ Îy ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!Ÿã˛ï˛ !ò¢yÎ˚ ܲyç ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ
ˆ≤Ã!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ï˛Í˛õÓ˚ï˛yG í˛zͲõߨ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÎyˆÏï˛ Óƒ!=˛ ~ܲ!ê˛
!ӈϢ£Ï í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ §yí˛¸y ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ≤Ã›ï˛ •Î˚ñ xlƒ
í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛≤Ã!ï˛ lÎ˚–
!lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ ï˛_¥§Ù)•
åSelective Attentionä
!lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyàˆÏܲ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ xˆÏlܲ ï˛_¥ !Óܲ!¢ï˛
ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È– xyÙÓ˚y ~áyˆÏl ï˛_¥àˆ% °
Ï yÓ˚ §Ç!«˛Æ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚ˆÓÏ y–
ÙˆÏ l y!Óò Ó  í ˛ˆÏ Ó rê˛ åBroadbent 1956 ä •ˆÏ ° l
˛õ!Ó˚flÀyÓî ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ åFilter theoryä ≤ÃÓ=˛y– ~•z ï˛_¥ xl%ÎyÎ˚#ñ
xˆÏlܲ í˛zj#˛õܲ Ü ˛Ùyàï˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §Ç@˝Ãy•ˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚
~ܲ!ê˛ à°yÓÂôåBottleneckä xÓfiÌyÓ˚ §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– «˛îfiÌyÎ˚#
flø,!ï˛Ó˚ å short term memory ä ÙˆÏôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ í˛zj#˛õܲ
!lÓ≈yã˛lÙ)°Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚flÀyÓˆÏî ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ Îy ¢%ô% ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zj#˛õܲˆÏܲ•z
Óy: 5É3 ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ ≤çyÓ˚ åSpan of Attention ä
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyˆÏà í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ í˛zj#˛õly @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y
§#!Ùï˛ •Î˚– Ó›Ó˚ §Çáƒy ÎyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óƒ!=˛ xˆÏlܲ Ü˛Ù §ÙÎ˚
åxÌ≈yÍ ~ܲ ˆ§ˆÏܲˆÏu˛Ó˚ ~ܲ xÇ¢ä ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛yˆÏܲ
ÙˆÏ l yˆÏ Î yˆÏ à Ó˚ ≤çyÓ˚ Óy ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ˆÏ î Ó˚ ≤çyÓ˚ åspan of
attention or perceptual spanä Ó°y •Î˚– !ӈϢ£Ï˲yˆÏÓ
ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ ≤çyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛Ü˛
í˛zj#˛õܲ§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ ~ܲ ç!ê˛° !Ólƒy§ˆÏܲ «˛!îˆÏܲÓ˚ V˛°Ü˛ ˆòˆÏá ˆÎñ
˛ˆÓ!¢ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ï˛Ìƒ °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§!ê˛ˆÏܲ– ~!ê˛ ê˛ƒy!̈Ïfiê˛yˆÏflÒy˛õ
åtachistoscopeä myÓ˚y ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– !Ó!˲ߨ àˆÏÓ£îyÓ˚
xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ 5 —
xl%Ù!ï˛ ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ í˛zFã˛ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÎ˚ ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚– xlƒylƒ
í˛zj#˛õܲ§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ ˙ §ÙˆÏÎ˚•z SÈyê˛y•z •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– ~•z˲yˆÏÓ xyÙÓ˚y
¢%ô% ~•z í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛•z §ˆÏã˛ï˛l ••z Îy !lÓ≈yã˛lÙ)°Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚flÀyÓl
!òˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
˛õ!Ó˚flÀyÓî ï˛l%ܲÓ˚î ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ åFilter attennation theoryä
≤ÃÓ=˛y •ˆÏ°l ÙˆÏly!Óò !ê˛∆§Ùƒyl åTriesmanäñ !Î!l Ó í˛Óƒyrê˛
~Ó˚ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ §ÇˆÏ¢yôl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~•z ï˛_¥ í˛zqyÓl ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ~•z ï˛_¥
xl%ÎyÎ˚#ñ ˆÎ•z í˛zj#˛õܲ§Ù)• ~ܲ!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï §ÙˆÏÎ˚ !lÓ≈yã˛lÙ)°Ü˛
˛õ!Ó˚flÀyÓî !òˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ly ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y xÓÓ˚%Âô •Î˚ ly–
˛õ!Ó˚flÀyÓî ¢%ô% ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ¢!=˛ˆÏܲ ò%Ó≈° ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚– ~•z ˲yˆÏÓ !ܲS%È
í˛zj#˛õܲ§Ù)• !lÓ≈yã˛lÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÎ˚ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù •Î˚–
~•z ܲÌy Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎ Óƒ!=˛àï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ í˛zj#˛õܲ§Ù)•
åí˛zòy•Ó˚îñˆÎÔÌ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆË˛yˆÏç ܲyˆÏÓ˚yÓ˚ lyÙä á%Ó l#ã%˛ xyGÎ˚yˆÏçG
ˆ¢yly ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zj#˛õܲ §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ò%Ó≈° •Î˚ñ
ï˛Ó%G ܲáˆÏly ܲáˆÏly !lÓ≈yã˛lÙ)°Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚flÀyÓî ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚
í˛zj#˛õlyÎ˚ §yí˛¸y !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
Ùy!Œê˛ˆÏÙyí˛åMultimodeä ï˛_¥!ê˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÓ=˛y çlˆÏfiê˛yl ~ÓÇ
•y•zlç åJohnston and Heinzä– ~•z ï˛_¥!ê˛ xl%ÎyÎ˚#
ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà ~ܲ!ê˛ lÙl#Î˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y Îy xlƒ í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚
ˆÏΈÏܲyˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ !lÓ≈yã˛l !ï˛l!ê˛ ôyˆÏ˛õ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
≤ÃÌÙ ôyˆÏ˛õ í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ §ÇˆÏÓòl#Î˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õ åí˛zòy•Ó˚îñ ò,!T˛àï˛
≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õä ˜ï˛Ó˚# •Î˚– !mï˛#Î˚ ôyˆÏ˛õ ¢∑àï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õ åí˛zòy•Ó˚îÈüÈÓ›Ó˚
lyÙä ˜ï˛Ó˚# •Î˚ñ ~ÓÇ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ôyˆÏ˛õ §ÇˆÏÓò#Î˚ ~ÓÇ ¢∑àï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õ
ˆã˛ï˛lyÎ˚ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ܲÌyG Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎñ Îï˛ ˆÓ!¢
≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y ï˛ï˛ ˆÓ!¢ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚– Îál ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
ܲyç ≤ÃÌÙ ôyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y xl%ÎyÎ˚# å˛õ)Ó≈ !lÓ≈yã˛lä !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ •Î˚ñ
~ˆÏï˛ ï˛,ï˛#Î˚ ôyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ åí˛z_Ó˚ !lÓ≈yã˛lä ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ܲÙ
≤ÃÎ˚yˆÏ§Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚–
ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !ÙlyÓ˚ ӈϰˆÏSÈl ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ ≤çyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Óhfl,Ï!ï˛ 7 ! 2 ò%•z!ê˛
!ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ !˲ï˛Ó˚ •Î˚ xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z!ê˛ !ÙlyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ magic
number !•§yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛– ~Ó˚ xÌ≈ •° ~ܲ•z §ÙˆÏÎ˚ Óƒ!=˛ ˛õÑyã˛
ˆÌˆÏܲ §yï˛!ê˛ §ÇáƒyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚•z ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– Îy Óƒ!ï˛Ü ˛Ù#
ˆ«˛ˆÏe 9 Óy ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– §Ω˛Óï˛ ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ˆÙyê˛Ó˚
§y•zˆÏܲ° ~ÓÇ ày!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ !ܲv x«˛Ó˚ §• ã˛yÓ˚ §ÇáƒyÓ˚ l¡∫Ó˚ ˆ≤’ê˛ ˆòGÎ˚y
•Î˚– ày!í˛¸ ã˛y°yˆÏlyÓ˚ !lÎ˚Ùl#!ï˛ Ë˛yAàyÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ê˛∆y!Ê˛Ü˛ ˛õ%!°¢ ˆÎˆÏܲyˆÏly
l¡∫Ó˚ ÎyˆÏï˛ á%Ó §•ˆÏç ˲yˆÏÓ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ x«˛Ó˚§• ÎyˆÏï˛
l¡∫Ó˚à%ˆÏ°y !°áˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
§ÇˆÏÓòlñ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà ~ÓÇ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛ Î˚y 95
!fiÌ!ï˛¢#° ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà åSustained Attentionä
ˆÎÙl !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyˆÏà í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ ÓySÈy•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl
à%Ó˚%c xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ñ ˆï˛Ù!l !fiÌ!ï˛¢#° ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
~ܲy@˝Ãï˛y•z ≤Ãôyl– ~!ê˛ •° xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ§•z ò«˛ï˛y ÎyÓ˚ myÓ˚y xyÙÓ˚y
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyàˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó› xÌÓy âê˛lyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ˆÓ!¢«˛î
˛õÎ≈hs˝ Ó•y° Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚– ~!ê˛ §ï˛Ü≈˛ ≤ÕÓ˚y åVigilanceä
lyˆÏÙG ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛– ܲáˆÏly ܲáˆÏly Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛
ܲyˆÏç xˆÏlܲ â^˝ê˛y ~ܲy@˝Ã ÌyܲˆÏï˛ •Î˚– •yGÎ˚y•z Îyï˛yÎ˚yï˛ !lÎ˚sfܲ
~ÓÇ Ó˚yí˛yÓ˚ !Ó˚í˛yÓ˚ •° ~•z ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ í˛zòy•Ó˚î– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
˛õò≈yÎ˚ xy§y !§àl°à%ˆÏ°y ≤Ã!ï˛!lÎ˚ï˛ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ Ù!lê˛Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
•Î˚– ~•z §ÙhflÏ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ≤ÃyÆ !§àly° §yôyÓ˚îï˛ x!l!Ÿã˛ï˛ •Î˚
~ÓÇ Î!ò !§àl° ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ë%˛° •Î˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ §yÇây!ï˛Ü˛ !ܲS%È
âê˛ˆÏï˛˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ á%Ó ˆÓ!¢ §ï˛Ü≈˛ Ìyܲy
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl–
!fiÌ!ï˛¢#° ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyˆÏà ≤Ã˲yÓ!ÓhflÏyÓ˚ܲyÓ˚# í˛z˛õyòylı
!fiÌ!ï˛¢#° ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyˆÏà Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ «˛Ùï˛yˆÏܲ §•ç ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ Óyôy
ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ !Ó!˲ߨ í˛z˛õyòyl Óï≈˛Ùyl– §ÇˆÏÓòˆÏlÓ˚ Ó˚˛) õ åsensory
modalityä •° ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛– ò,!T˛àï˛ í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚
Óy: 5É4 xƒyˆÏê˛l¢l ˆí˛!Ê˛!§ê˛ •y•z˛õyÓ˚ xƒy!Q!Ó!ê˛ !ÓܲyÓ˚ åAttention deficifhyperactivity disorderä
≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyGÎ˚y ~!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛
§yôyÓ˚ î xyã˛Ó˚ î àï˛ !ÓܲyÓ˚ – ~ °«˛î •° xyˆÏ Ó à¢#°ï˛y
åImpulsivelyäñ x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ åexcessiveä ˆ˛õ¢#Î˚ §!Ü ˛Î˚ï˛y
~ÓÇ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ x«˛Ùï˛y åinability to attendä– ~•z
!ÓܲyÓ˚!ê˛ ˆÙˆÏÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ˆSȈϰˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Óƒy˛õܲ ˲yˆÏÓ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚–
Î!ò ~•z !ÓܲyÓ˚ˆÏܲ ly §yÙ°yˆÏly •Î˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ ï˛y ÓÎ˚/§!rôܲy° Óy
≤ÃyÆÓÎ˚ˆÏflÒG fiÌyÎ˚# •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ˆÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl °«˛î •°
ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ !fiÌ!ï˛¢#°ï˛y ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ x§Ù̃ï˛y– Îy ~ܲ!ê˛
!¢¢%Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ Ó˚Ü˛Ù ˆ«˛ˆÏe ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛!°ï˛ •Î˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ ~•z
ôÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !¢¢%Ó˚y á%Ó•z í˛zß√yò@˝ÃfiÌñ ï˛yÓ˚y !lˆÏò≈¢ ÙyˆÏl lyñ !˛õï˛yÙyï˛yÓ˚
§ˆÏAà ˲yˆÏ°y ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly ~ÓÇ §ÙÓÎ˚!§Ó˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆl!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛
ò,!T˛ˆÏï˛ ˆòˆÏá– ï˛yÓ˚y !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ ˲yˆÏ°y ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
Ó%!Âôàï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ âyê˛!ï˛ ly Ìyܲy §ˆÏ_¥G !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ
!Ó£ÏÎ˚à%ˆÏ°y ˛õí˛¸ˆÏï˛ Óy !¢áˆÏï˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ x§%!Óôy ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚–
àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÎ˚ ~•z !ÓܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˜ç!Óܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !˲!_Ó˚ ≤ÃÙyî ˛õyGÎ˚y
ÎyÎ˚ lyñ x˛õÓ˚˛õˆÏ«˛ñ ~•z !ÓܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §¡õÜ≈˛˛ áyÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õyòyˆÏlÓ˚
§ˆÏAàñ !ӈϢ£Ïï˛ áyÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ó˚ˆÏ.Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– xlƒ!òˆÏܲñ
§ÙyçÈüÈÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ ܲyÓ˚îà%ˆÏ°yG åí˛zòy•Ó˚îÈüÈ Óy!í˛¸Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ñ
˛õy!Ó˚Óy!Ó˚ܲ !ÓܲyÓ˚cä xlƒ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ADHD ~Ó˚ çlƒ
96 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
◊Óî §¡∫rô#Î˚ í˛zj#˛õܲ •ˆÏ° ܲÙ≈«˛Ùï˛y í˛zÍÜ,˛T˛ •Î˚– í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚
flõT˛ï˛y åclarity of stimunilä •° xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ!ê˛ ˛í˛z˛õyòyl– ï˛#Ó 
~ÓÇ ò#â≈ˆÏÙÎ˚y!ò í˛zj#˛õܲ !fiÌ!ï˛¢#° ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyàˆÏܲ §•ç ܲˆÏÓ˚
~ÓÇ á%Ó Ë˛yˆÏ°y ܲÙ≈«˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲÓ˚yÎ˚– ܲy!°Ü˛ x!lŸã˛Î˚ï˛y
åtemporal uncartainityä •° ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ í˛z˛õyòyl– Îál í˛zj#˛õܲ
!lÎ˚!Ùï˛ xhs˝Ó˚yˆÏ° xyˆÏ§ ï˛ál x!lÎ˚!Ùï˛ xhs˝Ó˚yˆÏ° xy§y
í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ x!ôܲ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà xyˆÏ§– fiÌyl#Î˚ x!lŸã˛Î˚ï˛y
åspatial uncertainityä •° ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ í˛z˛õyòyl – í˛zj#˛õܲ Îy
~ܲ!ê˛ !l!Ÿã˛ï˛ fiÌyˆÏl ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ˆ§!ê˛ á%Ó ï˛yí˛¸yï˛y!í˛¸ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà
xyܲ£Ï≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚– !ܲv Îál ~ˆÏ°yˆÏوϰy fiÌyˆÏl ≤Ãܲy¢ ˛˛õyÎ˚ ï˛ál
ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà ˆòGÎ˚y á%Ó Ü˛!ë˛l •Î˚–
ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ÓƒÓ•y!Ó˚ܲ ≤Ã˲yÓ Óï≈˛Ùyl– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
Óƒ!=˛ ~ܲ V˛°ˆÏܲ ܲï˛à%ˆÏ°y Ó› ˆòáyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà Ó˚yáˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ~Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚•z ˆÙyê˛Ó˚ §y•zˆÏܲˆÏ°Ó˚ Óy ày!í˛¸Ó˚
l¡∫Ó˚à%ˆÏ°y ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ê˛∆y!Ê˛Ü˛ !lÎ˚Ù Ë˛Aà ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚– !ܲS%È
§ÇáƒÜ˛ !¢¢%Ó˚y ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ x˲yˆÏÓ !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ ò«˛ï˛y ≤Ãò¢≈ˆÏl
xÜ,˛ï˛Ü˛yÎ≈ •Î˚– Óy: 5É4 ~ܲ!ê˛ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ ~ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
!ӣψÏÎ˚ !ܲS%È ÙçyòyÓ˚ ï˛Ìƒ ˆòGÎ˚y •°–
x!ôܲ òyÎ˚#– Óï˛≈ÙyˆÏl ADHD ~Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ܲyÓ˚î ~ÓÇ ≤Ã˲yÓ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ
ï˛y Ùyly •Î˚–
ADHD ~Ó˚ Ê˛°≤Ãò !ã˛!ܲͧyÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ §¡∫ˆÏrô Ùï˛y˜Ïlܲƒ
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– !Ó˚ê˛y!°l åRitatinä lyÙܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ Å£Ïô Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Îy ~•z
ˆÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ó•%° ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ !¢¢%Ó˚ x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ í˛zˆÏ_çly ~ÓÇ ~ܲy@˝Ãï˛yÓ˚
í˛zß√yòlyˆÏܲ ܲÙyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà ~ÓÇ «˛Ùï˛yˆÏܲ
Óyí˛¸yÎ˚– Î!òG ~!ê˛ ~•z §Ù§ƒy!ê˛ˆÏܲ !lÓ˚yÙÎ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly ~ÓÇ xˆÏlܲÓyÓ˚
~Ó˚Ê˛ˆÏ° !ܲS%È !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ ˛õyŸª≈≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ˆòáy ˆàˆÏSÈ ˆÎÙl í˛zFã˛ï˛y ~ÓÇ
GçlÓ,!Âô òˆÏÙ ÎyGÎ˚y– x˛õÓ˚˛õˆÏ«˛ñ xyã˛Ó˚îàï˛ ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛
åBehaviroural management programmesä ˆï˛ ôlycܲ
˛õ%lı¢!=˛§M˛y°l ï˛Ìy !¢ál §yÙ@˝Ã# ~ÓÇ Ü˛yÎ≈ܲ°yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ≤Û!ï˛
~Ùl •Î˚ ˆÎ ~ˆÏï˛ ~!ê˛ •…y§ ˛õyÎ˚ ï˛Ìy ï˛yÍ«˛!lܲ ≤Ã!ï˛≤Ãy!Æ
åimmediate feedbackä ~ÓÇ §Ê˛°ï˛yˆÏܲ Ó,!Âô ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
ADHD ~Ó˚ §Ê˛° !lÓ˚yÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ çlƒ K˛yl §¡∫rô#Î˚ xyã˛Ó˚îÙ)°Ü˛
≤Ã!¢«˛ˆÏlÓ˚ á%Ó Ê˛°≤ç%ñ ÎyˆÏï˛ x!˲ˆÏ≤Ãï˛ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õ%Ó˚flÒyÓ˚ˆÏܲ
Óyã˛!lܲ fl∫ÈüÈ!lˆÏò¢≈ lyÓ°# åÌyˆÏÙyñ !ã˛hs˝yܲÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ä ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚
≤Ã!¢«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~•z ˛≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌñ ADHD ˆï˛
˛õ#!í˛¸ï˛ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ âl âl ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà §ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyGÎ˚y ܲÙyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ
§•ç˲yˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆ¢ˆÏá– ~•z !¢ál xyˆÏ˛õ!«˛Ü˛ Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ xˆÏlܲ
§ÙÎ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ fiÌyÎ˚# •Î˚–
≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y åPerceptual Processesä
˛õ)Ó≈Óï˛#≈ xLjϢ xyÙÓ˚y ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ ˆÎ K˛yˆÏl!wÎ˚ myÓ˚y ≤ÃyÆ
í˛zj#˛õly xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !ܲS%È x!˲K˛ï˛y ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎÙl xyˆÏ°yÓ˚
V˛°Ü˛ Óy ~ܲ!ê˛ ¢∑ Óy ~ܲ!ê˛ àrô– ~•z ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ x!˲K˛ï˛yˆÏܲ
Ó°y •Î˚ §ÇˆÏÓòlñ Îy K˛yˆÏl!wÎ˚ myÓ˚y ≤ÃyÆ– ~!ê˛ í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚
í˛z j #˛õly §¡õˆÏ Ü ≈ ˛ Ó% V ˛ˆÏ ï ˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ l y ï˛Ìƒ ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏ Ó ˚ ly–
í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ ~!ê˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yñ ôÁ!l ~ÓÇ §%àˆÏrôÓ˚ í˛zͧ
§¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ï˛Ìƒ ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly– §ÇˆÏÓòl ï˛sf myÓ˚y §Ó˚ÓÓ˚y•Ü˛yÓ˚#
§yÙ@˝Ã# ˆÌˆÏܲ xÌ≈ ≤ÃyÆ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ çlƒ xyÙÓ˚y ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ%l/≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yܲÓ˚î
ܲ!Ó˚– ~Ùl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyàñ flø,!ï˛ñ ˆ≤ãÏîyñ xyˆÏÓà
~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ myÓ˚y í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ xÌ≈
xÓôyÓ˚l ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ˆÎ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ K˛yˆÏl!wÎ˚ myÓ˚y ≤ÃyÆ
§)ã˛ly !ã˛lˆÏï˛ñ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Óy xÌ≈ °y˲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ
≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ Ó°y •Î˚– í˛zj#˛õܲˆÏܲ Óy âê˛lyˆÏܲ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Óy xÌ≈
ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ çlƒ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ !lçfl∫ ˛õÌ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚– ~•z
˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛î Óy•ƒ Óy x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ ≤ÃyÆ Ó› Óy
âê˛lyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ Óƒyáƒy•z ¢%ô% ܲˆÏÓ˚lyñ ï˛yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ !lçfl∫ ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aà
xl%ÎyÎ˚# Ó› Óy âê˛lyà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– xÌ≈ àë˛lܲyÓ˚# ~•z
≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y!ê˛Ó˚ !ܲS%È !l!Ÿã˛ï˛ í˛z˛õ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yG Ó˚ˆÏΈÏSÈ– ~à%!° !ã˛e 5É4ÈüÈ~
ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yܲÓ˚î í˛z˛õyòyl
åPROCESSING APPROACH IN PERCEPTIONä
xyÙÓ˚y ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó›ˆÏܲ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ˚y ⁄ xyÙÓ˚y ܲ# ~ܲ!ê˛
Ü%˛Ü%˛Ó˚ˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆ°yÙ¢ ¢Ó˚#Ó˚ñ ã˛yÓ˚ ˛õyñ ˆã˛yáñ ܲyl •zï˛ƒy!ò !òˆÏÎ˚
ˆã˛lyÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲ!Ó˚ñ Óy ly!ܲ xyˆÏà Ü%˛Ü%˛Ó˚ ˆã˛lyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~•z !Ó!˲ߨ
¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xÇ¢à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ !ã˛lˆÏï˛ ˆã˛T˛y ܲ!Ó˚⁄ ˆÎ ôyÓ˚îy xl%ÎyÎ˚#
≤Ãï˛ƒy!˲K˛yÎ˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y!ê˛ Îál xÇ¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ ¢%Ó˚% •Î˚ ~ÓÇ Îy
≤Ãï˛ƒy!˲K˛yÎ˚ Ù)°ƒ !˲!_ •Î˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ í˛zôÁ≈àyÙ# ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yܲÓ˚î ӈϰ
åbottom up processingä– Îál ≤Ãï˛ƒ!˲K˛y ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y §Ù@˝Ã
ˆÌˆÏܲ ¢%Ó˚% •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ÎyÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ í˛z˛õyòyl §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ çyly
ÎyÎ˚ ˆ§!ê˛˛ !l¡¨àyÙ# ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yܲÓ˚î åtopdown processingä
!•§yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛– í˛zôÁ≈àyÙ# ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aà xl%ÎyÎ˚# í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ
°«˛îà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆçyÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚ ï˛ySÈyí˛¸y ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îˆÏܲ Ùyl!§Ü˛
§ÇˆÏÓòˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà
í˛zj#˛õܲ
§Ç@˝Ãy•Ü˛
!ã˛e 5É4 ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛z˛õ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y§Ù)•
xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ 5 —
≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ !•§yˆÏÓ Ùyly •Î˚– !l¡¨àyÙ# ò,!T˛Ë˛!AàˆÏï˛ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛lܲyÓ˚#Ó˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆçyÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îˆÏܲ í˛zj#˛õܲ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˆã˛lyÓ˚
~ÓÇ çylyÓ˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y !•§yˆÏÓ !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– àˆÏÓ£Ïîy ˆÌˆÏܲ
çyly ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛î •° ˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ !ÙˆÏÌy!fl;Î˚yÓ˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y
Îy xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ çàï˛ˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îܲyÓ˚ # å T HE P ERCEIVER ä ı Ùyl% £ Ï Ó ˚ y ~•z
Óy•ƒ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ ¢%ô% Îy!sfܲ lÎ˚ !l!‹;˛Î˚ @˝Ãy•Ü˛G
ÓˆÏê˛– ~Ó˚y §,çl¢#° §_y myÓ˚y ï˛yÓ˚y ~•z Óy•ƒçàï˛ˆÏܲ !lˆÏçÓ˚
ÙˆÏï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓyV˛ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚– Óy!•ƒÜ˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ˆÏܲ xÌ≈ ≤Ãòyl
ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ˛ ~•z ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÎ˚ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆ≤ãÏîy ~ÓÇ ã˛y!•òyñ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛K˛ylñ
˛õ)Ó≈ x!˲K˛ï˛y ~ÓÇ flø,!ï˛ ˆ§•z §yˆÏÌ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈
Ë)˛!Ùܲy Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !ܲS%È í˛z˛õyòyl ~áyˆÏl Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚y
•ˆÏ°y–
ˆ≤ãÏîy åMotivationä ı
~ܲçl ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îܲyÓ˚#Ó˚ ã˛y!•òy ~ÓÇ xyܲyA«˛y ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚ á%Ó ≤ÃӰ˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ã˲yÓ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ùyl%£Ï !Ó!˲ߨ ˲yˆÏÓ
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛y!•òy ~ÓÇ xyܲyA«˛yˆÏܲ ˛õ)Ó˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚– ~Ùl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÌ •ˆÏ°y SÈ!ÓˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó›Ó˚ ˛≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛î ~Ùl˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚
ÌyˆÏܲ Îy ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛y!•òyˆÏܲ ˛õ)Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚– ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ «%˛ôyÓ˚
≤Ã˲yÓ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ xˆÏlܲ xl%§rôyl ã˛y°yˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
Îál «%˛ôyï≈˛ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ xflõT˛ xyÜ,˛!ï˛ ˆòáyˆÏly •Î˚ ˆ§ ˆ§•z SÈ!ÓˆÏܲ
áyòƒÓ› !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛î ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï,Æ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ å«%˛ôy!Ó•#lä ï%˛°lyÎ˚–
≤Ãï˛ƒy¢y Óy ≤Ãï˛«˛ƒç !Ólƒy§ åExpectations or
Perceptual Setsä ı
~•z Óï˛≈Ùyl ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ xyÙÓ˚y Îy ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛î ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ìy!ܲ ~Ó˚
≤Ãï˛ƒy¢yà%ˆÏ°yG xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ˆÏlÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î (Perceptual familiariasation ~ÓÇ
≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ §yôyÓ˚î#ܲÓ˚î (Perceptual Generalisation)
~•z ò%!ê˛ âê˛ly ¢!=˛¢y°# ≤ÃÓ,!_Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛°lñ Îy ly!ܲ Îál
˛õ!Ó˚lyÙ ÎÌyÌ≈Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ Óy!•ƒÜ˛ ÓyhflÏ!Óܲï˛yˆÏܲ ˆòáyÎ˚ ly ï˛álG
xyÙÓ˚y ï˛y•z ˆò!á Îy ≤Ãï˛ƒy¢y ܲ!Ó˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ Î!ò ò%ôGÎ˚y°y
≤Ã!ï˛!òl §Ü˛y° 5É30 ê˛yÎ˚ ò%ô !òˆÏï˛ xyˆÏ§ñ G•z §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
xyˆÏ¢˛õyˆÏ¢ òÓ˚çyÎ˚ xlƒ ܲyí˛zÓ˚ ˆì˛yܲyÎ˚ ÙˆÏl •ˆÏÓ ò%ôGÎ˚y°y
~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈ–
Ù!hflÏ‹Òñ !¢álñ flø,!ï˛
~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛î
ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ
≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y
§ÇˆÏÓòlñ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà ~ÓÇ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛ Î˚y 97
K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ ˜¢°# åCognitive Stylesäı
K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ ˜¢°# Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
§Aàï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ xyã˛Ó˚î ܲÓ˚y– ~!ê˛ í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ Ë˛yˆÏÓ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ˆÏܲ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛î ܲÓ˚yˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– Ùyl%£Ï ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ˆÏܲ
≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ ˜¢°# ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÎ˚ Óƒy˛õܲ˲yˆÏÓ ≤ÃÎ%=˛ ˜¢°# •° ˆ«˛e xy!◊ï˛ åfield
dependentä ~ÓÇ ˆ«˛e xly!◊ï˛ åfield independentä–
ˆ«˛e xy!◊ï˛ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚y Óy!•ƒÜ˛ çàï˛ˆÏܲ §Ù@˝Ã˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
xÌ≈yÍ §Ó≈çl#l ~ÓÇ §Ù@˝ÃÓƒy˛õ#˲yˆÏÓ– x˛õÓ˚˛õˆÏ«˛ ˆ«˛e
xly!◊ï˛ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚y Óy!•ƒÜ˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ˆÏܲ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ~ܲˆÏܲ ˆË˛ˆÏ.
≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– xÌ≈yÍ !ӈϟ’£Ïîydܲ ~ÓÇ ˛õ,Ìܲ#ܲ,ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ–
!ã˛e 5É5 !òˆÏܲ ˆòˆÏáy– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !ܲ !ã˛e!ê˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ °%ܲyˆÏly !eË%˛ç
ܲyç 5É3
≤Ãï˛ƒy¢y ˆÓyV˛yˆÏlyÓ˚ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Órô%ˆÏܲ ˆã˛yá Órô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
ӈϰyñ ˆÓyˆÏí≈˛ 12, 13, 14, 15 ˆ°ˆÏáy– GˆÏܲ ӈϰy ˆã˛yá
á%°ˆÏï˛ 5 ˆ§ˆÏܲˆÏu˛Ó˚ çlƒñ ˆÓyˆÏí≈˛Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ï˛yܲyˆÏï˛ ÓˆÏ°y– ~ál
!°ˆÏáy ˆ§ !ܲ ˆòˆÏá!SÈ°– ˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚ xyÓyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y 12, 14, 15
çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ A, C, D !°ˆÏáy xÌ≈yÍ A, 13, C, D xyÓyÓ˚
ï˛yˆÏܲ !çK˛y§y ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ xyÓyÓ˚ !°ˆÏá Ó˚yˆÏáy ˆ§ ܲ# ˆòˆÏá!SÈ°–
ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà Ùyl%£Ï B ~Ó˚ çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ 13 !°áˆÏÓ–
á%шÏç ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚SÈ⁄ ܲï˛ê%˛Ü%˛ §ÙÎ˚ °yàˆÏ°y !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛⁄ ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛Ó˚
xlƒylƒ SÈyeˆÏòÓ˚ !eË%˛ç !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ü˛ï˛ §ÙÎ˚ °yà° ˆÓÓ˚
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
ÎyÓ˚y o%ï˛ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛e xly!◊ï˛ Ó°y •ˆÏÓ
xyÓ˚ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢ §ÙÎ˚ °yàˆÏÓ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛e xy!◊ï˛ Ó°y •ˆÏÓ–
§yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õê˛Ë)˛!Ù ~ÓÇ x!˲K˛yï˛y
åCultural Background and Experienceä ı
!Ó!˲ߨ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˛õyGÎ˚y !Ó!Óô x!˲K˛ï˛y
~ÓÇ !¢álG ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– !ã˛e!Ó•#l ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ
ˆÌˆÏܲ xy§y Ùyl%£Ïà%ˆÏ°y !ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó› !ã˛lˆÏï˛ x§Ê˛° •Î˚–
ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl# •yí˛§l åHudsonä !ã˛e ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ àˆÏÓ£Ïîy!ê˛
xy!Ê ˛Ü˛yl ˛õyeˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ~ÓÇ !ܲS%È ç!ê˛°ï˛y !°!˛õÓÂô
ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ~ˆÏòÓ˚˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚ ˲yà ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚y !ã˛ˆÏe Ó!î≈ï˛ Ó›
åí˛zòy•Ó˚îñ Ü,˛£÷ϧyÓ˚ G Ó¢≈yä !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚!l– ï˛yÓ˚y !ã˛ˆÏe
ò%Ó˚c ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÓƒÌ≈ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ !ã˛eà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ Ë%˛° Óƒyáƒy
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ~!flÒˆÏÙy åEskimosä Ó˚y ÓÓ˚ˆÏÊ˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !Ó!˲ߨ Ó›Ó˚
!ã˛e 5É5 ˆ«˛e xy!◊ï˛ ~ÓÇ ˆ«˛e xly!◊ï˛ K˛yl˜Ï¢°#ˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õò–
ÙˆÏôƒ §%flõT˛ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ !lÓ˚%˛õî ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ Îy xyÙÓ˚y °«˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
x«˛Ù – §y•zˆÏÓ!Ó˚Î˚yl xM˛ˆÏ° !ܲS%È xy!òÓy§#Ó˚y ˆÓ˚!u˛Î˚yÓ˚ ÈüÈ ~Ó˚
ã˛yÙí˛¸yÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏ.Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ≤ÈÏ˲ò ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ Îy xyÙÓ˚y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚
ly–
~•z §ÙhflÏ àˆÏÓ£Ïîy ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îÙ)°Ü˛
≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÎ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îܲyÓ˚#Ó˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛àï˛ñ §yÙy!çܲ ~ÓÇ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yܲÓ˚î ~ÓÇ Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚
ÙˆÏï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ¢ï≈˛à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî•z xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛l ˆÜ˛Ó°
§%flõT˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ §Ùß∫Î˚˛õ)î≈ •Î˚ xyÓyÓ˚ x!˲◊%ï˛G •Î˚–
≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ §Çàë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !lÎ˚Ùl#!ï˛§Ù)•
åPRINCIPLES OF PERCEPTUAL ORGANISATIONä ı
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ò,!T˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛e!ê˛ˆÏï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ í˛z˛õyòyˆÏlÓ˚ §Ùy•yÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ
ˆÎÙl !Ó®% ñ ˆÓ˚ á y ~ÓÇ Ó˚ Ç – Î!òG xyÙÓ˚ y ~•z §ÙhflÏ
í˛z ˛ õyòylà% ˆ Ï ° yˆÏ Ü ˛ §Ù@˝ à Ó˚ ) ˆ Ï ˛ õ Óy §¡õ) î ≈ Ó ˚ ) ˆ Ï ˛ õ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛Ü˛!Ó˚ –
í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñxyÙÓ˚y Óy•z§y•zˆÏܲ°ˆÏܲ §Ù@˝Ã˲yˆÏÓ ˆò!á– ~Ó˚ xÇ¢
Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ åí˛zòy•Ó˚îñ ˛õƒyí˛°ñ ã˛yܲyñ •ƒyˆÏu˛°ä lÎ˚– ˆÎ ˛≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÎ˚
ò¢≈lˆÏ«˛eˆÏܲ xÌ≈˛õ)î≈ §Ù@˝ÃÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ §Çà!ë˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ~ˆÏܲ xyÜ,˛!ï˛
≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛î åForm Perceptionä ӈϰ–
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆçˆÏl xyŸã˛Î≈ •ˆÏÓ Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ Ó›Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xÇ¢ˆÏܲ
xÌ≈˛õ)î≈ §ÙˆÏ@˝Ã §Çà!ë˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y xyÓ˚G !çK˛y§y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚y ˆÎ xyÓ˚G !Ü˛È í˛z˛õyòyl Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Îy ~•z §Ù@˝Ãï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏܲ
§•ç ܲˆÏÓ˚ Óy Óyôy ˆòÎ˚–

98 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
 xˆÏlܲ !Ómçl ~•z ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚ ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏã˛T˛y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛e ˆÌˆÏܲ Ù)!ï≈˛Ó˚ ˛õ,Ìܲ#ܲÓ˚î !lˆÏ¡¨ í˛zˆÏÕ‘!áï˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlñ !ܲv §Óã˛y•zˆÏï˛ §Ó≈çl@˝Ãy•ƒñ ~•z xl%§rôyˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z_Ó˚ ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ •Î˚ ıÈüÈ
≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ~ܲò° àˆÏÓ£Ïܲñ ÎyÓ˚y ˆàfiê˛yŒê˛ ÙˆÏly!Óò 1– Ù)!ï≈˛Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ xyܲyÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ˆÎáyˆÏl ˆ«˛e!ê˛
åGestalt Psychologistsä lyˆÏÙ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xyˆÏ˛õ!«˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ !lÓ˚yܲyÓ˚–
í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ •ˆÏ°l ˆÜ˛yʉ˛Ü˛yñ ˆÜ˛y•°yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ GÎ˚yÓ˚ˆÏò•zÙyÓ˚ 2– Ù)!ï≈˛!ê˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ xˆÏlܲ §Çà!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚–
åKoffka, Kohher and Wintheimarä– Úˆàfiê˛yŒêÛ Ü˛Ìy!ê˛ 3– Ù)!ï≈˛!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ §%flõT˛ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ˆÎáyˆÏl ˆ«˛e!ê˛
xÌ≈ ~ܲ!ê˛ !lÎ˚!Ùï˛ Ù)!ï≈˛ Óy xyÜ,˛!ï˛– ˆàfiê˛yŒê ÙˆÏly!ÓòˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy!Ó•#l–
ÙˆÏï˛ñ xyÙÓ˚y !Ó!˲ߨ í˛zj#˛õܲˆÏܲ !Ó!˲ߨ˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛î ܲ!Ó˚ ly 4– Ù)!ï˛≈!ê˛ ˆ«˛e!ê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ§ñ ˆÎáyˆÏl ˆ«˛e!ê˛ Ù)!ï≈˛!ê˛Ó˚
!ܲv §Ù@˝ÃÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ ˆò!áñ Îy ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!Ÿã˛ï˛ xyÜ,˛!ï˛ àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– !˛õSȈÏl ÌyˆÏܲ–
ï˛yÓ˚y !ÓŸªy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚l ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó›Ó˚ xyÜ,˛!ï˛ ~Ó˚ §ÙˆÏ@˝Ã !l!•ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲñ
Îy ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ,Ìܲ xLjϢÓ˚ §Ù!T˛ Ùye– í˛zòy•Ó˚î fl∫Ó˚)˛õ ~ܲ!ê˛
Ê%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ òy!lñ Ê%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ à%FSȧ• •° §Ù@˝Ã– Î!ò Ê%˛°à%!° §!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÊ˛°y
•Î˚ñ ï˛Ó%G Ê%˛°òy!l!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ù@˝Ã ÌyܲˆÏÓ– ~!ê˛ •° Ê%˛°òy!l!ê˛Ó˚
§Ù@˝Ã xyÜ,˛!ï˛ Îy ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– Ê%˛°§• ˛Ê%˛°òy!l!ê˛ •°
~ܲ!ê˛ §Ù@˝Ã xyÜ,˛!ï˛ñ xyÓyÓ˚ Ê%˛°à%ˆÏ°y SÈyí˛¸y •° xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ!ê˛ §Ù@˝Ã
xyÜ,˛!ï˛ åConfigurationä–
ˆàfiê˛yŒê ÙˆÏly!ÓòÓ˚y xyˆÏÓ˚y ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl ˆÎ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛î §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ à%Ó˚% Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yà%ˆÏ°y §Çà!ë˛ï˛ xyÜ,˛!ï˛
ågood figureä Óy ˆ≤ÃàˆÏlç åpragnanzä– ~ê˛y•z •° ˆ§•z
ܲyÓ˚î ˆÎ Ü˛yÓ˚ˆÏî xyÙÓ˚y §Ó !ܲS%ȈÏܲ §Ù@˝ÃÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ܲ!Ó˚–
§ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˛≤ÃyÓ˚!Ω˛Ü˛ §Çàë˛l!ê˛ ˆ«˛e Ù)!ï≈˛ ˛˛õ,Ìܲ#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ myÓ˚y
§Çà!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚– Îál xyÙÓ˚y ˛õê˛Ë)˛!ÙÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ï˛yܲy•z !ܲS%È xyÜ,˛!ï˛
˛õê˛Ë)˛!ÙˆÏï˛ §%flõT˛ ˲yˆÏÓ xy°yòy xyÜ,˛!ï˛ Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ñ ˆÎáyˆÏl !ã˛e 5É6 Ó˚%!ÓˆÏlÓ˚ Ê%˛°òy!l
xlƒà%ˆÏ°y ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ly– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ xyÙÓ˚y ܲyàˆÏç ¢∑ Óy
ˆòGÎ˚yˆÏ° ˆÜ˛yˆÏly SÈ!Ó Óy ˛õy!áÓ˚ xyܲyˆÏ¢ Gí˛¸y ˆò!áñ ~•z ¢∑à%ˆÏ°yñ 5– Ù)!ï≈˛!ê˛ á%Ó §%flõT˛ñ §#!Ùï˛ ~ÓÇ xyˆÏ˛õ!«˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ !lܲê˛Óï˛#≈
SÈ!Ó ~ÓÇ ˛õy!áÓ˚y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õê˛Ë)˛!ÙˆÏï˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ Ù)!ï≈˛ •Î˚ñ ˆÎáyˆÏl ˆ«˛e!ê˛ á%Ó xflõT˛ñ x§#Ù ~ÓÇ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ
!•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛î ܲ!Ó˚– ˆÎáyˆÏl Ó•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛õyï˛yñ ˆòÎ˚y° ~ÓÇ xyܲy¢ñ ˛ò)ˆÏÓ˚–
Îy Ù)!ï≈˛Ó˚ !˛õSȈÏl Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ ˛õê˛Ë)˛!ÙÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ ≤Ãï˛ƒ!«˛ï˛–
í˛z˛õ!Ó˚í˛z=˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ˆÌˆÏܲ ~•z ܲÌy çyly ÎyÎ˚ û ˆÎ Ùyl%£Ï ~•z
~•z x!˲K˛ï˛y!ê˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ l#ˆÏã˛ ˆòGÎ˚y !ã˛e
çà͈Ïܲ §Çà!ë˛ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly!ܲ !Ó!FSÈߨÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛
5É6 !òˆÏܲ ˆòˆÏáy – ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !ã˛e!ê˛Ó˚ •Î˚ §yòy xÇ¢!ê˛ ˆòáˆÏÓñ Îy
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆàfiê˛yŒê˛Óyò#Ó˚y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xˆÏlܲ !lÎ˚Ù !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Îy ˆÌˆÏܲ
ly!ܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ê%˛°òy!lÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ˆòáˆÏï˛ñ lÎ˚ï˛ Óy ܲyˆÏ°y xÇ¢!ê˛
xyÙÓ˚y çylˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ˆÜ˛l Óy ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ò¢≈lˆÏ«˛ˆÏe
ˆòáˆÏÓ˛ Îy ˆòáˆÏï˛ ò%!ê˛ Ù%ˆÏáÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y–
í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ §Ù)• xÌ≈Î%=˛ §Ù@˝Ã Ó› Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ §Çà!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚– ã˛ˆÏ°y
ˆò!á ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒÓ˚ !ܲS%È !lÎ˚Ù Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–

xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ 5 — §ÇˆÏÓòlñ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà ~ÓÇ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛ Î˚y 99

˜lܲˆÏê˛ƒÓ˚ l#!ï˛ åPrinciple of Proximityä
ˆÎ§Ó Ó› fiÌyl Óy §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ܲySÈyܲy!SÈ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚y ~ˆÏܲ
x˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏAà §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ •Î˚ xÌÓy ~ܲ!ê˛ ò° Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ≤Ãï˛ƒ!«˛ï˛ –
í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ !ã˛e 5É7 !òˆÏܲ ˆòˆÏáyñ ˆòáˆÏÓ !Ó®%à%ˆÏ°y Óà≈yܲyÓ˚
ˆòáyÎ˚ Óy ÓÓ˚M˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó®%Ó˚ hflψÏΩ˛Ó˚ ˛õ.‰!=˛ ÙˆÏl •Î˚– ~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓ
!ã˛e 5É7 !Ó®%Ó˚ §Ù!T˛à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ~ܲ§yˆÏÌ §Ó˚y!Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ˆòáˆÏï˛
°yˆÏà–
!ã˛e 5É7 ˜lÜ˛ê˛ƒ
§yò,ˆÏ¢ƒÓ˚ l#!ï˛ åPrinciple of similarityä ı
ˆÎ §ÙhflÏ Ó› ~ˆÏܲ x˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §yò,¢ƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒàï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ §yò,¢ƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ò° !•§yˆÏÓ
≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ܲ!Ó˚– !ã˛e 5É8 ~ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y Ó,_ ~ÓÇ Óà≈à%ˆÏ°y §Ùyl˲yˆÏÓ
xl%˲) !Ùܲ ~ÓÇ í˛zÕ¡‘ Ë∫ ˛yˆÏÓ Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ Èñ ï˛y•z ˆ§à%ˆ°
Ï y ˜lܲˆÏê˛ƒÓ˚ Ë)˛!ÙܲyÎ˚
xyˆÏ§!l– ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï≈˛ xyÙÓ˚y ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚Ü ˛ˆÏÙ Ó,_ ~ÓÇ ÓˆÏà≈Ó˚ hflÏΩ˛
ˆò!á–
!ã˛e 5É7 §yò,¢ƒ
!lÓ˚Ó!FSÈߨï˛yÓ˚ l#!ï˛ åThe Principle of Continuityäı
~•z l#!ï˛ Ùï˛ xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ñ xyÙÓ˚y ˆ§•z Ó›ˆÏܲ•z ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ܲ!Ó˚ Îy
~ˆÏܲ x˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ ~ÓÇ ~ܲ!ê˛ ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛ ≤Ã!ï˛Ùyl Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ
§Çà!ë˛ï˛– í˛zòy•Ó˚fl∫Ó˚)˛õñ xyÙÓ˚y ò%!ê˛ ˆÓ˚áy a-b ~ÓÇ c-d ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛
ˆÓ˚áy P !Ó®%ˆÏï˛ !Ù!°ï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ a-b, c-d ò%!ê˛ ˆÓ˚áy ~ˆÏܲ
x˛õÓ˚ˆÏܲ x!ï˛Ü ˛Ùl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛•z ˆò!á–
!ã˛e 5É9 ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛ï˛y
100 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
§Çܲ#î≈ï˛yÓ˚ l#!ï˛ åThe Principle of Similarityä ı
§Çܲ#î≈ï˛yÓ˚ l#!ï˛ xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ñ §Çܲ#î≈ ˆ«˛eà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó,•Í ˛õê˛Ë)˛!ÙÓ˚
ˆ«˛e !•§yˆÏÓ ˆòáy •Î˚– !ã˛e 5É10 ~•z l#!ï˛Ó˚ òÓ˚%l xyÙÓ˚y Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚
ÙˆÏôƒ ܲyˆÏ°y Ü ˛§‰ˆÏܲ §yòy Ü ˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ á%Ó §•ˆÏç ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚˚–
!ã˛e 5É10 §Çܲ#î≈ï˛y
§yÙO§ƒï˛yÓ˚ l#!ï˛ åThe Principle of Symmetryä ı
~•z l#!ï˛ §%˛õy!Ó˚˛õ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎñ x§yÙO§ƒ˛õ)î≈ ˛õê˛Ë)˛!ÙˆÏï˛ §yÙO§ƒ˛õ)î
ˆ«˛eˆÏܲ xyÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ !ã˛e 5É11 ~ §yòy
x§yÙO§ƒ˛õ)î≈ ˛õê˛Ë)˛!ÙˆÏï˛ Ü˛yˆÏ°y xÇ¢!ê˛ xyÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ åˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ §yÙO§ƒ˛õ)î≈ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ Óï≈˛Ùylä ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚–
!ã˛e 5É11 §yÙO§ƒï˛y
ˆÓ!T˛ˆÏcÓ˚ l#!ï˛ åThe Principle of Surrondednessäı
~•z l#!ï xl%ÎyÎ˚#ñ ˆÎ ˆ«˛e!ê˛ xlƒ!ܲS%È myÓ˚y ˜Ó!¤˛ï˛ ~ˆÏܲ
xyܲyÓ˚ !•§yˆÏÓ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õ !ã˛e 5É12ˆÏï˛
≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õ!ê˛ §yòy ˛õê˛Ë)˛!ÙˆÏï˛ ˛õÑyã˛!ê˛ !ã˛e Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ly !ܲ
‘LIFT’ ¢∑ Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚–
!ã˛e 5É12 ˆÓ!T˛Ïc
˲@¿ï˛y˛õ)Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ l#!ï˛ åThe Principle of Closureä ı
í˛zj#˛õܲ ˆÎ áy!° xÇ¢ ÌyˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y ï˛y ˛õ)Ó˚î ܲ!Ó˚– ï˛ySÈyí˛¸y Ó›Ó˚
≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛î xy°yòy xy°yòy xÇ¢Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ §Ù@˝Ã xyÜ,˛!ï˛ Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚
Ìy!ܲ– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õ !ã˛e 5É13ˆï˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §ÇˆÏÓòl ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤ÃyÆ
l#ˆÏã˛ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ˆÜ˛ylà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y !eË%˛çÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ ˆò!á xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
˲@¿ï˛y˛õ)Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÃÓ,!_Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî–
~Ü˛ã˛«%˛ Ù)°Ü˛ ܲyÓ˚î åÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ ܲyÓ˚î ä ı
à˲#Ó˚ï˛y ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ~Ü˛ã˛«%˛Ù)°Ü˛ ܲyÓ˚î Ó›Ó˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
ï˛ál•z Ê˛°≤ç% •Î˚ Îál ï˛y ~ܲˆÏã˛yˆÏá ˆòáy •Î˚– ~•z §ÙhflÏ
ܲyÓ˚îà%!° !ã˛eܲyÓ˚ myÓ˚y à˲#Ó˚ï˛yÓ˚ !mÙy!eܲ SÈ!ÓÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe §Ó
â!ê˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ~ˆÏܲ !ã˛e§¡∫!rôï˛ åPictorial cuesä
ܲyÓ˚î Ó°y •Î˚– !ܲS%È à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ~Ü˛ã˛«%%˛Ù%°Ü˛ ܲyÓ˚î Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Îy
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !mÙy!eܲ ò%Ó˚c ~ÓÇ à˲#Ó˚ï˛yˆÏܲ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˛xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §y•y΃
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛y !lˆÏ¡¨ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •°– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛
!ã˛e 5É14ˆÏï˛ á%шÏç ˛õyˆÏÓ–

!ã˛e 5É13 ˲@¿ï˛y˛õ)Ó˚î

fiÌylñ à˲#Ó˚ï˛y ~ÓÇ ò)Ó˚c ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛î
åPerception of Space, Depth and Distanceä ı
ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛eˆÏï˛ Óy ˛õ,ˆÏ¤˛ ˆÎáyˆÏl Ó› ÌyˆÏܲñ ã˛°yã˛° ܲˆÏÓ˚ Óy
§Ó˚yˆÏly ÎyÎ˚ ~ˆÏܲ fiÌyl Ó°y •Î˚– fiÌyl ˆÎáyˆÏl xyÙÓ˚y Ó§Óy§
ܲ!Ó˚ ï˛y !ï˛l!ê˛ Ùyey myÓ˚y §Çà!ë˛ï˛ – xyÙÓ˚y ¢%ô% !Ó!˲ߨ Ó›Ó˚
fiÌylàï˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ•z åí˛zòy•Ó˚îñ xyܲyÓ˚ñ xyÜ,˛!ï˛ñ x!˲Ù%áä ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛
ܲ!Ó˚ lyñ ï˛ySÈyí˛¸y ~•z fiÌyˆÏl Ó› ÙˆÏôƒÜ˛yÓ˚ ò%Ó˚cG ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ܲ!Ó˚–
Î!òG xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓ˚!ê˛lyÎ˚ Ó›Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õ ˆã˛≤Wzy ~ÓÇ !mÙy!eܲ˲yˆÏÓ
åÓyÙñ í˛ylñ í˛z˛õÓ˚ñ l#ˆÏã˛ä ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛!°ï˛ •Î˚– ï˛Ìy!˛õ xyÙÓ˚y
fiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !eÙyeyÎ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛î ܲ!Ó˚– ˆÜ˛l ~Ùl âˆÏê˛⁄ ~!ê˛ !ã˛e 5É14 ~Ü˛ã˛«%˛ Ù)°Ü˛ ܲyÓ˚î
~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî §Ω˛Ó •Î˚ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !mÙy!eܲ ˆÓ˚!ê˛lyÓ˚ ò,!T˛ˆÏï˛˛ í˛z˛õ!Ó˚í˛z=˛ SÈ!Ó!ê˛ ~Ü˛ã˛«%˛Ù%°Ü˛ ܲyÓ˚î Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓñ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó›Ó˚
!eÙy!eܲ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛l Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ fiÌylyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù ••z ӈϰ– í˛z˛õÓ˚ xyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó›Ó˚ !fiÌ!ï˛ ~ÓÇ xyˆÏ˛õ!«˛Ü˛ xyܲyÓ˚ åàySÈà%!°Ó˚
çàï˛ˆÏܲ !eÙyeyÎ˚ ˆòáyÓ˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏܲ ò%Ó˚c Óy à˲#Ó˚ï˛y ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛î !òˆÏܲ ï˛yܲyGäñ xyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yl‰ ܲyÓ˚îà%ˆÏ°y ï%˛!Ù ~•z SÈ!Ó á%шÏç ˆÓÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚y⁄
Ó°y •Î˚– à˲#Ó˚ï˛y ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛l xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˜òl!®l ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ
à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õ Îál xyÙÓ˚y ày!í˛¸ ã˛y°y•z xyÙÓ˚y xyˆÏ˛õ!«˛Ü˛ xyÜ,˛!ï˛ åRelative sizeä ı
à˲#Ó˚ï˛yˆÏܲ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲ!Ó˚ ò%Ó˚cˆÏܲ Ùy˛õy •Î˚ ÎyˆÏï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÙyê˛Ó˚ày!í˛¸ §ÙÓ›Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Óï≈˛Ùyl ~ÓÇ xï˛#ï˛Ü˛yˆÏ°Ó˚ xl%˲ˆÏÓÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
~!àˆÏÎ˚ ˆlGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ Óy Îál Ó˚yhflÏy !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆ•ÑˆÏê˛ ÎyGÎ˚y Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ò%Ó˚c !lî≈ˆÏÎ˚ ò,!T˛˛õê˛°#Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ åRetinal
í˛yܲyÓ˚ ܲÌy !fiÌÓ˚ ܲ!Ó˚ ï˛ál Ü˛ï˛ ˆçyˆÏÓ˚ í˛yܲˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ï˛y !lî≈Î˚ imageä xyܲyÓ˚ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚– Îál Ó› ò%ˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲñï˛ál
ܲ!Ó˚– ò,!T˛˛õê˛°#Î˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y •ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– Îál
à˲#Ó˚ï˛y ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Ù%° ò%!ê˛ ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó› ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ï˛ál ï˛y ò)ˆÏÓ˚ xÓ!fiÌï˛ñ ï˛Ìy ÓˆÏí˛¸y
í˛z͈ϧÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ •ˆÏï˛ •Î˚ñ ~ˆÏܲ §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ Óy ܲyÓ˚î åcuesä ˆòáy ˆàˆÏ° Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ï˛y ܲyˆÏSÈ xÓ!fiÌï˛–
ӈϰ– ~ܲ!ê˛ˆÏܲ !mã˛«%˛Ù%°Ü˛ åbinocular cuesä ܲyÓ˚î Ó°y
~ܲ!ê˛ Ó› í˛z˛õÓ˚ xyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó›Ó˚ !fiÌ!ï˛ åInterposition
•Î˚ ܲyÓ˚î ~!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ò%ˆÏê˛y ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– xlƒ!ê˛ˆÏܲ ~Ü˛ã˛«%˛Ù%°Ü˛ or Overiappingä ı
ܲyÓ˚î åMoncular cuesä Ó°y •Î˚ñ ܲyÓ˚î ~ˆÏï˛ à˲#Ó˚ï˛y
≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ ¢%ô% ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚– ~Ùl xˆÏlܲ ~•z ܲyÓ˚î!ê˛ ï˛ál âˆÏê˛ Îál ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó›Ó˚ !ܲS%È xÇ¢ xlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛
ܲyÓ˚î Óy §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚ !mÙy!eܲ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õˆÏܲ !eÙy!eܲ Ó›Ó˚ myÓ˚y xyFSÈy!òï˛– ˆÎ Ó›!ê˛ xyFSÈy!òï˛ ˆ§!ê˛ ò%ˆÏÓ˚ xÓ!fiÌï˛
≤Ãï˛ƒˆÏ«˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ– ~ÓÇ ˆÎ Ó›!ê˛ xyFSÈyòl ˆ§!ê˛ Ü˛yˆÏSÈ xÓ!fiÌï˛–
xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ 5 — §ÇˆÏÓòlñ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà ~ÓÇ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛ Î˚y 101
§Ùyhs˝Ó˚y° ˆÓ˚áyÓ˚ xy˛õyï˛ !Ù°l åLinear perspectiveäı
~•z âê˛ly ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ê˛y ˆÓyV˛y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎñ ˆÎ Ó› ò%ˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ ˆ§!ê˛
!lܲê˛ï˛Ù Ó›!ê˛Ó˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ~ˆÏܲ x˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !lÜ˛ê˛ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚–
í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ §Ùyhs˝Ó˚y° ˆÓ˚áy ˆÎÙl ˆÓ˚° ê˛∆ƒyܲ ò%Ó˚c Óyí˛¸yÓ˚
§yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ ~ܲ•z !Ó®%ˆÏï˛ !Ù!°ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ò%ˆÏÓ˚ !òàˆÏhs˝ xò,¢ƒ !Ó®%ˆÏï˛
ˆ¢£Ï •Î˚–
ÓyÎ˚Ó#Î˚ !ã˛eyl%˛õyï˛ åAerial Percpectiveä ı
ÓyÎ˚%ˆÏï˛ ≤Ãã%˛Ó˚ xyl%Ó#«˛!îܲ ô%ˆÏ°y ~ÓÇ ÓyˆÏ‹õÓ˚ ܲîy Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Îy
ò%Ó˚Óï˛#≈ Ó›ˆÏܲ xflõT˛ Óy V˛y˛õ§y ˆòáyÎ˚– ~•z âê˛ly!ê˛ˆÏܲ ÓyÎ˚Ó#Î˚
!ã˛eyl%˛õyï˛ Ó°y •Î˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ ò%Ó˚Óï˛#≈ ˛õy•yí˛¸!ê˛ˆÏܲ l#°
ˆòáyÎ˚ ÓyÎ˚%Ù[˛ˆÏ° l#° Ó˚!Ÿ¬Ó˚ !ӈϫ˛ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏîñ ˆÎáyˆÏl ~ܲ•z
˛õy•yí˛¸ flõT˛È ≤Ãï˛ƒ!«˛ï˛ •Î˚ Îál ÓyÎ˚%Ù[˛° ˛õ!Ó˚flÒyÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
xyˆÏ°y ~ÓÇ SÈyÎ˚y åLight and Shadeä ı
˛xyˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ Ó›Ó˚ !ܲS%È xÇ¢ í˛zIµ° ˆòáyÎ˚– xyÓyÓ˚ !ܲS%È xÇ¢
xrôܲyÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ§– í˛zIµ°ï˛y ~ÓÇ SÈyÎ˚y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Ó›Ó˚ ò%Ó˚c
§¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ï˛Ìƒ ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚–
xyˆÏ˛õ!«˛Ü˛ í˛zFã˛ï˛y (Relative Height) :
ÓˆÏí˛¸y Ó›§Ù)• ò¢≈ˆÏܲÓ˚ !lܲˆÏê˛ ≤Ãï˛ƒ!«˛ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y Ó›
§Ù)• ò%ˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ!«˛ï˛ •Î˚– Îál xyÙÓ˚y ò%!ê˛ Ó› ~ܲ§Ùyl •GÎ˚yÓ˚
≤Ãï˛ƒy¢y ܲ!Ó˚ñ !ܲv ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y §Ùyl •Î˚ lyñ ï˛ál ˆÎ!ê˛ ÓˆÏí˛¸y •Î˚
ˆ§!ê˛ Ü˛yˆÏSÈ ï˛Ìy ˆÎ!ê˛ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y •Î˚ ˆ§!ê˛ ò%ˆÏÓ˚ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚–
Ë%˛!Ùï˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ Ù§,î !Ólƒy§ åTexture Gradientä ı
~•z!ê˛ ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ âê˛ly ÎyÓ˚ myÓ˚y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ò¢≈lˆÏ«˛eñ ˆÎáyˆÏl
í˛z˛õyòyˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ âlc x!ôܲ •Î˚ñ ï˛y ò%ˆÏÓ˚ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– !ã˛e 5É15 ~
xyÙÓ˚y Îï˛ ò%ˆÏÓ˚ ˆò!á ˛õyÌÓ˚à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ âlc ï˛ï˛ Óyí˛¸ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
!ã˛e 5É15 ı Ë)˛!Ùï˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ Ù§,î !Ólƒy§
à!ï˛ÙÎ˚ °¡∫l åMotion Parallaxä ı
~!ê˛ à!ï˛¢#° ~Ü˛ã˛«%˛Ù)°Ü˛ ܲyÓ˚î ~ÓÇ ï˛y•z ~!ê˛ !ã˛eàï˛ Ü˛yÓ˚î
!•§yˆÏÓ ˆÓyV˛y •Î˚ ly– ~!ê˛ §Çâ!ê˛ï˛ •Î˚ Îál Ó› !Ó!˲ߨ ò%Ó˚ˆÏc
102 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ xy°yòy xyˆÏ˛õ!«˛Ü˛ ˆÓˆÏà ã˛°yã˛° ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ò%Óˆ˚ cÏ xÓ!fiÌï˛
Ó› ܲyˆÏSÈ xÓ!fiÌï˛ Ó›Ó˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ Ü˛Ù à!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
Ó›Ó˚ à!ï˛¢#°ï˛yÓ˚ •yÓ˚ ˆ§•z Ó› ò%Ó˚ˆÏcÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ ≤Ãòyl
ܲˆÏÓ˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ Îál xyÙÓ˚y ÓyˆÏ§ ºÙî ܲ!Ó˚ ï˛ál ܲyˆÏSÈ
Ó›à%ˆÏ°y ÓyˆÏ§Ó˚ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ !òˆÏܲ ã˛°yã˛° ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyÓyÓ˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl ò%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
Ó›à%ˆÏ°y ÓyˆÏ§Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ã˛°yã˛° ܲˆÏÓ˚–
!mã˛«%˛Ù)°Ü˛ ܲyÓ˚î å¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚ ܲyÓ˚îä ı
!eÙy!eܲ à˲#Ó˚ï˛y ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ !ܲS%È à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ܲyÓ˚î Îy ò%!ê˛
ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ myÓ˚y ≤ÃyÆ •Î˚– ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !ï˛l!ê˛ !ӈϢ£ÏÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ ÙçyòyÓ˚
≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚–
x!«˛õê˛Ù) ° ܲ ˜Ó£Ï Ù ƒ å Retinal or Binocular
Disparityä ı
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ xÓfiÌyl xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙyÌy !˲ߨ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî
x!«˛˛õê˛Ù)°Ü˛ ˜Ó£ÏÙƒ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– ~!ê˛ ~ˆÏܲ x˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ
xl%Ë)˛!Ùܲ ï˛ˆÏ° ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ò%Ó˚c ≤ÃyÎ˚ 6É5 ˆ§!rê˛!Ùê˛yÓ˚– ~•z ò%Ó˚ˆÏcÓ˚
ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó›Ó˚ x!«˛˛õˆÏê˛ §yÙylƒ xy°yòy ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õ ˜ï˛!Ó˚
•Î˚– ~•z ò%!ê˛ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒÜ˛yÓ˚ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒˆÏܲ x!«˛˛õê˛°#Î˚ ˜ÏÓ£ÏÙƒ
Ó°y •Î˚– Ù!hflÏ‹Ò ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà x!«˛˛õê˛°#Ó˚ ˜Ó£ÏˆÏÙƒÓ˚ Óƒyáƒy ~ܲ!ê˛
ò%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ó›Ó˚ Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ܲyÓ˚î ò%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ó›Ó˚ x§Ùï˛y ܲÙ
ï˛Ìy !lÜ˛ê˛ Ó›Ó˚ x§Ùï˛y ˆÓ!¢ •Î˚–
ˆÜ˛wy!˲Ù%!áï˛y åConvergenceä ı
Îál xyÙÓ˚y ܲyˆÏSÈÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó› ˆò!á xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆã˛yá ò%!ê˛ !Ë˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
!òˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛w#Ë)˛ï˛ åconvergeä •Î˚ ÎyˆÏï˛ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ ˆã˛yáˆÏܲ
ˆÊ˛y!ÓÎ˚yÎ˚ åfoveaä !lˆÏÎ˚ xy§ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˆ˛õ!¢Ó˚ §Ù!T˛ ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚
ˆÎ•z §#ÙyÓ˚ !Ë˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •Î˚ ~•z §¡∫ˆÏrô Óyï≈˛y ˛Ù!hflψϋÒ
˛õyë˛yÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z Óyï≈˛yà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ Óƒyáƒy à˲#Ó˚ï˛y ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î
Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ çyly ÎyÎ˚– ˆÜ˛wy!˲Ù%!áï˛yÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî Ü˛ÙˆÏï˛ ÌyܲˆÏ° Ó›
oT˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ò%ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆÜ˛wy!˲Ù%!áï˛yÓ˚˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
˛õÓ˚#«˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y – ~ܲ!ê˛ xy.%°ˆÏܲ lyˆÏܲÓ˚ §yÙˆÏl ôÓ˚ˆÏÓ
~ÓÇ xyˆÏhflÏ xyˆÏhflÏ Ü˛ySÈyܲy!SÈ !lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ§y– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚
ˆã˛yá ò%!ê˛ Îï˛ !Ë˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ Óy ˆÜ˛ˆÏw !lˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓñ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly fiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ Ó›
ï˛ï˛ ܲySÈyܲy!SÈ ˆòáy ÎyˆÏÓ–
í˛z˛õˆÏÎyçl åAccomodationäı
í˛z˛õˆÏÎyçl •° ˆ§•z ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y ÎyÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ xyÙÓ˚y !§!°Î˚y!Ó˚ ˆ˛õ!¢Ó˚
§y•yˆÏ΃ ˆÓ˚!ê˛ly ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛°l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚– ~•z ˆ˛õ!¢à%ˆÏ°y
ˆã˛yˆÏá ˆ°ˆÏ™Ó˚ âlï˛y ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– Î!ò Ó› ò%ˆÏÓ˚ å2!Ùê˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
ˆÓ!¢ä §ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÎ˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆ˛õ!¢ !¢!Ì° ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆÎ•z Ó› ܲySÈyܲy!SÈ

ܲyç 5É4
~ܲ!ê˛ ˆ˛õl!§° ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §yÙˆÏl ôˆÏÓ˚y– í˛yl ˆã˛yá!ê˛ Órô ܲˆÏÓ˚y
~ÓÇ ˆ˛õl!§ˆÏ°Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ï˛yܲyG– ~ál í˛yl ˆã˛yá!ê˛ ˆáyˆÏ°y ~ÓÇ
ÓyÑ ˆã˛yá!ê˛ Órô ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ÓyÓ˚ ÓyÓ˚ ~Ùl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲy ò%!ê˛ ˆã˛yá
!òˆÏÎ˚– ˆ˛õl!§° ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ Ù%ˆÏáÓ˚ §yÙˆÏl ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ lí˛¸yã˛í˛¸y
ܲÓ˚ˆÓÏ –
ã˛ˆÏ° xyˆÏ§ ˆ˛õ!¢ §ÇÜ%˛!ã˛ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˆ°ˆÏ™Ó˚ âlï˛y Óyí˛¸ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
ˆ˛õ!¢Ó˚ §ÇˆÏܲyã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏîÓ˚ §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ Ù!hflÏˆÏ‹Ò ˛õyë˛yˆÏly •Î˚ Îy
ò%Ó˚c ˛≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚–
≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛lÙ)°Ü˛ fiÌy!Î˚c åPerceptual constaniesä ı
Îál xyÙÓ˚y à!ï˛¢#° ••z ï˛ál ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤ÃyÆ §ÇˆÏÓòl#Î˚
ï˛Ìƒ ≤Ã!ï˛!lÎ˚ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï˛≈ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~Ó˚˛õˆÏÓ˚G xyÙÓ˚y Ó›Ó˚
~ܲ!ê˛ !fiÌÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ Ó˚ã˛ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ñ ÎyˆÏï˛ Ó› ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly
!ò¢yÎ˚ Óy xyˆÏ°yܲÓ˚!Ÿ¬ ˆÎˆÏܲyˆÏly hflψÏÓ˚ ˆò!á ly ˆÜ˛l– §ÇˆÏÓòˆÏlÓ˚
§Ç@˝Ãy•ˆÏܲÓ˚ í˛zj#˛õˆÏl ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚G Ó›Ó˚ xyˆÏ˛õ!«˛Ü˛ !fiÌÓ˚
≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îˆÏܲ•z ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ fiÌy!Î˚c Ó°y •Î˚– ~áyˆÏl xyÙÓ˚y
!ï˛l ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛î Ù)°Ü˛ fiÌy!Î˚ˆÏc ܲÌy !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓy – Îy
xyÙÓ˚y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛y«%˛£Ï ˆ«˛ˆÏe §yôyÓ˚î˲yˆÏÓ xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛!Ó˚–
xyܲyÓ˚àï˛ fiÌy!Î˚c åSize constancyä ı
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ x!«˛˛õˆÏê˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ xyܲyÓ˚ ˆã˛yá ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó›Ó˚ ò%Ó˚ˆÏcÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ÛˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •Î˚– Ó› Îï˛ ò)%ˆÏÓ˚ xÓ!fiÌï˛ñ
ï˛ï˛ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– x˛õÓ˚˛õˆÏ«˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ x!˲K˛ï˛y
xl%ÎyÎ˚# ~ܲ!ê˛ §#Ùy˛õÎ≈hs˝ Ó› ~ܲ•z xyܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏl •Î˚ ~ÓÇ
~Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ò%Ó˚ˆÏcÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤Ã˲yÓ ÌyˆÏܲ ly– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ Îál
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ò%Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Órô%Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ˆÏ˛õÔÑSÈyGñ ï˛ál ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚
Órô%Ó˚ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛î ˆÓ!¢ ~ܲê˛y ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •Î˚ lyñ ï˛ál
x!«˛˛õê˛°#Î˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õ åˆÓ˚!ê˛lyÎ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õäÓˆÏí˛¸y •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚–
≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ò¢#≈ ~ÓÇ x!«˛˛õê˛°#Î˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ xyܲyÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ò%ˆÏÓ˚
xÓ!fiÌï˛ Ó›Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Ó›Ó˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ!«˛ï˛ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
xyˆÏ˛õ!«˛Ü˛ !fiÌÓ˚ï˛y ÌyܲyÓ˚ ~•z ≤ÃÓ,!_ˆÏܲ•z xyܲyÓ˚àï˛ fiÌy!Î˚c
Ó°y •Î˚–
xyÜ,˛!ï˛àï˛ fiÌy!Î˚c åShape Constancyä ı
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zß√%áï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚îyÙfl∫Ó˚)˛õ x!«˛˛õê˛°#Î˚
≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚%˛õ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚G xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ Ó›Ó˚
xyÜ,˛!ï˛ x˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ Ó˚yˆÏeÓ˚ ˆË˛yçˆÏlÓ˚
ˆ≤’ˆÏê˛Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õ Gê˛y•z ÌyˆÏܲ– Î!òG x!«˛˛õê˛°#Î˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó,_
xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ 5 —
Óy ~ܲ!ê˛ ò#â≈Ó,_ Óy ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ˆÓ˚áy åÎ!ò ˆ≤’ê˛!ê˛ˆÏܲ !ܲlyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆòáy •Î˚ä ÙˆÏï˛y °yˆÏà– ~ˆÏܲ•z xyÜ,˛!ï˛àï˛ fiÌy!Î˚c ӈϰ–
í˛zIµ°ï˛yÓ˚ fiÌy!Î˚c åBrightness Constancyä ı
ò,¢ƒÙyl Ó›Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛Ó° xyÜ,˛!ï˛ ~ÓÇ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ fiÌy!Î˚c ÌyˆÏܲ
ly– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ §yòyñ ô)§Ó˚ Óy ܲyˆÏ°y •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ÙyeyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒG fiÌy!Î˚c
ÌyˆÏܲñ Î!òG ˆË˛Ô!ï˛Ü˛ ¢!=˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏîG ˛õÎ≈yÆ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l •Î˚–
xlƒÜ˛ÌyÎ˚ñ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ≤ÈÏÓ!¢ï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛!°ï˛ xyˆÏ°yÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈l •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚G í˛zIµ°ï˛yÓ˚ !ӣψÏÎ˚ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
xl%Ë)˛!ï˛Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l •Î˚ ly– ≤Ãò#!ÆÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ÙyeyÎ˚G
í˛zIµ°ï˛yˆÏܲ !fiÌÓ˚ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ ≤ÃÓ,!_ˆÏܲñ xl%Ë)˛ï˛ í˛zIµ°ï˛yÓ˚ fiÌy!Î˚c
Ó°y •Î˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛yàˆÏçÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xÇ¢!ê˛ Îy
§)Î≈yˆÏ°yˆÏܲ §yòy ˆòáyÎ˚ñ ï˛y âˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyˆÏ°yˆÏï˛G §yòy•z ≤Ãï˛ƒ!«˛ï˛
•Î˚– ~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓñ ܲÎ˚°y §)Î≈yˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ܲyˆÏ°y ˆòáyÎ˚ xyÓyÓ˚ âˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
xyˆÏ°yˆÏï˛G ܲyˆÏ°y ˆòáyÎ˚–
xôƒy§ åIllusionsä ı
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛î §Ó§ÙÎ˚ ï˛Ìƒyl%Ü)˛° •Î˚ ly– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
§ÙÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §ÇˆÏÓòlÙ)°Ü˛ ï˛Ìƒà%ˆÏ°y §!ë˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Óƒyáƒy
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ly– ~Ùl •Î˚ ˆË˛Ô!ï˛Ü˛ í˛zj#˛õܲ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ˆÏlÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ x!وϰÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî– ~•z xÙ%°Ü˛ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛î Îy xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
K˛yˆÏl!wÎ˚ myÓ˚y ≤ÃyÆ ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ Ë%˛° ÓƒyáƒyˆÏܲ•z §yôyÓ˚î˲yˆÏÓ xôƒy§
Ó°y •Î˚– Ü˛Ù ˆÓ!¢ xyÙÓ˚y §Óy•z ~•z x!˲K˛ï˛y °y˲ ܲ!Ó˚– ~!ê˛
Óy!•ƒÜ˛ í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ xÓfiÌyl ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ §Ùyl˲yˆÏÓ
≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ Óƒ!=˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî xôƒy§ˆÏܲ
Úxy!òÙ §Çàë˛l åPrimitive organisagionsä Ó°y •Î˚– Î!òG
xôƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly K˛yˆÏl!wˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚
ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
ï˛Ìy!˛õ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲàî xlƒ §ÇˆÏÓòlÙ)°Ü˛ ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ò¢≈làï˛ xôƒy§ˆÏܲ x!ôܲ xôƒÎ˚l ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl–
!ܲS%È ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ xôƒy§ §Ó≈çl#l •Î˚ ~ÓÇ §ÙhflÏ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚
ÙˆÏôƒ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ ˆÓ˚°˛õÌ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §ÓyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ
ÙˆÏl •Î˚ ~ܲ•z !Ó®%ˆÏï˛ !وϰ ÎyÎ˚– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ xôƒy§ˆÏܲ §Ó≈çl#l
xôƒy§ Óy fiÌyÎ˚# xôƒy§ åUniversal or Permanent
Illusionä ӈϰ ~ÓÇ ~à%ˆÏ°y x!˲K˛ï˛y Óy xl%¢#°ˆÏlÓ˚ myÓ˚y
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó •Î˚ ly– !ܲS%È xôƒy§ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y ~ܲ
Óƒ!=˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ xlƒ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •Î˚– ~à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ Óƒ!=˛àï˛
xôƒy§ åPersonal Illusionä Ó°y •Î˚– ~•z ¢yáyÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y
ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ò¢≈làï˛ xôƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ܲÌy Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓy–
§ÇˆÏÓòlñ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà ~ÓÇ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛ Î˚y 103
çƒy!Ù!ï˛Ü˛ xôƒy§ åGeometrial Illusionsä ı
!ã˛e 5É16 ~ Ù%°yÓ˚ °y•zÎ˚yÓ˚ åMullar Lyerä xôƒy§ ˆòáyˆÏly
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– xyÙÓ˚y §Óy•z ˆòá!SÈ ˆÓ˚áy A ˆÓ˚áy B ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y–
Î!òG ò%ˆÏê˛y ˆÓ˚áy•z §Ùyl– ~•z xôƒy§!ê˛ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒG ˆòáy
ÎyÎ˚– ~áyˆÏl !ܲS%È àˆÏÓ£Ïîy Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÎyˆÏï˛ Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ≤Ãyî#Ó˚yG
!ë˛Ü˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y Ü˛Ù ˆÓ!¢ ~•z xôƒy§!ê˛ xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚–
A B
!ã˛e 5É16 ı °y•zÎ˚yÓ˚ xôƒy§
Ù%°yÓ˚ °y•zÎ˚yÓ˚ xôƒy§ SÈyí˛¸yG xyˆÏÓ˚y ò¢≈làï˛ xôƒy§ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Îy
Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ å˛õy!á ~ÓÇ ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒGä ÙˆÏôƒ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– !ã˛e
5É17 ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xl%Ë)˛!Ùܲ ~ÓÇ í˛zÕ‘¡∫ ˆÓ˚áyÓ˚ xôƒy§ ˆòáyˆÏly
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– Î!òG ò%ˆÏê˛y ˆÓ˚áy•z §Ùyl ï˛Ó%G xyÙÓ˚y í˛zÕ‘¡∫ ˆÓ˚áy!ê˛ˆÏܲ
xyÙÓ˚y xl%Ë)˛!Ùܲ ˆÓ˚áy ˆÌˆÏܲ ÓˆÏí˛¸y ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ܲ!Ó˚–
!ã˛e 5É17 ı í˛zÕ‘¡∫ÈüÈxl%Ë%˛!Ùܲ xôƒy§
xy˛õyï˛ à!ï˛ÙÎ˚ xôƒy§
(Apperent Movement Illusion)
~•z xôƒy§!ê˛ ï˛ál xl%Ë)˛ï˛ •Î˚ Îál !ܲS%È à!ï˛•#l SÈ!Ó ~ܲê˛yÓ˚
˛õÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y !l!ò≈T˛ ÙyeyÎ˚ ˆòáyˆÏly •Î˚– ~•z xôƒy§!ê˛ ÚÊ˛y•zÈüÈâê˛ly
(Phi-phenomenon) Ó°y •Î˚– Îál xyÙÓ˚y ã˛°!Fã˛e ˆò!áñ
xyÙÓ˚y xy§ˆÏ° ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ xôƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ myÓ˚y ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ ••z– ˜Óò%ƒ!ï˛Ü˛
Ó˚!Ÿ¬Ó˚ ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛ !V˛!ܲ!Ù!ܲ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ xôƒy§ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z
âê˛ly!ê˛Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ àˆÏÓ£Ïîy ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ΈÏsfÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃
ò%•z Óy ï˛ˆÏï˛yôܲ xyˆÏ°y ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y
ÎyÎ˚ñ ~•z xôƒy§!ê˛ xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ çlƒñ GÎ˚yÓ˚ˆÏò•zÙyÓ˚ ӈϰˆÏSÈl
í˛zIµ°ï˛yñ xyܲyÓ˚ñ fiÌyl#Î˚ xhs˝Ó˚y° ~ÓÇ !Ó!˲ߨ xyˆÏ°yÓ˚ ܲy!°Ü˛
§y!ߨˆÏôƒÓ˚ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
~ˆÏòÓ˚ xl%˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ xyˆÏ°yܲ !Ó®% à!ï˛¢#° ˆòáyÎ˚ ly– ~ ~ܲ!ê˛
!Ó®% xÌÓy ~ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ à!ë˛ï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ !Ó®% Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ñ
!ܲv ~ˆÏï˛ à!ï˛ xl%Ë)˛ï˛ •Î˚ ly–
104 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
xôƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ x!˲K˛ï˛y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ~•z •z!Aàï˛ ˆòÎ˚ ˆÎ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚y ~•z
çàÍ •%Ó•% ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly– ~Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï≈˛ ~ §Çàë˛ˆÏl ÓƒhflÏ ÌyˆÏܲñ
ܲáˆÏly ܲáˆÏly ~!ê˛ í˛z!j˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ •Î˚
xyÓyÓ˚ ܲáˆÏly ܲáˆÏly ~ܲ !ӈϢ£Ïñ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛Ó˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ •Î˚– ˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xLjϢ ~•z !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ flõT˛ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÓ–
≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ §Ùyç §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ≤Ã˲yÓ
(Socio-Cultural Influence of Perception) :
!Ó!˲ߨ ÙˆÏ l y!Óòàî !Ó!˲ߨ §Ùyç §yÇfl, Ò !ï˛Ü˛ ˛õê˛Ë) ˛ !ÙˆÏ ï ˛
≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛lÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏܲ àˆÏÓ£Ïîy ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ˆÎ§Ó ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚
ï˛yÓ˚y ~•z xôƒÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆáÑyˆÏçˆÏSÈñ ˆ§à%!° !Ó!˲ߨ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛
˛õê˛Ë)˛!ÙˆÏï˛ Ó§Óy§Ü˛yÓ˚# Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛î Ù)°Ü˛ §Çàë˛l ~ܲ
§Ùyl •Î˚ !ܲly⁄ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y !ܲ §Ó≈çl#l ly!ܲ !Ó!˲ߨ
§yÇflÒ,!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õê˛Ë)˛!ÙˆÏï˛ ~!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •Î˚⁄ ܲyÓ˚î xyÙÓ˚y çy!lñ
!ӈϟªÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xLjϢ Ó§Óy§Ü˛yÓ˚# Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚y ˆòáˆÏï˛ xy°yòy •Î˚–
!Ó!˲ߨ ÙˆÏly!ÓòÓ˚y ~•z ò,!T˛Ë˛!AàˆÏï˛ !Ófl∫y§# ˆÎ ˆ§ §ÙhflÏ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚
~•z çà͈Ïܲ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ôÓ˚ˆÏlG ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ xÓ¢ƒ•z ÌyܲˆÏÓ
!ܲS%È !ܲS%È !ӣψÏÎ˚– ã˛ˆÏ°y xyÙÓ˚y !ܲS%È àˆÏÓ£Ïîy ܲ!Ó˚ Îy xyܲyÓ˚ G
SÈ!ÓÙ)°Ü˛ Ó›Ó˚ xôƒy§Ù)°Ü˛ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛–
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y Ù%°yÓ˚ °y•zÎ˚yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ xl%Ë)˛!Ùܲ í˛zÕ‘¡∫ xôƒyˆÏ§Ó˚
§ˆÏAà ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚SÈ– ÙˆÏly!Óòàî ~•z xyܲÓ˚à%ˆÏ°y ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl !Ó!˲ߨ ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Îy •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y˛õñ xy!Ê ˛Ü˛y
~ÓÇ xlƒ xˆÏlܲ çyÎ˚ày ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈl– ˆ§à° (Segall)ñ
ܲƒy¡õˆÏÓ° (Campbell) ~ÓÇ •yÓ˚ˆÏܲy!Ë˛ê˛§ (Herskovits)
xôƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ §¡∫ˆÏrô !Óhfl,Ïï˛ xôƒÎ˚l ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlñ ˆÎáyˆÏl í˛zlyÓ˚y
xy!Ê ˛Ü˛yÓ˚ ò)Ó˚Óï˛#≈ @˝ÃyˆÏÙ ï˛ySÈyí˛¸y ˛õ!Ÿã˛Ù#ˆÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ¢•Ó˚yM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚
lÙ%lyò° !lˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl– ~•z xl%§rôyˆÏl ˛õyGÎ˚y ˆàˆÏSÈ ˆÎ xy!Ê ˛Ü˛yÓ˚
Óy!§®y xl%Ë)˛!Ùܲ í˛zÕ‘¡∫ xôƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe §ÇˆÏÓòly ˆÓ!¢ ˆÎáyˆÏl
˛õ!Ÿã˛Ù# ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õyˆÏeÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ù%°yÓ˚ °y•zÎ˚yÓ˚ xôƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ §ÇˆÏÓòly
ˆÓ!¢ ˛õyGÎ˚y ˆàˆÏSÈ– xlƒ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÎ˚G ~§Ó ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚îyÙ ˛õyGÎ˚y
ˆàˆÏSÈ– xy!Ê ˛Ü˛yl ˛õyeÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ à•l ÓˆÏl Ó§Óy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚y
!lÎ˚!Ùï˛ í˛zÕ‘¡∫ï˛yˆÏܲ åí˛zòy•Ó˚îñ ÓˆÏí˛¸y àySÈä xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ xl%Ùyl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚–
˛õ!Ÿã˛Ù#ˆÏòÓ˚#Î˚Ó˚y ÎyÓ˚y lƒy΃ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly x!˲°!«˛ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ
Ó§Óy§Ü˛yÓ˚# ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃÓ,!_ !Óܲ!¢ï˛ •Î˚ ˆÎ ˆÓ˚áyà%ˆÏ°y í˛zFã˛ï˛y Îy
ò%•z !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z Órô åˆÎÙl Óyly@˝Ãä ˆ§!ê˛ˆÏܲ Ü˛Ù xl%Ùyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
ÌyˆÏܲ– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !§Âôyhs˝ xlƒ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÎ˚G °«˛ ܲÓ˚y ˆàˆÏSÈ–
~Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~•z çyly ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ x˲ƒy§ !Ó!˲ߨ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛
!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ xy°yòy xy°yòy ˲yˆÏÓ ˆ¢áy •Î˚– !ܲS%È àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÎ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ
§yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ !fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ Ó§Óy§Ü˛yÓ˚# Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ Ó›Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛!ï˛ ï˛Ìy
~ˆÏòÓ˚ à˲#Ó˚ï˛y Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒñ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ çlƒ
xlƒ âê˛lyà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ !ܲS%È !ã˛e ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– •yí˛§l (Hudson)
xy!Ê ˛Ü˛yˆÏï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤ÃyÓ˚!Ω˛Ü˛ xôƒÎ˚l ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ~ÓÇ ˆòˆÏáˆÏSÈl
ˆÎ ˆ°yܲ!ã˛e ˆÜ˛yˆÏly!òl ˆòˆÏá!lñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ~áyˆÏl ≤Ãò!¢≈ï˛ Ó›à%ˆ° Ï yÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ~ÓÇ ~à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ à˲#Ó˚ï˛yÓ˚ §ÇˆÏܲˆÏï˛Ó˚ åí˛zòy•Ó˚î xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õîä
Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ç!ê˛°ï˛y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•z ܲÌy Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎ âˆÏÓ˚
ˆòGÎ˚y !lÎ˚ÙÓ!•≈Ë)˛ï˛ !¢«˛y ~ÓÇ !ã˛eà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ x˲ƒy§àï˛ ≤Ãܲy¢
!ã˛eàï˛ à˲#Ó˚ï˛y ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏܲ ã˛y!°ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ
xyÓ¢ƒÜ˛– !§l‰•y (Sinha) ~ÓÇ !Ù◊y (Mishra) !ã˛eàï˛
≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ xˆÏlܲ xôƒÎ˚l ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !ã˛e
ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl !Ó!˲ߨ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õê˛Ë)˛!Ù ˆÌˆÏܲ xyàï˛ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚ñ ˆÎÙlñ !¢Ü˛y!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ÓˆÏl Ó§Óy§Ü˛yÓ˚# çlˆÏày¤˛#ñ @˝ÃyˆÏÙ
Ó§Óy§Ü˛yÓ˚# Ü,˛£Ïܲ ~ÓÇ ¢•ˆÏÓ˚ Ó§Óy§Ü˛yÓ˚# ã˛yܲ!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚y ˆ°yܲ–
í˛zlyˆÏòÓ˚ àˆÏÓ£Ïîy xl%ÎyÎ˚# !ã˛eàï˛ Óƒyáƒy Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛
xl%Ë)˛!ï˛Ó˚ §ˆÏAà ≤ÃӰ˲yˆÏÓ Ó›Ó˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒy!˲K˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ xyÓyÓ˚
ÎyÓ˚y !ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ˆÓ!¢ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ llñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ≤Ãò!¢≈ï˛
!Ó!˲ߨ ܲyÎ≈ܲ°y˛õ G âê˛ly§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ Óƒyáƒy !òˆÏï˛ x§%!Óôy •Î˚–
Ù%áƒ˛õò
!l!Ÿã˛ï˛ §#Ùyñ í˛z_Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õñ !mã˛«%˛Ù)°Ü˛ ܲyÓ˚îñ !l¡¨ÈüÈí˛zôÁ≈àyÙ#
≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yñ ܲܲ!°Î˚yñ ˆÜ˛yîñ xrôܲyÓ˚ÙÎ˚ x!˲ˆÏÎyçlñ à˲#Ó˚ï˛y
≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛lñ ≤ÈÏ˲òç!lï˛ §#Ùyñ !Ó˲=˛ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyàñ •zí˛zfiê˛y!¢Î˚yl
ly!°ñ ˆ«˛e G Ù) ! ï˛≈ ˛õ, Ì Ü˛#˲Ólñ ˛õ!Ó˚ fl À y Ól ï˛_¥ ñ
˛õ!Ó˚flÀyÓlÈüÈï˛l%ܲÓ˚î ï˛_¥ñ ˆàfiê˛yŒê˛ñ xyˆÏ°yܲÙÎ˚ x!˲ˆÏÎyçlñ
ï˛#Ó ï˛yñ ~Ü˛ã˛«%˛Ù)°Ü˛ ܲyÓ˚îñ xÓ˚àyl xÓ Ü˛Ó˚!ê˛ñ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛Ù)°Ü˛
fiÌy!Î˚cñ Ê˛y•zÈüÈâê˛lyñ fl∫Ó˚@˝ÃyÙñ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ Ó˚Çñ ˆÓ˚!ê˛lyñ ˆÓ˚yˆÏí˛y˛õ!§lñ
Ó˚í˛ñ !lÓ≈yã˛lÙ)°Ü˛ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyàñ !fiÌ!ï˛¢#°ñ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyàñ í˛z˛õfl∫lñ
í˛zôÁ≈ÈüÈ!l¡¨àyÙ# ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yñ ò¢≈làï˛ xôƒy§ñ ï˛Ó˚Aà˜Ïòâƒ≈–

§yÓ˚yÇ¢
— xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Óy!•ƒÜ˛ ~ÓÇ x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î çàˆÏï˛Ó˚ K˛yl xy•Ó˚î §Ω˛Ó ¢%ô%Ùye K˛yˆÏl!wˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ myÓ˚y– ~ˆÏï˛ ˛õÑyã˛!ê˛ Óy!•ƒÜ˛ §ÇˆÏÓòl
~ÓÇ ò%!ê˛ x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î §ÇˆÏÓòl Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– K˛yˆÏl!wÎ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ í˛zj#˛õly @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ fl¨yÎ˚% flõ®ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚
!ӈϢ£Ï xLjϢ ÓƒyáƒyÓ˚ çlƒ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚–
— ò¢≈l ~ÓÇ ◊Óî ~•z ò%!ê˛ x!ôܲ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ §ÇˆÏÓòl– Ó˚í˛ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛yî ˆÜ˛y¢ ò¢≈l §ÇˆÏÓòˆÏlÓ˚ @˝Ãy•Ü˛§Ù)•– Ó˚í˛ x“ xyˆÏ°yˆÏï˛
ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆÎáyˆÏl ˆÜ˛yî ˆÜ˛y£Ï x!ôܲ ï˛#Ó  xyˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~Ó˚y Óî≈Ù)°Ü˛ ~ÓÇ Óî≈•#l ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ÎÌyÜ ˛ˆÏÙ òyÎ˚#–
— ò¢≈ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ ÙçyòyÓ˚ âê˛ly •° xyˆÏ°yܲÙÎ˚ ~ÓÇ xrôܲyÓ˚ÙÎ˚ x!˲ˆÏÎyçl– Óî≈ñ §¡õ,!=˛ ~ÓÇ í˛zIµ°ï˛y •ˆÏ°y Ó˚ˆÏ.Ó˚
ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ Ùyey§Ù)•–
— í˛zj#˛õܲ !•§yˆÏÓ ôÁ!l ◊ÓîÙ)°Ü˛ §ÇˆÏÓòl âê˛yÎ˚– fl∫Ó˚¢!=˛ñ fl∫Ó˚@˝ÃyÙ G í˛z˛õfl∫l •° ôÁ!lÓ˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ– xÓ˚àyl xÓ Ü˛!ê˛ Îy
ˆÓ!§°yÓ˚ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈ xÓ!fiÌï˛ñ ~!ê˛ ◊ÓˆÏîÓ˚ Ù%° xAà–
— ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà •° ˆ§•z ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ÎyÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ xyÙÓ˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!Ÿã˛ï˛ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ !lÓ˚Ì≈ܲ ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚flÀyÓî ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ܲS%È xlƒ ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚
!lÓ≈yã˛l ܲ!Ó˚– §!Ü ˛Î˚ï˛yñ ~ܲy@˝Ãï˛y ~ÓÇ xl%§rôyl •° ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ Ù)° ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ–
— !lÓ≈yã˛l Ù)°Ü˛ ~ÓÇ !fiÌ!ï˛¢#° ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà •ˆÏ°y ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ ≤Ãôyl ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆÏ˲ò– !Ó˲=˛ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà G•z §ÙhflÏ x˲ƒy§Ù)°Ü˛
ܲyÎ≈ܲ°yˆÏ˛õ flõT˛ •Î˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yܲÓ˚ˆÏî ~ܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ fl∫Î˚Ç!Ü ˛Î˚ï˛y ã˛ˆÏ° xyˆÏ§–
— ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ ≤çyÓ˚ •° 7!2 ~•z ˆÙ!çܲƒy° l¡∫Ó˚!ê˛–
— ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y •° K˛yˆÏl!wÎ˚ myÓ˚y ≤ÃyÆ ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ Óƒyáƒy ~ÓÇ ï˛Ìƒ!˲K˛ §Çàë˛l– Ùyl%£Ï ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ çàï˛ˆÏܲ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
ˆ≤ãÏîyñ ã˛y!•òyñ K˛yÏl˜Ï¢°# ~ÓÇ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õê˛Ë)˛!ÙÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛î ܲˆÏÓ˚–
— xyÓyÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ò¢≈lÙ)°Ü˛ ˆÓ˚áylƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆ«˛e ˆÌˆÏܲ §ˆÏÓ˚ !àˆÏÎ˚ ò¢≈l ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •Î˚– x!ï˛ xy!òÙ §Çàë˛l ˆ«˛e G
Ù)!ï≈˛Ó˚ ˛õ,!Ìܲ#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ §Çà!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚–

xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ 5 — §ÇˆÏÓòlñ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà ~ÓÇ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛ Î˚y 105

 — ˆàfiê˛yŒê˛ ÙˆÏly!Óòàî ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ §Çàë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ l#!ï˛Ó˚ í˛zqyÓl ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl–
— ˆÓ˚!ê˛lyÎ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛!°ï˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó›Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õ !mÙy!eܲ •Î˚– !eÙy!eܲ ≤Ãï˛«˛ƒî •ˆÏ°y ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y
Îy ~Ü˛ã˛«%˛Ù)°Ü˛ G !mã˛«%˛Ù)°Ü˛ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §!ë˛Ü˛ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#°–
— xyˆÏ°yܲÓ˚!Ÿ¬Ó˚ ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly ï˛#Ó ï˛y ~ÓÇ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó›Ó˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛î Î!ò x˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛l#Î˚ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛ˆÏÓ ~ˆÏܲ
≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ fiÌy!Î˚c ӈϰ– xyܲyÓ˚ñ xyÜ,˛!ï˛ ~ÓÇ í˛zIµ°ï˛y Ù)°Ü˛ fiÌy!Î˚c •° ~Ó˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î–
— xôƒy§ ÎÌyÌ≈ï˛y ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î lÎ˚– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ K˛yˆÏl!wÎ˚ myÓ˚y ≤ÃyÆ ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ Ë%˛° ÓƒyáƒyÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî •GÎ˚y
xÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛î– !ܲS%È xôƒy§ §Ó≈çl#l •Î˚ ˆÏÎáyˆÏl xlƒà%ˆÏ°y Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ~ÓÇ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ •Î˚–
— §Ùyç §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ܲyÓ˚î xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ˆÏî à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z!ê˛ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ!«˛ï˛ !ܲS%È
xl%Ùyl ~ÓÇ í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ °«˛l#Î˚ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ xhs˝Ó˚Aàï˛y í˛zͲõߨ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈!lÓ≈y• ܲˆÏÓ˚–

§Ù#«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ≤ß¿
1– K˛yˆÏl!wˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ܲyÎ≈Ù)°Ü˛ §#ÙyÓÂôï˛y Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
2– xyˆÏ°yܲÙÎ˚ ~ÓÇ xrôܲyÓ˚ÙÎ˚ x!˲ˆÏÎyçl Ó°ˆÏï˛ Ü˛# ˆÓyV˛⁄
3– Ó˚Ç ò¢≈l ܲyˆÏܲ ӈϰ ~ÓÇ ÓˆÏî≈Ó˚ Ùyeyà%ˆÏ°y ܲ# ܲ# ⁄
4– ◊ÓîÙ)°Ü˛ §ÇˆÏÓòl ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ âˆÏê˛ ÌyˆÏܲ⁄
5– ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ §ÇK˛y òyG– ~Ó˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
6– !lÓ≈yã˛lÙ)°Ü˛ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ !lô≈yÓ˚ܲà%ˆÏ°y Óî≈ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y– !lÓ≈yã˛lÙ)°Ü˛ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà !fiÌ!ï˛¢#° ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà ˆÌˆÏܲ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ
xy°yòy •Î˚–
7– ò¢≈lˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛î !ӣψÏÎ˚ ˆàfiê˛yŒê˛ ÙˆÏly!ÓòˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl !ÓÓ,!ï˛à%ˆÏ°y ܲ# ܲ# ⁄
8– fiÌylàï˛ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛l ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ âˆÏê˛⁄
9– à˲#Ó˚ï˛y ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ~Ü˛ã˛«%˛Ù)°Ü˛ ܲyÓ˚îà%ˆÏ°y ܲ# ܲ# ⁄ à˲#Ó˚ï˛y ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ˆÏî !mã˛«%˛Ù)°Ü˛ ܲyÓ˚îà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy Óƒyáƒy
ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
10– xôƒy§ ˆÜ˛l âˆÏê˛ ÌyˆÏܲ⁄
11– §ÙyçÈüȧÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ù)°Ü˛ í˛z˛õyòyl ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ°ˆÏáy–

≤ÃܲˆÏ“Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îy
1– Ùƒyày!çl ˆÌˆÏܲ ò¢!ê˛ !ÓK˛y˛õl §Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ˚– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ !ÓK˛y˛õˆÏl ˆòGÎ˚y !Ó£ÏÎ˚ ~ÓÇ Óyï≈˛yà%ˆÏ°y !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ӈϢ£Ï í˛zͲõyòlˆÏܲ í˛zߨ#ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ çlƒ !Ó!˲ߨ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyàÙ)°Ü˛ ~ÓÇ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ ܲyÓ˚îà%ˆÏ°y ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚
Ùhs˝Óƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
2– ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆâyí˛¸y Óy •y!ï˛Ó˚ ˆá°lyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õ ˆòy£Ï˛õ)î≈ ò,!T˛Î%=˛ ~ÓÇ ˆòy£ÏÙ%=˛ ò,!T˛Î%=˛ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ òyG– !ܲS%È §ÙÎ˚ ˛õÎ≈hs˝
ˆòy£Ï˛õ)î≈ ò,!T˛Î%=˛ !¢¢%ˆÏܲ ~•z ˆá°y flõ¢≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ~!ê˛ xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ òyG– !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ӈϰy ˆÎ ~à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ Óî≈ly !òˆÏï˛–
ˆá°lyÓ˚ ˆ§•z ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õ ò,!T˛Î%=˛ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ òyG– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ Óî≈lyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ï%˛°ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ §yò,¢ƒ ~ÓÇ ˜Ó§yò,¢ƒ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛T˛y
ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
xyÓ˚G ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆá°lyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õ åˆÎÙl !ê˛Î˚yä lyG ~ÓÇ !ܲS%È ˆòy£Ï˛õ)î≈ ò,!T˛Î%=˛ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ~!ê˛ flõ¢≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚ xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛
ӈϰy– ~ál ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛yàç G ܲ°Ù !òˆÏÎ˚ ӈϰy !ê˛Î˚y!ê˛ xÑyܲˆÏï˛– ~ál ~ܲ•z !ê˛Î˚y!ê˛ ò,!T˛Î%=˛ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ !ܲS%È §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ çlƒ
ˆòáyG – GˆÏòÓ˚ ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ §yÙˆÏl ˆÏ̈Ïܲ !ê˛Î˚y!ê˛ §!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ òyG ~ÓÇ ~ÓyÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !ê˛Î˚y!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛yàˆÏç xÑyܲˆÏï˛ òyG–
~ál ò¢≈ˆÏl e%!ê˛˛õ)î≈ ~ÓÇ ò¢≈ˆÏl e%!ê˛!Ó•#l !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ xÑyܲyà%ˆÏ°y ï%˛°ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §yò,¢ƒ ~ÓÇ
˜Ó§yò,¢ƒà%ˆÏ°y ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚y–

106 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
 !¢ál
xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ 6 Learning
~•z xôƒyÎ˚!ê˛ ˛õyë˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y §ÙÌ≈ •ˆÏÓ
— !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚)˛õ Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛–
— !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ Ó˚)˛õ G ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆÏ˲ò !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆÏ˲ˆÏò ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛à%ˆÏ°y Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛–
— !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y ~ÓÇ !¢áˆÏl í˛z˛õÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛–
— !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ !lô≈yÓ˚ܲà%ˆÏ°y Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ
— !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ !ܲS%È l#!ï˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !lˆÏçˆÏܲ xÓàï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛–

!Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›
Ë)˛!Ùܲy
!¢áˆÏlÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚)˛õ
!¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ï˛_¥§Ù)•
≤Ãyã˛#l xl%Óï≈˛l
≤Ãyã˛#l xl%Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !lô≈yÓ˚ܲ §Ù)•
§!Ü ˛Î˚ ‡ Îy!sfܲ xl%Óï≈˛l
§!Ü ˛Î˚ xl%Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !lô≈yÓ˚ܲ §Ù)•
≤Ãyã˛#l xl%Óï≈˛l G §!Ü ˛Î˚ xl%Óï≈˛l ı ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ åÓy: 6É1ä
Ù)° !¢ál ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y
x!ç≈ï˛ x§•yÎ˚ï˛y åÓy: 6É2ä (Functional Fixedness)
˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ !¢ál
K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ !¢ál
˲y£ÏyÙ)°Ü˛ !¢ál
ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ !¢ál
ˆÜ˛Ô¢° !¢ál
!¢álÈüȧM˛y°l (Transfer of Learning)
!¢áˆÏl §y•yÎƒÜ˛yÓ˚# í˛z˛õyòyl§Ù)•
!¢álܲï≈˛y ı !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ôÓ˚l
!¢álÙ)°Ü˛ x«˛Ùï˛y
!¢áˆÏlÓ˚ l#!ï˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà§Ù)•
Learning preserves errors
of the past as well as its Ù%áƒ˛õò
wisdom. §yÓ˚yÇ¢
˛õÎ≈ˆÏ°yã˛lyÙ)°Ü˛ ≤ß¿
– A.N. Whitehead ˛≤ÃܲˆÏ“Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îy
 Ë)˛!Ùܲy
≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ ÙylÓ !¢¢% çˆÏß√Ó˚ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ fl∫“ §ÇáƒÜ˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛yÎ˚ §«˛Ù ÌyˆÏܲ– ~•z ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yà%ˆÏ°y ≤Ã!ï˛Ó!ï≈˛ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ
âˆÏê˛ Îál•z ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ ÎÌyÎÌ í˛zj#˛õܲ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– !¢¢%Ó˚ Ó,!Âô ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚îÙˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ ˆ§ !˲ߨ ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù •Î˚ñ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛ •°ñ ˆÜ˛yl Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ SÈ!Ó ˆÎÙl ï˛yÓ˚ Ùyñ ÓyÓy xÌÓy òyò%Ó˚ SÈ!Ó
!ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚yñ áyÓyÓ˚ áyGÎ˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ã˛yÙã˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ x«˛Ó˚ !ã˛lˆÏï˛ñ !°áˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÎyà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ¢∑ ˜ï˛!Ó˚
ܲÓ˚y– ˆ§ !l!ò≈T˛ ˛õy!Ó˚˛õy!Ÿª≈ܲ xÓfiÌyà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ xlƒÓ˚y ܲ# ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§ê˛yG °«˛ƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛y xl%ܲÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ó›Ó˚ lyÙ
ˆ¢ˆÏá ˆÎÙl Ó•zñ Ü˛Ù°yñ xyÙñ ˆàyÓ˚˚%ñ ˆSȈϰ ~ÓÇ ˆÙˆÏÎ˚ ~ÓÇ xlƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ çlƒ ~à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ §ÇÓ˚«˛î
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ÓÎ˚§ Óyí˛¸yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ ˆ§ xˆÏlܲ âê˛ly Óy Ó› °«˛ƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫ï˛sf ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°y ˆ¢ˆÏá– Ó›à%ˆÏ°y
Úxy§ÓyÓ˛õeñ ÚÊ˛°Û •zï˛ƒy!ò !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˆ◊!îܲÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ˆÜ˛í˛z xyÓyÓ˚ fl%Òê˛yÓ˚ xÌÓy ày!í˛¸ ã˛y°yˆÏï˛ñ xlƒˆÏòÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ
ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚#˲yˆÏÓ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà ~ÓÇ xy°y˛õã˛y!Ó˚ï˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛G ˆ¢ˆÏá– ~•zê˛y §Óê˛y•z !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ çˆÏlƒ •Î˚ ˆÎ ~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛
ܲˆÏë˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚◊Ù# xÌÓy xy°ˆÏ§ñ §yÙy!çܲ˲yˆÏÓ K˛yl#ñ ò«˛ ~ÓÇ ˆ˛õ¢yàï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ê˛y Ùyl%£Ï
ï˛yÓ˚ ç#ÓlˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ §ÓÓ˚Ü˛Ù §Ù§ƒy §Ùyôyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ !¢ál G x!˲ˆÏÎyçl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ myÓ˚y–
~•z xôƒyÎ˚!ê˛ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ò,!T˛Ë˛!AàÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ò,!T˛ !lˆÏ«˛˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ≤ÃÌÙï˛ñ !¢álˆÏܲ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ
§ÇK˛y!Î˚ï˛ G ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– !mï˛#Î˚ï˛ñ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ÓÓÓ˚î í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÎyˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛í˛z ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ˆ¢ˆÏá ï˛y
Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆÓ¢ !ܲS%È §ÇáƒÜ˛ !¢ál ˛õÂô!ï˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y §Ó˚° ˆÌˆÏܲ ç!ê˛° ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ !¢ál ï˛y Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚y
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ xLjϢñ !ܲS%È àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÙ)°Ü˛ âê˛ly Îy !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ âˆÏê˛ ï˛y Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚yÈ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ã˛ï%˛Ì≈yLjϢñ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚
ˆÓà G ≤çyÓ˚ !lî≈Î˚ܲ !Ó!˲ߨ í˛z˛õyòylà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ~Ó˚ xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ !Ó!˲ߨ !¢ál˜Ï¢°# ~ÓÇ
!¢álÙ)°Ü˛ x«˛Ùï˛y§Ù)•–

ÌyˆÏܲ– xyÙÓ˚y ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ÓyÓ˚ ÓyÓ˚ âê˛y ~ܲ!ê˛ âê˛lyÓ˚

˛!¢áˆÏlÓ˚ fl∫Ó˛)˚ õ (NATURE OF LEARNING)
í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎÙl !lˆÏò≈¢ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎ !¢ál •° ÙylÓ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚
Ù)° ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y– ~•zê˛y •° ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ Óî≈y°# (spectrum) Îy
ܲyˆÏÓ˚yÓ˚ x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ Ê˛°fl∫Ó˚)˛õ §yÙˆÏl xyˆÏ§– !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ §ÇK˛y
!òˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎñ Ú!ܲS%È xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏî xÌÓy xyã˛Ó˚îàï˛ «˛Ùï˛yÎ˚
xyˆÏ˛õ!«˛Ü˛ !ã˛Ó˚fiÌyÎ˚# ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l Îy x!˲K˛ï˛y myÓ˚y í˛zͲõyòl •Î˚–Û
~•zê˛y ÙˆÏl Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ˆÎ !ܲS%È xyã˛Ó˚îàï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ÙyòܲoÓƒ
xÌÓy xÓ§yòÈüÈ~Ó˚ çlƒ âˆÏê˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ !¢ál ӈϰ àîƒ
ܲÓ˚ y ÎyÎ˚ ly– x˲ƒy§ G x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ myÓ˚ y ˛õ!Ó˚ Ó ï≈ ˛ l Îy
xyˆÏ˛õ!«˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ fiÌyÎ˚# •Î˚ñ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y•z !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ Óƒyáƒy–
˛!¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ (Features of Learning)
˛!¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÎ˚ !ܲS%È fl∫yï˛sf§)ã˛Ü˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ≤ÃÌÙ
˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ!ê˛ •° ˆÎ !¢ál §Ó§ÙÎ˚ !ܲS%È ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛
x!˲K˛ï˛y °y˲ ܲ!Ó˚– ~ܲê˛y âê˛ly Î!ò âˆÏê˛ ˆ§ê˛yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ xyˆÏÓ˚y
xˆÏlܲ âê˛ly âê˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ ~ܲçl ˆ¢ˆÏá ˆÎñ
Î!ò §)Î≈yˆÏhflÏÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ •ˆÏfiê˛ˆÏ° â^˝ê˛y ÓyˆÏçñ ï˛ˆÏÓ Ó˚yˆÏï˛Ó˚ áyÓyÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ≤Ã›ï˛– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ï,˛!ÆܲÓ˚ x!˲K˛ï˛y !ܲS%È !ӈϢ£Ï
˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ÓyÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ âê˛ˆÏï˛ ÌyܲˆÏ° x˲ƒy§ àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ x@˝Ã§Ó˚
•Î˚– ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly §ÙÎ˚ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yl ~ܲ!ê˛ Ùye x!˲K˛ï˛y !¢áˆÏl
˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~ܲ!ê˛ !¢¢% ˆò¢°y•z ÓyˆÏ: ˆò¢°y•z ܲy!ë˛
!òˆÏÎ˚ Óy!Ó˚ ÙyÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ xy.%° ˛õ%ˆÏí˛¸ ÎyÎ˚– ~•z x!˲K˛ï˛y!ê˛
!¢¢%!ê˛ˆÏܲ xò)Ó˚ ˲!ӣσˆÏï˛ ˆò¢°y•z Óy: !lˆÏÎ˚ âÑyê˛yâÑy!ê˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛
§yÓôyl Ó˚yáˆÏÓ–
!¢áˆÏlÓ˚ myÓ˚y ˆÎ•z xyã˛Ó˚îàï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l âˆÏê˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ˆ§•z!ê˛
xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÜ,˛ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ !ã˛Ó˚fiÌyÎ˚#– ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y xÓ¢ƒ•z ˆ§•z xyã˛Ó˚îàï˛
˛õ!Ó˚ Ó ï≈ ˛ l ˛ˆÌˆÏ Ü ˛ õ, Ì Ü˛ •Î˚ Îy fiÌyÎ˚ # G lÎ˚ x!ç≈ ï ˛ lÎ˚ –
í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ Üœ˛y!hs˝ñ x˲ƒy§ ~ÓÇ ÙyòܲoˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏî

108 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l âˆÏê˛– ôÓ˚yÎyܲñ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !ܲS%È«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚
˛õyë˛ƒÓ•z!ê˛ ˛õí˛¸SÈ xÌÓy ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆÙyê˛Ó˚ ày!í˛¸ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ã˛y°yÎ˚ ï˛y
!¢áˆÏï˛ ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚SÈñ ~ܲê˛y §ÙÎ˚ xyˆÏ§ Îál ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˛õ!Ó˚◊yhs˝
xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛Ó˚ñ ~•zê˛y •° Üœ˛y!hs˝Ó˚ myÓ˚y xyã˛Ó˚îàï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ~ÓÇ
ï˛y §yÙ!Î˚ܲñ ~•zê˛yˆÏܲ !¢ál !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ àîƒ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚ ly–
ã˛ˆÏ°y xyÙÓ˚y xyã˛Ó˚îàï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ xyˆÏÓ˚y ~ܲê˛y í˛zòy•Ó˚î
!l•z– ôÓ˚yÎyܲñ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Óy!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ !ÓˆÏÎ˚ •ˆÏFSÈñ ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî
xˆÏlܲ Ó˚yï˛ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ˆÓ¢ !ã˛ÍܲyÓ˚ ã˛Ñƒyã˛yˆÏÙ!ã˛ ã˛ˆÏ°– ≤Ã̈ÏÙñ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y
Îy•z ܲyç ܲÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏï˛ xyGÎ˚yçê˛y Óyôy §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y
!ÓÓ˚!=˛ˆÏÓyô ܲˆÏÓ˚y– Îál ~•z xyGÎ˚yç •ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛ál ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y
!ܲS%È í˛zß√%=˛ ˛≤Ã!ï˛Óï≈˛l (Orienting reflexes) ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ìyܲ–
~•z ≤Ã!ï˛Óï≈˛là%ˆÏ°y xyˆÏhflÏ xyˆÏhflÏ ò%Ó≈° •ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ xӈϢˆÏ£Ï
¢ly=˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly– ~!ê˛G ~ܲ ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l–
~•z ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l!ê˛ ˆÜ˛yl í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!lÎ˚ï˛ í˛zòâyê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°
•Î˚ñ ~ˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ x˲ƒy§ (habituation)ñ ~!ê˛ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî
•Î˚ ly– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y •Î˚ˆÏï˛y °«˛ƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚SÈ ˆÎ ÎyÓ˚y ÙyòܲoÓƒ xÌÓy
â%ˆÏÙÓ˚ Å£Ïô @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏî ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ˆòáy ˆòÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛
~•z!ê˛ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ ܲyÎ≈ܲ°y˛õˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛là%ˆÏ°yÓ˚
fl∫Ó˚)˛õ xfiÌyÎ˚# ~ÓÇ ÙyòܲoˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ •…yˆÏ§Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ•z ï˛y
!l/ˆÏ¢£Ï •Î˚–
!¢áˆÏl ~ܲê˛y ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ âê˛lyÓ˚ Ü ˛Ù ç!í˛¸ï˛ xyˆÏSÈ–
~ê˛y §%flõT˛ •ˆÏÓ Î!ò xyÙÓ˚y ~ܲê˛y xyò¢≈ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yˆÏܲ
Óî≈ly ܲ!Ó˚– ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆlGÎ˚y Îyܲñ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl#Ó˚y ~ܲê˛y ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ï˛y!°Ü˛y
ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ˆ°áy •Î˚ ~!ê˛ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ xy@˝Ã•#ñ ï˛yÓ˚y !l¡¨!°!áï˛ Ü ˛Ù
xl%§Ó˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓl ı
1ä ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óƒ!=˛ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ xyˆÏà ܲï˛ê˛y çyˆÏl ï˛y çylyÓ˚ çlƒ
~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ)Ó≈˛õÓ˚#«˛î (pre-test) ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓlñ
2ä ~•z §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ K˛yl xy•Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §)!ã˛
≤Ã›ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏÓlñ
3ä ~•z §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ¢∑ §)!ã˛!ê˛ lï%˛l K˛yl °y˲ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yçyï˛
ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓlñ
4ä ~•z ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yܲÓ˚î ˆ¢£Ï •ˆÏ°ñ lï%˛l K˛yl xç≈l ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ å~ê˛y
•° !¢álä ~ÓÇ
5ä !ܲS%È §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xhs˝Ó˚yˆÏ° ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yçyï˛ ï˛Ìƒ Óƒ!=˛ ˛õ%îÓ˚%ˆÏoܲ
(recall) ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛ ˛õ)Ó≈ ˛õÓ˚#«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ˆÎ ܲê˛y
¢∑ çylï˛ñ G•z ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ~ál Îï˛ê˛y çyˆÏlñ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
ï%˛°ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛í˛z xl%Ùyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ !¢ál •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
~•z˲yˆÏÓñ !¢ál •° ~ܲ!ê˛ xl%!Ùï˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y (inferred
process) ~ÓÇ ï˛y ܲÙ≈«˛Ùï˛y (performance) ˆÌˆÏܲ !˲ߨ–
ܲÙ≈«˛Ùï˛y Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ≤Ãò!¢≈ï˛ xyã˛Ó˚î Óy ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y Óy !Ü ˛Î˚y– ã˛ˆÏ°y
xyÙÓ˚y Úxl%ÙylÛ (inference) ˛õò!ê˛ xÌ≈ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛T˛y ܲ!Ó˚–
ôˆÏÓ˚ lyGñ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !¢«˛Ü˛ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛!Óï˛y Ù%áfiÌ
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ó°ˆÏ°l– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~•z ܲ!Óï˛y!ê˛ xˆÏlܲÓyÓ˚ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏ°È– ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y Ó°ˆÏ° ˆÎ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ܲ!Óï˛y!ê˛ !¢ˆÏáSÈ ~ÓÇ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ܲ!Óï˛y!ê˛
xyÓ,!_G ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ï˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ°– ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚
myÓ˚y ~•z ܲ!Óï˛y!ê˛ xyÓ,!_ ܲÓ˚yê˛y ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲÙ≈«˛Ùï˛y– ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚
≤Ãò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !¢«˛Ü˛ ~•z xl%Ùyl ܲˆÏÓ˚l ˆÎ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y
ܲ!Óï˛y!ê˛ !¢ˆÏáSÈ–
!¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ï˛_¥§Ù)• (Paradigms of Learning)
!¢ál xˆÏlܲ˲yˆÏÓ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– !ܲS%È ˛õÂô!ï˛ xyˆÏSÈ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y
§Ó˚° ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y xç≈l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ xyÓyÓ˚ !ܲS%È
˛õÂô!ï˛ ç!ê˛° ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y xç≈ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~•z
áˆÏu˛ ~•z §ÙhflÏ ˛õÂô!ï˛à%ˆÏ°y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏÓ– !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ §Óã˛y•zˆÏï˛
§Ó˚°ï˛Ù ˛õÂô!ï˛!ê˛ˆÏܲ xl%Óï≈˛l (conditioning) Ó°y •Î˚– ò%•z
≤ÃܲyÓ˚ xl%Óï≈˛l !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ≤ÃÌÙ!ê˛ ≤Ãyã˛#l xî%Óï≈˛l
(classical conditioning) ~ÓÇ !mï˛#Î˚!ê˛ §!Ü ˛Î˚‡Îy!sfܲ
xî%Óï≈˛l (operant/ instrumental conditioning)–
ï˛ySÈyí˛¸y ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ !¢ál (observational learning),
K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ !¢ál (cognitive learning), ˲y£ÏyÙ)°Ü˛ !¢ál
(verbal learning), ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ !¢ál (Concept learning)
~ÓÇ ò«˛ï˛yÓ˚ !¢ál (skill learning) G Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
≤Ãyã˛#l xî%Óï≈˛l (Classical Conditioning) :
~•z ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ !¢ál ≤Ã̈ÏÙ Ivan P. Pavlov myÓ˚y xˆÏß!∫ £Ïï˛
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ˲yˆÏÓ !ï˛!l ˛õyã˛l !Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,!_Î˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÎ˚
xy@˝Ã•# !SȈϰl– ï˛yÓ˚ xôƒÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ !ï˛!l °«˛ƒ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°l ˆÎ
Ü%˛Ü%˛Ó˚ñ ÎyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ àˆÏÓ£Ïîy!ê˛ !SÈ° Îál ï˛yÓ˚y áyÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ áy!°
ˆ≤’•zê˛!ê˛ ÎyˆÏï˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ áyGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚ ˆ§!ê˛ ˆòˆÏá ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
°y°y «˛Ó˚î ¢%Ó˚% •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y •Î˚ˆÏï˛y çyˆÏlyñ áyGÎ˚yÓ˚ xÌÓy
Ù%ˆÏá !ܲS%È ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî °y°ÈyÈ«˛Ó˚î •GÎ˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ã!ï˛Óï≈˛ !Ü ˛Î˚y–
~•z ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏܲ !ÓhflÏy!Ó˚ï˛ ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õƒy˲°Ë˛ xyÓyÓ˚ Ü%˛Ü%˛Ó˚ˆÏòÓ˚
!lˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ≤ÃÌÙ ˛õˆÏÓ≈ñ Ü%˛Ü%˛Ó˚ˆÏܲ
§yç §!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ÓyˆÏ: Ó˚yáy •°– ~•z˲yˆÏÓ !ܲS%È §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ çlƒ
Ó˚yáy •°– ~•z˲yˆÏÓ ˆÓ¢ !ܲS%È!òl ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y!ê˛ !Ó!˲ߨ !òˆÏl ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲÓyÓ˚
˛õ%lÓ˚yÓ,!_ ܲÓ˚y •°– ˆ§•z §ÙÎ˚ñ ~ܲê˛y ˆSÈyê˛ xflf≤Ãã˛yÓ˚ ܲÌy •Î˚
~ÓÇ Ü%˛Ü%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆã˛yÎ˚y° ~ܲ!ê˛ lˆÏ°Ó˚ ~ܲ ÙyÌy í%˛!ܲˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ!ê˛
xôƒyÎ˚ 6 • !¢ál 109
ÙyÌy ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õܲ @’yˆÏ§ Ó˚yáy •°– ~•z ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ àë˛l!ê˛ˆÏܲ
~ܲ!ê˛ !ã˛e 6É1ÈüÈ~ ≤Ãò!¢≈ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •°–
˛õÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ !mï˛#Î˚ ˛õˆÏÓ≈ñ Ü%˛Ü%˛Ó˚!ê˛ˆÏܲ «%˛ôyï≈˛ Ó˚yáy •° ~ÓÇ
~ܲ!òܲ ˆÌˆÏ Ü ˛
ˆòáy ÎyGÎ˚y xyÎ˚ly
áyòƒ
°y°y@˝Ã!rÌ ˆÏ̈Ïܲ l° °y°y Ùy˛õyÓ˚
ˆÓ˚ܲ!í≈˛Ç Îsf
ܲy˛õ
!ã˛e 6É1 ı ˛õƒy˲°ˆÏ˲Ó˚ §yˆÏç ≤Ãyã˛#l xî%Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ Ü%˛Ü%˛Ó˚
ï˛yˆÏܲ G•z §yˆÏçÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~Ùl˲yˆÏÓ Ó˚yáy •° ˆÎ lˆÏ°Ó˚ ~ܲ ÙyÌy
ˆã˛yÎ˚yˆÏ° xyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛yˆÏã˛Ó˚ @’y§– ~ܲ!ê˛ â^˝ê˛y ÓyçyˆÏlyÓ˚ §ˆÏAà
§ˆÏAà ï˛Í«˛îyÍ Ü%˛Ü%˛Ó˚!ê˛ˆÏܲ áyÓyÓ˚ åÙyLjϧÓ˚ à%ˆÏí˛¸yä ˆòGÎ˚y •°–
Ü%˛Ü%˛Ó˚!ê˛ˆÏܲ áyÓyÓ˚ê˛y ˆáˆÏï˛ ˆòGÎ˚y •°– ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ !ܲS%È !òˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ
≤Ã!ï˛ÓyÓ˚ â^˝ê˛y ÓyçyˆÏlyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚•z ÙyLjϧÓ˚ à%í˛¸y áyGÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ
ˆòGÎ˚y •°– ~•z˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛ˆÏÎ˚ܲê˛y ≤ÃÎ˚yˆÏ§Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛î ≤ÃÎ˚y§
ܲÓ˚y •°ñ ˆ§áyˆÏl §Ó•z xyˆÏàÓ˚ ≤ÃÎ˚y§à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y•z !SÈ° ¢%ô%
ârê˛y ÓyçyˆÏlyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ áyÓyÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚!l– ï˛y §ˆÏ_¥G â^˝ê˛y ÓyçyÓ˚
§yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ ÙyLjϧÓ˚ à%í˛¸y xy§yÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒy¢yÎ˚ Ü%˛Ü%˛Ó˚!ê˛Ó˚ °y°y «˛Ó˚î
¢%Ó˚% •° ܲyÓ˚î â^˝ê˛yÓ˚ xyGÎ˚yˆÏçÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ ÙyLjϧÓ˚ à%í˛¸yÓ˚
í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl §ÇÎ%=˛ !SÈ° – ~•z â^˝ê˛y ~ÓÇ áyÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xl%£ÏAà
Ü%˛Ü%˛Ó˚!ê˛ˆÏܲ ~ܲ lï%˛l ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y xç≈l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚ xÌ≈yÍ
â^˝ê˛yÓ˚ ôÁ!lÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ °y°y«˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ•z Ó°y •Î˚ xî%Óï≈˛l– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y
•Î˚ˆÏï˛y °«˛ƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚SÈ ˆÎ áyÓyÓ˚ §yÙˆÏl Ó˚yáˆÏ° §Ó Ü%˛Ü%˛Ó˚•z °y°y
«˛Ó˚ î ܲˆÏ Ó ˚ – xï˛~Ó áyòƒ •° xlyÓ!ï≈ ˛ ï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü  ˛ Î˚ y
(unconditioned stimulus, us) ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ˆÎ °y°y«˛Ó˚î
•Î˚ ï˛y •° xlyÓ!ï≈ ˛ ï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü  ˛ Î˚ y (unconditioned
Response, UR)– xl%Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ñ ârê˛yÓ˚ ôÁ!l!ê˛ •°
xl%Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ í˛zj#˛õܲ (conditioned Response, CR)–
~•zÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ xl%Óï≈˛lˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ ≤Ãyã˛#l xl%Óï≈˛l (Classical
Conditioning)– ~•z ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y!ê˛ ˆê˛!Ó° 6É1 ~ ≤Ãò!¢≈ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y
•°– flõT˛ï˛ ≤Ãyã˛#l xl%Óï≈˛ˆÏl !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ Ù)° !fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ò%!ê˛
í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ åârê˛yÓ˚ xyGÎ˚yç G áyòƒ S-S learning) ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
§y•ã˛Î≈ƒ fiÌy!˛õï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zj#˛õܲ åârê˛yÓ˚ ôÁ!lä !mï˛#Î˚
í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ åáyòƒä í˛z˛õfiÌy!˛õˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ ˆòÎ˚– ~áyˆÏl ~ܲ!ê˛
í˛zj#˛õܲ xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ!ê˛ í˛zj#˛õܲˆÏܲ â^˝ê˛yÓ˚ §Ω˛yÓlyˆÏܲ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˜òl!®l ç#ÓˆÏl ≤Ãyã˛#l xl%Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ xˆÏlܲ
í˛zòy•Ó˚î ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ˆË˛ˆÏÓ ˆòˆÏáy ˆÎ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y áyÓyÓ˚ ˆ¢£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚SÈ
~•zÙye ~ÓÇ ï,˛!Æ xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛Ó˚SÈ– ï˛ál•z ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆòáˆÏ° ˆÎ
˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆê˛!ӈϰ !ܲS%È !Ù!T˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢l ܲÓ˚y •°– ~!ê˛ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚
Ù%ˆÏá fl∫yˆÏòÓ˚ §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ ˆòÎ˚ ~ÓÇ °y°y«˛Ó˚î ¢%Ó˚% •Î˚– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆ§ê˛y
áyFSÈ ~Ùl xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ •ˆÏFSÈ– ~•zê˛y •° xl%Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y (CR)
ã˛ˆÏ°y xyÓ˚G ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zòy•Ó˚î ˆlGÎ˚y Îyܲñ Óy°ƒÜ˛yˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤ÃyÓ˚ˆÏΩ˛
~ܲ!ê˛ !¢¢% í˛zFã˛ ¢ˆÏ∑ fl∫˲yÓï˛ Ë˛Î˚ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ôÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆSÈyê˛
ˆÊ˛y°y ˆÓ°%l ôÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ ˆ§!ê˛ ï˛yÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛ ˆçyˆÏí˛¸ xyGÎ˚yç ܲˆÏÓ˚
ˆÊ˛ˆÏê˛ ÎyÎ˚ñ !¢¢%!ê˛ Ë˛Î˚ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– ~ál ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ܲyˆÏ° ï˛yˆÏܲ
~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÓ°%l ôÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏ°ñ ~•zê˛y xyGÎ˚yˆÏçÓ˚ §ÇˆÏܲï˛
•ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ Îy ˲ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y í˛zˆÏoܲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ~Ùl!ê˛
â^˝ê˛yÓ˚ !˛õSȈÏl ܲyÓ˚î •ˆÏ°y xl%Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ í˛zj#˛õܲ Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ˆÓ°%l ~ÓÇ
xl%Ó!ï˛≈ï˛ í˛zj#˛õܲ Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ï˛#Ó  xyGÎ˚yˆÏçÓ˚ °yàyï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl–

ˆê˛!Ó° 6É1 ı xî%Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ hflÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !Ü ˛Î˚yܲ°yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §¡õÜ≈˛

xl%Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ hflÏÓ˚ í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚)˛õ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚)˛õ

˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ áyòƒ (US) °y°y«˛Ó˚î (UR)
§ÙÎ˚ܲy°#l â^˝ê˛yÓ˚ ôÁ!l §ï˛Ü≈˛ï˛y åˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ӈϢ£Ï ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y •Î˚ä
˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ܲyˆÏ° â^˝ê˛yÓ˚ ôÁ!l (CS) + áyòƒ (US) °y°y«˛Ó˚î (UR)
â^˝ê˛yÓ˚ ôÁ!l (CS) °y°y«˛Ó˚î (CR)

110 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
≤Ãyã˛#l xl%Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !lô≈yÓ˚Ü
(Determinants of Classical Conditioning)
≤Ãyã˛#l xl%Óï≈˛ˆÏl Ü˛ï˛ o%ï˛ ~ÓÇ ≤ÃӰ˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y x!ç≈ï˛
•ˆÏÓ ~!ê˛ !Ó!˲ߨ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#°– xl%Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y
!¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ܲyÓ˚# ܲyÓ˚îà%ˆÏ°y !lˆÏ¡¨ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚y •° ıÈüÈ
1ä í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §¡õÜ≈˛ (Time Relations
between Stimuli äı È
≤Ãyã˛#l xl%Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ §¡õÜ≈˛ ~ÓÇ xl%Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ í˛zj#˛õܲ
(CS) G xlyÓ!ï≈˛ï˛ í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ (US) §)e˛õyˆÏï˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚
!˲!_ˆÏï˛ ˆÎ ˛õÂô!ï˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛y Ù)°ï˛ ã˛yÓ˚ ˲yˆÏà ˲yà ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ
Îy !lˆÏ¡¨ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ≤Ã̈ÏÙ !ï˛l!ê˛ˆÏܲ x@˝ÃÓï˛#≈
xl%Óï≈˛l (Forward conditioning) ˛õÂô!ï˛ Ó°y •Î˚ ~ÓÇ
ã˛ï%˛Ì≈!ê˛ •° ˛õŸã˛yòàyÙ# xl%Óï≈˛l (Backward conditioning)
˛õÂô!ï˛– ~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ Ù)° ˛õÓ˚#«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ ÓƒÓfiÌy˛õlyà%ˆÏ°y
!lˆÏ¡¨ ˆòGÎ˚y •° ıÈü
ܲä Îál xl%Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ í˛zj#˛õܲ (CS) ~ÓÇ xlyÓ!ï≈˛ï˛ í˛zj#˛õܲ
(US) ~ܲ§yˆÏÌ í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ñ ï˛yˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚
§Ùܲy°#l xl%Óï≈˛l (Simultaneous conditioning).
áä !Ó°!¡∫ï˛ xl%Óï≈˛ˆÏl (delayed conditioning) xl%Ó!ï≈˛ï˛
í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ (CS) §)e˛õyï˛ xlyÓ!ï≈˛ï˛ í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ (US)
§)e˛õyˆÏï˛Ó˚ xyˆÏà •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– xl%Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ (CS)
í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl ˆ¢£Ï •Î˚ xlyÓ!ï≈˛ï˛ í˛zj#˛õܲ (US) ˆ¢£Ï •GÎ˚yÓ˚
xyˆÏà–
àä xӈϢ£Ï xl%Óï≈˛l (trace conditioning) ò%!ê˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
!ܲS%È §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÓƒÓôyˆÏl xl%Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ (CS) §)e˛õyï˛
G ˆ¢£Ï xlyÓ!ï≈˛ï˛ í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ xyˆÏà •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
âä ˛õŸã˛yò xl%Óï≈˛ˆÏl (Backward conditioning) xlyÓ!ï≈˛ï˛
í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ (US) ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ xlyÓ!ï≈˛ï˛ í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ §)e˛õyï˛ •Î˚–
~•zê˛y ~ál §%flõT˛È ˆÎ !Ó°!¡∫ï˛ xl%Óï≈˛l ˛õÂô!ï˛
xl%Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y (CR) xç≈l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe §Óã˛y•zˆÏï˛ Ü˛yÎ≈ܲÓ˚
˛õÂô!ï˛– Î!òG §Ùܲy°#l G !Ó°!¡∫ï˛ xl%Óï≈˛l ˛õÂô!ï˛à%ˆÏ°y
xl%Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ ˛≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y (CR) xç≈l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ xy@˝Ã•# ÌyˆÏܲ !ܲv
~•z ˆ«˛ˆÏe !Ó°!¡∫ï˛ xl%Óï≈˛l ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ §ÇáƒÜ˛
x!ç≈ï˛ ≤ÃÎ˚yˆÏ§Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚– ~áyˆÏl °«˛ƒ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y ˆÎñ
˛õŸã˛yò xl%Óï≈˛l ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y xç≈l ܲÓ˚y á%Ó•z
ò%°≈˲ •Î˚–
2ä xlyÓ!ï≈˛ï˛ í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆÏ˲ò
Type of Unconditioned Stimuli :
≤Ãyã˛#l xl%Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ àˆÏÓ£Ïîyà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ xlyÓ!ï≈˛ï˛ í˛zj#˛õܲ Ù)°ï˛
ò% • z ≤ÃܲyˆÏ Ó ˚ Ó ˚ ≤ÃÓ, ! _Ù) ° ܲ (appetitive) ~ÓÇ !ÓÙ% á #
(aversive)– ≤ÃÓ,!_Ù)°Ü˛ xlyÓ!ï≈˛ï˛ í˛zj#˛õܲ ˆÎÙl áyGÎ˚yñ
˛õyl ܲÓ˚yñ ˆ§y•yà ܲÓ˚y •zï˛ƒy!ò– ~•z ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yà%ˆÏ°y xyl® G
ܲyçÈüÈ 6É1
xl%Óï≈˛lˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛y ï˛Ìy Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !l¡¨!°!áï˛
xl%¢#°l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y– xyˆÏÙÓ˚ xyã˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲ!ê˛ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y ~ܲ!ê˛
ˆ≤’•zˆÏê˛ lyG ~ÓÇ Üœ˛yˆÏ§Ó˚ SÈye SÈye#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòáyG– GˆÏòÓ˚ !çK˛y§y
ܲÓ˚ ˆÎ GÓ˚y GˆÏòÓ˚ Ù%ˆÏá ܲ# xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛Ó˚°⁄
ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà §•˛õyë˛#Ó˚y•z çÓyÓ ˆòˆÏÓ ˆÎ
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ù%ˆÏá !ܲS%È °y°y«˛!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏFSÈ–
˛õ!Ó˚ï,˛!Æ ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– xlƒ!òˆÏܲñ !ÓÙ%á# xl%Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ í˛zj#˛õܲ
(US)ñ ˆÎÙl ˆÜ˛y°y•°ñ ˆï˛ˆÏï˛y fl∫yòñ ˜Óò%ƒ!ï˛Ü˛ ¢Ü‰˛ñ ˛õ#í˛¸yòyÎ˚ܲ
•zlˆÏçܲ¢l •zï˛ƒy!ò •ˆÏ°y ˆÓòlyòyÎ˚ܲñ «˛!ï˛Ü˛yÓ˚ܲ ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚•yÓ˚
G ˛õ°yÎ˚lˆÏÎyàƒ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y– ˆòáyˆÏàˆÏSÈ ˆÎ ≤ÃÓ,!_Ù)°Ü˛ ≤Ãyã˛#l
xl%Óï≈˛l ÙrÌÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÓ!¢ §ÇáƒÜ˛ x!ç≈ï˛ ≤ÃÎ˚yˆÏ§Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl
•Î˚ñ !ܲv !ÓÙ%á# ≤Ãyã˛#l xl%Óï≈˛l ~ܲñ ò%•zñ !ï˛l!ê˛ ≤ÃÎ˚yˆÏ§•z
≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ !ÓÙ%á# xlyÓï˛#≈ï˛ í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ ï˛#Ó ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
!lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
3ä xl%Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ í˛j
z #˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ ï˛#Ó ï˛y (Intensity of Conditioned
Stimuli ):
~•zê˛y ≤ÃÓ,!_Ù)°Ü˛ G !ÓÙ%á# ≤Ãyã˛#l xl%Óï≈˛l í˛z˲ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ôyÓ˚yˆÏܲ
≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– xl%Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ í˛zj#˛õܲ Îï˛ ï˛#Ó  •ˆÏÓ xl%Ó!ï≈˛ï˛
≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y xç≈l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ à!ï˛ ï˛ï˛•z ï˛#Ó  •Î˚– ~Ó˚ xÌ≈ •° xl%Ó!ï≈˛ï˛
í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ ï˛#Ó ï˛y Îï˛ ˆÓ!¢ •ˆÏÓñ xl%Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ x!ç≈ï˛
˛≤ÃÎ˚yˆÏ§Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ï˛ï˛ Ü˛Ù •ˆÏÓ–
Îy!sfܲ xl%Óï≈˛l
(OPERANT/INSTRUMENTAL CONDITIONING)
~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ xl%Óï≈˛l §Ó≈≤ÃÌÙ !Ó ~Ê˛ !flÒlyÓ˚ (B.F.Skinner)
myÓ˚y xˆÏß∫!£Ïï˛ •Î˚– !flÒlyÓ˚ ˙!FSÈܲ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yâ!ê˛ï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ xôƒÎ˚l
ܲˆÏÓ˚l Îál ç#Ó ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §!Ü ˛Î˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– !ï˛!l ~!ê˛ˆÏܲ˛
§yˆÏ˛õ«˛ï˛y (operant) ӈϰ!SȈϰl– §yˆÏ˛õ«˛ï˛y •° ˆ§•z xyã˛Ó˚î
xôƒyÎ˚ 6 • !¢ál 111
Óy ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yñ ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y ˛õ¢% ~ÓÇ Ùyl%£Ï myÓ˚y ˆfl∫FSÈyÎ˚ !lˆÏ«˛˛õ ܲÓ˚y
•Î˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !lÎ˚sfˆÏî ÌyˆÏܲ– Úx˛õyˆÏÓ˚rê˛Û ¢∑ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Ü˛yÓ˚î ç#Ó ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ §!Ü ˛Î˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– §yˆÏ˛õ«˛ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚
xl%Óï≈˛lˆÏܲ §!Ü ˛Î˚ xl%Óï≈˛l ӈϰ–
!flÒlyÓ˚ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ xôƒÎ˚l •zÑò%Ó˚ G ˛õyÎ˚Ó˚yÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
!ã˛e 6É2 ı !flÒlyÓ˚ Óy:
!ӈϢ£Ï˲yˆÏÓ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚y ÓyˆÏ: ܲˆÏÓ˚l ÎyˆÏܲ !ï˛!l lyÙ ˆòl !flÒlyÓ˚
Óy: (skinner box)– ~ܲ!ê˛ «%˛ôyï≈˛ •zÑò%Ó˚ å~ܲ!ê˛ ~ܲ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ä
~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛ˆÏ«˛ Ó˚yáy •° Îy ~Ùl˲yˆÏÓ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ÎyˆÏï˛ •zÑò%Ó˚!ê˛
ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ lí˛¸yã˛í˛¸y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ !ܲv ˆÓÓ˚ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓly– ܲˆÏ«˛
~ܲ!ê˛ !°Ë˛yÓ˚ (Liver) !SÈ° ˆÎê˛y ~ܲê˛y áyˆÏòƒÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏeÓ˚ Î%=˛ Îy
ܲˆÏ«˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ !SÈ° å!ã˛e 6É2 ˆòáä– Îál !°Ë˛yÓ˚!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ã˛y˛õ
ˆòGÎ˚y •°ñ ~ܲ!ê˛ áyˆÏòƒÓ˚ ˛õye !°Ë˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õyˆÏ¢ Ó˚yáy ˆ≤’•zê˛!ê˛ˆÏï˛
~ˆÏ§ ˛õˆÏÓ˚– ÓyˆÏ:Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆâyÓ˚yˆÏÊ˛Ó˚y ~ÓÇ ˆòGÎ˚yˆÏ° ÌyÓy ÙyÓ˚yÓ˚
åxl%§rôylycܲ xyã˛Ó˚îä §ÙÎ˚ «%˛ôyï≈˛ •zÑò%Ó˚!ê˛ âê˛lyÜ ˛ˆÏÙ
!°Ë˛yÓ˚!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ã˛y˛õ ˆòÎ˚ ~ÓÇ áyòƒ ˛õye!ê˛ ˆ≤’•zˆÏê˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ~ˆÏ§
˛õˆÏÓ˚– «%˛ôyï≈˛ •zÑò%Ó˚!ê˛ ˆ§ê˛y ˆáˆÏÎ˚ !l°– ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ ≤ÃÎ˚yˆÏ§ñ !ܲS%È«˛î
ÓyˆÏò ˆ§•z xl%§rôylydܲ xyã˛Ó˚Ïî xyÓyÓ˚ ¢%Ó˚% •Î˚– ≤ÃÎ˚yˆÏ§Ó˚ §Çáƒy
Óyí˛¸yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ •zÑò%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ áyˆÏòƒÓ˚ çlƒ !°Ë˛yÓ˚ ã˛y˛õyÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚§#Ùy
xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÜ,˛ï˛ Ü˛ÙˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– xl%Óï≈˛l §¡õߨ •Î˚ Îál •zÑò%Ó˚!ê˛ˆÏܲ
ܲˆÏ«˛ Ó˚yáy !°Ë˛yÓ˚!ê˛ˆÏܲ ã˛y˛õ ˆòÎ˚– ~•zê˛y §%flõT˛ ˆÎ !°Ë˛yÓ˚ ã˛y˛õ
ˆòGÎ˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ §!Ü ˛Î˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ~ÓÇ áyòƒ ˛õyGÎ˚y •° ~Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛–
í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚y=˛ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ñ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y!ê˛ •° áyòƒ °y˲ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
Îy!sfܲ í˛z˛õyÎ˚– ~•zçlƒñ ~•zÓ˚)˛õ !¢álˆÏܲ Îy!sfܲ xl%Óï≈˛l
(instrumental Conditioning) Ó°y •Î˚– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˜òl!®l
çr#ÓˆÏlG Îy!sfܲ xl%Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ xˆÏlܲ !lò¢≈l ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ÎyÓ˚y
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xÓï≈˛ÙyˆÏl °ˆÏç™ ˆáˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚y
°ˆÏçˆÏ™Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yê˛y!ê˛ ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ °%!ܲˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ !ë˛Ü˛ ï˛y ˆÓÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ °ˆÏç™
112 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
áyÎ˚ – ÓyFã˛yÓ˚ y l¡À •ˆÏ ï ˛ ˆ¢ˆÏ á ~ÓÇ Ú≤’#çÛ ÓˆÏ ° ï˛yˆÏ ò Ó˚
x!˲˲yÓܲˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xl%@˝Ã• °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ܲçl Îy!sfܲ àƒyˆÏçê˛
ˆÎÙl ˆÓ˚!í˛Gñ ܲƒyˆÏÙÓ˚yñ !ê˛!˲ •zï˛ƒy!ò ã˛y°yˆÏï˛ ˆ¢ˆÏá Îy!sfܲ
xî%Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ l#!ï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ó›ï˛ñ Ùyl%£Ï ï˛yÓ˚ xyܲy!A«˛ï˛
°ˆÏ«˛ƒ ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyˆÏlyÓ˚ §Ç!«˛Æ Ó˚yhflÏyà%ˆÏ°y ˆ¢ˆÏá Îy!sfܲ xl%Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚
myÓ˚y–
§!Ü ˛Î˚ xl%Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !lôyÓ˚ܲ
(Determinants of Operant Conditioning)
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y •Î˚ˆÏï˛y °«˛ƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚SÈ ˆÎ §!Ü ˛Î˚ Óy Îy!sfܲ xl%Óï≈˛l
!¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲÓ˚)˛õ ˆÎáyˆÏl xyã˛Ó˚î ˆ¢áyñ ≤Ã!ï˛˛õy°l Óy ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l
ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛Ó˚ myÓ˚y– ~•zÓ˚)˛õ ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛ à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚
˛õ% l ı¢!=˛òyÎ˚ Ü ˛ §_¥ y Óy í˛z j #˛õܲ (Reinforcement) –
õ%lı¢!=˛òyÎ˚ܲ §_¥y Óy í˛zj#˛õܲ •° ˆÜ˛yl í˛zj#˛õܲ Óy âê˛lyñ Îy
ˆÜ˛yl ~ܲ!ê˛ åxyܲy!A«˛ï˛ä ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y âê˛yÓ˚ §Ω˛yÓlyˆÏܲ Óy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚
ˆï˛yˆÏ°– ~ܲ!ê˛ ¢!=˛òyÎ˚ܲ í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ x§Çრ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ xyˆÏSÈñ Îy
≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ à!ï˛ ï˛Ìy ¢!=˛ˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ˆ§à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ
~Ó˚ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆÏ˲ò ÈüÈ ôlydܲ xÌÓy }îydܲñ (positive or
negative), §Çáƒy Óy ˛õ%îÓ˚yÓ,!_ (number or frequency)ñ
à%îÙyl (quality)ñ í˛zFã˛Ùyl ï˛Ìy !l¡¨Ùyl (superior or
inferior) ~ÓÇ §ÙÎ˚§)!ã˛ Ü ˛Ùyàï˛ Óy §!ÓÓ˚yÙ åxyÇ!¢Ü˛ä
(schedule-contineous or intermittent)– ~•z §ÙhflÏ
˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°y §!Ü ˛Î˚ xl%Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ à!ï˛˛ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– xyˆÏÓ˚y
~ܲ!ê˛ !lô≈yÓ˚ܲ Îy ~•z ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ !¢álˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y•°
≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y Óy xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚)˛õ Îy xl%Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •ˆÏÓ– !ÓÓ˚yÙܲy°
≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ï˛Ìy ¢!=˛§M˛y°l ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y âê˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎ x!ï˛˛õ!_
˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yG §!Ü ˛Î˚ !¢álˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ã˛ˆÏ°y ~•z §ÙhflÏ
!ܲS%È !lô≈yÓ˚ܲˆÏܲ !ÓhflÏy!Ó˚ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˛õÓ˚#«˛î ܲÓ˚y Îyܲ–
˛õ%îı¢!=˛ §M˛y°l ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆÏ˲ò
(Types of Reinforcement)
˛õ%lı¢!=˛ §M˛y°l ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y ôlydܲ xÌÓy }îydܲ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
ôlydܲ ˛õ%lı¢!=˛§M˛y°l ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲ xyl®òyÎ˚ܲ ˛õ!Ó˚îyÙ
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆÎ•z ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ~à%ˆÏ°y âˆÏê˛ˆÏSÈ ï˛yÓ˚y
≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ•z ¢!=˛ ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ï˛˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ôlydܲ
˛õ%lı¢!=˛òyÎ˚ܲ í˛zj#˛õܲ ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ ˆÎÙlÈüÈ áyòƒñ ˛õyl#Î˚ñ ˆÙˆÏí˛°ñ
≤âǧyñ ê˛yܲyñ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yñ ï˛Ìƒ •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ï,˛!Æ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– }îydܲ
¢!=˛òyÎ˚ܲ í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛ •° x≤Ã#!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚ G ˆÓòlyòyÎ˚ܲ
í˛zj#˛õܲ– ˆÎ•z ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yà%ˆÏ°y ç#ÓˆÏܲ ˆÓòlyòyÎ˚ܲ í˛zj#˛õܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ
˛õ!Ó˚eyî ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ xÌÓy ~í˛¸yˆÏï˛ ï˛Ìy ˛õ°yÎ˚l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚
ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y }îydܲ ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ xï˛~Óñ }îydܲ ˛õ%lı¢!=˛ §M˛y°l
≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y ˛õ!Ó˚•yÓ˚ ï˛Ìy ˛õ°yÎ˚l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆ¢ˆÏᖠܲyë˛ çµy°yÎ˚ Óy
˜Óò%ƒ!ï˛Ü˛ !•ê˛yÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ x≤Ã#!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚ ë˛y[˛y xyÓ•yGÎ˚y ~í˛¸yˆÏï˛
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲçl ˲Î˚AܲÓ˚ í˛zj#˛õܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ò)ˆÏÓ˚ §ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˆ¢ˆÏáñ
ܲyÓ˚î ˆ§ê˛y x≤Ã#!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚ ë˛y[˛y xyÓ•yGÎ˚y ~í˛¸yˆÏï˛ }îydܲ ˛õ%lı¢!=˛
§M˛y°l ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y ≤Ã›ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏá– °«˛ƒ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ˆÎ }îydܲ
˛õ%lı¢!=˛§M˛y°l ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y ¢y!§ï˛ lÎ˚– ¢y!hflÏÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y
•…y§ ˛õyÎ˚ Óy òˆÏÙ ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl }îydܲ ˛õ%l/¢!=˛òyÎ˚ܲ í˛zj#˛õܲ
~!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyGÎ˚y Óy ˛õ°yÎ˚l ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ §Ω˛yÓlyˆÏܲ Óyí˛¸yÎ˚– ˆÎÙlñ
ã˛y°Ü˛ Óy §•ã˛y°Ü˛ !§ê˛ ˆÓŒê˛ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ xƒyܲ!§ˆÏí˛rê˛ xy•ï˛ •GÎ˚y
~í˛¸yÎ˚ xÌÓy ê˛∆y!Ê˛Ü˛ ˛õ%!°¢ myÓ˚y ç!Ó˚Ùyly °yàyˆÏlyˆÏܲ ~í˛¸yÎ˚–
~!ê˛ ˆÓyV˛y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ¢y!hflÏ ~ܲê˛y ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏܲ
!ã˛Ó˚fiÌyÎ˚#˲yˆÏÓ òÙl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– •yÕÒy ï˛Ìy !Ó°!¡∫ï˛ ¢!=˛Ó˚
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤Ã˲yÓ ÌyˆÏܲ ly ¢y!hflÏ Îï˛ Ü˛ˆÏë˛yÓ˚ •Î˚ òÙˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ
ï˛ï˛•z ˆÓ!¢ fiÌyÎ˚# •Î˚ !ܲv ~!ê˛ !ã˛Ó˚fiÌyÎ˚# lÎ˚–
ܲálG ܲálG ¢y!hflÏÓ˚ ï˛#Ó ï˛y ˆÓ!¢ •GÎ˚y §ˆÏcG ï˛yÓ˚
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤Ã˲yÓ ÌyˆÏܲ ly– x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲñ ¢y!hflÏ≤ÃyÆ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ¢y!hflÏ
≤ÃòylܲyÓ˚# í˛zj#˛õܲ Óy Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ x!l•y Óy â,îy !Óܲ!¢ï˛
•ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
Óy: 6É1 ≤Ãyã˛#l ï˛Ìy §!Ü ˛Î˚ xl%Óï≈˛l ı ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ (Classical and Operant Conditioning : Differences)
1ä ≤Ãyã˛#l xl%Óï≈˛ˆÏlñ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yà%ˆÏ°y !ܲSÈ% í˛zj#˛õܲ myÓ˚y !lÎ˚!sfï˛
•Î˚ ܲyÓ˚î ï˛yÓ˚y ≤Ã!ï˛Óï≈˛ !Ü ˛Î˚y ~ÓÇ fl∫Î˚Ç!Ü ˛Î˚˲yˆÏÓ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛
í˛zj#˛õܲ myÓ˚y ≤Ãܲy¢ ˛õyÎ˚– ~Ùl í˛zj#˛õܲ US Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛
•Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ myÓ˚y ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y UR Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ– xï˛~Ó
˛õƒy˲°!˲Î˚l xl%Óï≈˛l ˆÎáyˆÏl US ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ
ï˛yˆÏܲ ≤ÃyÎ˚¢ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y xl%Óï≈˛l–
Îy!sfܲ xl%Óï≈˛ˆÏl ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yà%ˆÏ°y ≤Ãyî#Ó˚ !lÎ˚sfˆÏî ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ
˙!FSÈܲ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y xÌÓy §yˆÏ˛õ«˛ï˛y– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ò%•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Óï≈˛
ˆÌˆÏܲ ò%•z ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ≤Ã!ï˛Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •Î˚–
2ä ≤Ãyã˛#l xl%Óï≈˛ˆÏl CS ï˛Ìy US §%§ÇK˛y!Î˚ï˛ xyˆÏSÈ !ܲv
§!Ü ˛Î˚ xl%Óï≈˛ˆÏl CSˆÜ˛ ÎÌyÎÌ˲yˆÏÓ §%§ÇK˛y!Î˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y
•Î˚!l– ~ê˛y xl%Ùyl ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ !ܲv §Ó˚y§!Ó˚˲yˆÏÓ çyly
ÎyÎ˚ ly–
˛õ%lı¢!=˛ §M˛y°l ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ §Çáƒy ï˛Ìy xlƒylƒ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ
(Number of Reinforcement and other Features)
˛õ%lı¢!=˛ §M˛y°l ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ §Çáƒy Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆ§•z §ÇáƒÜ˛ ≤ÃÎ˚yˆÏ§Ó˚
ܲÌy ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ ÎyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ≤Ãyî#Ó˚ ˛õ%lı¢!=˛ xÌÓy ˛õ%Ó˚flÒyÓ˚ ≤Ãy!Æ
•ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˛õ%lı¢!=˛ §M˛y°l ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî Ó°ˆÏï˛ Óƒ!=˛
≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ≤ÃÎ˚yˆÏ§ ܲï˛ê˛y ˛õ%lı¢!=˛òyÎ˚ܲ í˛zj#˛õܲ åáyòƒ
Óy ç° Óy ˆÓòlyÓ˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛y Óy ï˛#Ó ï˛y ܲyÓ˚ܲ ÙyôƒÙä @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚
ÌyˆÏܲ– ˛õ%lı¢!=˛§M˛y°l ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ §Ω˛yÓly Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õ%lı¢!=˛òyÎ˚ܲ
í˛zj#˛õܲ ܲ# ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ï˛y ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚– ˆSÈy°y Óy ˛õyí˛zÓ˚%!ê˛Ó˚ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y
˛õ%lı¢!=˛ òyÎ˚ܲ í˛zj#˛õܲ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ !ܲ¢!Ù¢ Óy ˆÜ˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚yÓ˚
ï%˛°lyÎ˚ !lÜ,˛T˛ à%îÙyˆÏlÓ˚– §!Ü ˛Î˚ xl%Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ à!ï˛ §yôyÓ˚îï˛
ï˛ï˛ê˛y•z c!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ Îï˛ê˛y ˛õ%lı¢!=˛ §M˛y°l ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ §Çáƒyñ
˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ~ÓÇ à%î ÓyˆÏí˛¸–
˛õ%lı¢!=˛ §M˛y°l ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚§)ã˛#
(Schedules of Reinforcement)
˛õ%lı¢!=˛ §M˛y°l ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚§)ã˛# •° xl%Óï≈˛l ≤ÃÎ˚yˆÏ§Ó˚
§ÙÎ˚ Ü ˛y°#l ˛õ% l ı¢!=˛§M˛y°l ≤Ã!Ü  ˛ Î˚ y í˛z ˛ õfiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚ y Ó˚
ÓƒÓfiÌy˛õly– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ ˛õ%lı¢!=˛ §M˛y°l ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚§)ã˛#
xl%Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ à!ï˛ˆÏܲ !lˆÏçÓ˚ Ùï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ xï˛~Ó
xl%Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒÙ)°Ü˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ !lˆÏÎ˚ âˆÏê˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– §!Ü ˛Î˚
xl%Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÎ ≤Ãyî#!ê˛ˆÏܲ xyly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ x!ç≈ï˛ ≤ÃÎ˚yˆÏ§
3ä ≤Ãyã˛#l xl%Óï≈˛ˆÏlñ ˛õÓ˚#«˛Ü˛ US ~Ó˚ âê˛yˆÏܲ !lÎ˚sfî ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ
Î!òG §!Ü ˛Î˚ xl%Óï≈˛ˆÏl ˛õ%lı¢!=˛òyÎ˚ܲ í˛zj#˛õܲ ˆÎ ≤Ãyî#Ó˚
!¢ál •ˆÏFSÈ ï˛yÓ˚ !lÎ˚sfˆÏî ÌyˆÏܲ– xï˛~Óñ US ~Ó˚ çlƒ
≤Ãyã˛#l xl%Óï≈˛ˆÏl ≤Ãy!ˆÏî !l!‹;˛Î˚ ÌyˆÏܲñ Î!òG §!Ü ˛Î˚ xl%Óï≈˛ˆÏl
˛õÓ˚#«˛yÌ#≈ˆÏܲ ˛õ%lı¢!=˛≤Ãy!ÆÓ˚ çlƒ §!Ü ˛Î˚ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ •Î˚–
4ä xl%Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õñ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏï˛ ˆÎ ≤ÃyˆÏÎ˚y!àܲ
¢∑ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ñ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y !˲ߨ– ï˛ySÈyí˛¸y §!Ü ˛Î˚ xl%Óï≈˛ˆÏl
ÎyˆÏܲ ˛õ%lı¢!=˛òyÎ˚ܲ í˛zj#˛õܲ Ó°y •Î˚ñ ≤Ãyã˛#l xl%Óï≈˛ˆÏl
ï˛yˆÏܲ US Ó°y •Î˚– US ~Ó˚ ܲyç ≤Ã̈ÏÙ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y
≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ §ÇÎ%=˛Ü˛yÓ˚# ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏܲ ˛õ%lı¢!=˛§M˛y°l
ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ~ÓÇ Îy ˛õˆÏÓ˚ CS myÓ˚y ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •Î˚–
xôƒyÎ˚ 6 • !¢ál 113
 Óy: 6É2 x!ç≈ï˛ x§•yÎ˚ï˛y (Learned Helplessness)
~!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ÙçyòyÓ˚ âê˛lyñÎy xl%Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ !ÙÌ!fl;Î˚yÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚îyÙ– x!ç≈ï˛ x§•yÎ˚ï˛y xÓ§yò@˝ÃfiÌ ˆ°yˆÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyGÎ˚y
ÎyÎ˚– ˆ§!°àÙƒyl (Seligman) ~ÓÇ ÙyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ (Maier)
Ü%˛Ü%˛Ó˚ˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ àˆÏÓ£Ïîy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ ~•z âê˛lyˆÏܲ ≤Ãò!¢≈ï˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ≤Ã̈ÏÙ ï˛yÓ˚y ≤Ãyã˛#l xl%Óï≈˛l Ü%˛Ü%˛Ó˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢∑ (CS) ~ÓÇ
˜Óò%ƒ!ï˛Ü˛ ¢Ü‰˛ (US) ˆòy£Ï ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ≤Ãyî#à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˛õy°yˆÏlyÓ˚ Óy
¢Ü‰˛ ~í˛¸yˆÏlyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yl ˛õÌ !SÈ°ly– ~•z í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ §ÇˆÏÎyàê˛y ˆÓ¢
!ܲS%È ÓyÓ˚ xl%§Ó˚î ܲÓ˚y •°– ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ Ü%˛Ü%˛Ó˚à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ §!Ü ˛Î˚y xl%Óï≈˛l
˛õÂô!ï˛ xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ ¢Ü‰˛ ˆòGÎ˚y •°– Ü%˛Ü%˛Ó˚à%ˆÏ°y ˆòGÎ˚yˆÏ° ÙyÌy ˆã˛ˆÏ˛õ
~•z ¢Ü‰˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ xÓƒy•!ï˛ !lˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ˛õƒy˲°!˲Î˚ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛
xÓ¢ƒΩ˛yÓ# ¢Ü‰˛ ~Ó˚ x!˲K˛ï˛y ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ §!Ü ˛Î˚ xl%Óï≈˛l ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÎ˚ Ü%˛Ü%˛Ó˚
˛õy°yˆÏly Óy ¢Ü‰˛ ~í˛¸yˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚° ly– Ü%˛Ü%˛Ó˚à%ˆÏ°y ¢Ü‰˛
xÌÓy !ܲS%È ≤ÃÎ˚yˆÏ§ ˛õ%lı¢!=˛ §M˛y°l ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚ ~ÓÇ
xlƒà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ ~•z ˛≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏܲ Óyò ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚– xï˛~Ó ˛õ%lı¢!=˛
§M˛y°l Ü ˛Ùyàï˛ xÌÓy x!ÓÓ˚yÙ– Îál ˆÜ˛yl xyܲy!A«˛ï˛
≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ≤Ã!ï˛ÓyÓ˚ ˛õ%lı¢!=˛ ≤ÃyÆ •Î˚ ï˛ál ï˛yˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y Ó!°
Ü ˛Ùyàï˛ ˛õ%lı¢!=˛ §M˛y°l– x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲñ §!ÓÓ˚yÙ §ÙÎ˚§%ã˛#ˆÏï˛
≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yà%ˆÏ°y ܲálG ˛õ%lı¢!=˛ ≤ÃyÆ •Î˚ñ xyÓyÓ˚ ܲálG •Î˚ly–
~!ê˛ˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ xyÇ!¢Ü˛ ˛õ%lı¢!=˛§M˛y°l ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y ~ÓÇ ˆòáy
ˆàˆÏSÈñ xyÇ!¢Ü˛ ˛õ%lı¢!=˛ §M˛y°l Ü ˛Ùyàï˛ ˛õ%lı¢!=˛ §M˛y°ˆÏlÓ˚
ï˛%°lyÎ˚ !Ó°%!ÆÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ x!ôܲ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yô í˛zͲõߨ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
!Ó°!¡∫ï˛ ˛õl% ı¢!=˛ §M˛y°l(Delayed Reinforcement)
˛õ% l ı¢!=˛ §M˛y°ˆÏ l Ó˚ !Ó°¡∫ myÓ˚ y ˛õ% l ı¢!=˛ §M˛y°ˆÏ l Ó˚
ܲyÎ≈ܲy!Ó˚ï˛yÎ˚ lyê˛Ü˛#Î˚˲yˆÏÓ Ó˚òÓò° •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚
˛õ%lı¢!=˛§M˛y°l ≤Ãòyl !Ó°¡∫ ܲÙ≈«˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ hflÏÓ˚ !lÜ,˛T˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚–
~•zê˛y á%Ó §•ˆÏç•z ˆòáyˆÏly ÎyÎ˚– !¢¢% Î!ò !çK˛y§y ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ˆÎ
!ܲS%È ê%˛!ܲê˛y!ܲ ܲyç ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÜ˛Ùl ˛õ%Ó˚flÒyÓ˚ ˛õSÈ® ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
ܲyç ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ò#â≈ xhs˝Ó˚yˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ Óí˛¸ ˛õ%Ó˚flÒyÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚y ê%˛!ܲê˛y!ܲ
ܲyç ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ ˆSÈyê˛ ˛õ%Ó˚flÒyÓ˚ ˛õyGÎ˚yˆÏܲ ˆÓ!¢ ˛õSÈ®
ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
Ù)° !¢ál ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y (Key Learning Processes)
≤Ãyã˛#l xl%Óï≈˛l Óy §!Ü ˛Î˚ xl%Óï˛≈l ˆÏÎê˛y•z ˆ•yܲ ly ˆÜ˛l Îál
!¢ál •Î˚ñ ï˛ál ˆ§ê˛yÎ˚ !ܲS%È ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y âˆÏê˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y •°
114 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
§•ƒ ܲÓ˚° ~ÓÇ ˛õy°yˆÏlyÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚° ly– Ü%˛Ü%˛Ó˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ~•z xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ
Ó°y •Î˚ x!ç≈ï˛ x§•yÎ˚ï˛y–
ˆòáy ˆàˆÏSÈ ~•z âê˛ly!ê˛ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒG §!Ü ˛Î˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
§rôyl ˛õyGÎ˚y ˆàˆÏSÈ ˆÎ ~ܲ VÑ˛yܲ ܲyˆÏç Ü ˛Ùyàï˛ ÓƒÌ≈ï˛y x!ç≈ï˛
x§•yÎ˚ï˛yÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚– ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛îÙ%°Ü˛ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÎ˚ñ x!˲«˛yÌ#≈ˆÏòÓ˚
≤Ã̈ÏÙ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲÙ≈«˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ !l!Ó≈ˆÏ¢ˆÏ£Ï ÓƒÌ≈ï˛yÓ˚ x!˲K˛ï˛y ˆòGÎ˚y •°–
!mï˛#Î˚ ã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ x!˲«˛yÌ#≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛yÎ≈ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆòGÎ˚y •°– x!ç≈ï˛
x§•yÎ˚ï˛y ≤ÃyÎ˚¢ x!˲«˛yÌ#≈ˆÏòÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y ï˛Ìy ܲyç ï˛ƒyà ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ xyˆÏà
xôƒÓ§yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ myÓ˚y ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– Ü ˛Ùyàï˛ ÓƒÌ≈ï˛yÓ˚ fl∫“ xôƒÓ§yÎ˚
G ò%Ó≈° ܲÙ≈«˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ x@˝Ã§Ó˚ •Î˚– ~•zê˛y x§•yÎ˚ï˛yˆÏܲ ò¢yÎ˚–
x§ÇრàˆÏÓ£Ïîy xyˆÏSÈ Îy flõT ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ xôƒÓ§yÎ˚# xÓ§yò ≤ÃyÎ˚¢
x!ç≈ï˛ x§•yÎ˚ï˛y myÓ˚y âˆÏê˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
ÈüüüÈ ˛õ% l ı§M˛y°l (Reinforcement), !Ó°% ! Æ
(Extinctinction) xÌÓy x§Çâ!ê˛ï˛ x!ç≈ï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y (non-
occurance of learned response)ñ !ܲS%È !l!ò≈T˛ xÓfiÌyÎ˚
!¢áˆÏ l Ó˚ xlƒ í˛z j #˛õˆÏ Ü ˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ §yôyÓ˚ î #ܲÓ˚ î
(generalisation), ˛õ%lı§M˛y!°ï˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y G ˛õ%lı¢!=˛òyÎ˚ܲ
í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˜Ó£ÏÙƒ (discrimination) ~ÓÇ fl∫ï˛ıfl≥%˛ï≈˛
˛õ%l≤Ãy!Æ (spontaneous recovery)– ˛
õ%lı¢!=˛ §M˛y°l (Reinforcement)
˛õ%lı¢!=˛ §M˛y°l •° ˛õÓ˚#«˛Ü˛ myÓ˚y ˛õ%lı¢!=˛òyÎ˚ܲ í˛zj#˛õܲˆÏܲ
≤Ã!ï˛˛õy°l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ !Ü ˛Î˚y– ˛õ%lı¢!=˛òyÎ˚ܲ í˛zj#˛õܲ •° ~Ùl
í˛zj#˛õܲ Îy âê˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏà ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ •yÓ˚ Óy §Ω˛yÓlyˆÏܲ Óy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚
ˆòÎ˚– xyÙÓ˚y ˆòˆÏá!SÈ ˆÎ ˛õ%lı¢!=˛≤ÃyÆ ≤Ã!ï!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ •yÓ˚ ÓyˆÏí˛¸ñ
Î!òG x˛õ%lı¢!=˛≤ÃyÆ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ •yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÙ– ~ܲ!ê˛ ôlydܲ
˛õ%lı¢!=˛òyÎ˚ܲ í˛zj#˛õܲ í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ •yÓ˚
ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ ÎyÎ˚– }îydܲ ˛õ%lı¢!=˛òyÎ˚ܲ í˛zj#˛õܲ x˛õ§y!Ó˚ï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚
˛õÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ •yÓ˚ ÙyˆÏl– ˛õ%lı¢!=˛òyÎ˚ܲ í˛zj#˛õܲ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ
xÌÓy Ùyôƒ!Ùܲ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ˛õ%lı¢!=˛òyÎ˚ܲ í˛zj#˛õܲ
˜ç!Óܲ˲yˆÏÓ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ~•z ≤Ãyî#Ó˚ í˛zôÁ≈ï˛l åˆÎÙlñ ~ܲçl
«%˛ôyï≈˛ ≤Ãyî#Ó˚ çlƒ áyòƒä !lî≈Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ùyôƒ!Ùܲ ˛õ%lı¢!=˛òyÎ˚ܲ
í˛zj#˛õܲ •° ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zj#˛õܲ Îy ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ≤Ãyî#Ó˚
x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ˛õ%lı¢!=˛òyÎ˚ܲ í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ xç≈l
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– xyÙÓ˚y ≤Ã!ï˛!l!Î˚ï˛ ê˛yܲyñ ≤âǧy ~ÓÇ ˛õòÙÎ≈yòyˆÏܲ
˛õ%lı¢!=˛òyÎ˚ܲ ¢!=˛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲ!Ó˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ Ùyôƒ!Ùܲ
˛õ%lı¢!=˛òyÎ˚ܲ í˛zj#˛õܲ Ó°y •Î˚– ˛õ%lı¢!=˛òyÎ˚ܲ í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚
¢,C°yÓÂô ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà xyܲy!A«˛ï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏï˛ Ó˚)˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï •Î˚–
!Ó°%!Æ (Extinction)
!Ó°%!Æ ~ܲ!ê˛ !¢ál ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ xò¢≈l Îy ~Ùl ˛˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛
•Î˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y!ê˛ â!ê˛ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ%lı§M˛y°l
x˛õ§y!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏ° •Î˚– Î!ò ≤Ãyã˛#l xl%Óï≈˛ˆÏl USÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ CS-
CR ly âˆÏê˛ñ xÌÓy !flÒlyÓ˚ ÓyˆÏ: !°Ë˛yˆÏÓ˚ ã˛y˛õ ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚
áyòƒ ˛õye ly xyˆÏ§ñ x!ç≈ï˛ xyã˛Ó˚î Ü ˛Ù¢ ò%Ó≈° •ˆÏï˛ ÌyܲˆÏÓ
~ÓÇ xӈϢˆÏ£Ï xò,¢ƒ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ–
!¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yô «˛Ùï˛yˆÏܲ ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~Ó˚
ÙyˆÏl Î!òG x!ç≈ï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y!ê˛ ~ál ˛õ%lı¢!=˛ ≤ÃyÆ •Î˚ ly ï˛Ó%
~ê˛y !ܲS%È §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ çlƒ âê˛ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– Îy•zˆÏ•yܲñ ˛õ%lı¢!=˛ §M˛y°l
SÈyí˛¸y ≤ÃÎ˚yˆÏ§Ó˚ §ÇáƒyÓ˚ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y
Ü ˛Ù¢ •…y§ ˛õyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ xӈϢˆÏ£Ï âê˛y Órô •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– x!ç≈ï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y
Ü˛ï˛«˛î §ÙÎ˚ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ !Ó°%!ÆÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yô ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ ï˛y ˆÓ¢ !ܲS%È í˛z˛õyòyˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#° – ~!ê˛ ˛õyGÎ˚y
ˆàˆÏSÈ ˆÎ ˛õ%lı¢!=˛ ≤ÃyÆ ≤ÃÎ˚yˆÏ§Ó˚ §Çáƒy Óyí˛¸yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ
!Ó°%!ÆÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yô «˛Ùï˛y ÓyˆÏí˛¸ ï˛Ìy x!ç≈ï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ï˛yÓ˚ ã)˛í˛¸yhs˝
ÙyeyÎ˚ ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyÎ˚– ~•z hflψÏÓ˚ ܲÙ≈«˛Ùï˛y !fiÌ!ï˛¢#° •Î˚– ï˛yÓ˚˛õˆÏÓ˚ñ
˛õÓ˚#«˛y ≤ÃÎ˚yˆÏ§Ó˚ §Çáƒy ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛yÎ˚ ˆÏܲyl ï˛Ê˛yÍ ˜ï˛!Ó˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly– x!ç≈ï˛ ≤ÃÎ˚yˆÏ§Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚ ˛õ%lı¢!=˛ §M˛y°ˆÏlÓ˚ §Çáƒy Óyí˛¸yÓ˚
§yˆÏÌ !Ó°%!ÆÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yô «˛Ùï˛y ÓyˆÏí˛¸ñ ï˛yÓ˚˛õˆÏÓ˚G ˛õ%lı¢!=˛
§M˛y°ˆÏlÓ˚ §Çáƒy Óyí˛¸yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ !Ó°%!ÆÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yô «˛Ùï˛y ܲˆÏÙ
ÎyÎ˚– àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÎ˚ ~•z ˆòáyˆÏly •Î˚ ˆÎñ x!ç≈ï˛ ≤ÃÎ˚yˆÏ§Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚
˛õ%lı¢!=˛ §M˛y°ˆÏlÓ˚ åáyòƒ ˛õyˆÏeÓ˚ §Çáƒyä ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî Óyí˛¸ˆÏ°
!Ó°%!ÆÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yô «˛Ùï˛y ܲˆÏÙ–
Î!ò x!ç≈ï˛ ≤ÃÎ˚yˆÏ§Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚ ˛õ%lı¢!=˛ §M˛y°l !Ó°!¡∫ï˛
•Î˚ñ !Ó°%!ÆÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yô «˛Ùï˛y ÓyˆÏí˛¸– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ xç≈l ≤ÃÎ˚yˆÏ§ñ
x!ç≈ï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏܲ !Ó°%!ÆÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yô «˛Ùï˛y ܲ!ÙˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÎ˚–
!Ó˛õÓ˚#ˆÏï˛ñ xç≈l ≤ÃÎ˚yˆÏ§Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚ñ §!ÓÓ˚yÙ Óy xyÇ!¢Ü˛ ˛õ%lı¢!=˛
§M˛y°l x!ç≈ï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏܲ !Ó°%!ÆÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y «˛Ùï˛yˆÏܲ Óy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚
ˆòÎ˚–
§yôyÓ˚î#ܲÓ˚î G ˜Ó£ÏÙƒ
(Generalisation and Discrimination)
§yôyÓ˚î#ܲÓ˚î G ˜Ó£ÏÙƒÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y §Ó ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ !¢áˆÏl •ˆÏÎ˚
ÌyˆÏܲ– ï˛y §ˆÏ_¥G ~ˆÏòÓ˚ xl%Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤çˆÏAà !Óhfl,Ïï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ xôƒÎ˚l
ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ôÓ˚y Îyܲñ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ãyî# ~ܲ!ê˛ CS åxyˆÏ°y xÌÓy
â^˝ê˛yôÁ!lä í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚yˆÏï˛ñ CR å°y°y «˛Ó˚î xÌÓy xlƒ
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤Ã!ï˛Óï˛#≈Î˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yä myÓ˚y xl%Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– xl%Óï˛≈l
fiÌy˛õl •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~ÓÇ CS ~Ó˚ xl%Ó˚)˛õ xyÓ˚G ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zj#˛õܲ
åˆÎÙl ˆê˛!°ˆÏÊ˛yl Óyçyä í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚y •°– ~•z xl%Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ
í˛zj#˛õܲˆÏܲ ~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓ ˛≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ âê˛lyˆÏܲ §yôyÓ˚î#ܲÓ˚î
Ó°y •Î˚– xyÓyÓ˚ ôÓ˚y Îyܲñ ~ܲ!ê˛ ÓyFã˛y !Ù!T˛ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ !l!ò≈T˛
xyܲyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ xyÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ÓÎ˚yˆÏÙÓ˚ xÓfiÌyl !¢ˆÏáˆÏSÈñ Îál ï˛yÓ˚ Ùy
xyˆÏ¢˛õyˆÏ¢ ˆl•z ï˛álG ˆ§ ÓÎ˚yÙ!ê˛ á%шÏç ˆÓÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !Ù!T˛ áyÎ˚–
~álñ !Ù!T˛à%ˆÏ°y !˲ߨ xyܲyÓ˚ G xyÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ÓÎ˚yˆÏÙ Ó˚yߨy
âˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xlƒ ~ܲ çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ Ó˚yáy •°– ï˛yÓ˚ ÎyÓ˚ xl%˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛
ÓyFã˛y!ê˛ ÓÎ˚yˆÏÙÓ˚ xÓfiÌyl !lî≈Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !Ù!T˛ áyÎ˚– ~•zê˛yG
§yôyÓ˚î#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zòy•Ó˚î– Îál ˆÜ˛yˆÏly x!ç≈ï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y
âˆÏê˛ ÌyˆÏܲ xÌÓy ~ܲ lï%˛l í˛zj#˛õܲ myÓ˚y ≤Ãܲy¢ ˛õyÎ˚ñ ï˛ál
ï˛yˆÏܲ §yôyÓ˚î#ܲÓ˚î Ó°y •Î˚–
xyÓ˚G ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y Îy §yôyÓ˚î#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õ)Ó˚ܲñ ˆÎê˛y
•° ˜Ó£ÏÙƒ– §yôyÓ˚î#ܲÓ˚î •° §ò,¢ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî Î!òG ˜Ó£ÏÙƒ •°
!˲ߨï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y– ˆÎÙlñ ôÓ˚y Îyܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ !¢¢%ˆÏܲ ~ܲçl
°¡∫y ˆàÑyÊ˛GÎ˚y°y ܲyˆÏ°y ܲy˛õí˛¸ ˛õí˛¸y Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ ˛˛õyGÎ˚yˆÏï˛˛
xl%Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ñ Îál ˆ§ xyÓ˚G
~ܲçl °¡∫y ˆàyÊ˛GÎ˚y°y ܲyˆÏ°y ܲy˛õí˛¸ ˛õí˛¸y ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ §¡ø%á#l
•Î˚ñ ˆÎ ˲ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ °«˛î ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z !¢¢%!ê˛Ó˚ ˲Î˚ §yôyÓ˚î#ܲÓ˚î
ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆ§ xyÓ˚G ~ܲçl SÈy•zÈüÈÓ˚Ç ~Ó˚ ˆ˛õy¢yܲ ˛õÓ˚y ~ÓÇ
Üœ˛#l ˆ¢•z˲ ܲÓ˚y xˆÏã˛ly Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ §¡ø%á#l •Î˚ñ ˆ§ ˆÜ˛yl ˲ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
!ã˛•´ ˆòáyÎ˚!lñ ~•zê˛y ˜Ó£ÏˆÏÙƒÓ˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î– ˜Ó£ÏÙƒÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y
!ÓˆÏ˲ò ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y xÌÓy Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˜Ó£ÏÙƒ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚–
3
1 2
fl∫ï˛ıfl≥%˛ï˛≈
xç≈l !Ó°%!Æ
≤Ãï˛ƒÓï≈˛l
(CS+US) (¢%ô%Ùye CS)
(¢%ô%Ùye CS)
CR ~Ó˚ ¢!=˛
Ë)˛!ÙˆÏÓ˚áy !ÓÓ˚yÙ
˛õÓ˚#«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ≤ÃÎ˚y§
!ã˛e 6É3 ı fl∫ï˛ıfl≥%˛ï≈˛ ≤Ãï˛ƒyÓï≈˛l âê˛ly
xôƒyÎ˚ 6 • !¢ál 115
fl∫ï˛ıfl≥%˛ï≈˛ ≤Ãï˛ƒyÓï≈˛l (Spontaneous Recovery)
fl∫ï˛ıfl≥%˛ï≈˛ ≤Ãï˛ƒyÓï≈˛l ~ܲ!ê˛ x!ç≈ï˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ xÓ°%!ÆÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ âˆÏê˛
ÌyˆÏܲ– ôÓ˚yÎyܲñ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ãyî# ˛õ%lı¢!=˛òyÎ˚ܲ í˛zj#˛õܲ ˛õyGÎ˚yÓ˚
çlƒ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ܲÓ˚yˆÏï˛ ˆ¢ˆÏá ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y!ê˛Ó˚ xÓ°%!Æ âˆÏê˛
~ÓÇ !ܲS%È §ÙÎ˚ x!ï˛˛õߨ •Î˚– ~ál ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤ß¿ ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ
≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y!ê˛Ó˚ §¡õ)î≈Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ xÓ°%!Æ âˆÏê˛ !ܲly ~ÓÇ CS í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ xyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y!ê˛ âê˛ˆÏÓ !ܲly⁄ !ܲS%È x“ §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
ºT˛ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆòáy ˆàˆÏSÈñ x!ç≈ï˛ xÌÓy xî%Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y
˛õ%lı≤Ãy!Æ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ CS âˆÏê˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– xÓ°%!ÆÓ˚ ÙyeyܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚
Îï˛ê˛y §ÙÎ˚ x!ï˛Ü ˛yhs˝ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ fl∫ï˛ıfl≥%˛ï≈˛ ˛õ%lı≤Ãy!ÆÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– §ÙÎ˚ x!ï˛Ü ˛yhs˝ Îï˛ ˆÓ!¢ •ˆÏÓñ x!ç≈ï˛
≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ˛õ%lÓ˚%ÂôyÓ˚ ï˛ï˛•z ˆÓ!¢ •ˆÏÓ– ~•zÓ˚)˛õ ˛õ%lı¢!=˛
fl∫ï˛ıfl≥%˛ï≈˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ •ˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ– !ã˛ˆÏe 6É3 fl∫ï˛ıfl≥%˛ï≈˛ ˛õ%lı≤Ãy!ÆÓ˚
âê˛lyˆÏܲ ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
˛õÎ≈ˆÓÏ «˛îÙ)°Ü˛ !¢ál (OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING)
!¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ Ó˚)˛õ xlƒˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲˆÏÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈
~•z ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ !¢álˆÏܲ xl%ܲÓ˚î Ó°y •ï˛– Óy®%Ó˚y (Bandura)
~ÓÇ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ §•Ü˛Ù#≈ ~ܲ §y!Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÎ˚ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛îÙ)°Ü˛
!¢álˆÏܲ !ÓhflÏy!Ó˚ï˛ xˆÏß∫£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ~•z ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ !¢áˆÏlñ Ùyl%£Ï
§yÙy!çܲ xyã˛Ó˚î§Ù)• ˆ¢ˆÏáñ xï˛~Óñ ~ê˛yˆÏܲ ܲáˆÏly ܲáˆÏly
§yÙy!çܲ !¢ál Ó°y •Î˚– xˆÏlܲ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ Ùyl%£Ï ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ
xyã˛Ó˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚ çyˆÏl ly– ï˛yÓ˚y xlƒˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xl%ܲÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•zÓ˚)˛õ !¢álˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ ÙˆÏí˛!°Ç
(modelling) –
Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §yÙy!çܲ ç#ÓˆÏl ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ xˆÏlܲ
í˛zòy•Ó˚î ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– Ê˛ƒy¢l !í˛çy•zlyÓ˚Ó˚y °¡∫yñ !Ó!˲ߨ !í˛çy•zl
G ˆÊ˛Ó!Ó˚ܲ§È‰ÈüÈ~Ó˚ çyÙyܲy˛õí˛¸ˆÏܲ çl!≤ÃÎ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §%®Ó˚ G ˆ¢y˲l
Î%Óï˛# ï˛Ìy °¡∫yñ ã˛ê˛˛õˆÏê˛ G Ó!°¤˛ Î%ÓܲˆÏòÓ˚ !lÎ%=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆÙà!çl‰
~ÓÇ ˛õ!eܲyÓ˚ !ÓK˛y˛õˆÏî ˆòˆÏá– ï˛yÓ˚y ~•z ÙˆÏí˛°ˆÏòÓ˚ xl%ܲÓ˚î
ܲˆÏÓ˚– !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zôÁ≈ï˛l ܲÙ≈ܲï≈˛y ï˛Ìy ˛õSÈ®§•z Óƒ!=˛ˆÏòÓ˚
˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ lï%˛l §yÙy!çܲ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
xyã˛Ó˚î xl%ܲÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ x!˲K˛ï˛y–
˛õÎ≈ˆÓÏ «˛îÙ)°Ü˛ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ Ó˚˛) õˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ çlƒ xyÙÓ˚y Óy®%Óy˚
˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ àˆÏÓ£Ïîyà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ï˛yÓ˚ çl!≤ÃÎ˚
˛õÓ˚#«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ àˆÏÓ£Ïîyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ˆÏï˛ñ Óy®%Ó˚y ÓyFã˛yˆÏòÓ˚
˛õÑyã˛ !Ù!lˆÏê˛Ó˚ ã˛°!Fã˛e ˆòáyl– ã˛°!Fã˛e!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ˆòáyˆÏly •Î˚ ˆÎ
~ܲ!ê˛ ÓˆÏí˛¸y âˆÏÓ˚ x§Çრˆá°y ÎyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó¢y° xyÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚
116 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
ÚˆÓyˆÏÓy í˛°Û (Bobodoll) !SÈ°– ~ál ~ܲ!ê˛ ÓˆÏí˛¸y ˆSȈϰ G•z
âÓ˚!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ì%˛ˆÏܲ xyˆÏ¢˛õyˆÏ¢ ˆòˆÏá– ˆSȈϰ!ê˛ ˆá°lyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛
xyÜ ˛Ùîydܲ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏ벖 ˆ§ í˛°!ê˛ˆÏܲ xyâyï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆÙˆÏV˛ˆÏï˛
ˆSÈyˆÏí˛¸ ÙyˆÏÓ˚ñ °y!Ì ÙyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ G˛õˆÏÓ˚ ӈϧ– ~•z ã˛°!Fã˛e!ê˛ !ï˛l!ê˛
§ÇflÒÓ˚î xyˆÏSÈ– ~ܲ!ê˛ §ÇflÒÓ˚ˆÏî !¢¢%Ó˚ ò° ˆSȈϰ!ê˛ˆÏܲ åÙˆÏí˛°ä
í˛°!ê˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ xyÜ ˛Ùîydܲ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ~ܲçl ≤ÃyÆÓÎ˚flÒ ˆ°yܲ
myÓ˚y ˛õ%Ó˚fl,Òï˛ G ≤âǧy •ˆÏï˛ ˆòˆÏá– !mï˛#Î˚ §ÇflÒÓ˚ˆÏî xlƒ !¢¢%Ó˚
ò° ˆSȈϰ!ê˛ˆÏܲ xyÜ ˛Ùîydܲ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ ¢y!hflÏ !òˆÏï˛ ˆòˆÏá–
ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ §ÇflÒÓ˚ˆÏî !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ò°!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˛õ%Ó˚fl,Òï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ Óy ¢y!hflÏ !òˆÏï˛
ˆÜ˛yˆÏlyê˛y•z ˆòáyˆÏly •Î˚!l–
ã˛°!Fã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ !l!ò≈T˛ §ÇflÒÓ˚î !ï˛l!ê˛ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ò°ˆÏܲ ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛î ܲˆÏ«˛ Ó˚yáy •° ˆÎáyˆÏl ã˛yÓ˚!òˆÏܲ ~ܲ•z
ˆá°ly Ó˚yáy !SÈ°– ~•z ò°à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˆày˛õl˲yˆÏÓ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲÓ˚y
•° ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚îà%ˆÏ°y !°!˛õÓÂô ܲÓ˚y •°– ˛õyGÎ˚y ˆà°
ˆÎ ˆ§•z !¢¢%à%ˆÏ°y xyÜ ˛Ùîydܲ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛çlƒ ˛õ%Ó˚fl,Òï˛ •GÎ˚y
ˆòˆÏ á !SÈ ° ï˛yÓ˚ y §Óã˛y•z ˆ Ï ï ˛ ˆÓ!¢ xyÜ  ˛ Ùîydܲ !SÈ ° ÎyÓ˚ y
xydÙîydܲ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ ¢y!hflÏ ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ ˆòˆÏá!SÈ° ï˛yÓ˚y
§Óã˛y•zˆÏï˛ Ü˛Ù xyÜ ˛Ùîydܲ !SÈ°– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ !¢áˆÏl
˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛Ü˛Ó˚y ÙˆÏí˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲˆÏÓ˚ K˛yl xç≈l
ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ !ܲv ÙˆÏí˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ !ܲ ˛õ%Ó˚fl,Òï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •° ly ò![˛ï˛
ܲÓ˚y •° ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ܲÙ≈ò«˛ï˛y ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •Î˚–
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y °«˛ƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyܲˆÏÓ ˆÎ ÓyFã˛yÓ˚y Óy!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ñ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
§yÙy!çܲ xyã˛yÓ˚ xl%¤˛yˆÏl ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Óí˛¸ˆÏòÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ lyê˛Ü˛ G ˆá°yˆÏï˛ ï˛yÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Óí˛¸ˆÏòÓ˚ x!˲lÎ˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎÙlñ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ÓyFã˛yÓ˚y !ÓˆÏÎ˚ñ çß√!òˆÏlÓ˚ ˆË˛yçñ ˆã˛yÓ˚ ˛õ%!°¢ñ
à,•fiÌy!° •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ ˆá°y ˆáˆÏ°– Ó›ï˛ ï˛yÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆá°yÎ˚ Îy
x!˲lÎ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y ï˛yÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §Ùyçñ ˆê˛!°!˲¢ˆÏl ˆòˆÏá
ï˛Ìy Ó•z˛õˆÏe ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
ܲyç ÈüÈ 6É2
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !lˆÏ¡¨Ó˚ xl%¢#°lê˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚
§Ó˚y§!Ó˚ x!˲K˛ï˛y ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y–
ã˛yÓ˚ ˛õÑyã˛çl fl%Ò° ˛õí˛YÎ˚y ÓyFã˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÎyàyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ܲyàˆÏçÓ˚
ˆlÔܲy ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ÓylyˆÏly ÎyÎ˚ ï˛y ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ܲyç!ê˛ 2ÈüÈ3ÓyÓ˚
ܲÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ÓyFã˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˲yˆÏ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚ °«˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ó°– !Ó!˲ߨ˲yˆÏÓ
ܲyàç ܲ# ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˲Ñyç ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ˆ§ê˛y ˆÓ¢ !ܲS%È ÓyÓ˚ ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
ܲyàç !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆlÔܲy ÓylyˆÏï˛ Ó°–
ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà ÓyFã˛yÓ˚y•z !ë˛Ü˛ë˛yܲ˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç!ê˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ §Ê˛°
•ˆÏÓ–
 !¢¢%Ó˚y ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà §yÙy!çܲ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ï˛Ìy ï˛y
xl%ܲÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ¢ˆÏá– çyÙyܲy˛õí˛¸ ˛õÓ˚yñ ã%˛° §IyÓ˚ ܲyÎ˚òy ï˛Ìy
!lˆÏç˛ §ÙyˆÏç ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ã˛°yˆÏÊ˛Ó˚y ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ ~•z§Ó !ܲS%È xlƒˆÏòÓ˚
ˆòˆÏá ˆ¢ˆÏá– ~ê˛yG ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎ !¢¢%Ó˚y !Ó!˲ߨ Óƒ!=˛c
˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ !¢ál myÓ˚y !¢ˆÏá ÌyˆÏܲ– xyÜ ˛Ùîydܲ
ÙˆÏly˲yÓñ ˛õÓ˚yÌ≈˛õÓ˚ï˛yñ ˲oï˛yñ l¡Àï˛yñ xôƒÓ§yÎ˚ñ Óy xy°§ƒ
~•z ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ !¢ál ˛õÂô!ï˛ myÓ˚y x!ç≈ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ !¢ál (COGNITIVE LEARNING)
!ܲS%È ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲÓ˚y !¢álˆÏܲ K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly
ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ï˛yÓ˚y !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ~Ùl ˛õÂô!ï˛ !Óܲ!¢ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl Îy G•z
≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ò,!T˛ !lˆÏ«˛˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Îy !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ âˆÏê˛
ÌyˆÏܲñ ly!ܲ ¢%ô%Ùye S-R xÌÓy S-S §ÇˆÏÎyà ~Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
ÙˆÏly!lˆÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆÎÙl xyÙÓ˚y ≤Ãyã˛#l xl%Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆòˆÏá!SÈ–
xï˛~Óñ K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeñ !¢«˛yÌ#≈Ó˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲ°yˆÏ˛õÓ˚
çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ K˛yˆÏl ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l xyˆÏ§– ~•zÓ˚)˛õ !¢ál xhs≈˝ò,!T˛Ù)°Ü˛
!¢ál ï˛Ìy xhs˝!l≈!•ï˛ !¢ál ~ ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •Î˚–
xhs≈˝ò,!T˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢ál (Insight Learning )
ˆÜ˛y•°yÓ˚ (Kohler) !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ ÙˆÏí˛° ≤Ãò!¢≈ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚l
Îy xl%Óï≈˛l myÓ˚y §•ˆÏç Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly– !ï˛!l !¢¡õy!OˆÏòÓ˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ §y!Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛îܲyÎ≈ ã˛y°yl Îy ç!ê˛° §Ù§ƒy §ÙyôyˆÏl
ç!í˛¸ï˛– ˆÜ˛y•°yÓ˚ !¢¡õy!OˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xyÓÂô ˆá°yÓ˚ à![˛ˆÏï˛
Ó˚yáˆÏ°l ˆÎáyˆÏl ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛Ó˚ lyàyˆÏ°Ó˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ áyòƒ Ó˚yáy •°–
òu˛ ï˛Ìy Óy: ~Ùl !ܲS%È §Ó˚OyÙ G•z çyÎ˚àyˆÏï˛ Ó˚yáy •°
!¢¡õy!Oà%ˆÏ°y xlyÎ˚yˆÏ§ ~ܲ!ê˛ ÓyˆÏ:Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ xÌÓy ò[˛˛ !òˆÏÎ˚
áyòƒ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ˆê˛ˆÏl xylˆÏï˛ ˆ¢ˆÏá– ~•z ˛õÓ˚#«˛î !Ü ˛Î˚yÎ˚ñ
!¢ál ≤ÈÏã˛T˛y Ë%˛° ï˛Ìy ¢!=˛ §M˛y°l ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° âˆÏê˛lyñ
!ܲv xyܲ!fløܲ ˛xhs˝ò≈,!T˛Ó˚ V˛°Ü˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈ– !¢¡õy!Oà%ˆÏ°y
ˆ§•z à![˛ˆÏï˛ !ܲS%È«˛î ˆâyÓ˚yˆÏÊ˛Ó˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ •ë˛yÍ ÓyˆÏ:Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
~ܲ!ê˛ òu˛ !lˆÏÎ˚ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚– ~ܲ!ê˛ ò[˛˛ !lˆÏÎ˚ ܲ°yà%ˆÏ°y xylˆÏï˛
§«˛Ù •Î˚ ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y ˆ§•z à![˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÌˆÏܲ §yôyÓ˚î lyàyˆÏ°Ó˚
Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ !SÈ°– ˆÜ˛y•°yÓ˚ ~ˆÏܲ xhs˝ò≈,!T˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢ál ӈϰ xyáƒy!Î˚ï˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚l ~ÓÇ ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚l ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y Îy !òˆÏÎ˚ •ë˛yÍ ~ܲ!ê˛
§Ù§ƒyÓ˚ §Ùyôyl flõT˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚–
~ܲ!ê˛ §yôyÓ˚î xhs˝ò,≈!T˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛ˆÏî ~ܲ!ê˛
§Ù§ƒy í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl!ê˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §ÙÎ˚ܲy° ÌyˆÏܲ Îál
ˆï˛Ùl flõT˛ x@˝Ãà!ï˛ •Î˚ ly ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ¢ˆÏ£Ï •ë˛yÍ ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ùyôyl
í˛zay!˛õï˛ •Î˚– xhs˝ò≈,!T˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢áˆÏlñ xܲfløyÍ §Ùyôyl ~ܲ!ê˛
!lÎ˚Ùñ ~ܲÓyÓ˚ §Ùyôyl ã˛ˆÏ° xy§yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÓyÓ˚ Îál §Ù§ƒyÓ˚
§¡ø%á#l •Î˚ ï˛ál ï˛Í«˛îyÍ ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ%îÓ˚yÓ,!_ •Î˚– xï˛~Óñ ~•zê˛y
§%flõT˛ ˆÎ ˆÎê˛y ˆ¢áy •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆ§ê˛y ~ܲ!ê˛ §%!l!ò≈T˛ í˛zj#˛õܲ G
≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ xl%Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ xl%£ÏˆÏAàÓ˚ ˆ§ê˛ Óy §y!Ó˚ lÎ˚ñ !ܲv ~ܲ!ê˛
ܲyÎ≈§yôl G §yˆÏôƒÓ˚ K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ §¡õÜ≈˛Ùye– ~Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚îyÙfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ
xhs˝ò≈,!T˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢áˆÏl ~ܲ•z Ó˚Ü˛Ù ï˛Ìƒ §Ù§ƒyçlܲ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛
§yôyÓ˚î#ܲÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
xhs˝!l≈!•ï˛ !¢ál (Latent Learning)
xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ !¢ál •° xhs˝!l≈!•ï˛ !¢ál– xhs≈˝!l!•ï˛
!¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ܲ!ê˛ lï%˛l xyã˛Ó˚î ˆ¢áy •Î˚ !ܲv G•zê˛y
ˆòáyˆÏlyÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õ%lı¢!=˛ §M˛y°l í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl ly ܲÓ˚y ˛õÎ≈hs˝
˛õ!Ó˚ò!¢≈ï˛ •Î˚ ly– xhs˝!l≈!•ï˛ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃyÓ˚!Ω˛Ü˛ ôyÓ˚îy ≤ÃòyˆÏl
ê˛°ÙƒyˆÏlÓ˚ (Tolman) xÓòyl xyˆÏSÈ– xhs˝!l≈!•ï˛ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy
!lˆÏï˛ xyÙÓ˚y §ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õ ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛î!ê˛ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚–
ê˛°Ùƒyl •zÑò%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ò%!ê˛ ò°ˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆày°Ü˛ ôÑyôyÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
xl%§rôyl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà !òˆÏ°l– ~ܲ!ê˛ òˆÏ°ñ •zÑò%Ó˚à%ˆÏ°y
ˆày°Ü˛ôÑyôyÓ˚ ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï áyòƒ á%шÏç ˆ˛õ° ~ÓÇ á%Ó ï˛yí˛¸yï˛y!í˛¸ xlyÎ˚yˆÏ§
ˆày°Ü˛ôÑyôy ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓÓ˚ •ˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù •Î˚– x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲñ !mï˛#Î˚ òˆÏ°Ó˚
•zÑò%Ó˚à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˛õ%Ó˚fl,Òï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚!l ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚y ˆÜ˛yl §%flõT˛ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚
!ã˛•´Ùye ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚!l– !ܲv ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ܲyˆÏ°ñ Îál •zÑò%Ó˚à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ
˛õ%lı¢!=˛≤ÃyÆ •Î˚ ï˛yÓ˚y ˆ§•z ò«˛ï˛yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ•z ˆày°Ü˛ôÑyôy!ê˛
x!ï˛Ü ˛Ù ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ë˛Ü˛ ˆÎÙl!ê˛ ˛õ%Ó˚fl,Òï˛ ò°!ê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°–
ê˛°Ùƒyl ï˛Ü≈˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚l ˆÎ •zÑò%Ó˚à%ˆÏ°y ≤Ã̈ÏÙ ˛õ%Ó˚flÒyÓ˚ ˛õyÎ˚!l
ï˛yÓ˚y xyˆÏàÓ˚ ÓyÓ˚•z ˆày°Ü˛ôÑyôyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ SÈܲ ˆÓˆÏô !lˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°–
ï˛yÓ˚y ¢%ô% ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xhs˝!l≈!•ï˛ !¢álˆÏܲ Îï˛«˛î ly ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ˛õ%lı¢!=˛
≤ÃyÆ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛ï˛«˛l ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚!l– ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï≈˛ñ •zÑò%Ó˚à%ˆÏ°y
ˆày°Ü˛ôÑyôyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ Ùyl!ã˛ˆÏeñ ï˛yÓ˚ ÙyˆÏl °ˆÏ«˛ƒ ˆ˛õÔÑSÈyÓ˚
çlƒ fiÌyl §ÇÜ ˛yhs˝ xÓfiÌyl ï˛Ìy !ò¢yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ùyl!§Ü˛
≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓòl ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆlÎ˚–
˲y£ÏyÙ)°Ü˛ !¢ál (VERBAL LEARNING)
˲y£ÏyÙ)°Ü˛ !¢ál xl%Óï≈˛l ˆÌˆÏܲ !˲ߨ ~ÓÇ Ùyl%£Ï ˛õÎ≈hs˝ §#!Ùï˛–
Ùyl%£Ïñ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y •Î˚ï˛ °«˛ƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyܲˆÏÓñ Ùyl%£Ï Ó›ñ âê˛ly ï˛Ìy
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ K˛yl ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ xç≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
¢∑à%ˆÏ°y ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛Ó˚ §ˆÏAà xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ!ê˛Ó˚ xl%£ÏAà ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •Î˚–
ÙˆÏly!ÓòÓ˚y °ƒyÓˆÏÓ˚ê˛!Ó˚Ó˚ !ÓlƒyˆÏ§ ~ ~•z ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ !¢ál xôƒÎ˚l
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÓ¢ !ܲS%È §ÇáƒÜ˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛
xôƒyÎ˚ 6 • !¢ál 117
 ˆê˛!Ó° 6É2 ı ˲y£ÏyÙ)°Ü˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛î§Ù)ˆÏ• ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ ˛õˆÏòÓ˚ lÙ%ly
xÌ≈•#l ¢∑ x˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ¢∑ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ¢∑
YOL ZILCH BOAT
RUV PLUMB NOSE
TOJ VERVE KNOW
LIN BLOUT GOAL
LUF THILL BOWL
GOW SCOFF LOAD
NOK TENOR FEET
RIC WRACK MEET
NEZ BOUGH TENT
TAM MALVE FOAM
SUK PATTER TALE
KOZ MANSE JOKE
GUD KYDRA MALE
MUP BORGE BALM
KUG DEVEN SOLE

˛õÂô!ï˛ !ܲS%È ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ˲y£ÏyÙ)°Ü˛ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ xôƒÎ˚ˆÏlñ ÙˆÏly!ÓòÓ˚y
!Ó!˲ߨ Ó˚Ü˛Ù ˛˛õò ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎÙl xÌ≈•#l ¢∑ñ çyly ¢∑
(familiar word), xçyly ¢∑ (unfamiliar word)ñ lÙ%ly
˛õòñ Óyܲƒ Óy xl%ˆÏFSÈò åˆê˛!Ó° 6É2 ˆòá%lä–
˲y£ÏyÙ)°Ü˛ !¢áˆÏl ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛§Ù)•
(Methods used in Studying Verbal Learning)
1ä Î%!@¬ï˛ §•ˆÏÎyà# !¢ál Paired-Associates Learning:
~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛ SS- xl%Óï≈˛l ï˛Ìy S-R !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ §Ùܲ«˛– ~•z
˛õÂô!ï˛ Ùyï,˛Ë˛y£ÏyÓ˚ §Ùï%˛°ƒ !ÓˆÏò!¢ ˲y£Ïy !¢áˆÏï˛ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚–
≤ÃÌÙï˛ñ Î%!@¬ï˛ §•ˆÏÎyà#Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛y!°Ü˛y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– Î%ˆÏ@¬Ó˚
≤ÃÌÙ ¢∑!ê˛ˆÏܲ í˛zj#˛õܲ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ï˛Ìyñ !mï˛#Î˚
¢∑!ê˛ˆÏܲ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ ˆçyí˛¸yñ ~ܲ•z ˲y£Ïy xÌÓy
ò%!ê˛ !Ó!˲ߨ ˲y£Ïy ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆlGÎ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~Ùl ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
ï˛y!°Ü˛y ˆÏê˛!Ó° 6É3ÈüÈˆï˛ ˆòGÎ˚y •°–
ˆçyí˛¸yÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ ¢∑ åí˛zj#˛õܲ ¢∑ä ï˛Ìy !mï˛#Î˚ ¢∑ •°
•z Ç ˆÏ Ó ˚ ! ç å≤Ã!ï˛!Ü  ˛ Î˚ y ¢∑ä– !¢«˛yÌ#≈ ˆ Ï Ü ˛ ≤ÃÌˆÏ Ù ò% ! ê˛
í˛zj#˛õܲÈüÈ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ˆçyí˛¸y ~ܲ§ˆÏAà ˆòáyˆÏly •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛
í˛zj#˛õܲ §ˆÏAà í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ÙˆÏl ˆÓ˚ˆÏá ˛õ%lÓ%̊ˆÏoܲ
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ !lˆÏò≈¢ ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚– ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !¢ál ≤ÃÎ˚y§ ¢%Ó˚% •Î˚–
~ܲê˛yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y í˛zj#˛õܲ ¢∑ í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ~ÓÇ
xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚# ¢%Âô ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ¢∑ ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚–
Î!ò ˆ§ ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe x§Ê˛° •Î˚ñ ï˛yˆÏܲ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ¢∑à%ˆÏ°y ˆòáyˆÏly
•Î˚– ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ≤ÃÎ˚yˆÏ§ §Ó í˛zj#˛õܲ å¢∑ä ˆòáyˆÏly
•Î˚– ~•z ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ≤ÃÎ˚y§ ï˛ï˛«˛î ã˛°ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ Îï˛«˛î ly
xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚# ~ܲê˛yG e%!ê˛ SÈyí˛¸y §Óà%ˆÏ°y ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y !òˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù
•Î˚– !lî≈yÎ˚ܲ °ˆÏ«˛ƒ ˆ˛õÔÑSÈyˆÏï˛ ˆÙyê˛ Îï˛!ê˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ ≤ÃÎ˚yˆÏ§Ó˚
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚ ˆ§ê˛y Î%@¬ §•ˆÏÎyà# !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ˛ ӈϰ àîƒ
ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–

ˆê˛!Ó° 6É3 ı í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î Î%@¬§•ˆÏÎyà# !¢áˆÏl ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ˆçyí˛¸y

í˛zj#˛õܲ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y í˛zj#˛õܲ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y

GEN – LOOT LUR – ROOF
BEM – TIME RUL – GOLD
DIV – LAMP VAK – HILL
WUF – DEER KER – NAME
JIT – LION HOZ – GOAT
DAX – COAL MUW – BULL

118 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
2ä Ü ˛!Ùܲ !¢ál (Serial Learning :)
˲y£ÏyÙ)°Ü˛ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛!ê˛ xÇ¢ @˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚# ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ
˲y£ÏyÙ)°Ü˛ ˛õòà%ˆÏ°y ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ˆ¢ˆÏá ï˛Ìy ~ˆÏï˛ Ü˛# ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y
ç!í˛¸ï˛ ï˛y §rôyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ≤Ã̈ÏÙñ ˲y£ÏyÙ)°Ü˛
˛õˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛y!°Ü˛y xÌ≈yÍ non sense syllables, §Óã˛y•zˆïÏ ˛
˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ¢∑ xÌÓy §Óã˛y•zˆÏï˛ x˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ¢∑ñ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ
§¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛ ¢∑ •zï˛ƒy!ò ≤Ã›ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚– xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#ˆÏܲ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚yê˛y
ï˛y!°Ü˛y í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ï˛y!°Ü˛yÓ˚ ˛õòà%ˆÏ°y
~ܲ•z §y!Ó˚ÓÂô Ü ˛Ùyl%§yˆÏÓ˚ í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !lˆÏò≈¢ ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚–
≤ÃÌÙ ˛õÓ˚#«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ ≤ÃÎ˚yˆÏ§ñ ï˛y!°Ü˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ ˛õò!ê˛ ˆòáyˆÏly •Î˚
~ÓÇ xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#ˆÏܲ !mï˛#Î˚ ˛õò!ê˛ ÓylyˆÏï˛ Ó°y •Î˚– Î!ò ˆ§
ÎÌyÎÌ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ܲyç!ê˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ x«˛Ù •Î˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ˛õÓ˚#«˛Ü˛ !mï˛#Î˚
˛õò!ê˛ í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ál ~•z ˛õò!ê˛ í˛zj#˛õܲ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ
xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#ˆÏܲ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ˛õò!ê˛ xÌ≈yÍ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ¢∑!ê˛ˆÏܲ
í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ó°y •Î˚– Î!ò ˆ§ x§ÙÌ≈ •Î˚ñ ˛õÓ˚#«˛Ü˛ §!ë˛Ü˛
˛õò!ê˛ ˆòÎ˚ Îy ï˛ál ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ çlƒ í˛zj#˛õܲ •Î˚ ˛õò–
3ä Ù%=˛ ˛õ%lÓ˚%ˆÏoܲ (Free Recall ):
~•z˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ñ xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛y!°Ü˛y ≤Ûï˛
ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ñ ˆÎê˛y ï˛yÓ˚y ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ~ÓÇ ÓˆÏ°– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ ¢∑ ~ܲ!ê˛
!l!ò≈T˛ §ÙÎ˚ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ˆòáyˆÏly •Î˚– ï˛y!°Ü˛y ≤ÛˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚•z
xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ Îï˛ê%˛Ü%˛ §Ω˛Ó ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü ˛ˆÏÙ ˛õ%lÓ˚%ˆÏoܲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
•ˆÏÓ– ï˛y!°Ü˛yÎ˚ òˆÏ¢Ó˚ x!ôܲ ¢∑ xhs≈˝Ë%˛=˛ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛
˛õÓ˚#«˛î ≤ÃÎ˚yˆÏ§ ¢ˆÏ∑ ≤ÛˆÏï˛Ó˚ Ü ˛Ù !˲ߨ– xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#Ó˚y
flø,!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ¢∑ !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ §Çà!ë˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ §ÇÓ˚«˛î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y xôƒÎ˚l
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚– àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÎ˚ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ ˆÎ•z
§Ó ¢∑à%ˆÏ°y ï˛y!°Ü˛yÓ˚ ¢%Ó˚%ˆÏï˛ xÌÓy ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï Ó˚yáy •Î˚ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y
˛õ%lÓ˚%ˆÏoܲ ܲÓ˚y ÙyˆÏV˛Ó˚ ¢∑à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ §•çñ ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y
˛õ%lÓ˚%ˆÏoܲ ܲÓ˚y ˆÓ¢ ܲ!ë˛l–
˲y£ÏyÙ)°Ü˛ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ !lô≈yÓ˚ܲ§Ù)•
(Determinants of Verbal Learning)
˲y£ÏyÙ)°Ü˛ !¢áˆÏl §Óã˛y•zˆÏï˛ Óƒy˛õܲ ˛õÓ˚#«˛lÙ)°Ü˛ xl%§rôyl
ã˛y°yˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•z xôƒÎ˚l !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎ ˲y£ÏyÙ)°Ü˛ !¢ál
ˆÓ¢ !ܲS%È §ÇáƒÜ˛ !lô≈yÓ˚ܲ myÓ˚y ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– §Óã˛y•zˆÏï˛
à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ !lô≈yÓ˚ܲà%ˆÏ°y •° ˲y£ÏyÙ)°Ü˛ í˛z˛õyòyl§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ
˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y !°áˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ˆÎ•z ï˛y!°Ü˛y !¢áˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚
˜òâ≈ ƒ ï˛Ìy í˛z ˛ õyòyl§Ù) ˆ Ï • Ó˚ xÌ≈ ˛ õ) î ≈ ï ˛y ~Ó˚ xhs˝ Ë % ≈ ˛ =˛–
í˛z˛õyòyl§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ xÌ≈˛õ)î≈ï˛y xˆÏlܲ˲yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ~ܲ!ê˛
!l!ò≈ T ˛ §ÙˆÏ Î ˚ Îï˛ §ÇáƒÜ˛ xl% £ Ï A à ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •ˆÏ Î ˚ ˆ Ï S Èñ
í˛z˛õyòyl§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ §yò,¢ƒ ï˛Ìy ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ •yÓ˚ñ ï˛y!°Ü˛yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚
ÙˆÏôƒ §¡õÜ≈˛ñ ~ÓÇ ï˛y!°Ü˛yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚
≤Ã!ï˛ xl%Ü ˛!Ùï˛y §¡∫rô#Î˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#°ï˛yñ xÌ≈˛õ)î≈ï˛y ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏ˛õÓ˚
çlƒ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚– xÌ≈•#l ¢ˆÏ∑ ~Ó˚ ï˛y!°Ü˛y !Ó!˲ߨ hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚
xl%£ÏˆÏAàÓ˚ §!•ï˛ §•ç°Ë˛ƒ– ~ܲ•z Ù)ˆÏ°ƒÓ˚ xl%£ÏAàܲyÓ˚# ï˛y!°Ü˛y
ˆÌˆÏܲ ÓySÈy•z ܲÓ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛– àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ ï˛Ìƒ xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ !l¡¨!°!áï˛
§yôyÓ˚î#ܲÓ˚î§Ù)• ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
ï˛y!°Ü˛yÓ˚ ˜òâ≈ƒÓ˚ Óyí˛¸yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌñ !l¡¨ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ xl%£ÏAà
ܲyÓ˚# ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ âê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ xÌÓy ï˛y!°Ü˛yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ §¡∫rô ܲÙ
ÌyܲyÓ˚ òÓ˚%l !¢ál §ÙÎ˚ ÓyˆÏí˛¸– ï˛y!°Ü˛y!ê˛ !¢áˆÏï˛ Îï˛ ˆÓ!¢
§ÙÎ˚ °yàˆÏÓñ !¢ál ï˛ï˛•z ˆÓ!¢ ¢!=˛¢y°# •ˆÏÓ– ~•z !l!Ó˚ˆÏáñ
ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲÓ˚y ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎ ˆÙyê˛ §ÙÎ˚ l#!ï˛ Ü˛yÎ≈ܲÓ˚# •Î˚– ~•z
l#!ï˛ ~•z !ÓÓ,!ï˛ ˆòÎ˚ñ ˆÎ ˛õÓ˚#«˛î ≤ÃÎ˚yˆÏ§Ó˚ §ÇáƒyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ §ÙÎ˚ ˲yà ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ñ ˆ§•zê˛y Óƒï˛#ï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî
í˛z˛õyòyl !¢áˆÏï˛ ~ܲê˛y !l!ò≈T˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyl §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl–
!¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Îï˛ ˆÓ!¢ §ÙÎ˚ °yàˆÏÓñ ï˛ï˛•z !¢ál ¢!=˛¢y°#
•ˆÏÓ–
Î!ò xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ §y!Ó˚ÓÂô !¢áˆÏl ÓÑyôy ly ˆòGÎ˚y
•Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˛õ%lÓ˚%ˆÏoܲ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ Ë˛y£ÏyÙ)°Ü˛
!¢ál §Çà!ë˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– ~Ó˚ xÌ≈ ~•z ˆÎ Ù%=˛ ˛õ%lÓ˚%ˆÏoˆÏܲÓ˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏe xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#Ó˚y ≤ÛˆÏï˛Ó˚ Ü ˛ˆÏÙ ˛õ%lÓ˚%ˆÏoܲ ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ lï%˛l
~ܲ!ê˛ Ü ˛Ù Óy §y!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆÓy§!Ê˛”˛ (Bousfield)
≤ÃÌÙ ~ܲê˛y ˛õÓ˚#«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ ˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚l– !ï˛!l 60!ê˛
¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛y!°Ü˛y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚l ˆÎê˛yÎ˚ 15!ê˛ ¢∑ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛
ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ ¢∑y!Ì≈ܲ (semantic) ˆ◊!îñ ÎÌy lyÙñ ˛õ¢%ñ ˆ˛õ¢y Óy
§!∂Ó˚ lyÙ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆlGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•z ¢∑à%ˆÏ°y xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚
~ˆÏ Ü ˛Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ ~ˆÏ ° yˆÏ Ù ˆÏ ° y˲yˆÏ Ó ≤Ã›ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ y •Î˚ –
xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢∑à%ˆÏ°y Ù%=˛ ˛õ%lÓ˚%ˆÏoܲ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl !SÈ°–
Î!òG ï˛yÓ˚y ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ ˆ◊!î Ó˚ ¢∑à%ˆÏ°y ~ܲ§yˆÏÌ ˛˛õ%lÓ˚%ˆÏoܲ ܲÓ˚°–
!ï˛!l ~ˆÏ Ü ˛ ÓˆÏ ° l ܲƒyê˛yà!Ó˚ Üœ ˛ yfiê˛y!Ó˚ (Category
Clustering)– ~áyˆÏl ~ê˛y °«˛ƒ ܲÓ˚y à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ˆÎ Î!òG
¢∑à% ˆ Ï ° y ~ˆÏ ° yˆÏ Ù ˆÏ ° y˲yˆÏ Ó ≤Ã›ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ y •ˆÏ Î ˚ ! SÈ° !ܲv
xÇ¢@˝Ã•lܲyÓ˚#Ó˚y ˛õ%lÓ˚%ˆÏoˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆ◊!î xl%ÎyÎ˚# ~à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ
§Çà!ë˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~áyˆÏl ï˛y!°Ü˛yÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî category
clustering âˆÏê˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~ê˛yG ≤Ãò!¢≈ï˛ •Î˚ ˆÏÎ Ù%=˛ ˛õ%lÓ˚%ˆÏoܲ
§Ó§ÙÎ˚•z !Ó£ÏÎ˚#˲yˆÏÓ (subjectively) §Çà!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚– !Ó£ÏÎ˚#
§Çàë˛l ò¢yÎ˚ñ xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#Ó˚y ¢∑ Óy ˛õòˆÏܲ !lçfl∫˲yˆÏÓ §yçyÎ˚
~ÓÇ ÎÌyÎÌ˲yˆÏÓ ˛õ%lÓ˚%ˆÏoܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
xôƒyÎ˚ 6 • !¢ál 119
 ܲyçÈ üÈ 6É3
!l¡¨!°!áï˛ ¢∑à%ˆÏ°y !lˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ xy°yòy ܲyˆÏí≈˛ ˆ°á ~ÓÇ
xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ ~à%ˆÏ°y ˆçyˆÏÓ˚ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏï˛ Ó°– ò%ÓyÓ˚ ˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚
GˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÎ ˆÏܲyl Ü ˛ˆÏÙ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ !°áˆÏï˛ Ó°ı Ó•zñ xy•zlñ
˛õyí˛zÓ˚%!ê˛ñ ¢yê≈˛ñ ˆÜ˛yê˛ñ ˆ˛õ˛õyÓ˚ñ ˆ˛õ!™°ñ !Ófl%Òê˛ñ ܲ°Ùñ ç#Ólñ
•z!ï˛•y§ñ ˲yï˛ñ ò•zñ ç%ˆÏï˛yñ §Ùyç!ÓK˛ylñ !Ù!T˛ñ ˛õ%Ü%˛Ó˚ñ xy°%ñ
xy•z§!Ü ˛Ùñ ÙyÊ˛°yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ àòƒ– ~•z í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õlyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚y ˆÎ•z
¢∑à%ˆÏ°y ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏSÈ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õlyÓ˚ Ü ˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ ܲÌy
!ã˛hs˝y ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ !°áˆÏï˛ Ó°–
ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ í˛z˛õy_ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòá ˆÎ ˛õ%lÓ˚%ˆÏo!ܲï˛
¢∑à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §Çàë˛l xyˆÏSÈ !ܲly–
˲y£ÏyÙ)°Ü˛ !¢ál §yôyÓ˚îï˛ •zFSÈyÜ,˛ï˛ !ܲv ~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛
x!lFSÈyÜ,˛ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ xÌÓy ≤çAàÜ ˛ˆÏÙ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ !ܲS%È ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ !¢áˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~Ó˚)˛õ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ܲ•z Ó˚Ü˛Ù x«˛Ó˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ¢%Ó˚% •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ
fl∫Ó˚Óî≈ xyˆÏSÈ •zï˛ƒy!ò ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ °«˛ƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ Ë˛y£ÏyÙ)°Ü˛ !¢ál
˙!FSÈ˛Ü˛ ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy§!Aàܲ í˛z˲Î˚•z–
ôyÓ˚îy !¢ál (CONCEPT LEARNING)
˛õ,!ÌÓ#ñ xyÙÓ˚y ˆÎáyˆÏl Ó§Óy§ ܲ!Ó˚ñ x§Çრӛñ âê˛ly ï˛Ìy
ç#Ó myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛– ~•z Ó› G âê˛lyà%ˆÏ°y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ àë˛l G ܲyÎ≈
xl%ÎyÎ˚# !˲ߨ– Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ xˆÏlܲ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛yç ˆÎê˛y
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚ ˆ§ê˛y •° Ó›ñ âê˛ly ç#Ó ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ˆÏܲ ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ §Çà!ë˛ï˛
ܲÓ˚y ÎyˆÏï˛ G•z ˆ◊!î xl%ÎyÎ˚# Ó›à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ~ܲ•z Ó˚ܲÙ˲yˆÏÓ çyly
ÎyÎ˚ Î!òG ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ !˲ߨ– ~•zÓ˚)˛õ ˆ◊!îÓÂôܲÓ˚î ôyÓ˚îy
!¢ál §yˆÏÌ ç!í˛¸ï˛–
ôyÓ˚îy ܲ# ⁄ (What is a Concept?)
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ,Ìܲ#ܲÓ˚î ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛!îܲ §ÇˆÏÓòˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyeyÓ˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ó˚Çñ xyܲyÓ˚ñ §Çáƒyñ xyÜ,˛!ï˛ñ !fl¨?ôï˛yñ Órô%cï˛yñ
ˆÜ˛yÙ°ï˛y ~ÓÇ Ü˛ˆÏë˛yÓ˚ï˛y ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ °«˛îà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ Ó°y
•Î˚–
˜Ó!¢T˛ƒˆÏܲ §ÇˆÏÎyà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy àë˛l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ !lÎ˚Ùà%ˆÏ°y
§yôyÓ˚î xÌÓy ç!ê˛° •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– !lÎ˚Ù •° ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ܲS%È Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚
~ܲ !lˆÏ ò ≈ ¢ – ôyÓ˚ î yˆÏ Ü ˛ §ÇK˛y!Î˚ ï ˛ ܲÓ˚ y Ó˚ °ˆÏ « ˛ƒ ÓƒÓ•, ï ˛
!lÎ˚Ùà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ÙyÌyÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏáñ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl#Ó˚y ò%•z ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy
xôƒÎ˚l ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlñ Ü,˛!eÙ ôyÓ˚îy G ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ ôyÓ˚îy Óy ˆ◊!î–
Ü,˛!eÙ ôyÓ˚îy •° ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y Îy §%§ÇK˛y!Î˚ï˛ Óy ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚
§yˆÏÌ §ÇÎ%=˛ !lÎ˚Ùà%ˆÏ°y ÎÌyÎÌ G ò,ì˛¸– ~ܲ!ê˛ §ÇK˛y!Î˚ï˛ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏe ôyÓ˚îy í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õlܲyÓ˚# ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°y ~ܲܲ˲yˆÏÓ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚
G !Ù!°ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˛õÎ≈yÆ– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ Ó›Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ l!çÓ˚ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ °ˆÏ«˛ƒ
§Ó ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ Ìyܲy í˛z!ã˛ï˛– x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ ôyÓ˚îy xÌÓy
ˆ◊!î §yôyÓ˚îï˛ §ÇK˛y!Ó•#l – ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ ˆ◊!îÓ˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚ˆÏî x§Çáƒ
˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ~•zÓ˚)˛õ ôyÓ˚îy ç#Ó˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ Ó›ñ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛
˛õy!Ì≈Ó í˛z˛õyòyl ~ÓÇ ÙylÓ «˛ï˛!l!Ù≈ï˛ Ó› ˆÎÙl §Ó˚OyÙñ
ܲy˛õí˛¸ñ Óy!í˛¸ •zï˛ƒy!ò !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛–
~ܲ!ê˛ Óà≈ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î ôÓ˚y Îyܲñ ~!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛
§%ÈüȧÇK˛y!Î˚ï˛ ôyÓ˚îy– ~ê˛yÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ °«˛î ÌyܲˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ xÌ≈yÍ
ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ Óy•% myÓ˚y xyÓÂôñ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ Óy•%Ó˚ §Ùyl ˜òâ≈ƒ ~ÓÇ §Ùyl
ˆÜ˛yî– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ~ܲ!ê˛ Óà≈ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ xyˆÏSÈ Îy ~ܲ!ê˛

ôyÓ˚îy •° ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆ◊!î Îy ˆÓ¢ !ܲS%È §ÇáƒÜ˛ Ó› Óy âê˛lyˆÏܲ

ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚– Ó›ñ Ê˛°ñ !Ó!”˛Çñ ~ÓÇ !Ë˛í˛¸ ôyÓ˚îy Óy ˆ◊!îÓ˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î–
~ê˛y °«˛ƒ ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ ôyÓ˚îy ~ÓÇ ˆ◊!î ˛õò˛ ò%!ê˛ ~ܲê˛yÓ˚
ÓòˆÏ° xyˆÏÓ˚ܲê˛y ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ôyÓ˚îyˆÏܲ Ó°y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚
!ܲS%È !lÎ˚Ù myÓ˚y §ÇÎ%=˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ xÌÓy à%ˆÏîÓ˚ §Ù•yÓ˚– ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚
í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õ Ó°y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§•z Ó› Óy âê˛ly Óy xyã˛Ó˚î
ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ•zÓ˚Ü˛Ù ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ xyˆÏSÈ– ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ •° ˆÜ˛yl Ó› Óy
âê˛ly xÌÓy ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ °«˛î Óy ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aà ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !ã˛e 6É4 ı 16!ê˛ !ã˛e ÎyˆÏï˛ ò%!ê˛ xyÜ,˛!ï˛ Óà≈ˆÏ«˛e G !eË%˛çñ ò%!ê˛ Ó˚Ç
°«˛ƒ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ ~ÓÇ !ܲS%È °«˛ƒ ܲÓ˚y ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ §Ùï%˛°ƒ xÌÓy ˆày°y!˛õ G ô)§Ó˚ñ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ G l#ˆÏã˛ Ü ˛§˛ñ ˆày°Ü˛ÈüÈ í˛yl G ÓyÙ !òˆÏܲ–
~•z !ã˛eà%ˆÏ°y Ü,˛!eÙ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛#ܲ G x≤Ãï˛#ܲ !•§yˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛
Ó› ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ#ܲÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ x§Çრ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~ÓÇ
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–

120 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
§ÇˆÏÎyçܲ !lÎ˚Ù myÓ˚y §ÇÎ%=˛– §%§ÇK˛y!Î˚ï˛ ôyÓ˚îy àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ
!lÎ˚ÙyÓ!° í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ !ã˛e 6É4 ˆòáy Îyܲ–
!ã˛ˆÏe 6É4ÈüÈ~ 16!ê˛ Ü˛yí≈˛ xyˆÏSÈ ÎyˆÏï˛ñ ò%!ê˛ xyÜ,˛!ï˛ÈüÈÓà≈ˆ«Ï ˛e
G !eË%˛çñ ò%!ê˛ Ó˚ÇÈüȈày°y!˛õ G ô)§Ó˚ñ G˛õÓ˚ G !lˆÏã˛ Ü ˛§ !ã˛•´
~ÓÇ í˛yl xÌÓy ÓyÙ !òˆÏܲ ˆSÈyê˛ ˆày°Ü˛ xyˆÏSÈ– ~•z ܲyí≈˛à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚
§y•yˆÏ΃ !Ó!˲ߨ !lÎ˚Ù ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ¢ !ܲS%È §ÇáƒÜ˛ ôyÓ˚îy
˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ ˆÎ•z §Ù)• !ܲS%È !lÎ˚Ù myÓ˚y §ÇÎ%=˛
ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãy§!Aàܲ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ ӈϰ– ˆÎ•z ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°y !lÎ˚ˆÏÙÓ˚
xyGï˛yÎ˚ ôÓ˚y •Î˚ ly ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ x≤Ãy§!Aàܲ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ ӈϰ– ˆÎÙlñ
!ã˛e 6É4ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ܲyˆÏí≈˛ ˆòáyˆÏly Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎ ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ xyˆÏSÈ üÈ
xyÜ,˛!ï˛ñ Ó˚Ç í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ Ü ˛§ xÌÓy Ü ˛§ SÈyí˛¸y ~ÓÇ í˛yl xÌÓy ÓyÙ!òˆÏܲ
ˆày°Ü˛– ò%!ê˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ §ÇˆÏÎyçܲ !lÎ˚Ù àë˛ˆÏl xyÜ,˛!ï˛
!ã˛e 6É5 ı G˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ !ã˛e ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ xyò¢≈ ~ÓÇ Óy!ܲ
!ã˛eà%ˆÏ°y xlyò¢≈– ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ xyò¢≈à%ˆÏ°y !eË%˛ç ï˛Ìy ô)§Ó˚
Ó˚ÇÈüÈ~Ó˚ •ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– Óy!ܲ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°y x≤Ãy§!Aàܲ–
~ÓÇ !òܲˆÏܲ ≤Ãy§!Aàܲ ӈϰ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Óy!ܲ ò%ˆêÏ ˛yˆÏܲ x≤Ãy§!Aàܲ
ӈϰ ˆSȈÏí˛¸ !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~•zÓ˚)˛õ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ çlƒñ xyò¢≈ G xlyò¢≈
!ã˛e 6É5ÈüÈ~ ˆòGÎ˚y •°– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y xT˛Ù xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ !ã˛hs˝ˆÏl ôyÓ˚îy
§¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyˆÏÓ˚y xôƒÎ˚l ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
ˆÜ˛Ô¢° !¢ál (SKILL LEARNING)
ˆÜ˛Ô¢ˆÏ°Ó˚ fl∫Ó˚)˛õ (Nature of Skills)
ò«˛ï˛y Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yl ç!ê˛° ܲyÎ≈ xlyÎ˚yˆÏ§ G ò«˛ï˛yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §¡õߨ
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛yˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚– ày!í˛¸ ã˛y°yˆÏlyñ ~Î˚yÓ˚ˆÏ≤’•zl ã˛y°yˆÏlyñ
çy•yç ã˛y°yˆÏlyñ ¢ê≈˛Ï•ƒy[˛˛ ˆ°áy ï˛Ìy ˆ°áy G ˛õí˛¸y ˆÜ˛Ô¢ˆÏ°Ó˚
í˛zòy•Ó˚î– ~•zÓ˚)˛õ ˆÜ˛Ô¢° x˲ƒy§ ~ÓÇ xl%¢#°l myÓ˚y ˆ¢áy
•Î˚ – ˆÜ˛Ô¢° ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛!lܲ ˆ˛õ!¢àï˛ ≤Ã!Ü  ˛ Î˚ y xÌÓy S-R
§ÇˆÏÎyçˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü ˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ¢,C° myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛–
ˆÜ˛Ô¢° xç≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÓ≈ ı
ˆÜ˛Ô¢° !¢ál x§Çრà%îàï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ !˲ߨ ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚Ü ˛Ù x!ï˛Ü ˛Ù ܲˆÏÓ˚
ÌyˆÏܲ– ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÜ˛Ô¢° !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛ ≤ÈÏã˛T˛yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ
§yˆÏÌ ~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ܲÙ≈«˛Ùï˛y §%£ÏÙ ~ÓÇ fl∫“ ≤ÈÏã˛T˛y ã˛y!•òyܲyÓ˚#
•ˆÏÎ˚ GˆÏ벖 xlƒ ܲÌyÎ˚ñ ~ê˛y xyÓ˚G fl∫ï˛/fl≥%˛ï≈˛ G fl∫Î˚Ç!Ü ˛Î˚ •ˆÏÎ˚
í˛zˆÏ벖 ~ê˛yG ˆòáy ˆàˆÏSÈ ˆÎ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ ˛õˆÏÓ≈ ܲÙ≈«˛Ùï˛y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •Î˚–
~ܲ ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚Ü ˛Ù ˆÌˆÏܲ xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ ˛õˆÏÓ≈ Ó˚)˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ñ Îál ò«˛ï˛yÓ˚
Ùyl §Ùyl ÌyˆÏ Ü ˛ñ ~ˆÏ Ü ˛ Ó°y •Î˚ ܲÙ≈ ò «˛ï˛y Ùy°Ë) ˛ !Ù
(performance plateau) ~ܲÓyÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ §)e˛õyï˛ •ˆÏ°
ܲÙ≈«˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ Ùyl G˛õˆÏÓ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛
ÌyˆÏܲ–
ˆÜ˛Ô¢° xç≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚Ü ˛ˆÏÙ ~ܲ!ê˛ x!ï˛ ≤Ã˲yÓ!ÓhflÏyÓ˚ܲyÓ˚#
âê˛ly Fitts myÓ˚y ≤Ã›ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ñ ˆÜ˛Ô¢° !¢ál
!ï˛l!ê˛ ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚Ü ˛ˆÏÙ x!ï˛Ü ˛Ù ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ÎÌyı K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ñ §ÇˆÏÎyçܲ
~ÓÇ fl∫ï˛/fl≥≈%˛ï˛– ˆÜ˛Ô¢° !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ ˛õˆÏÓ≈ xÌÓy hflÏÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ
≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y myÓ˚y ç!í˛¸ï˛– ˆÜ˛Ô¢° !¢áˆÏlÓ˚
K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ ˛õˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeñ !¢«˛yÌ#≈Ó˚ !lˆÏò≈¢yÓ°# í˛z˛õ°!kô ï˛Ìy
flø,!ï˛ã˛yÓ˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ Ü˛yçê˛y ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ §¡õyòl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ
ˆ§ê˛y í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ~•z ˛õˆÏÓ≈ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ Óy!•ƒÜ˛ §)eñ
!lˆÏò≈!¢ï˛ ã˛y!•òy ~ÓÇ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛ ˆã˛ï˛lyÎ˚ ç#!Óï˛
Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
!mï˛#Î˚ ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚Ü ˛Ù •° §ÇˆÏÎyçܲ– ~•z ˛õˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !Ó!˲ߨ
§yLjÏÓò!lܲ •zl˛õ%ê˛ xÌÓy í˛zj#˛õܲ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y myÓ˚y
§ÇÎ%=˛– x˲ƒy§ Óyí˛¸yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ Ë%˛°ºy!hs˝ Ü˛ÙˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
ܲÙ≈«˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ §ÙÎ˚G Ü˛Ù °yˆÏà– Ü ˛Ùyàï˛ x˲ƒyˆÏ§Ó˚
§yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ !lË%≈˛° ܲÙ≈«˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ §)e˛õyï˛ •Î˚ñ Î!òG !¢«˛yÌ#≈ˆÏܲ
≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ §yLjÏÓò!lܲ •zl˛õ%ˆÏê˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà# •ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ
ܲyˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ~ܲy@˝Ãï˛y ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚Ü ˛Ù
xÌ≈yÍ fl∫ï˛/fl≥≈%˛ï˛ hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ §)e˛õyï˛ •Î˚– ~•z ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚Ü ˛ˆÏÙ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚
ã˛y!•òy (attentional demand) ܲˆÏÙ ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ Óy!•ƒÜ˛ ܲyÓ˚ܲ
xôƒyÎ˚ 6 • !¢ál 121
myÓ˚y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •hflψϫ˛˛õ ܲˆÏÙ ÎyÎ˚– §ÓˆÏ¢ˆÏ£Ïñ ˆÜ˛Ô¢° ܲÙ≈«˛Ùï˛y
ˆã˛ï˛l ≤ÃˆÏ ã ˛T˛yÓ˚ l) ƒ lï˛Ù ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ §yˆÏ Ì fl∫ Î ˚ Ç !Ü  ˛ Î˚ ï ˛y
(automaticity) ≤ÃyÆ •Î˚–
~ܲ ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚Ü ˛Ù ˆÌˆÏܲ xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚Ü ˛ˆÏÙ Ó˚)˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ •GÎ˚y
flõT˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ò¢≈yÎ˚ ˆÎ x˲ƒy§ ˆÜ˛Ô¢° !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲÙye ÙyôƒÙ–
Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ xl%¢#°l ï˛Ìy x˲ƒy§ ã˛y!°ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÏΈÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– x˲ƒy§ Îï˛
Óyí˛¸ˆÏÓñ í˛zߨ!ï˛Ó˚ •yÓ˚G Ü ˛ˆÏÙ Óyí˛¸ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ !lË≈%˛° ܲÙ≈«˛Ùï˛yÓ˚
fl∫Î˚Ç!Ü ˛Î˚ï˛y ˆÜ˛Ô¢ˆÏ°Ó˚ !lˆÏò≈¢Ü˛ SÈy˛õ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏÓ– ï˛y•z ˆï˛y Ó°y
•Î˚ Úpractice makes a man perfectÛ–
!¢ál §M˛y°l (TRANSFER OF LEARNING)
!¢ál §M˛y°l ~•z ˛õò!ê˛ ≤ÃyÎ˚•z xl%¢#°l §M˛y°l xÌÓy
§M˛y°l ≤Ã˲yÓ Ó°y •Î˚– ~ê˛y •° lÓƒ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˛õÓ≈!¢áˆÏlÓ˚
≤Ã˲yÓ– §M˛y°lˆÏܲ }îydܲ ӈϰ ôÓ˚y •Î˚ Î!ò ˛õˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ !¢ál
Óï≈˛Ùyl !¢álˆÏܲ §•çï˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~!ê˛ˆÏܲ ôlydܲ ӈϰ àîƒ Ü˛Ó˚y
•Î˚ Î!ò lï%˛l !¢ál Ù®#Ë)˛ï˛ •Î˚– ˆÜ˛yl §•çï˛Ó˚ xÌÓy Ù®#Ë)˛ï˛
≤Ã˲yˆÏÓÓ˚ x˲yÓ ÙyˆÏl ¢)lƒ §M˛y°l – ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲÓ˚y §M˛y°l
≤Ã˲yÓ xôƒÎ˚ˆÏl !l!ò≈T˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ lܲ¢y ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~Ùl
~ܲ!ê˛ lܲ¢y ˆê˛!Ó° 6É4ÈüÈ~ í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚y •°–
ôˆÏÓ˚ lyG ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y çylˆÏï˛ ã˛y•zSÈ ˆÎ ˆÊ ˛M˛ ˲y£ÏyÓ˚ !¢ál
•zLjÏÓ˚!ç ˲y£ÏyÓ˚ !¢ál myÓ˚y ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •Î˚ !ܲly– ~ê˛y xôƒÎ˚l
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆÓ¢ !ܲS%È §ÇáƒÜ˛ xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ lÙ%ly ò°
ÓySÈy•z ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°– ~ál ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y lÙ%ly ò°ˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛ ò%!ê˛ òˆÏ°
~ˆÏ°yˆÏوϰy˲yˆÏÓ Ë˛yà ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°ñ ~ܲ!ê˛ ò° ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ xÓfiÌyÎ˚
xyÓ˚ xlƒ!ê˛ !lÎ˚!sfï˛ ò° !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÙ)°Ü˛
òˆÏ°Ó˚ xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#Ó˚y ~ܲ ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ çlƒ •zLjÏÓ˚!ç ˲y£Ïy ˆ¢ˆÏá
~ÓÇ •zLjÏÓ˚ç#ˆÏï˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ü,˛!ï˛c ˆÓÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ܲÓ˚y •°– !mï˛#Î˚
ÓSÈÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚y ˆÊ ˛M˛ ˛õˆÏí˛¸– §Ó≈ˆÏ¢ˆÏ£Ï ~•z ò°!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˛õÓ˚#«˛î ܲÓ˚y •°
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÊ ˛ˆÏM˛ Ü,˛!ï˛c ˆÓÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛– !lÎ˚!sfï˛ ò°!ê˛ ≤ÃÌÙ ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚Ü ˛ˆÏÙ
•zLjÏÓ˚ç# ˲y£Ïy ˆ¢ˆÏá!l~ÓÇ ~ܲ ÓSÈÓ˚ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ˜òl!®l ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚
ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– !mï˛#Î˚ ÓSȈÏÓ˚ ~•z xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#Ó˚y ~ܲ ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚
çlƒ ˆÊ ˛M˛ ˲y£Ïy ˆ¢ˆÏá ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ü,˛!ï˛c ˆflÒyÓ˚à%ˆÏ°y ≤ÃyÆ Ü˛Ó˚y
•°– ò%!ê˛ òˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆÊ ˛ˆÏM˛Ó˚ Ü,˛!ï˛c ˆflÒyÓ˚ à%ˆÏ°y ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ï%˛°ly ܲÓ˚y
Óy: 6É4 ı !¢ál §M˛y°ˆÏlÓ˚ xôƒÎ˚ˆÏl ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ l܉˛¢y–
xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚# ò° ≤ÃÌÙ ˛õÓ≈
˛õÓ˚#«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ ܲyÎ≈ ܲ ˆ¢ˆÏá
!lÎ˚!sfï˛ !ܲS%È ˆ¢ˆÏá ly !ܲv !Ó◊yÙ ˆlÎ˚
122 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
•°– Î!ò ˛õÓ˚#«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ òˆÏ°Ó˚ Ü,˛!ï˛c ˆflÒyÓ˚ !lÎ˚!sfï˛ òˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆflÒyÓ˚
ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓ!¢ •Î˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚ ÙyˆÏl ôlydܲ §M˛y°l •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– Î!ò ˆflÒyÓ˚
!lÎ˚!sfï˛ ò° ˆÌˆÏܲ Ü˛Ù •ï˛ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚ ÙyˆÏl }îydܲ §M˛y°l
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– Î!ò ò%!ê˛ ò° §Ùyl˲yˆÏÓ §¡õyòl ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ~ê˛y ˛ò¢≈Î˚
ˆÎ §M˛y°l ≤Ã˲yÓ ¢)lƒ–
~ê˛y °«˛ƒ ܲÓ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ ˆÎ §M˛y°l ≤Ã˲yˆÏÓÓ˚ xôƒÎ˚ˆÏlñ
§yôyÓ˚l §M˛y°l ~ÓÇ !l!ò≈T˛ §M˛y°l ~ê˛y ~ál ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛
âê˛ly ˆÎ ˛õ)Ó≈Óï˛#≈ !¢ál §Ó≈òy ôlydܲ §yôyÓ˚î §M˛y°ˆÏl
˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly ܲˆÏÓ˚– ¢%ô%Ùye !l!ò≈T˛ §M˛y°l ~Ùl ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ §M˛y°l
ÎyÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ ôlydܲ xÌÓy }îydܲ ~ÓÇ !ܲS%È ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ¢)lƒ
≤Ã˲yÓ ÌyˆÏܲñ Î!òG ÓyhflψÏÓñ §yôyÓ˚î §M˛y°ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ¢)lƒ
§M˛y°l xy!_ܲ˲yˆÏÓ x§ÙÌ≈l#Î˚–
§yôyÓ˚î åçy!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ §M˛y°lä
General (Generic) Transfer :
§yôyÓ˚î §M˛y°l §%flõT˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ !ÓhflÏy!Ó˚ï˛ ôyÓ˚îy xÌÓy §ÇK˛y!Î˚ï˛
ܲÓ˚y •Î˚!l– Î!òG ˛õˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ !¢ál Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛yÎ≈ ˲yˆÏ°y˲yˆÏÓ
ˆ¢áyÓ˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛y çß√yÎ˚– ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛yˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ !¢ál !¢«˛yÌ#≈ˆÏܲ ˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
ܲyÎ≈ §%!ÓôyÙï˛ !¢áˆÏï˛ í˛z_y!˛õï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !lŸã˛Î˚ ~ܲçl
!Ü ˛ˆÏܲê˛yÓ˚ˆÏܲ í˛z•zˆÏܲˆÏê˛Ó˚ ˛õyˆÏ¢ !lˆÏçÓ˚ xÓfiÌyl !lˆÏï˛ ˆòˆÏáSÈ–
!Ü ˛ˆÏܲê˛yÓ˚ °y!Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ ˛õyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ G˛õÓ˚ xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ ˛õy !òˆÏÎ˚ •ÑyˆÏê˛– ˆ§
~ܲê%˛ ˆ˛õ!¢ !ì˛°y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ Óƒyê˛!ê˛ ˛õyˆÏ¢ ôˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y ò%•yï˛ lyí˛¸yÎ˚–
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y Îál ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ í˛z_Ó˚ !°áˆÏï˛ ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ
ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ°áy ô#Ó˚à!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ã˛ˆÏ° ~ÓÇ ò«˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˆ°áyÓ˚ çlƒ
Ó§yÓ˚ xÓfiÌyl x§%!Óôyçlܲ– Î!òG ò% !ï˛l ˛õyï˛y ˆ°áyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y í˛z_y!˛õï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ GˆÏë˛y– ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ à!ï˛ ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ
ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ¢Ó˚#Ó˚ !°ál ܲyˆÏÎ≈ ˲yˆÏ°y˲yˆÏÓ §Ùß∫Î˚ §yôl ܲˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏï˛
•ˆÏÓ– ˆ¢£Ï í˛z_Ó˚ ˆ°áy ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ~ê˛y ã˛°ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– !ܲS%È §ÙÎ˚ ˛õÓ˚
í˛z_y!˛õï˛ ≤Ã˲yÓ !lıˆ¢!£Ïï˛ •Î˚– í˛z_y!˛õï˛ ≤Ã˲yÓ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
x!ôˆÏÓ¢l ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ˛«˛îfiÌyÎ˚# •Î˚– ¢%ô% ˆ§•z x!ôˆÏÓ¢ˆÏl Óƒ!=˛ ò%•z
Óy ï˛ˆÏï˛y!ôܲ ܲyÎ≈ !¢áˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
!mï˛#Î˚ ˛õÓ≈
ܲyÎ≈ á ˆ¢ˆÏá
ܲyÎ≈ á ˆ¢ˆÏá
!l!ò≈T˛ §M˛y°l (Specific Transfer)
Îál•z ~ܲ!ê˛ ç#Ó !ܲS%È ˆ¢ˆÏáñ ~!ê˛ í˛zj#˛õܲ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ xl%£ÏˆÏAàÓ˚
~ܲ!ê˛ Ü ˛Ù myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛– ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yl ܲyÎ≈ ≤ÈÏ˲òܲyÓ˚# í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚
~ܲ!ê˛ Ùy°y !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ÎyÓ˚ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛
!l!ò≈T˛ §M˛y°ˆÏlÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §ÇÎ%=˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– !l!ò≈T˛ §M˛y°l
ÙyˆÏl ܲyÎ≈ÈüÈá ~Ó˚ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õܲyÎ≈ ܲÈüÈ~Ó˚ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓÉÉÉÉÉÉ–
ܲyÎ≈ ܲÈüÈÓ˚ !¢ál ܲyÎ≈ áÈüÈÓ˚ !¢álˆÏܲ §•çï˛Ó˚ xÌÓy ܲ!ë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚
ï%˛°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ xyÓyÓ˚ ~Ùl ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤Ã˲yÓ lyG ˆÊ˛°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
~•zÓ˚)˛õ §M˛y°l ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ܲyÎ≈ ~ÓÇ !mï˛#Î˚ ܲyˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
§yò,¢ƒÈüÈx§yò,ˆÏ¢ƒÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– í˛zj#˛õܲÈüÈ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
§Ω˛yÓƒ §¡∫rô ˆê˛!Ó° 6É5ÈüÈ~ ˆòáyˆÏly •°–
3ä ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeñ í˛zj#˛õܲà%ˆÏ°y ~ܲ !ܲv
≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yà%ˆÏ°y !˲ߨ– ~•zÓ˚)˛õ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ !ܲS%È ôlydܲ
§M˛y°l âˆÏê˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
4ä ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeñ í˛zj#˛õܲà%ˆÏ°y !˲ߨñ !ܲv
≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yà%ˆÏ°y ~ܲ•z– xï˛~Óñ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà lï%˛l
xl%£ÏAà !¢áˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ôlydܲ §M˛y°l ≤ÃyÆ
•Î˚–
5ä ˛ õM˛Ù ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeñ í˛zj#˛õܲ G ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ~ܲ•zñ
!ܲv xl%£ÏAàà%ˆÏ°y ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •Î˚– ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°ñ
!mï˛#Î˚ ܲyˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ !¢áˆÏl }îydܲ §M˛y°l âˆÏê˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~ê˛y
~Ùlñ ܲyÓ˚î ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ܲyˆÏÎ≈ ˆ¢áy xl%£ÏAà lï%˛l xl%£ÏAà
!¢áˆÏï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛Órôܲï˛y xyˆÏl– ~•zÓ˚)˛õ ≤Ã!ï˛Órôܲï˛y 7Ù
xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ ÚÙylÓ flø,!ï˛ÛÈüÈ~ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÓ–

ˆê˛!Ó° 6É5 ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ G ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ !°ál ܲyˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §yò,¢ƒ x§yò,ˆÏ¢ƒÓ˚ §¡∫rô
Ü ˛!Ùܲ lÇ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ܲyÎ≈ !mï˛#Î˚ ܲyÎ≈ Ùhs˝Óƒ
1 SA – RA SC – RD í˛zj#˛õܲ G ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y í˛z˲Î˚•z !˲ߨ
2 SA – RA SA – RA í˛zj#˛õܲà%ˆÏ°y ~ܲ ï˛Ìy ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yà%ˆÏ°yG ~ܲ•z
3 SA – RA SA – RD í˛zj#˛õܲà%ˆÏ°y ~ܲ !ܲv ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yà%ˆÏ°y !˲ߨ
4 SA – RA SC – R A í˛zj#˛õܲà%ˆÏ°y !˲ߨ !ܲv ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yà%ˆÏ°y ~ܲ
5 SA – RA SA – RA ~ܲ•z í˛zj#˛õܲ ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y !ܲv xl%£ÏAàà%ˆÏ°y xyhs˝ı˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛–

˛õÓ˚#«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ xôƒÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y ò#â≈ Ü ˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_
ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆê˛!Ó° 6É5 ˆòáyˆÏly ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛à%ˆÏ°y ≤çˆÏAà !l!ò≈T˛
§M˛y°l §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !l¡¨!°!áï˛ !§ÂôyˆÏhs˝ ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyˆÏly ÎyÎ˚–
1ä ≤ÃÌÙ í˛zòy•Ó˚ˆÏîñ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ~ÓÇ §M˛y°l ܲyÎ≈ í˛zj#˛õܲ
ï˛Ìy ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y í˛z˲ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xï˛ƒhs˝ !˲ߨ– ï˛y•z ˆÜ˛yl
!l!ò≈T˛ §M˛y°ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒy¢y ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly– Î!òGñ §yôyÓ˚î
§M˛y°l ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî !ܲS%È ÙyeyˆÏï˛ ôlydܲ §M˛y°l
âê˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
2ä !mï˛#Î˚ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeñ ò%!ê˛ Ü˛yˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ í˛zj#˛õܲ ~ܲ•z
~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yà%ˆÏ°y ˆÓ!¢ ÙyeyÎ˚ xl%Ó˚)˛õ– xï˛~Óñ
§Ó≈y!ôܲ §M˛y°l âê˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~ê˛y !lÎ˚!Ùï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ
ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎ ~•z xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ôlydܲ §M˛y°l •ˆÏÎ˚
ÌyˆÏܲ–
!¢áˆÏl §y•yÎƒÜ˛yÓ˚# í˛z˛õyòyl§Ù)•
(FACTORS FACILITATING LEARNING)
˛õ)Ó≈Óï˛#≈ !Ó˲yˆÏà xyÙÓ˚y !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ !l!ò≈T˛ !lô≈yÓ˚ܲ ˆÎÙlñ ≤Ãyã˛#l
xl%Óï≈˛ˆÏl CS ~ÓÇ US ~Ó˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õlyñ §!Ü ˛Î˚
xl%Óï≈˛ˆÏl ˛õ%lı¢!=˛ §M˛y°ˆÏlÓ˚ §Çáƒyñ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyl ~ÓÇ !Ó°¡∫ñ
˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ !¢áˆÏl lܲ¢yÓ˚ xÓfiÌyl G xyܲ£Ï≈î#Î˚ï˛yñ
˲y£ÏyÙ)°Ü˛ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ôyÓ˚îy !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ó› ~ÓÇ âê˛lyÓ˚
!lÎ˚Ù ï˛Ìy ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚)˛õ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛î
ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ– ~álñ xyÙÓ˚y !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ !ܲS%È §yôyÓ˚î !lô≈yÓ˚ܲ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛
xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚Ó– ~•z xyˆÏ°yã˛ly Üœ˛y!hs˝Ü˛Ó˚ lÎ˚ñ ÓÓ˚Ç !ܲS%È °«˛î#Î˚
í˛z˛õyòyl ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y à%%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ӈϰ ˛õyGÎ˚y ˆàˆÏSÈ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y !lˆÏÎ˚
xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚–

xôƒyÎ˚ 6 • !¢ál 123


Ü ˛Ùyàï˛ ÓlyÙ xyÇ!¢Ü˛ ˛õ%lı¢!=˛ §M˛y°l
(Continuous vs Partial Reinforcement)
!¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛î§Ù)ˆÏ•ñ ˛˛õÓ˚#«˛Ü˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ xl%§)ã˛# xl%§yˆÏÓ˚
˛õ%lı¢!=˛ §M˛y°l ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÓƒÓfiÌy˛õly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– !¢ál
≤çˆÏAà ò%•z ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ xl%§)!ã˛ ÎÌyñ Ü ˛Ùyàï˛ ~ÓÇ xyÇ!¢Ü˛ñ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈
ӈϰ ˛õyGÎ˚y ˆàˆÏSÈ– Ü ˛Ùyàï˛ ˛õ%lı¢!=˛ §M˛y°ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ °«˛ƒ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˛õ%lı¢!=˛ §M˛y°l
≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚– ~•z ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ˛õ%lı¢!=˛ §M˛y°ˆÏlÓ˚ xl%§)!ã˛
í˛zFã˛ ÙyeyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚– Î!òGñ ˛õ%lı¢!=˛ §M˛y°ˆÏlÓ˚
≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y Î!ò fiÌ!àï˛ Ó˚yáy •Î˚ñ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ •yÓ˚ á%Ó ï˛yí˛¸yï˛y!í˛¸
ܲˆÏÙ ÎyÎ˚ñ ~ÓÇ ~•z xl%§)!ã˛Ó˚ xô#ˆÏl ≤ÃyÆ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yà%ˆÏ°y
!lıˆ¢!£Ï ï ˛ •GÎ˚ y Ó˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛y ÌyˆÏ Ü ˛– ˆÎˆÏ • ï% ˛ ç#Ó ≤ÃˆÏ ï ˛ƒÜ˛
˛õÓ˚#«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ ≤ÃÎ˚yˆÏ§ ˛õ%lı¢!=˛ §M˛y°lܲyÓ˚# ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ≤Ãy!Æ
•ˆÏFSÈñ ˛õ%lı¢!=˛ §M˛y°lܲyÓ˚# í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲy!Ó˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÏÙ ÎyÎ˚–
~•zÓ˚)˛õ xl%§)!ã˛ ˆÎáyˆÏl ˛õ%lı¢!=˛ §M˛y°lܲyÓ˚# ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y Ü ˛Ùyàï˛
lÎ˚ñ !ܲS%È ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ˛õ%lı¢!=˛ §M˛y°l ≤ÃyÆ •Î˚ ly– xï˛~Óñ
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xyÇ!¢Ü˛ xÌÓy §!ÓÓ˚yÙ ˛õ%lı¢!=˛ §M˛y°l ӈϰ– ~ܲ!ê˛
§!ÓÓ˚yÙ xl%§)!ã˛ xl%ÎyÎ˚# Óƒ!=˛ ˛õ%lı¢!=˛§M˛y°l ≤ÃyÆ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚
!Ó!˲ߨ ˛õÌ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ~•zê˛y ˛õyGÎ˚y ˆàˆÏSÈ ˆÎ xyÇ!¢Ü˛
˛õ%lı¢!=˛ §M˛y°lܲyÓ˚# ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y xl%§)!ã˛ ≤ÃyÎ˚•z í˛zFã˛ ÙyeyÓ˚
≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ !ӈϢ£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ Îál ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yà%ˆÏ°y
xl%˛õyï˛yl%ÎyÎ˚# ˛õ%lı¢!=˛ §M˛y°l ≤ÃyÆ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~•zÓ˚)˛õ
xl%§)!ã˛ˆÏï˛ñ ~ܲ!ê˛ ç#Ó ≤ÃyÎ˚¢•z xˆÏlܲ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ
ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y ˛õ%lı¢!=˛ §M˛y°l ≤ÃyÆ •Î˚ ly– xï˛~Óñ ~ê˛y Ó°y Ù%¢!ܲ°
ˆÎ ܲál ˛õ%lı¢!=˛ §M˛y°lܲyÓ˚# ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y §¡õ)î≈˲yˆÏÓ Órô ܲˆÏÓ˚
ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~ê˛y ¢%ô%Ùye !Ó°!¡∫ï˛ •Î˚– Îál ˛õ%lı¢!=˛ §M˛y°l
Ü ˛Ùyàï˛ •Î˚ñ ï˛ál ~ê˛y Ó°y §•ç •Î˚ ˆÏÎ ~ê˛y ܲál Órô ܲˆÏÓ˚
ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•zÓ˚)˛õ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ !ӈϰyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ çlƒ xï˛ƒhs˝ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈
ӈϰ ˛õyGÎ˚y ˆàˆÏSÈ– ~ê˛y ˛õyGÎ˚y ˆàˆÏSÈ ˆÎ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ !ӈϰy˛õ
Ü ˛Ùyàï˛ ˛õ%lı¢!=˛ §M˛y°lܲyÓ˚# ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y xl%§Ó˚î ܲÓ˚y ˆÌˆÏܲ
xyÇ!¢Ü˛ ˛õ%lı¢!=˛ §ÈM˛y°lܲyÓ˚# ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓ!¢ ܲ!ë˛l
•Î˚– ~•z âê˛ly ˆÎ xyÇ!¢Ü˛ ˛õ%lı¢!=˛§M˛y°lܲyÓ˚# ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚
xô#ˆÏl xç≈lܲyÓ˚# ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y !ӈϰyˆÏ˛õ §y•yÎƒÜ˛yÓ˚# •Î˚ñ ï˛yˆÏܲ
xyÇ!¢Ü˛ ˛õ%lı¢!=˛ §M˛y°lܲyÓ˚# ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ Ó°y •Î˚ –
124 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
ˆ≤ãÏîy (Motivation)
§ÙhflÏ ç#!Óï˛ ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ í˛zm≈ï˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ã˛y!•òy ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ í˛z˛õÓ˚v Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚
Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ ã˛y!•òy ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆ≤ãÏîy ~ܲ!ê˛ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ˆ§•z§yˆÏÌ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚
xÓfiÌyñ Îy Óï≈˛Ùyl ã˛y!•òy ˆÙê˛yˆÏï˛ !Ü ˛Î˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏܲ §!Ü ˛Î˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚– xlƒ ܲÌyÎ˚ñ ˆ≤ãÏîy ˆÜ˛yˆÏly °Ï«˛ƒ ≤Ãy!ÆÓ˚ í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒ §ÓˆÏ°
!Ü ˛Î˚y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ ç#ÓˆÏܲ í˛zòƒï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•zÓ˚)˛õ !Ü ˛Î˚y °«˛ƒ
≤Ãy!Æ ~ÓÇ ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ï,˛!Æ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ fiÌyÎ˚# ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆ≤ãÏîy !¢áˆÏlÓ˚
˛õ)Ó≈¢ï≈˛– ~ܲ!ê˛ !¢¢% Îál ï˛yÓ˚ Ùy âˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ ly ï˛ál Ó˚yߨy âˆÏÓ˚
ï˛ß¨ ï˛ß¨ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆáÑyˆÏç⁄ ˆ§ ~Ùl!ê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î ˆ§ !Ù!T˛ ˆáˆÏï˛
ã˛yÎ˚ ÎyÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÎ•z ÓÎ˚yˆÏÙ !Ù!T˛ Ó˚yáy xyˆÏSÈ ˆ§•zê˛y á%ÑçˆÏï˛ ˆã˛T˛y
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛yÓ˚ ~•z ï˛ß¨ ï˛ß¨ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆáÑyçyÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ˆ§ ÓÎ˚yÙ!ê˛Ó˚ xÓfiÌyl
§¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˆ¢ˆÏá– ~ܲ!ê˛ «%˛ôyï≈˛ •zÑò%Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ÓyˆÏ: Ó˚yáy •°– ≤Ãyî#!ê˛
áyˆÏòƒÓ˚ çlƒ Óy:!ê˛ ï˛ß¨ ï˛ß¨ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆáÑyˆÏç– ≤çAàÜ ˛ˆÏÙ ˆ§ê˛y
~ܲ!ê˛ !°Ë˛yÓ˚ ã˛y˛õ ˆòÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ÓyˆÏ: áyòƒ ˛õ!ï˛ï˛ •Î˚– ~•zÓ˚)˛õ
!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ˛õ%lÓ˚yÓ,!_ x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ≤Ãy!î!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˆ§áyˆÏl Ó˚yáyÓ˚
§yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ ˆ§ !°Ë˛yÓ˚!ê˛ ã˛y˛õ !òˆÏï˛ ˆ¢ˆÏá–
ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ !ܲ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ܲáˆÏly ≤ß¿ ܲˆÏÓ˚SÈ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆÜ˛l
~ܲyò¢ ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ xôƒÎ˚l ܲÓ˚SÈ⁄
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y Óy!£Ï≈ܲ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÎ˚ ˲yˆÏ°y l¡∫Ó˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ xÌÓy ˆ@˝Ãí˛ !lˆÏÎ˚
˛õy¢ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ~Ùl!ê˛ Ü˛Ó˚SÈ– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y Îï˛ ˆÓ!¢ ˆ≤Ã!Ó˚ï˛ ÌyܲˆÏÓ
ˆ¢áyÓ˚ çlƒ ï˛ï˛•z ˆÓ!¢ ܲ!ë˛l ˛õ!Ó˚◊Ù Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ– ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ¢áyÓ˚
çlƒ ˆ≤ãÏîy ò%ˆÏê˛y í˛zͧ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zq(ï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y xˆÏlܲ !ܲS%È
!¢á ܲyÓ˚î ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ï˛y í˛z˛õˆÏ˲yà ܲÓ˚ åx˲ƒhs˝Ó#˚ î ˆ≤ãîÏ yñ intrnsic
motivation) xÌÓy ï˛yÓ˚y xlƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly °«˛ƒ§yôˆÏlÓ˚ åÓy!•ƒÜ˛
ˆ≤ãÏîyñ extrinsic motivation) ÙyôƒÙ ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚–
!¢áˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ≤Û!ï˛
(Preparedness for Learning):
!Ó!˲ߨ ≤Ãçy!ï˛Ó˚ §ò§ƒÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §yLjÏÓò!lܲ ¢!=˛ ï˛Ìy ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y
«˛Ùï˛yÎ˚ ~ˆÏܲ x˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ !˲ߨ– ~•zÓ˚)˛õ xl%£ÏAà ˆÎÙl SS
xÌÓy SR ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ñ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛
≤Ãçy!ï˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeG !˲ߨ– ~ê˛y Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ ≤Ãçy!ï˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
!¢ál ¢!=˛Ó˚ ˜ç!Óܲ §#ÙyÓÂôï˛y xyˆÏSÈ– ˆÎ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ S-S xÌÓy
S-R !¢ál ~ܲ!ê˛ ç#Ó §•ç˲yˆÏÓ xç≈l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y ˆ§•z
xl%£ÏAà ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Îy ˆ§ ç#làï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ x!ß∫ï˛
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ xÌÓy ≤Û!ï˛ !lˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ÓlÙyl%£Ï xÌÓy Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ çlƒ
~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ xl%£ÏAà !¢ál §•çñ !ܲv ˆÓí˛¸y° Óy •zÑò%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏe ï˛y á%Ó•z ܲ!ë˛l ~ÓÇ Ü˛áˆÏly x§Ω˛Ó– xÌ≈yÍ Óƒ!=˛ ¢%ô%Ùye
ˆ§•z§Ó xl%£ÏAà ˆ¢ˆÏá ÎyÓ˚ çlƒ ˆ§ ç#làï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ≤Ã›ï˛– ≤Û!ï˛Ó˚
ôyÓ˚îy ܲ!rê˛lyÙ xÌÓy Ùyey !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ §Ó≈ˆÏ◊¤˛ í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚y
ÎyˆÏÓñ ÎyÓ˚ ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï ˆ§•z ˆ¢ál ܲyÎ≈ xÌÓy xl%£ÏAà xyˆÏSÈ Îy !ܲS%È
§ÇáƒÜ˛ ≤Ãçy!ï˛Ó˚ §ò§ƒˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ §•ç ~ÓÇ x˛õÓ˚ xˆÏhs˝ ˆÎ•z§Ó
!¢ál ܲyˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ çlƒ ˆÎ•z §ò§ƒÓ˚y ~ܲòÙ•z ≤Ã›ï˛ lÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y
!¢áˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ly– ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛ï˛yÓ˚ ÙyV˛yÙy!V˛ ˆ§•z§Ó ܲyÎ≈ ~ÓÇ
xl%£ÏAàà%ˆÏ°y ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÓ˚ çlƒ §ò§ƒÓ˚y ≤Ã›ï˛ xÌÓy x≤Ûï˛
ˆÜ˛yˆÏlyê˛y•z ÌyˆÏܲ ly– ï˛yÓ˚y ~•zÓ˚)˛õ ܲyÎ≈ !¢áˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ !ܲv á%Ó
ܲy!ë˛lƒ ~ÓÇ xôƒÓ§yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ–
!¢álܲï≈˛y ı !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ôÓ˚l ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y •Î˚ˆÏï˛y °«˛ƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚SÈ ˆÎ !ܲS%È
!¢¢%ñ ܲáˆÏly ~ܲ•z ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ñ fl%҈ϰ ˲yˆÏ°y ˛≤Ãò¢≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ܲv
xlƒÓ˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly– ˆ¢ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆÓ¢ !ܲS%È˛ ¢ï˛Ü˛ ôˆÏÓ˚ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆÓ¢ !ܲS%È §ÇáƒÜ˛ àˆÏÓ£Ïîy •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ê˛y ~ܲ•z ˆ◊!îñ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ñ
§¡±òyÎ˚ xÌÓy xyÌ≈ÈüȧyÙy!çܲò° ï˛Ìy xlƒ !˲ߨ òˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚
!¢ál flø,!ï˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ˛≤Ãò¢≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
!¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ôÓ˚l Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ ~ܲçl !¢álܲï≈˛yÓ˚ !¢ál
≤çˆÏAà ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ï˛Ìy í˛zj#˛õܲˆÏܲ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
x!Óã˛!°ï˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛– xlƒ ܲÌyÎ˚ñ ~ê˛y •°ñ ڈΠ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛
!¢álܲï≈˛y ÙˆÏly!lˆÏÓ¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yܲÓ˚î ~ÓÇ lï%˛l
ï˛Ìy ç!ê˛° ï˛Ìƒ ôyÓ˚Ù Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚–Û ~ê˛y °«˛ƒ ܲÓ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ ˆÎ !ÙÌ!‹;˛Î˚y
≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !˲ߨ˲yˆÏÓ âˆÏê˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y °«˛ƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyܲˆÏÓñ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Üœ˛yˆÏ§Ó˚ !¢¢%Ó˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
Óƒ!=˛cñ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ x!˲K˛ï˛y ~ÓÇ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ xllƒ–
!Ó!˲ߨ SÈyeÓ˚yñ !Ó!˲ߨ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ñ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ Ó˚)˛õ ˛õSÈ®
ܲˆÏÓ˚–
§%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ ~!ê˛ á%Ó ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒˆÏܲ
˛õÓ˚#«˛y ܲÓ˚yñ ÎyˆÏï˛ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ !¢álܲï˛#≈Ó˚ ~ܲy@˝Ãï˛yˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛yl !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛
ˆÓ!¢ í˛zˆÏ_!çï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yˆÏáñ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly fl∫y˲y!Óܲ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚
ˆÜ˛Ô¢ˆÏ° ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ò#â≈fiÌyÎ˚# flø,!ï˛ˆÏܲ ܲ# §•çï˛Ó˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚– SÈyeˆÏòÓ˚ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ !lô≈yÓ˚l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ xˆÏlܲ Îsf ÓƒÓ•,ï˛
•ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ôÓ˚l ≤Ãôylï˛ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛Ù)°Ü˛ Ó˚)˛õñ ï˛Ìƒ
≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yܲÓ˚î ï˛Ìy Óƒ!=˛ˆÏcÓ˚ lÙ%ly ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zq(ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•z
˛õrÌyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §Ç!«˛Æ Óî≈ly !lˆÏ¡¨ ˆÏòGÎ˚y •°–
1ä ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ Ó˚)˛õ •ˆÏ°y ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛
˜ç!Óܲ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ ≤Ã!ï!Ü ˛Î˚y– ~ê˛y •° Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˛õSÈ® ÎyÓ˚
!˲!_ˆÏï˛ ï˛yÓ˚y ï˛Ìƒ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎÙl ◊Óîàï˛ñ ò,!T˛àï˛ñ
â yîàï˛ñ ˆ˛õ!¢àï˛ ï˛Ìy flõ¢≈àï˛–
2ä ï˛Ìƒ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yܲÓ˚î xyÙÓ˚y !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ !ã˛hs˝y ܲ!Ó˚˛ñ §Ù§ƒy
§Ùyôyl ܲ!Ó˚˛ ~ÓÇ ï˛Ìƒ ÙˆÏl Ó˚y!Რï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ê˛y ˲yÓy ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ xyÙÓ˚y ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ï˛Ìƒ
≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yܲÓ˚î ܲ!Ó˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ §!Ü ˛Î˚‡≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛°lÙ)°Ü˛ñ
xl% Ë ˛ÓܲÓ˚ y ‡ fl∫ K ˛yï˛ñ xl% Ó ï˛#≈ ‡ §yÓ≈ ç l#lñ
Ü ˛Ù‡~ܲܲy°#l •zï˛ƒy!ò–
3ä Óƒ!=˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ôÓ˚l •° ˆÎ˲yˆÏÓ xyÙÓ˚y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õy!Ó˚˛õy!Ÿª≈ˆÜÏ ˛Ó˚
§yˆÏÌ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ !Ü ˛Î˚y ܲ!Ó˚– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒˆÏܲÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
˛õSÈ®§•zñ x!Óã˛!°ï˛ ~ÓÇ flõT˛ ï˛Ìƒ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îñ §Çàë˛l
G ôyÓ˚î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ xyˆÏSÈ– ~•z ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aà ˆçyÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚
ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ Óƒ!=˛c ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ !Ü ˛Î˚y
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~ê˛y ~ܲ•z !¢ál ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ ~ܲçˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
xyˆÏÓ˚ܲçl ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚–
xˆÏ l ܲ Ùyey xl% § yˆÏ Ó ˚ !¢áˆÏ l Ó˚ ôÓ˚ l !˲ߨ •Î˚ ñ
í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ Anderson !ӈϟ’£Ïܲ ~ÓÇ §¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚
ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ~à%ˆÏ°y ˆê˛!Ó° 6É6 ~ !Óhfl,Ïï˛
ˆòGÎ˚y xyˆÏSÈ– ~ê˛y flõT˛ ˆÎ §¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛ ôÓ˚lÎ%=˛ Ùyl%£Ï !ܲS%È
ˆ◊¤˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˆ¢ˆÏá ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲܲ xÌÓy âê˛lyÓ˚ ˛õ)Ó≈ ≤ÃܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ myÓ˚y–
ï˛yÓ˚y ~ܲˆÏܲÓ˚ xÇ¢ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ¢%ô%Ùye ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §¡õÜ≈˛ §¡õ)î≈˲yˆÏÓ
í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲˆÏÓ˚– xlƒ!òˆÏܲñ !ӈϟ’£Ïܲ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ôÓ˚lÎ%=˛ Ùyl%£Ï ˆÓ!¢
§•ç˲yˆÏÓ ˆ¢ˆÏá Îál ï˛Ìƒ Cumulative sequential
pattern ~ ~ܲ ôyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ!ê˛ ôyˆÏ˛õ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ˆÎê˛y
ôyÓ˚îyàï˛ í˛z˛õ°!kôÓ˚ àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
~ê˛y ÙˆÏl Ó˚yáy í˛z!ã˛ï˛ ˆÎ !Ó!˲ߨ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ôÓ˚l ~ܲ!ê˛
ˆfl҈ϰÓ˚ Ùyey Îy Ùyl!§Ü˛ í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õlyÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ Ó˚)˛õˆÏܲ í˛zay˛õl
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛yÓ˚y Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒÜ˛Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ çlàîˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó˲yˆÏàÓ˚ !ÓlƒyˆÏ§˛ åˆÎÙl ò,!T˛àï˛
Óƒ!=˛ñ Ó!•≈Ù%á# Óƒ!=˛ •zï˛ƒy!òä !Ó˲=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– xyÙÓ˚y ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
ôÓ˚ˆÏî !¢áˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù ••zñ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õSÈ® Îy•z ˆ•yܲ ly ˆÜ˛l–
!¢ál x«˛Ùï˛y (LEARNING DISABILITIES)
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y •Î˚ˆÏï˛y ¢%ˆÏlSÈñ °«˛ƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚SÈ xÌÓy ˛õˆÏí˛¸SÈ ˆÎ •yçyÓ˚
•yçyÓ˚ !¢¢%Ó˚y fl%҈ϰ !¢«˛y ˛õyGÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˲!_≈ •Î˚– Î!òGñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ ܲyˆÏÓ˚y ܲyˆÏÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !¢ál ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y ã˛y!•òy ˆÓ¢ ܲ!ë˛l •ˆÏÎ˚
GˆÏë˛ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚y ˛õí˛¸y ÙyˆÏV˛•z ˆSȈÏí˛¸ ˆòÎ˚– ~•zÓ˚)˛õ SÈyeˆÏòÓ˚ "drop-
out' Ó°y •Î˚– ~Ó˚ x§Çáƒ Ü˛yÓ˚î xyˆÏSÈ ˆÎÙl §yLjÏÓò!lܲ
x«˛Ùï˛y (sensory imparment)ñ Ó%!Âôçyï˛ x«˛Ùï˛y
(intellectual disability), §yÙy!çܲ ï˛Ìy ≤ÃyˆÏ«˛y!˲ܲ §Ù§ƒy
(social and emotional disturbance)ñ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
xôƒyÎ˚ 6 • !¢ál 125
 ˆê˛!Ó° 6É6 !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy
1ä §¡õ)î≈ SÈ!ÓÓ˚ xÇ¢ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ï˛Ìƒ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛î ܲˆÏÓ˚–
2ä fl∫K˛yï˛ !ã˛hs˝l ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
3ä ÙylÓ ~ÓÇ §yÙy!çܲ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó› xyˆÏSÈ ~Ùl í˛z˛õܲÓ˚î
ˆ¢ˆÏá ~ÓÇ x!˲K˛ï˛y‡ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ≤çAà myÓ˚y á%Ó §•ˆÏç•z
!ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
4ä ˲y£Ïyàï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ≤Ã›ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y ôyÓ˚îy G ï˛Ìƒñ !ӈϢ£Ïï˛
Î!ò ≤Ãy§!Aàܲ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲñ ï˛yÓ˚ çlƒ ˲yˆÏ°y flø,!ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
5ä x!¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ˆÏ«˛e §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ˆÓ!¢ ˆVÑ˛yܲ–
6ä ܲï,≈˛c Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ SÈyˆÏeÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !ÓŸªy§ xÌÓy !môyÓ˚
x!Ë˛Óƒ!=˛ myÓ˚y ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •Î˚–
7ä xl%ˆÏ_!çï˛ Ü˛Ù≈«˛Ùï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤Ãï˛ƒy•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õSÈ®
ܲˆÏÓ˚–
8ä ôÓ˚l !ã˛Ó˚yã˛!Ó˚ï˛ fl%҈ϰÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô ܲˆÏÓ˚–
xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ˜òlƒ ò¢y (poor economic condition of
family) ñ §yÇfl, Ò !ï˛Ü˛ !ÓŸªy§ ~ÓÇ !lÎ˚ Ù xÌÓy xlƒylƒ
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢Ù)°Ü˛ ≤Ã˲yÓ– ~•z xÓfiÌyà%ˆÏ°y Óƒï˛#ï˛ñ xyˆÏÓ˚y ~ܲ!ê˛
ÓyôyÓ˚ í˛zͧ xyˆÏSÈ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ã˛y°lyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeñ ï˛yˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ !¢ál
x«˛Ùï˛y– ~ê˛y fl%҈ϰÓ˚ !¢ál xÌ≈yÍ K˛yl G ˆÜ˛Ô¢° xç≈ˆÏlÓ˚
§yˆÏÌ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˆÓ¢ ܲ!ë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°– ~•zÓ˚)˛õ !¢¢%Ó˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
!¢ál !Ü ˛Î˚yܲ°yˆÏ˛õ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ x«˛Ù •Î˚–
!¢ál x«˛Ùï˛y ~ܲ!ê˛ §yôyÓ˚î ˛õò– ~ê˛y ~ܲ!ê˛ !˲ߨôÙ#≈
!Óã˛yÓ˚§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ ˆày¤˛# Îy !¢álñ ˛õí˛¸yñ ˆ°áyñ ܲÌyÓ°yñ !Óã˛yÓ˚ܲÓ˚î
ï˛Ìy ày!î!ï˛Ü˛ !Ü ˛Î˚yܲ°y˛õ xç≈l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ x§%!ÓˆÏôˆÏï˛ x!Ë˛Óƒ=˛
•Î˚– ~•zÓ˚)˛õ !ÓܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛zͧ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §•çyï˛ ≤ÃÓ,!_– ~ê˛y
xl%Ùyl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ˆÎ ~•z x§%!Óôyà%ˆÏ°y ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚
ܲyÎ≈ܲy!Ó˚ï˛yÓ˚ §Ù§ƒy ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚–
~•zê˛y ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ x«˛Ùï˛yñ §yLjÏÓò!lܲ x«˛Ùï˛yñ Ó%!Âôçyï˛
x«˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ xÌÓy ~•z§Ó SÈyí˛¸y•z âê˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
~ê˛y °«˛ƒ ܲÓ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ ˆÎ !¢ál x«˛Ùï˛yˆÏܲ àí˛¸ ˆÌˆÏܲ
í˛zFã˛ï˛Ó˚ Ó%!Âô §¡õߨñ ÎÌyÎÌ §yLjÏÓò!lܲ §M˛y°lÙ)°Ü˛ ï˛sf
ï˛Ìy ÎÌyÎÌ !¢ál §%ˆÏÎyà Ù%=˛ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ !˲ߨ x«˛Ùï˛y
!•§yˆÏÓ ˆòáy í˛z!ã˛ï˛– ~ê˛y Î!ò §ÇˆÏ¢yôl ܲÓ˚y ly •Î˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ ~ê˛y
xyç#Ól ã˛°ˆÏï˛ ÌyܲˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ xyd§¡øylñ ˆ˛õ¢yñ §yÙy!çܲ §¡õÜ≈˛
~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ï˛!òˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲ°y˛õˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ–
126 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
1ä §¡õ)î≈ SÈ!Ó ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛Ìƒ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛lܲˆÏÓ˚ í˛zß¨ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚ å˛õ%Cyl%˛õ%C !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ä–
2ä Ü ˛Ùyàï˛ ~ÓÇ Ü˛yë˛yÙÓÂô !ã˛hs˝l ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
3ä !l‹±yî G ˜lÓ≈ƒ!=˛Ü˛ í˛z˛õܲÓ˚î á%Ó §•ˆÏç !¢áˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
4ä !ÓÙ)ï≈˛ ôyÓ˚îy G x§yÙO§ƒ˛õ)î≈ ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ çlƒ ˲yˆÏ°y flø,!ï˛
ÌyˆÏܲ–
5ä !¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ˆ«˛e §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ˆÓ!¢ ˆÏVÑ˛yܲ–
6ä xˆÏlƒÓ˚ x!˲Ùï˛ myÓ˚y á%Ó ~ܲê˛y ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •Î˚ ly–
7ä xl%ˆÏ_!çï˛ Ü˛Ù≈ˆÏï˛ !fiÌÓ˚ ÌyܲyÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
8ä ôÓ˚l x!ôܲyÇ¢ fl%҈ϰÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ áy˛õ ˆáˆÏÎ˚
ÎyÎ˚–
!¢ál x«˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ °«˛î ı !¢ál x«˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ xˆÏlܲ °«˛l xyˆÏSÈ–
~à%ˆÏ°y ˆ§•z !¢¢%Ó˚y ~•z !ÓܲyÓ˚ ˆË˛yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ó%!Âôñ ˆ≤ãÏîy
ï˛Ìy !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ܲ!ë˛l ˛õ!Ó˚◊Ù !l!Ó≈ˆÏ¢ˆÏ£Ï !Ó!˲ߨ §Ùy•yˆÏÓ˚
≤ÃÜ˛ê˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
1ä x«˛Ó˚ñ ¢∑ ~ÓÇ ÓyܲƒyÇ¢ !°áˆÏï˛ñ ˛õyë˛ƒyÇ¢ñ˛ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏï˛
~ÓÇ Ü˛Ìy Ó°ˆÏï˛ x§%!ÓˆÏô âlâl•z •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ≤ÃyÎ˚¢•z
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ¢ylyÓ˚ §Ù§ƒy ÌyˆÏܲñ Î!òG ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yl ˛◊Óîàï˛
e%!ê˛ lyG ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~•zÓ˚)˛õ !¢¢%Ó˚y xlƒˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ
!¢ál ˆÜ˛Ô¢° ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe §¡õ)î≈
!˲ߨ–
2ä !¢áˆÏl x«˛Ù !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà §ÇÜ ˛yhs˝ !ÓܲyÓ˚ xyˆÏSÈ–
ï˛yÓ˚y á%Ó §•ˆÏç•z !Óºyhs˝ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ~ÓÇ ~ܲ•z !Ó®%ˆÏï˛
ˆÓ!¢«˛î ˛ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– ≤ÃyÎ˚•z xyˆÏÓ˚y
ˆÓ!¢ lyñ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà§ÇÜ ˛yhs˝ ÓyòƒÜ˛ï˛y hyperactivity
ˆï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚– xÌ≈yÍ ï˛yÓ˚y §Ó≈òy lí˛¸yã˛í˛¸y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
!ܲS%È Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲñ xÌ≈•#l ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ç!l§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛T˛y
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
3ä «%˛o fiÌyl !Ó£Ïܲ !fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏÓyô ~ÓÇ x˛õÎ≈yÆ §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ K˛yl
§yôyÓ˚î °«˛î– ~•zÓ˚)˛õ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ lï%˛l ˛õy!Ó˚˛õy!Ÿª≈ܲ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛
!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏÓyô á%Ó §•ç •Î˚ ly ~ÓÇ •y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ – ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
 §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ K˛yl ˆl•z ~ÓÇ !lÎ˚!Ùï˛ Ü˛yˆÏç •Î˚ ˆò!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚
xÌÓy ܲáˆÏly ˆÓ!¢ ï˛yí˛¸yï˛y!í˛¸ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°– ï˛yÓ˚y !òܲ
!lˆÏò≈ˆÏ¢ !Óºyhs˝ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ í˛ylñ ÓyÙñ í˛z˛õÓ˚ G l#ˆÏã˛ Ë%˛°
!Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
4ä !¢áˆÏl x«˛Ù !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ò%Ó≈° §M˛y°lÙ)°Ü˛ §Ùß∫Î˚ ~ÓÇ
ò% Ó ≈ ° •hflÏ ã ˛y!°ï˛ ã˛yï% ˛ Ó˚ # ÌyˆÏ Ü ˛– ~ê˛y ï˛yˆÏ ò Ó˚
˲yÓ˚§yÙƒ•#lï˛yñ ˛ ˆ˛õl!§° ˆã˛yáy ܲÓ˚yñ òÓ˚çyÓ˚ !SÈê˛!ܲ!l
°yàyˆÏlyñ §y•zˆÏܲ° ã˛y°yˆÏï˛ !¢áˆÏï˛ x«˛Ùï˛y •zï˛ƒy!ò myÓ˚y
§%flõT˛–
5ä ~•z !¢¢%Ó˚y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ܲyç ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÙÔ!áܲ !lˆÏò≈¢ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛
~ÓÇ xl%§Ó˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ x«˛Ù–
6ä ï˛yÓ˚y §¡õÜ≈˛ §¡∫ˆÏrô Ë%˛° !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎÙl ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
§•˛õyë˛#Ó˚y Órô%c§%°Ë xyÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚y í˛zòy§#l– ï˛yÓ˚y ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ
˲y£Ïy Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛G x«˛Ù–
7ä !¢áˆÏl x«˛Ù !¢¢%Ó˚y §ã˛Ó˚yã˛Ó˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ !ÓܲyÓ˚
ò¢≈yÎ˚– ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y ò,!T˛àï˛ñ ◊Óîàï˛ñ flõ¢≈àï˛ ï˛Ìy ˆã˛!fiê˛Î˚
≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛î •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ï˛yÓ˚y ܲ!°Ç ˆÓˆÏ°Ó˚ xyGÎ˚yˆÏçÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ
ˆÊ˛yˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó˚ÇÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– ï˛yÓ˚ ÙyˆÏl ~•z
ly ˆÎ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §yLjÏÓò!lܲ ï˛#«¯˛ï˛y ˆl•zñ ï˛yÓ˚y
¢%ô%Ùye ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyçܲˆÏÙ≈ ï˛y ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly–
8ä x!ôܲyÇ¢ !¢áˆÏl x«˛Ù !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ dyslexia ÌyˆÏܲ– ï˛yÓ˚y
≤ÃyÎ˚¢•z x«˛Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ¢∑ xl%§Ó˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly–
í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ ï˛yÓ˚y b G d, p G q, p G q, was G
saw, unclear G unclear •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– ï˛yÓ˚y ˲y£ÏyÙ%°Ü˛ í˛z˛õܲÓ˚îˆÏܲ ˆàySÈyˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly–
~ê˛y ÙˆÏl Ó˚yáy í˛z!ã˛ï˛ ˆÎ !¢ál x«˛Ù ï˛y x!ã˛!ܲͧl#Î˚
lÎ˚– ˆÓ˚!Ù!í˛ˆÏÎ˚° !¢ál ˛õÂô!ï˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !¢áˆÏï˛ xˆÏlܲ §y•y΃
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚y xlƒylƒ SÈyeˆÏòÓ˚ Ùï˛•z •Î˚– !¢«˛y ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲÓ˚y
!¢ál x«˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà Î%=˛ °«˛îà%ˆÏ°y §ÇˆÏ¢yôl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ÎÌyÎÌ
ˆÜ˛Ô¢° àˆÏí˛¸ ï%˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈl–
!¢áˆÏlÓ˚ l#!ï˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà§Ù)•
(APPLICATIONS OF LEARNING PRINCIPLES)
ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ÙylÓ ç#ÓlˆÏܲ §Ù,Âô ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚
l#!ï˛Ó˚ xˆÏlܲ Ùyl xyˆÏSÈ– §Ó ܲyÎ≈ܲ°y˛õ ï˛Ìy xyã˛Ó˚î Îy
Óƒ!=˛àï˛ñ §yÙy!çܲ ~ÓÇ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ç#Ól ¢y!hs˝˛õ)î≈ ~ÓÇ
xyl®òyÎ˚ܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°ñ ï˛y !¢áˆÏï˛ •Î˚– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !¢ál
ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ˲yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ •GÎ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛– §Ùܲy°#l
ÙˆÏly!Óòàî ≤Ãyã˛#l ~ÓÇ §!Ü ˛Î˚ xl%Óï≈˛lñ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ !¢álñ
˲y£ÏyÙ)°Ü˛ !¢álñ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ !¢ál ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛Ô¢° !¢ál ~Ó˚ l#!ï˛Ó˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛Ô¢° G ˛õÂô!ï˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚
xˆÏlܲ ò,!T˛Ë˛!AàÓ˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛Ó˚ §yôˆÏl– xyÙÓ˚y ~•z !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ l#!ï˛Ó˚
≤ÈÏÎ˚yà§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ V˛°Ü˛ñ ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ÎÌyÈüÈ §Çàë˛lñ
x§yÙO§ƒ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !ã˛!ܲͧyñ !¢¢% ≤Ã!ï˛˛õy°l ï˛Ìy !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚
!¢ál–
§Çàë˛ˆÏlñ ˆÓ¢ !ܲS%È §ÇáƒÜ˛ §Ù§ƒy ˆÎÙl xl%˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ñ
âl âl x§%fiÌï˛yÓ˚ S%È!ê˛ñ !Ó¢,C°yñ ï˛Ìy í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ ò«˛ï˛yÓ˚ x˲yÓ
§yÇây!ï˛Ü˛ §Ù§ƒyÎ˚ ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°– !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ l#!ï˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yˆÏà ~•z §Ù§ƒyÓ˚
§Ùyôyl •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ Óy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ xl%˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ Ü˛ÙyˆÏlyÓ˚
~ܲ!ê˛ ÙçyòyÓ˚ í˛z˛õyÎ˚ !ܲS%È §Çàë˛ˆÏl ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚– ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ÙyˆÏ§Ó˚
ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ïñ ÎyÓ˚y ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ~ܲ!òlG xl%˛õ!fiÌï˛ !SÈ° ly ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ lyÙ
!ã˛Ó˚Ü%˛ˆÏê˛ !°ˆÏá ~ܲ!ê˛ í»˛yˆÏÙ Ó˚yáy •Î˚– ã˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õÑyã˛ ¢ï˛yÇ¢
lyÙ ~ˆÏ°yˆÏوϰy˲yˆÏÓ ˆï˛y°y •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xyܲ£Ï≈î#Î˚ ˛õ%Ó˚flÒyÓ˚
ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ~ܲ!òlG xl%˛õ!fiÌï˛ ly ÌyܲyÓ˚ çlƒ– §yÓ˚y
ÓSÈÓ˚ ܲÙ≈ã˛yÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ §Çáƒy Óyí˛¸yˆÏlyÓ˚ çlƒñ ÎyÓ˚y §yÓ˚y ÓSÈÓ˚ ~ܲ!òlG
x§%fiÌï˛yÓ˚ S%È!ê˛ ~ ÎyÎ˚!l ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xˆÏlܲ §%ˆÏÎyà §%!Óôy ˆòGÎ˚y
•Î˚– ~•zÓ˚)˛õ xyÇ!¢Ü˛ ˛õ%Ó˚flÒyÓ˚ x§%fiÌï˛yÓ˚ S%È!ê˛ ~Ó˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛y ܲÙyÎ˚–
¢,C°yÓ˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛§yôˆÏlÓ˚ °ˆÏ«˛ƒ ÙƒyˆÏlçyÓ˚Ó˚y ܲÙ≈ã˛yÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ xyò¢≈
!•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ !Ü ˛Î˚y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚ xÌÓy ܲÙ≈ã˛yÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ ~Ùl xyò¢≈
ÙƒyˆÏlçyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xô#ˆÏl Ó˚yáy •Î˚–
!¢áˆÏl l#!ï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ¢ !ܲS%È §ÇáƒÜ˛
therapeutic ≤Ãîy°# ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ §yÙy!çܲ˲yˆÏÓ
x«˛Ù ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ x˲ƒy§ ~ÓÇ xyã˛Ó˚î §ÇˆÏ¢yôl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒ–
~•z ≤Ãîy°#ˆÏï˛ñ !ӈϰyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ l#!ï˛ˆÏܲ ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ˆ§•z !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚
~ÓÇ ≤ÃyÆÓÎ˚flÒˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ÎyÓ˚y xˆÏÎÔ!=˛Ü˛ G !˲!_•#l ˲ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
§yˆÏ Ì §yˆÏ Ì xyã˛Ó˚ î ≤Ãò¢≈ l ܲˆÏ Ó ˚ ñ •z Ù ˆÏ ≤ ’y!§Ë˛ ˆÌÓ˚ y !˛õ
(implosive therapy) ~ÓÇ ˛Êœ˛y!í˛Ç (flodding) ÓƒÓ•,ï˛
•Î˚– •zÙˆÏ≤’y!§Ë˛ ˆÌÓ˚y!˛õ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˲Î˚ ˛õyGÎ˚y Ó›Ó˚ §y!ߨˆÏôƒ xy§yÓ˚
ܲ“ly !òˆÏÎ˚ §)e˛õyï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ therapist myÓ˚y !ÓhflÏy!Ó˚ï˛ ˆÙÔ!áܲ
Óî≈lyÓ˚ Î%=˛ •Î˚– ˆÏÌÓ˚y!˛õfiê˛ ~áyˆÏl ˆÜ˛yã˛ !•§yˆÏÓ !Ü ˛Î˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲñ Êœ˛y!í˛Ç ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ãܲy¢ Îy •zlÈü!˲ˆÏ˲y (in vivo)
ˆï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ åˆÎÙl ˆÜ˛yl §!ï˛ƒÜ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˲Î˚ ˛õyGÎ˚y Ó›ä ~ÓÇ
˲#!ï˛Ó˚ §Óã˛y•zˆÏï˛ Ü˛yÎ≈ܲÓ˚# !ã˛!ܲͧy ӈϰ Ùyly •Î˚– xï˛ƒ!ôܲ
í˛z!m@¿ï˛y G ˲#!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ÎyÓ˚y ˆË˛yˆÏà ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §y•y΃ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛
ˆÜ˛Ô¢° ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚ ÎyÓ˚ lyÙ systematic desensitisation
~ê˛y ~ܲ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ behaviour therapy Îy ˆÊ˛y!ÓÎ˚y ˆÓ˚yà#ˆÏòÓ˚
xôƒyÎ˚ 6 • !¢ál 127
í˛z!m@¿ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ܲÙyˆÏï˛ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚ ܲyí˛zrê˛yÓ˚ܲl‰!í˛¢!lÇ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ l#!ï˛ §ˆÏÓ≈y_Ù ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚ !¢¢% ≤Ã!ï˛˛õy°ˆÏlÓ˚
(counterconditioning) xÌ≈yÍ ≤Ãyã˛#l xl%Óï≈˛l ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏܲ ˆ«˛ˆÏeñ Î!ò Ùyï˛y !˛õï˛y ò%çl•z !¢ál l#!ï˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ GÎ˚y!ܲӕy°
í˛zˆÏŒê˛ ˆòGÎ˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤ÃÎ˚y§ñ xï˛ƒhs˝ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ í˛zj#˛õܲˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ≤Ãyã˛#l xl%Óï≈˛l ≤Ãîy°# ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó˛õò ï˛Ìy
lï%˛l xl%Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ !Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ xl%£Ï!Aàï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– fl∫yfĩ ~ÓÇ §%ˆÏáÓ˚ !lÓ˚y˛õ_yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ ˆ¢áyˆÏly •Î˚– !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚î
çlƒ x≤Ãï˛ƒy!¢ï˛ ~ÓÇ «˛!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚ x˲ƒy§ ï˛ƒyà ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe á%Ó §•ˆÏç•z §!Ü ˛Î˚ xl%Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ myÓ˚y ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ ï˛Ìy
~˲y¢≈l ˆÌÓ˚y!˛õ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ˆÌÓ˚y!˛õfiê˛ §Ó!ܲS%È ~Ùl˲yˆÏÓ Ó˚)˛õy!Î˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y §Ω˛Ó– Ùyï˛y !˛õï˛y myÓ˚y !Óã˛«˛î ˛õ%Ó˚flÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚
ÓƒÓfiÌy ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ x˛õ§Çà!ï˛Ù)°Ü˛ x˲ƒy§à%ˆÏ°y ˆÜ˛yl ÎsfîyòyÎ˚ܲ !¢¢% ˆ Ï ò Ó˚ í˛z Í §y•# !¢«˛l˛õye ܲˆÏ Ó ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ ° – xyò¢≈ ï˛Ìy
x!˲K˛ï˛y í˛zͲõߨ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y ~í˛¸yˆÏï˛ client Ó˚y ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyï˛y !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓñ Ùyï˛y !˛õï˛y !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ §yÙy!çܲ˲yˆÏÓ ò«˛ñ
ï˛ƒyà ܲˆÏÓ˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ ÙˆÏòÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ÓÙˆÏlyˆÏoܲܲÓ˚ Å£Ïô ܲï≈˛Óƒ˛õÓ˚yÎ˚l G ܲ!Ó˚ÍܲÙ≈y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
åÎy xï˛ƒ!ôܲ Ó!Ù Ó!Ù Ë˛yÓ G Ó!ÙÓ˚ ≤ÃÓ,!_ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ä ˆÙ¢yˆÏly
•Î˚ ÎyˆÏï˛ Ó!Ù Ó!Ù Ë˛yÓ G Ó!Ùܲ ܲÓ˚y ÙˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó!ï≈˛ï˛
!Ü ˛Î˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ òÑyí˛¸yÎ˚– ÙˆÏí˛!°Ç ~ÓÇ ˛õ%lı¢!=˛§M˛y°ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚
!lÎ˚Ùyl%ÎyÎ˚# ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÙ≈ò«˛ï˛y Ó˚)˛õyÎ˚l ï˛Ìy í˛zߨ!ï˛ §yôˆÏl
Óƒy˛õܲ˲yˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ÎyÓ˚y xï˛ƒ!ôܲ Ü%˛Z˛y Óy °IyˆÏï˛
ˆË˛yˆÏà ~ÓÇ xyhs˝ıÓƒ!=˛àï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÌy˛õÜ˛ÌˆÏl §Ù§ƒy xyˆÏSÈ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
~§y!ê≈˛Ë˛ !¢ál (assertive learning) ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚– ~•z Ù%áƒ˛õò
ˆÌÓ˚y!˛õG !¢ál l#!ï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚– xˆÏlܲ Ùyl%£Ï xyˆÏSÈ
ÎyÓ˚y fl∫“ í˛zˆÏ_çlyÎ˚ñ cÓ˚y!ß∫ï˛ Ÿªy§≤ߪyˆÏ§Ó˚ •yÓ˚ñ «˛#ˆÏôÓ˚ ≤ÃÓ,!_ xl%£ÏAà˛ !¢álñ ÓyˆÏÎ˚y!Ê˛í˛Óƒyܲñ K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ Ùyl!ã˛eñ
ly Ìyܲyñ Ó˚=˛ã˛y˛õ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ¢y!hs˝Ó˚ â%ÙyÎ˚– ôyÓ˚îyñ xl%Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yñ ˜Ó£ÏÙƒñ !í˛§°ƒy:!§Î˚yñ
~•z§Ó ˆ«˛ˆÏeñ §y•zˆÏܲyˆÏÌÓ˚y!˛õfiê˛ (psychotherapist) Óy•zˆÏÎ˚y !Ó°%!Æñ Ù%=˛˛õ%lÓ˚%ˆÏoܲñ §yôyÓ˚î#ܲÓ˚îñ xhs≈˝ò,!T˛ !¢álÙ)°Ü˛
!Ê˛í˛ˆÏÓܲ (bio feedback) !ã˛!ܲͧy !òˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~•z ˆÜ˛Ô¢° x«˛Ùï˛yñ Ùyl!§Ü˛ !Ólƒy§ñ ÙˆÏ í ˛!°Çñ }îydܲ
≤Ãyã˛#l ~ÓÇ Îy!sfܲ xl%Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ !Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ˛õ%lı¢!=˛òyÎ˚ܲ í˛zj#˛õܲñ §!Ü ˛Î˚ Óy Îy!sfܲ xl%Óï≈˛lñ
ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏSÈ– ÓyˆÏÎ˚y !Ê˛í˛Óƒyܲ ~Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÜ˛yl ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ !Ü ˛Î˚yܲ°y˛õ ôlydܲ ˛õ%lı¢!=˛òyÎ˚ܲ í˛zj#˛õܲñ ¢y!hflÏñ ˛õ%lı¢!=˛òyÎ˚ܲ
åˆÎÙl •,ò‰ÈüÈܲ¡õl xÌÓy Ó˚=˛ã˛y˛õä !lÎ˚!sfï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z í˛zj#˛õܲñ Ü ˛!Ùܲ !¢álñ fl∫ï˛ıfl≥%˛ï≈˛ ≤Ãï˛ƒyÓï≈˛lñ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚
!Ü ˛Î˚yܲ°yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ï˛Ìƒ ˆ§•z Ùyl%£ÏˆÏܲ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏï˛ í˛zß¨ï˛ !lÎ˚sfî §M˛y°lñ xlyÓï˛#≈ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yñ xlyÓï˛#≈ï˛ í˛zj#˛õܲñ
§•çï˛Ó˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒ ˛õ%l ≤Ã!ï˛˛õy!°ï˛ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~•z ˲y£ÏyÙ)°Ü˛ !¢ál–
ˆÌÓ˚y!˛õà%ˆÏ°y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !ÓhflÏy!Ó˚ï˛ myò¢ ¢yáyˆÏï˛ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏÓ–
!¢áˆÏlÓ˚ l#!ï˛§Ù)• !¢«˛yòyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Óƒy˛õܲ˲yˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛
•ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– !lˆÏò≈¢Ù)°Ü˛ ܲyˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ï˛Ìy ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ
≤ÃܲyÓ˚ !¢ál ÎÌy S-S xÌÓy S-Rñ ˲y£ÏyÙ)°Ü˛ñ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛îÙ)°Ü˛
~ÓÇ ò«˛ï˛y !¢álˆÏܲ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ fiÌyl ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚
í˛zˆÏj¢ƒà%ˆÏ°y !fiÌÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– SÈyeˆÏòÓ˚ ï˛Ìƒñ xÌ≈ ï˛Ìy §!ë˛Ü˛
≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y xç≈ˆÏlÓ˚ §!Ü ˛Î˚ xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚# ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
!¢«˛Ü˛Ó,® ÎÌyÎÌ §yÙy!çܲ xyã˛Ó˚î G Óƒ!=˛àï˛ x˲ƒyˆÏ§ í˛zߨ!ï˛Ó˚
í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ xl%§Ó˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ xyò¢≈ åmodelä ï˛Ìy
˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyï˛y åmentorä !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ !Ü ˛Î˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚l– SÈyeˆÏòÓ˚ à,•Ü˛ˆÏÙ≈
myÓ˚y xl%¢#°ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ΈÏÌT˛ §%ˆÏÎyà ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ˆÜ˛Ô¢°
S-R ¢,C° !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ !ӈϟ’£Ïî •Î˚ ~ÓÇ SÈyeˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚#˲yˆÏÓ
ˆÜ˛Ô¢° !¢ál ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–

128 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
§yÓ˚yÇ¢
— !¢ál xyã˛Ó˚î xÌÓy x!˲K˛ï˛y Óy x˲ƒy§ myÓ˚y í˛zͲõy!òï˛ xyã˛Ó˚î Óy xyã˛Ó˚îàï˛ ¢!=˛ˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yl‰ xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÜ,˛ï˛ fiÌyÎ˚#
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l– ~•zê˛y ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÎ˚ xl%!Ùï˛ ~ÓÇ Ü˛Ù≈«˛Ùï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ ˆÎê˛y !lÓ˚#!«˛ï˛ xyã˛Ó˚îÈüüüÈ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y–
— !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl ò%•z ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ •° ı ≤Ãyã˛#l ~ÓÇ §!Ü ˛Î˚ !¢álñ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î !¢álñ K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ !¢álñ ˲y£ÏyÙ)°Ü˛ !¢álñ
ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ !¢ál ~ÓÇ ò«˛ï˛yÓ˚ !¢ál–
—˛ õƒy˲°Ë˛ Ü%˛Ü%˛Ó˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õyã˛l!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ ≤Ãyã˛#l xl%Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ xl%§rôyl ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ~•z ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ !¢áˆÏl ≤Ãyî#
í˛z!j˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ §•ˆÏÎyà# •Î˚– ~ܲ!ê˛ !lÓ˚ˆÏ˛õ«˛ í˛zj#˛õܲ (CS) Îy xl%Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ í˛zj#˛õܲ (US) §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ ˆòÎ˚ñ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y
(CR) í˛zͲõyòl ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚ Îy ≤Ãyî#ˆÏܲ US- ~Ó˚ çlƒ ≤Ãï˛ƒy¢y ~ÓÇ ≤Ã›ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚–
— !flÒlyÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ §!Ü ˛Î˚ xÌÓy Îy!sfܲ xl%Óï≈˛l §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ≤ÃÌÙ xˆÏß∫£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚l– §!Ü ˛Î˚ •° ç#ÓmyÓ˚y fl∫ï˛ıfl≥%˛ï≈˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ !lˆÏ«˛˛õ
ܲÓ˚y ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y– §!Ü ˛Î˚ xl%Óï≈˛l !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ÎyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ˛õ%lı¢!=˛ §M˛y°ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y myÓ˚y Î!ò
xl%§Ó˚î ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ¢!=˛¢y°# •Î˚– ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ%lı¢!=˛òyÎ˚ܲ í˛zj#˛õܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ âê˛ly •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ Îy ˛õ)Ó≈Óï˛#≈
≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ Ùyey Ó,!Âô ܲˆÏÓ˚– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ≤Ã!ï˛Ü˛yÓ˚ Ê˛°yÊ˛° xï˛ƒhs˝ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈– OC- ~Ó˚ •yÓ˚ ˛õ%lı¢!=˛ §M˛y°ˆÏlÓ˚
≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ñ §Çáƒyñ xl%§)!ã˛ ï˛Ìy !Ó°¡∫ myÓ˚y ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •Î˚–
—˛ õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ !¢álˆÏܲ xl%ܲÓ˚îñ ÙˆÏí˛!°Ç ~ÓÇ §yÙy!çܲ !¢álG Ó°y •Î˚– ÙˆÏí˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ xyã˛Ó˚î ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲˆÏÓ˚ K˛yl
xç≈l ܲ!Ó˚– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲÙ≈§¡õyòˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏí˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ ˛õ%Ó˚fl,Òï˛ Óy !ï˛Ó˚fl,Òï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚ ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
— ˲y£ÏyÙ)°Ü˛ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ¢∑à%ˆÏ°y ~ˆÏܲÓ˚ x˛õÓ˚ˆÏܲ xÓÎ˚Óñ ¢∑ï˛y!_¥Ü˛ ï˛Ìy ¢∑y!Ì≈ܲ §yò,¢ƒ ~ÓÇ ˛õyÌ≈ˆÏܲƒÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛
§¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ï˛yÓ˚y ≤ÃyÎ˚¢•z à%ˆÏFSÈ §Çà!ë˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˛õÓ˚#«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ñ Î%!@¬ï˛ §•ˆÏÎyà# !¢álñ
Ü ˛!Ùܲ !¢álñ Ù%=˛ ˛õ%lÓ˚%ˆÏoܲ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚– xÌ≈˛õ)î≈ í˛z˛õܲÓ˚î ~ÓÇ !Ó£ÏÎ˚àï˛ §Çàë˛l !¢álˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚–
~ê˛y ≤Ãy§!AàܲG •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
— ôyÓ˚îy ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó˲yà– ~ê˛y ~ܲ!ê˛ !lÎ˚!Ùï˛ Óy !lˆÏò≈ˆÏ¢Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ §y!Ó˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛– ôyÓ˚îy ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛
xÌÓy Ü,!eÙ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– Ü,!eÙ ôyÓ˚îyà%ˆÏ°y §%§ÇK˛y!Î˚ï˛ ˆÎáyˆÏl ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ ôyÓ˚îy §yôyÓ˚îï˛ Ü%˛§ÇK˛y!Î˚ï˛ •Î˚– §%ÈüȧÇK˛y!Î˚ï˛
ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ àˆÏÓ£Ïîy ÓySÈy•z ~ÓÇ @˝Ã•ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ myÓ˚y ôyÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ xflõT˛ §#Ùy
xyˆÏSÈ–
— ˆÜ˛Ô¢° •° ç!ê˛° ܲyÎ≈ xlyÎ˚yˆÏ§ ï˛Ìy ò«˛ï˛yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §¡õߨ ܲÓ˚y– ï˛yÓ˚y xl%¢#°l ~ÓÇ x˲ƒy§ myÓ˚y ˆ¢áy •Î˚–
ˆÜ˛Ô¢°myÓ˚y §¡õߨ ܲÙ≈ò«˛ï˛y Ó,•Ú ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ˜¢°# S-R ¢,CˆÏ°Ó˚ §Çàë˛l– ~ê˛y K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ñ xyl%£Ï!Aàܲ ï˛Ìy fl∫Î˚Ç!Ü ˛Î˚
˛ õÓ≈ myÓ˚y x!ï˛Ü ˛yhs˝ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
— lï%˛l !¢áˆÏl ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓˆÏܲ !¢ál §M˛y°l ӈϰ– ~ê˛y §yôyÓ˚î åˆÎÙl ≤Û!ï˛ä xÌÓy !l!ò≈T˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õ yˆÏÓ˚–
~ê˛y ò%!ê˛ !¢ál ܲyˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe S-R xl%£ÏˆÏAàÓ˚ §yò,ˆÏ¢ƒÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
— !¢áˆÏl §y•yÎƒÜ˛yÓ˚# í˛z˛õyòylà%ˆÏ°y •° ˆ≤ãÏîy ~ÓÇ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ≤Û!ï˛–
— !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ôÓ˚l •° ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ !¢álܲï≈˛y ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ lï%˛l ï˛Ìy ܲ!ë˛l ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ~ܲy@˝Ã •Î˚ñ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yܲÓ˚î ~ÓÇ ôyÓ˚î
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚–
— !¢ál x«˛Ùï˛y åˆÎÙl ˛õí˛¸yñ ˆ°áyä Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !¢álˆÏܲ §#ÙyÓÂô ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛yÓ˚y •y•z˛õyˆÏÓ˚܉˛!ê˛Ë˛ñ §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚
~ÓÇ ˆã˛yá •yˆÏï˛Ó˚ §Ùß∫Î˚ §yôˆÏlÓ˚ x˲yÓ ÌyˆÏܲ •zï˛ƒy!ò–
— !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ l#!ï˛à%ˆÏ°y §Çàë˛lñ x˛õ§Çà!ï˛Ù)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ !ã˛!ܲͧyñ !¢¢% ≤Ã!ï˛˛õy°l ~ÓÇ !Óòƒy°Î˚ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–

xôƒyÎ˚ 6 • !¢ál 129

 ˛õÎ≈yˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ ≤ß¿§Ù)•
1ä !¢ál ܲyˆÏܲ ӈϰ⁄ ï˛yÓ˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°y ܲ# ⁄
2ä ≤Ãyã˛#l xl%Óï≈˛l ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ xl%£ÏAà myÓ˚y !¢ál ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄
3ä §!Ü ˛Î˚ xl%Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §ÇK˛y òyG– §!Ü ˛Î˚ xl%Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ܲyÓ˚# ܲyÓ˚îà%ˆÏ°y xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
4ä ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü ˛ÙÓô≈Ùyl !¢¢%Ó˚ çlƒ ˲yˆÏ°y ~ܲ xyò¢≈ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ §Ó à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈– ~•z í˛z!=˛!ê˛ §ÙÌ≈lܲyÓ˚# !¢ál
§¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
5ä ˲y£ÏyÙ)°Ü˛ !¢ál xôƒÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
6ä ò«˛ï˛y ܲ# ⁄ ò«˛ï˛y !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ fiÌÓ˚à%ˆÏ°y ܲ# ܲ# ⁄
7ä §yôyÓ˚î#ܲÓ˚l ï˛Ìy ˜Ó£ÏˆÏÙƒÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ≤ÈÏ˲ò ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚⁄
8ä !¢ál §M˛y°l ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ âˆÏê˛ ÌyˆÏܲ⁄
9ä ˆ≤ãÏîy ˆÜ˛ˆÏly !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ)Ó≈¢ï≈˛ ⁄
10ä !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ≤Û!ï˛ ôyÓ˚îy!ê˛ Ó°ˆÏï˛ Ü˛# ˆÓyV˛y ÎyÎ˚⁄
11ä K˛ylàï˛ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ Ó˚)˛õ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
12ä !¢ál x«˛Ùï˛y §¡õߨ SÈye SÈye#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ⁄

≤ÃܲˆÏ“Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îy
1ä ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ x!˲˲yÓܲÓ˚y ˆÎê˛y ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ ˲yˆÏ°y ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚l ˆ§•z˲yˆÏÓ xyã˛Ó˚î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ
˛õ%lı¢!=˛ §M˛y°l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~Ùl ˛õÑyã˛!ê˛ ò,T˛yhs˝ ÓySÈy•z ܲˆÏÓ˚y– Üœ˛yˆÏ¢ !¢«˛Ü˛ myÓ˚y à,•#ï˛ ˛õ%lı¢!=˛ §M˛y°l §yˆÏÌ
~à%ˆÏ°y ï%˛°ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ Üœ˛yˆÏ§ ˛õí˛¸yˆÏly ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ §¡õÜ≈˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
2ä Î!ò ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ˆÓyl Óy ˲y•z !ܲS%È xy˛õ!_ܲÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏî !°Æ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ~•z xyã˛Ó˚îà%ˆÏ°y ˆÌˆÏܲ
˛õ!Ó˚eyî ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ §y•y΃ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ~•z xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°y!ã˛ï˛ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ §)eà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–

130 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
 ÙylÓ flø,!ï˛
xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ 7 Sensory, Attentional
and Perceptual
Human Memory
Processes
~•z xôƒyÎ˚!ê˛ ˛õyë˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y Îy çylˆÏï˛ §ÙÌ≈ •ˆÏÓ ÈüÈ
¿ flø,!ï˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛–
¿ !Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ flø,!ï˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ï˛Ê˛yÍ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛–
¿ ò#â≈fiÌyÎ˚# flø,!ï˛Ó˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ §Çàë˛l ~ÓÇ ≤Û!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛–
¿ flø,!ï˛Ó˚ àë˛lÙ)°Ü˛ G ˛õ%là≈ë˛lÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ à%îˆÏܲ !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛–
¿ !ÓfløÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ G ܲyÓ˚îà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛–
¿ flø,!ï˛ í˛zß¨ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ í˛z˛õyÎ˚à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ !¢áˆÏï˛–

The advantage of bad
memory is that one
enjoys several times,
the same good things
for the first time.
– Friedrich Nietzsche
!Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›
Ë)˛!Ùܲy
flø,!ï˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛
ï˛Ìƒ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yܲÓ˚î ˛õÂô!ï˛ ı ˆfiê˛ç ÙˆÏí˛° (The stage Model)
flø,!ï˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ı §ÇˆÏÓòlàï˛ñ «˛îfiÌyÎ˚# G ò#â≈fiÌyÎ˚# flø,!ï˛
ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# flø,!ï˛ åÓy: 7É1 ä
ò#â≈fiÌyÎ˚# flø,!ï˛Ó˚ ôÓ˚l
ˆây£ÏîyÙ)°Ü˛ G ˛õÂô!ï˛àï˛ ı í˛z˛õyáƒylÙ)°Ü˛ ~ÓÇ ¢∑yÌ≈ܲ
ò#â≈fiÌyÎ˚# flø,!ï˛Ó˚ ˲yà åÓy: 7É2 ä
flø,!ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ åÓy: 7É3ä
K˛yl ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ôc G flø,!ï˛ §Çàë˛l
flø,!ï˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ı ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ò¢≈# G !Ù̃y flø,!ï˛ åÓy: 7É4 ä
~ܲ!ê˛ àë˛lÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y !•§yÓ flø,!ï˛
Ë%˛ˆÏ° ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ G ܲyÓ˚î
!ã˛•´«˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ñ •hflψϫ˛ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˛õ%lÓ˚%ÂôyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÓƒÌ≈ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî Ë)˛ˆÏ° ÎyGÎ˚y
xÓò!Ùï˛ flø,!ï˛ åÓy: 7É5ä
flø,!ï˛Ó˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛ âê˛yˆÏly
!ã˛eܲ°y G §Çàë˛l ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏÙy!l:
Ù%რ˛õò
§yÓ˚yÇ¢
˛õÎy≈ˆÏ°yã˛lyÙ)°Ü˛ ≤ß¿
≤ÃܲˆÏ“Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îy
 Ë)˛!Ùܲy
flø,!ï˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ç#ÓlÓƒy˛õ# ˆÎ ˆÜ˛Ô¢°# Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆ§ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyÙÓ˚y §Ü˛ˆÏ°•z xÓàï˛ xy!SÈ–
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !ܲ ܲálG ~Ùl !ÓÓ ï˛ˆÏÓyô ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰ ˆÎ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ lyÙ!ê˛ ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚!SȈϰ ly ÎyÓ˚
§ˆÏAà ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ܲÌy ӈϰ!SȈϰ ⁄ í˛z!m@¿ Óy x§•yÎ˚ ˆÓyô ܲˆÏÓ˚SÈ Ü˛yÓ˚î ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏàÓ˚ !òˆÏl ˲yˆÏ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚
fløÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%ˆÏ°y •ë˛yÍ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ •y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈ⁄ xÌÓy ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y í˛zˆÏ_!çï˛ ˆÓyô ܲˆÏÓ˚y ܲyÓ˚î ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~álG !lË%≈˛°Ë˛yˆÏÓ
ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛yˆÏÓ°yÓ˚ ˆ¢áy !Óáƒyï˛ Ü˛!Óï˛y xyÓ,!_˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y– flø,!ï˛ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §!ï˛ƒ•z á%Ó ÙˆÏlyÙ%?ôܲÓ˚ xÌã˛
~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÜ˛Ôï)˛•° çyàyˆÏly !Ó£ÏÎ˚– flø,!ï˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ •z!wÎ˚ˆÏܲ §ÇÓ˚!«˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xyhs˝/Óƒ!=˛àï˛
§¡õÜ≈˛ ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yˆÏá ~ÓÇ §Ù§ƒy §Ùyôyl G !§Âôyhs˝@˝Ã•ˆÏî xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ flø,!ï˛ ≤ÃyÎ˚ §Ó K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛
≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˆÎÙl í˛z˛õ°!kôñ !ã˛hs˝yôyÓ˚y G §Ù§ƒy §ÙyôyˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ≤Ãôylñ ˆ§ˆÏ•ï%˛ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲÓ˚y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ï˛Ìƒflø,!ï˛ˆÏܲ
ôˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛!ê˛ ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlñ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%ˆÏ°y Ù%áfiÌ •Î˚ñ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ §ÇÓ˚!«˛ï˛ •Î˚ G ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ~!ê˛
flø,!ï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ •y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ flø,!ï˛ í˛zß¨ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛Ô¢°§Ù)• !ܲ !ܲ – ~•z xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y ~•z§Ó !òܲ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ܲÓ˚Ó
~ÓÇ !Ó!˲ߨ ï˛_¥à%ˆÏ°y Ó%V˛Ó ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y flø,!ï˛ˆÏܲ Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚–
flø,!ï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ Ùyl!§Ü˛ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ •z!ï˛•y§ ¢ï˛y∑# SÈy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– flø,!ï˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÌÙ !lÎ˚Ùyl%ï˛y xl%§rôyˆÏlÓ˚ Ü,˛!ï˛c
|î!ÓÇ¢ ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ ˆ¢ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ~ܲçl çyÙ≈yî ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl# •yÓ˚Ùyl ~!ÓÇ•§ ˆÜ˛ ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚ñ !ï˛!l !lˆÏçÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚
xˆÏlܲ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y!lÓ˚#«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˛õyl ˆÎ xyÙÓ˚y Îy !¢ˆÏá!SÈ ˆ§ê˛y §Ùylï˛yˆÏ° Óy §¡õ)î≈Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ Ë)˛ˆÏ° Îy•z ly– ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ˲yˆÏÓ
Ë)%˛ˆÏ° ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ •yÓ˚ o%ï˛ •Î˚ !ܲv xӈϢˆÏ£Ï ~!ê˛ !fiÌÓ˚ •Î˚– flø,!ï˛Ó˚ xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ!ê˛ ò,!T˛ˆÏܲyî ˆÊ ˛í˛!Ó˚ܲ Óyê≈˛ˆÏ°ê˛ myÓ˚y ≤ÃhflÏy!Óï˛
!SÈ°ñ !Î!l òyÓ# ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ˆÎ flø,!ï˛ !l!‹;Î˚ lÎ˚ !ܲv ~ܲ!ê˛ §!Ü ˛Î˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y– à“ G @˝ÃrÌ ˆÎÙl xÌ≈˛õ)î≈ ˆÙÔ!áܲ í˛z˛õܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚
§y•yˆÏ΃ !ï˛!l ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl ˆÎ flø,!ï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ àë˛lÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y– Îy xyÙÓ˚y fløÓ˚î ܲ!Ó˚ G ôyÓ˚î ܲ!Ó˚ ~à%ˆÏ°y §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏAà
§ˆÏAà xˆÏlܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l •Î˚– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ Îy ≤Ã̈ÏÙ ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ G Îy ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ˛õ%lÓ˚%ˆÏoܲ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ à%îàï˛
˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ xyˆÏSÈ– xlƒ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲÓ˚yG flø,!ï˛Ó˚ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyˆÏܲ ≤Ãôylï˛ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– xyÙÓ˚y ÎÌyÎÌ fiÌyˆÏl ~•z
xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xÓòylà%!° xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚Ó–

flø,!ï˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ åNature of Memoryä
ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ ˆòGÎ˚y K˛yl#Î˚ ܲyˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚
~ܲ!ê˛ §ÙÎ˚ܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ çlƒ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆÎ ï˛Ìƒ §ÇÓ˚«˛î G ˛õ%lÓ˚%ˆÏoܲ
ܲˆÏÓ˚y ˆ§ê˛y•z flø,!ï˛– ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ ˆ§ˆÏܲˆÏ[˛Ó˚ çlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛Ìƒ ôyÓ˚î
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ flø,!ï˛Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚
~ܲ!ê˛ x˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ˆê˛!°ˆÏÊ˛yl l¡∫Ó˚ ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚
Îï˛«˛î ly ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˙ Îsf!ê˛Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ˆ˛õÔÑSÈyˆÏly G í˛yÎ˚y°
ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈy xÌÓy xˆÏlܲ ÓSÈÓ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ ~álG ˆÎyà ~ÓÇ !ÓˆÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
ˆÜ˛Ô¢°à%!° ÙˆÏl ˆÓ˚ˆÏáˆÏSÈy Îy ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y §Ω˛Óï˛ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ fl%҈ϰ
ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ !¢ˆÏá!SȈϰ– flø,!ï˛ •° ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y ˆÎ!ê˛ !ï˛l!ê˛
fl∫ï˛sf xÌã˛ ˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏAà §¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §Ùß∫Î˚– ~à%ˆÏ°y
•° §ÇˆÏܲï˛yÎ˚lñ §ÇÓ˚«˛î ~ÓÇ ˛õ%lÓ˚%ˆÏoܲ– xyàï˛ ï˛Ìƒ ~•z !ï˛l!ê˛
˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˛õyÓ˚ •Î˚–
Ü˛ä §ÇˆÏܲï˛yÎ˚l •° ≤ÃÌÙ hflÏÓ˚ñ Îy ~•z ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ ˆÎ
˛ÎyÓ˚ myÓ˚y ï˛Ìƒ!ê˛ ≤ÃÌÙÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çlƒ ˆÓ˚ܲí≈˛ ܲÓ˚y G !lÓ!rôï˛ •Î˚
~•z çlƒ ÎyˆÏï˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ flø,!ï˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ myÓ˚y ~!ê˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ˆÎyàƒ
•ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– Îál•z xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Óy!•ƒÜ˛˛ í˛zj#˛õly xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
§!ߨˆÏÓ!¢ï˛ xAàà%!°ˆÏï˛ xyˆÏ§ ï˛ál ~ܲ!ê˛ fl¨yÎ˚!Óܲ flõ®l˛

132 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
í˛zͲõߨ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ xyÓ˚G ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚
!Ó!˲ߨ xÇ¢à%ˆÏ°y @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚– §ÇˆÏܲï˛yÎ˚l ~Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ï˛Ìƒ
≤ÃyÆ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ !ܲS%È xÌ≈ í˛zq(ï˛ •Î˚– ï˛yÓ˚˛õˆÏÓ˚ ~!ê˛ˆÏܲ ~Ùl˲yˆÏÓ
Ó˚)˛õ ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚ ÎyˆÏï˛ ~!ê˛ xyÓ˚G˛≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
áä §ÇÓ˚«˛î •° flø,!ï˛Ó˚ !mï˛#Î˚ ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚– ˆÎ ï˛Ìƒ §ÇˆÏܲï˛yÎ˚l ܲÓ˚y
•ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ï˛y §ÇÓ˚«˛î ܲÓ˚y xyÓ¢ƒÜ˛– ÎyˆÏï˛ ~!ê˛ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚
ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– xï˛~Ó §ÇÓ˚«˛î ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ ÎyÓ˚
myÓ˚y ï˛Ìƒ!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ §ÙÎ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yáy •Î˚–
àä ˛õ%lÓ˚%ˆÏoܲ flø,!ï˛Ó˚ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ôy˛õ– ï˛Ìƒ ˆÜ˛Ó° ï˛ál•z ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚
ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ Îál ˆÜ˛í˛z ï˛yÓ˚ flø,!ï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~!ê˛ ˛õ%lÓ˚%ÂôyÓ˚
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù •Î˚– ˛õ%lÓ˚%ˆÏoܲ Ó°ˆÏï˛ §!M˛ï˛ ï˛Ìƒ ܲyÓ˚G
§ˆÏã˛ï˛lï˛yÎ˚ xylyˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ ÎyˆÏï˛ ~ê˛y !Ó!˲ߨ K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛
ܲyçܲˆÏ Ù ≈ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ y ÎyÎ˚ – ˆÎÙl §Ù§ƒy §Ùyôyl Óy
!§Âôyhs˝@˝Ã•î– ~ê˛y á%Ó•z ÙçyòyÓ˚ ï˛Ìƒ ˆÎ ~à%!°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛ylG
~ܲ!ê˛ hflψÏÓ˚ flø,!ï˛ ÓƒÌ≈ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ï˛Ìƒ ˛õ%lÓ˚%ÂôyÓ˚
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÓƒÌ≈ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y ܲyÓ˚î ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~!ê˛ §!ë˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ
§ÇˆÏܲï˛yÎ˚l ܲˆÏÓ˚y!l Óy §M˛Î˚ fiÌyl!ê˛ ò%Ó≈° !SÈ°– ï˛y•z ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl
•ˆÏ°G ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~!ê˛ í˛zÂôyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚!l–
ï˛Ìƒ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yܲÓ˚î ˛õÂô!ï˛ ı ˆfiê˛ç ÙˆÏí˛°
Information Processing Approach : The Stage
Model
≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ˲yˆÏÓ ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ˆÎ flø,!ï˛ •° ~Ùl §Ó ï˛Ìƒ
§ÇÓ˚«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y Îy xyÙÓ˚y ˆ¢áyÓ˚ G x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ xç≈l
ܲ!Ó˚– ~!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó¢y° ˲y[˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ âÓ˚ !•§yˆÏÓ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl
§ÙhflÏ K˛yï˛ ï˛Ìƒ xyÙÓ˚y §ÇÓ˚«˛î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ~•zçlƒ ˆÎñ ÎyˆÏï˛
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçˆÏl ~ê˛y ˛õ%lÓ˚%ˆÏoܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚– !ܲv
ܲ!¡õí˛zê˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xy!ÓË≈˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ Ü˛!¡õí˛zê˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y˛
§ÇˆÏÓòlàï˛ flø,!ï˛
xy•zܲ!lܲñ •zˆÏܲy!Î˚ܲ
~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ •z!wÎ˚
ï˛Ìƒ §ÇÜ ˛yhs˝ ôyÓ˚l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà
«˛Ùï˛yÈüÈ xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢–
§ÙÎ˚ܲy°ÈüÈ
~ܲ ˆ§ˆÏܲˆÏ[˛Ó˚ Ü˛Ù–
ÙylÓflø,!ï˛ˆÏܲG ï˛Ìƒ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ !•§yˆÏÓ ˆòáy
•ˆÏFSÈ– í˛z˲ˆÏÎ˚•z !Ó˛õ%° ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyl ï˛Ìƒ !lÓrô#ܲÓ˚îñ §ÇÓ˚«˛î ~ÓÇ
!l˛õ%î˲yˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z !l˛õ%l˲yˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
Ê˛°fl∫Ó˚)˛õ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y Î!ò ܲ!¡õí˛zê˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚y
ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y çylˆÏÓ ˆÎ ~!ê˛Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xyˆÏSÈ xfiÌyÎ˚# flø,!ï˛ åÓ˚ƒy[˛Ù
xƒyˆÏ:§ flø,!ï˛ Óy xyÓ˚~~Ùä ~ÓÇ ~ܲ!ê˛ fiÌyÎ˚# flø,!ï˛ åˆÎÙl
~ܲ!ê˛ •yí≈˛!í˛flÒä– ˆ≤Ãy@˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ xyˆÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚
ܲ!¡õí˛zê˛yÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ flø,!ï˛à%!°Ó˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó› !l˛õ%î˲yˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚
~ÓÇ í˛zͲõy!òï˛ Ê˛°ˆÏܲ ˛õò≈yÎ˚ ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ܲ•z˛õˆÏÌ Ùyl%£ÏG
ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ §ÇˆÏܲï˛yÎ˚lñ ï˛Ìƒ §M˛Î˚ ~ÓÇ §ÇÓ˚«˛î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ü˛yˆÏÎ≈Ó˚
í˛z ˛ õÓ˚ !lË≈ ˛ Ó˚ ܲˆÏ Ó ˚ §ÇÓ˚ ! «˛ï˛ ï˛Ìƒà% ! °ˆÏ Ü ˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏ Ó ˚ –
í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õ Îál ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ày!î!ï˛Ü˛ §Ù§ƒy §ÙyôyˆÏlÓ˚
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚ ï˛ál ày!î!ï˛Ü˛ ܲyÎ≈ §¡õߨ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛
flø,!ï˛ñ ˆÎÙl ˲yàñ !ÓˆÏÎ˚yà •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ §ˆÏAà Î%=˛ flø,!ï˛ñ §¡õy!òï˛
•Î˚ñ §!Ü ˛Î˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ GˆÏë˛ ~ÓÇ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚– ~•z í˛z˛õÙy flø,!ï˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÌÙ
ÙˆÏí˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ àë˛ˆÏl ≤Ãôyl Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚ Îy xƒyê˛!ܲl§l ~ÓÇ
!§!Ê ˛l myÓ˚y 1968 §yˆÏ° ≤ÃhflÏy!Óï˛ •Î˚– ~!ê˛ ˆfiê˛ç ÙˆÏí˛°
lyˆÏÙ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛–
flø, ! ï˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ı §ÇˆÏ Ó òlàï˛ «˛îfiÌyÎ˚ # ~ÓÇ
ò#â≈fiÌyÎ˚# flø,!ï˛ ı
Memory Systems : Sensory, Short-Term and
Long Term Memories
ˆfiê˛ç ÙˆÏí˛° xl%ÎyÎ˚# !ï˛l!ê˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ xyˆÏSÈ– §ÇˆÏÓòlàï˛ flø,!ï˛ñ
«˛îfiÌyÎ˚# flø,!ï˛ ~ÓÇ ò#â≈fiÌyÎ˚# flø,!ï˛– ~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ˆÏï˛
!Ó!˲ߨ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ xyˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ §ÇˆÏÓòlàï˛ •zl‰˛õ%ê˛ xl%ÎyÎ˚# ï˛yÓ˚y
!Ó!˲ߨ˲yˆÏÓ !Ü ˛Î˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚ å!ã˛e ˆòáä– ~ˆÏ§y xyÙÓ˚y ˆò!á ~•z
˛õÂô!ï˛à%!° ܲ#–
«˛îfiÌyÎ˚# flø,!ï˛ ò#â≈fiÌyÎ˚# flø,!ï˛
ôyÓ˚î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y ÈüÈ fiÌyÎ˚# ôyÓ˚l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
x“ !Óhfl,Ïï˛ Ù•í˛¸yÈ «˛Ùï˛y ÈüÈ xÊ%˛Ó˚hs˝ÈüÈ
§ÙÎ˚ܲy°ÈüÈ §ÙÎ˚ܲy°ÈüÈ
30 ˆ§ˆÏܲˆÏ[˛Ó˚ Ü˛Ù– §yÓ˚y ç#ÓlÓƒy˛õ#–
üÈ
xôƒyÎ˚ Èü 7È • ÙylÓ flø,!ï˛ 133
§ÇˆÏÓòlàï˛ flø,!ï˛ (Sensory Memory) ı
xyàï˛ï˛Ìƒ ≤ÃÌˆÏ Ù §ÇˆÏ Ó òlàï˛ flø, ! ï˛ˆÏ ï ˛ ≤ÃˆÏ Ó ¢ ܲˆÏ Ó ˚ –
§ÇˆÏÓòlàï˛ flø,!ï˛Ó˚ xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢ ôyÓ˚î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y xyˆÏSÈ–
ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆ§!ê˛ á%Ó fl∫“ §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ çlƒñ ˆÎÙl ~ܲ ˆ§ˆÏܲˆÏ[˛Ó˚ Ü˛Ù–
~!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ flø,!ï˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ Îy ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ §ÇˆÏÓòlàï˛ ï˛ÌƒˆÏܲ
˛õ!Ó˚¢%Âôï˛yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ •z!wÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛Ìƒ !lÓ!rôlï˛– ≤ÃyÎ˚¢•z
~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛!ê˛ˆÏܲ §ÇˆÏÓòlàï˛ flø,!ï˛ Óy §ÇˆÏÓòlàï˛ !lÓrôܲ
!•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚y •ÏÎ˚ ܲyÓ˚î §ÙhflÏ •z!wÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛Ìƒ ~áyˆÏl
!lÓrôˆÏlÓ˚ §!ë˛Ü˛ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õ !•§yˆÏÓ !lÓ!rôï˛ •Î˚– Î!ò ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y
ܲálG ò¢≈làï˛ í˛z_Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õ åxyˆÏ°yܲˆÏÓ˚áy ˆÎ!ê˛ ÓyÕ∫!ê˛ Órô
•ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ä xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛ÏÓ˚ xÌÓy ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y Î!ò
¢∑!ê˛ Órô •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏ° ¢∑!ê˛Ó˚ ˛õ%lÓ˚yÓ,!_ ¢%lˆÏï˛ ˛õyG ï˛ˆÏÓ
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ò¢≈làï˛ Óy ◊Óîàï˛ §ÇˆÏÓòlàï˛ !lÓrôˆÏlÓ˚ §ˆÏAà
˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛–
«˛îfiÌyÎ˚# flø,!ï˛ (Short-term Memory) ı
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y §Ω˛Óï˛ı ~•z !ӣψÏÎ˚ §¡øï˛ •ˆÏÓ ˆÎ xyÙÓ˚y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
•z!wÎ˚à%!°ˆÏï˛ ≤ÃÓ#¤˛ §Ó ï˛ˆÏ̃ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà# •ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ly– ï˛Ìƒ
ˆÎ !mï˛#Î˚ flø,!ï˛ hflψÏÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y •° «˛îfiÌyÎ˚# flø,!ï˛ (STM
!•§yˆÏÓ §Çˆ«˛!˛õï˛äñ Îy x“ §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ çlƒ x“ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyl ï˛Ìƒ
ôyÓ˚ î ܲˆÏ Ó ˚ – å§yôyÓ˚ l ï˛ı 30 ˆ§ˆÏ Ü ˛[˛˛ Óy ï˛yÓ˚ ܲÙä–
xƒyê˛!ܲl§l ~ÓÇ !§!Ê ˛l ≤ÃhflÏyÓ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚l ˆÎñ «˛îfiÌyÎ˚# flø,!ï˛Ó˚
ï˛Ìƒ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ˲yˆÏÓ ¢∑àï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ §ÇˆÏܲï˛yÎ˚l ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– xÌ≈yÍ
ˆÎÙl ~ê˛y ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛ ˲yˆÏÓ xl%¢#°l
ly ܲÓ˚y ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ~!ê˛ 30 ˆ§ˆÏܲˆÏ[˛Ó˚ Ü˛Ù §ÙˆÏÎ˚ «˛îfiÌyÎ˚# flø,!ï˛
ˆÌˆÏܲ •y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎ fl∫“ˆÏÙÎ˚yò# flø,!ï˛ Ë˛Aà%Ó˚ !ܲv
Óy: 7É1 ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# flø,!ï˛
§y¡±!ï˛Ü˛ ÓSÈÓ˚à%!°ˆÏï˛ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl#Ó˚y ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl
ˆÎ «˛îfiÌyÎ˚# flø,!ï˛ ~ܲܲ lÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏï˛ xˆÏlܲ í˛z˛õyòyl ÌyܲˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚– «˛îfiÌyÎ˚# flø,!ï˛Ó˚ Ó•% í˛z˛õyòyl xy!Aàܲ!ê˛ ≤Ã̈ÏÙ ÓyU˛!°
≤ÃhflÏyÓ å1986ä ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl – !ï˛!l ≤ÃhflÏyÓ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ˆÎ «˛îfiÌyÎ˚#
flø,!ï˛!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!‹;Î˚ hflÏÓ˚ lÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ~!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛yˆÏçÓ˚ ˆÓÓï˛ Îy
!Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ flø,!ï˛ §yÙ@˝Ã# ôyÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ Îy Îál Ùyl%£Ï ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó˚ܲÙ
K˛yl#Î˚ ܲyÎ≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ !lÎ˚!Ùï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– !l˛õ%îï˛yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ
ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ~ÓÇ Ó˚)˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚– ~•z ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ˆÓM˛!ê˛ˆÏܲ
ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# flø,!ï˛ Ó°y •Î˚– ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# flø,!ï˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÌÙ í˛z˛õyòyl •° ¢∑àï˛
ã˛Ü ˛ (Phonological Loop) Îy ~ܲ!ê˛ §#!Ùï˛ §ÇáƒÜ˛ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚
134 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
§ÇˆÏÓòlàï˛ !lÓrôˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ~ï˛ê˛y ˲Aà%Ó˚ lÎ˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl ï˛Ìƒ
fl∫Î˚Ç!Ü ˛Î˚ ˲yˆÏÓ ~ܲ ˆ§ˆÏܲˆÏ[˛Ó˚G Ü˛Ù §ÙˆÏÎ˚ fiÌyÎ˚# •Î˚–
ò#â≈fiÌyÎ˚# flø,!ï˛ (Long-term Memory) ı
«˛îfiÌyÎ˚# flø,!ï˛Ó˚ «˛Ùï˛y G fiÌyÎ˚# §#ÙyÓÂôï˛yÎ˚ xÓ!¢T˛
§yÙ@˝Ã#à%!° xӈϢˆÏ£Ï ò#â≈ˆÏÙÎ˚yò# flø,!ï˛ˆÏï˛ åLTM !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ
§ÇˆÏ«˛!˛õï˛ä ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ÎyÓ˚ ï˛ÌƒôyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y !Ó¢y° «˛Ùï˛y
xyˆÏSÈ– ~!ê˛ §ÙhflÏ ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ fiÌyÎ˚# K˛yl˲y[˛yÓ˚– ˆ§•z ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
§y¡±!ï˛Ü˛ï˛Ù ï˛Ìƒ xÌ≈yÍ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y àï˛Ü˛y° §Ü˛yˆÏ° ç°áyÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
çlƒ Îy ˆáˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰ ï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ SÈÎ˚ ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚
çß√!òl!ê˛ Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰ •zï˛ƒy!ò xˆÏlܲܲy° xyˆÏàÓ˚
ï˛ÌƒG Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~!ê˛ ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎñ ˆÜ˛yl ï˛Ìƒ ò#â≈fiÌyÎ˚#
flø,!ï˛ hflψÏÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ~!ê˛ Ü˛álG ˆË˛y°y ÎyÎ˚ ly ܲyÓ˚î ~!ê˛
xÌ≈˛õ)î≈ ˲yˆÏÓ !lÓ!rôï˛ •Î˚ xÌ≈yÍ ˆÜ˛yl ï˛Ìƒ !ܲ xÌ≈ Ó•l ܲˆÏÓ˚
ï˛yÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛– Ë%˛ˆÏ° ÎyGÎ˚y !•§yˆÏÓ ˆÎê˛y ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚ ˆÎñ
~!ê˛ •° ˛õ%lÓ˚%ÂôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÓƒÌ≈ï˛y– !Ó!˲ߨ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y §ÇÓ˚!«˛ï˛
ï˛Ìƒ ˛õ%lÓ˚%ÂôyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ ly– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~•z xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ ˛˛õˆÏÓ˚
˛õ%lÓ˚%ˆÏoܲ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ !ÓfløÓ˚î !ӣψÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏÓ–
~ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ xyÙÓ˚y ¢%ô%Ùye ˆT˛ç ÙˆÏí˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyàï˛
˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ !lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ– ˆÎ§Ó ≤ß¿à%!° ~áˆÏly
§ÙyôyˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈ ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛Ìƒ ~ܲ˛ hflÏÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xlƒ
hflψÏÓ˚ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ӈϢ£Ï ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ flø,!ï˛Ó˚«˛yÎ˚
~!ê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ÎyÎ˚– ~ˆÏ§y xyÙÓ˚y ~•z ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ܲ!Ó˚–
ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ï˛Ìƒ ~ܲ hflÏÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xlƒhflψÏÓ˚ ÎyÎ˚⁄ ~•z ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚
í˛z_Ó˚ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ~ê˛!ܲl§l ~ÓÇ !¢!Ê ˛l !Ó!˲ߨ ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ ≤ÃÓy•
ôyÓ˚îy ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ 2 ˆ§ˆÏܲˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆ§à%!° ˛õ%lÓ˚yÓ,!_ ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ˆÎà%!°
lT˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– !mï˛#Î˚ í˛z˛õyòyl ò¢≈l fiÌylàï˛ ˆflÒã˛˛õƒyí˛ Vison
spaital sketch pad ˆÎê˛y ò¢≈làï˛ ~ÓÇ fiÌyl#Î˚ ï˛Ìƒ §M˛Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚
~ÓÇ ¢∑àï˛ ã˛ˆÏÜ ˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ˆflÒã˛˛õƒyˆÏí˛Ó˚ «˛Ùï˛y §#!Ùï˛– ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ í˛z˛õyòyl
Îy Óƒyí˛!° (Baddeley) ≤Ãôyl ܲyÎ≈!lÓy≈•Ü˛ ӈϰ x!˲!•ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl
~!ê˛ ¢∑àï˛ ã˛Ü ˛ñ ò¢≈l fiÌylàï˛ ˆflÒã˛˛õƒyˆÏí˛Ó˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ ò#â≈ˆÏÙÎ˚yò#
flø,!ï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛Ìƒ §Çà!ë˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ܲçl §!ï˛ƒÜ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !lÓ≈y•Ü˛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ
~!ê˛ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyààï˛ §¡õòˆÏܲ ˲yï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ï˛Ìƒ !Óï˛Ó˚î
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÎyˆÏï˛ K˛yl#Î˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲ°y˛õ §¡õߨ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ í˛z˛õˆÏòT˛y
!•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly Ó˚ã˛ly G xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ !lÎ˚sfî ܲˆÏÓ˚–
˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~Ùl !lÎ˚sfî ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îyˆÏܲ ≤ÃhflÏyÓ
ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
ˆÎê˛y !Ó!˲ߨ flø,!ï˛ hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ ≤ÃÓ•Ùyl í˛z˛õˆÏòT˛y
!•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚– xyˆÏàÓ˚ ≤ÃhflÏyÓ xl%ÎyÎ˚# §ÙhflÏ ï˛Ìƒ Îy
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ •z!wÎ˚ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y !lÓ!rôï˛ •Î˚ ly– Î!ò ï˛y •Î˚ñ
ܲ“ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ flø,!ï˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏܲ ܲ# ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ã˛yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ §ˆÏAà
ˆÙyܲy!Ó°y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ¢%ô%Ùye ˆ§•z ï˛Ìƒ Îy §ÇˆÏÓòlàï˛
!lÓrôܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ «˛îfiÌyÎ˚# flø,!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
ˆ§•z !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà ˆÎÙl!ê˛ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y •z!ï˛ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õM˛Ù
xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸SÈñ ~!ê˛ ≤ÃÌÙ !lÎ˚sfî ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y Îy !ë˛Ü˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yl‰
ï˛Ìƒ˛ §ÇˆÏÓòlàï˛ !lÓrôܲÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ «˛îfiÌyÎ˚# flø,!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ºÙî
ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ⁄ ˆÎ §ÇˆÏÓòlàï˛ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛à%ˆÏ°y ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà ˛õyÎ˚ ly ï˛y
o%ï˛ !Ó°#l •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– «˛îfiÌyÎ˚# flø,!ï˛ ï˛Ìƒ §ÇÓ˚!«˛ï˛ Ó˚yáyÓ˚
çlƒ xlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ !lÎ˚sfî ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y !ë˛Ü˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆ§!ê˛ •° Ó˚«˛îyˆÏÓ«˛î
Ù•í˛¸y– lyÙ!ê˛ ≤ÃhflÏyÓ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ù•í˛¸y Óy !Ó˚•y§≈y°à%!°
ˆÜ˛Ó° ˛õ%lÓ˚yÓ,!_Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ï˛Ìƒ ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yˆÏá ~ÓÇ Îál ~•z
ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ%lÓ˚yÓ,!_ Órô •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ ï˛ál ï˛Ìƒ!ê˛ •y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– xyÓ˚
~ܲ!ê˛ !lÎ˚sfî ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y Îy ï˛yÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y ≤çy!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ «˛îfiÌyÎ˚#
flø,!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ •Î˚ ï˛y •° ã˛yÇ!ܲǖ ã˛yÇ!Ü˛Ç ~Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ
«˛îfiÌyÎ˚# flø,!ï˛Ó˚ «˛Ùï˛y ≤çy!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y §Ω˛Ó Îy •° §yï˛ ˆÎyà
!ÓˆÏÎ˚yà ò%•z å7 2ä– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õ Î!ò ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
§ÇáƒyÓ˚ §y!Ó˚ ÎÌy 194719492004 åˆÎl §Çáƒy!ê˛
«˛îfiÌyÎ˚# flø,!ï˛Ó˚ «˛Ùï˛y x!ï˛Ü ˛Ù ܲˆÏÓ˚ä ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ó°y •Î˚
ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~•z˲yˆÏÓ ã˛yÇ!Ü˛Ç Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ñ 1947ñ 1949
~ÓÇ 2004 ~ÓÇ ÙˆÏl Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y ~˲yˆÏÓ Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛ fl∫yô#l
•GÎ˚yÓ˚ ÓSÈÓ˚ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓñ ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ §Ç!Óôyl à,•#ï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ÓSÈÓ˚!ê˛
~ÓÇ ˆ§•z ÓSÈÓ˚ Îál §%ly!Ù Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛ G ò!«˛l˛õ)Ó≈ ~¢#Î˚ ˆò¢à%!°Ó˚
í˛z˛õÜ)˛°#Î˚ xM˛ˆÏ° xyâyï˛ ˆ•ˆÏl!SÈ°–
«˛îfiÌyÎ˚# flø,!ï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛Ìƒ ò#â≈fiÌyÎ˚# flø,!ï˛ˆÏï˛ !Óhfl,Ïï˛
Ù•í˛¸yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚– l#Ó˚Ó Óy §¢∑ ˛õ%lÓ˚yÓ,!_Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ
˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ Ó˚«˛îyˆÏÓ«˛î Ù•í˛¸yÓ˚ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ˆÏï˛ ò#â≈fiÌyÎ˚# flø,!ï˛ˆÏï˛
•zˆÏï˛yÙˆÏôƒ !ÓòƒÙyl ï˛Ìƒà%!°ˆÏܲñ ˆÎ ï˛Ìƒ à%ˆÏ°y ôˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yáy •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §ÇÎ%=˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ – í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õ ÙylÓï˛y ¢∑!ê˛Ó˚
xÌ≈ ÙˆÏl Ó˚yáyÓ˚ ܲyç!ê˛ Î!ò Ú§ÙˆÏÓòlyÛñ Ú§ï˛ƒÛ ~ÓÇ Úí˛zòyÓ˚ï˛yÛ
!•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ôyÓ˚îyà%!° xÌ≈ •zˆÏï˛yÙˆÏôƒ•z §ÇÓ˚!«˛ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛ˆÏÓ §•ˆÏç
•ˆÏÓ– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y lï%˛l ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ §ˆÏAà ˛õ%Ó˚yˆÏly ï˛ÌƒˆÏܲ Îï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ
§ÇÎ%=˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ ˆ§ê˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚•z ï˛yÓ˚ fiÌyÎ˚#c !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
!Óhfl,Ïï˛ Ù•í˛¸y à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ ~ܲçl !Ó!˲ߨ ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ ˛§ˆÏAà õ)Ó≈Óï≈˛#
ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ xl%£Ï§ˆÏAàÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ~ˆÏï˛
Îï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ §Ω˛Ó xyàï˛ ï˛Ìƒ §Çàë˛l ܲÓ˚y •Î˚˛– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !ܲS%È
§ÇáƒÜ˛ ï˛y!Ü≈˛Ü˛ §Çàë˛l myÓ˚y ï˛Ìƒ Óyí˛¸yˆÏï˛ñ lï%˛Óy ~ܲ•zÓ˚ܲÙ
flø,!ï˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §ÇÎ%=˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y Óy xlƒÌyÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ùyl!§Ü˛
≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õ ˜ï˛Ó˚# ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y– !ã˛e 7É1 Îy flø,!ï˛Ó˚ ˆfiê˛ç ÙˆÏí˛°
í˛z˛õfiÌy!˛õï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ï˛#Ó˚à%ˆÏ°y ~ܲ ˛õÎy≈ÏÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xlƒ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚
ï˛Ìƒ ºÙˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛!ê˛ ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
flø,!ï˛Ó˚ ˆfiê˛ç ÙˆÏí˛° ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÎ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ܲÓ˚y
•ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ï˛yˆÏï˛ !Ù◊ Ê˛°yÊ˛° í˛zͲõy!òï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Î!òG !ܲS%È ˛õÓ˚#«˛y
flõT˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˆòáyÎ˚ ˆÎ «˛îfiÌyÎ˚# flø,!ï˛ ~ÓÇ ò#â≈fiÌyÎ˚# flø,!ï˛
≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛˛õˆÏ«˛ ò%!ê˛ xy°yòy flø,!ï˛hflÏÓ˚ñ xlƒylƒ ï˛Ìƒ≤ÃÙyî ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
fl∫ï˛sfï˛y !lˆÏÎ˚ ≤ß¿ ï%˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈ– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ ~!ê˛ ˆòáyˆÏly
•ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ˆÎ «˛îfiÌyÎ˚# flø,!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ï˛Ìƒ!ê˛ ≤ÃӰ˲yˆÏÓ !lÓ!rôï˛
ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ xyÓ˚ ò#â≈fiÌyÎ˚# flø,!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ¢∑yÌ≈àï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ !lÓ!rôï˛
ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛≈# ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ≤ÃÙyîà%!° ˆòáyÎ˚ ˆÎ
ï˛Ìƒ!ê˛ «˛îfiÌyÎ˚# flø,!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ¢∑yÌ≈àï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ !lÓ!rôï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛
ܲyç ı 7É1
1ä l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ §Çáƒy ï˛y!°Ü˛yà%!° ÙˆÏl Ó˚yáyÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚y ıå~ܲܲ ˲yˆÏÓä
1 9 2 5 4 9 8 11 21
~ál !l¡¨!°!áï˛ §Çáƒyà%ˆÏ°y ò°àï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ fløÓ˚î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚y
1 9 25 49 81 21
xӈϢˆÏ£Ï !l¡¨!°!áï˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ fløÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
12ñ 32ñ 52ñ 72ñ 92ñ 112
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ܲ# ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ˆòáˆÏ°⁄
ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Órô%ˆÏܲ ≤Ã!ï˛ ˆ§ˆÏܲˆÏ[˛˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ §Çáƒy à!ï˛ˆÏï˛
§y!Ó˚ˆÏï˛˛ ≤Ãò_ ï˛y!°Ü˛yà%!° ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ˆ¢ylyG ~ÓÇ ~ܲ•z Ü ˛ˆÏÙ §ÙhflÏ
§ÇáƒyÓ˚ ˛õ%lÓ˚yÓ,!_ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ó°–
ï˛y!°Ü˛y §Çáƒy
1ä å6 §ÇáƒyÓ˚ä 2ÈüÈ6ÈüÈ3ÈüÈ8ÈüÈ3ÈüÈ4
2ä å7 §ÇáƒyÓ˚ä 7ÈüÈ4ÈüÈ8ÈüÈ24ÈüÈ12
3ä å8 §ÇáƒyÓ˚ä 4ÈüÈ3ÈüÈ7ÈüÈ2ÈüÈ9ÈüÈ0ÈüÈ3ÈüÈ6
4ä å10 §ÇáƒyÓ˚ä 9ÈüÈ2ÈüÈ4ÈüÈ1ÈüÈ7ÈüÈ8ÈüÈ2ÈüÈ6ÈüÈ5ÈüÈ3
5ä å12 §ÇáƒyÓ˚ä 8ÈüÈ2ÈüÈ5ÈüÈ4ÈüÈ7ÈüÈ4ÈüÈ7ÈüÈ7ÈüÈ3ÈüÈ9ÈüÈ16
ÙˆÏl Ó˚yáˆÏÓ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ï˛y!°Ü˛y!ê˛ ˆ¢£Ï ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ•z
ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Órô% §Çáƒyà%!° ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– !°ˆÏá lyG ܲï˛à%!° §Çáƒy
fløÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Órô%Ó˚ flø,!ï˛ ˆflÒyÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ myÓ˚y §!ë˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ
˛õ%lÓ˚%ˆÏoܲ ܲÓ˚y §Çáƒy •ˆÏÓ– ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §•˛õyë˛# G !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ §ˆÏAà
ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ Ê˛°yÊ˛° !lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚–
xôƒyÎ˚ Èü 7È • ÙylÓ flø,!ï˛ 135
˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ò#â≈fiÌyÎ˚# flø,!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ◊Óîàï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ !lÓ!rôï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
§ƒy!°Ü˛ G GÎ˚y!Ó˚Çê˛l 1970 §yˆÏ° ˆÜ˛É~Ê˛ lyˆÏÙ
˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ âê˛ly í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl !Î!l ò%â≈ê˛lyÎ˚
˛õˆÏí˛¸l ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ ÓyÙ ˆày°yˆÏô≈Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xÇ¢ «˛!ï˛@˝ÃhflÏ
•Î˚– ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ~!ê˛ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ ï˛yÓ˚ ò#â≈ˆÏÙÎ˚yò# flø,!ï˛!ê˛ x«˛ï˛
!SÈ° !ܲv «˛îfiÌyÎ˚# flø,!ï˛!ê˛ à%Ó˚%ï˛Ó˚ «˛!ï˛@˝ÃhflÏ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ˆfiê˛ç
ÙˆÏí˛°!ê˛ §%˛õy!Ó˚¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ ï˛Ìƒ «˛îfiÌyÎ˚# flø,!ï˛Ó˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚
ò#â≈fiÌyÎ˚# flø,!ï˛ˆÏï˛ !lÓÂô •Î˚ ~ÓÇ Î!ò ˆÜ˛É~Ê˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚ «˛îfiÌyÎ˚#
flø,!ï˛!ê˛ «˛!ï˛@˝ÃhflÏ •Î˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚ ò#â≈fiÌyÎ˚# flø,!ï˛ Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ
•ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚⁄ xlƒylƒ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÎ˚ ˆòáy ˆàˆÏSÈ ˆÎ flø,!ï˛Ó˚
˛õÂô!ï˛!ê˛ ~ܲ•zÓ˚Ü˛Ù •Î˚ ï˛yˆÏï˛ ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly ï˛Ìƒ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ ˆ§ˆÏܲˆÏ[˛Ó˚
çlƒ Óy Ó•% ÓSÈÓ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ ôyÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y ˆ•yܲ ly ˆÜ˛l ~ÓÇ flø,!ï˛Ó˚ hflÏÓ˚
à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ xy°yòy ly ܲˆÏÓ˚•z flø,!ï˛ˆÏܲ ˲yˆÏ°y˲yˆÏÓ ˆÓyV˛y ˆÎˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~•z §ÙhflÏ ≤ÃÙyîà%!° flø,!ï˛Ó˚ xlƒ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚˛!òˆÏܲ
˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ Îy flø,!ï˛Ó˚ !mï˛#Î˚ ÙˆÏí˛° !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ l#ˆÏã˛
xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÈܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ hflÏÓ˚ (Level of Processing)
1972 §yˆÏ° ˆÜ ˛•zܲ G °Ü˛•yˆÏê˛≈Ó˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ hflÏÓ˚
~•z Ùï˛Óyò!ê˛ ≤ÃhflÏy!Óï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ~•z Ùï˛!ê˛ ≤ÃhflÏyÓ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ
ˆÜ˛ylG lï%˛l ï˛Ìƒ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yܲÓ˚ˆÏî˛ Ü˛# ˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ãï˛ƒ!«˛ï˛˛ •Î˚ñ !ӈϟ’£Ïî
ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÓyV˛y •Î˚ ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ~!ê˛ !ë˛Ü˛ ܲï˛ê%˛Ü%˛˛
§ÇÓ˚!«˛ï˛ •ˆÏÓ ~ˆÏܲ !lô≈yÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚– Î!òG ~•z ≤ÃhflÏyÓ!ê˛Ó˚ ï˛ál
ˆÌˆÏܲ•z xˆÏlܲ §ÇˆÏ¢yôl âˆÏê˛ˆÏSÈ ï˛ˆÏÓ ~ Ù)° ôyÓ˚îy ~ܲ•z Ó˚ܲÙ
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ˆÏ§y !ÓhflÏy!Ó˚ï˛ çylyÓ˚ çlƒ ~•z Ùï˛Óyò!ê˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ܲ!Ó˚–
ˆÜ ˛•zܲ ~ÓÇ °Ü˛•yê≈˛ ≤ÃhflÏyÓ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ˆÎ flø,!ï˛Ó˚ ~ܲy!ôܲ hflÏÓ˚
xyàï˛ ï˛ÌƒˆÏܲ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó– ~ܲçl ~!ê˛ Ü˛yë˛yˆÏÙyàï˛
˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ ~ܲçl catÈüÈ
¢∑!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ¢%ô%Ùye x«˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ÙˆÏly!lˆÏÓ¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ¢∑!ê˛ ÓˆÏí˛¸y •yˆÏï˛Ó˚ x«˛ˆÏÓ˚ ly ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y •yˆÏï˛Ó˚ x«˛ˆÏÓ˚
ˆ°áy Óy ˆÜ˛yl ÓˆÏî≈Ó˚ ܲy!°ˆÏï˛ ˆ°áy ï˛y ˆòáyÓ˚ ÓòˆÏ°– ~!ê˛
≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ ~ÓÇ xà˲#Ó˚ hflÏÓ˚– xhs˝Ó≈ï≈˛# ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲçl
Óƒ!=˛ x«˛Ó˚à%!°Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ ôÁ!lï˛_¥ !lˆÏÎ˚˛ !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚˛
~ÓÇ ~ˆÏï˛ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà# ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆ§•zçlƒ xyÜ,˛!ï˛àï˛
˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ!ê˛ xhs˝ï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ xÌ≈˛õ)î≈ ¢ˆÏ∑ Ó˚)˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚ ˆÎÙl
~ܲ!ê˛ ¢∑ 'cat' ÎyˆÏï˛ !ï˛l!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ x«˛Ó˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ˛– ~•z ò%•z
hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ ï˛Ìƒ !ӈϟ’£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ò%Ó≈° flø,!ï˛ í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~!ê˛
136 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
o%ï˛ lT˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– Îy•zˆÏ•yܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ Óy à˲#Ó˚ï˛Ù hflÏÓ˚
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎáyˆÏl ï˛Ìƒ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ §ÇÓ˚!«˛ï˛ ï˛Ìƒ!ê˛
ò#â≈ §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ çlƒ ï˛y !l!Ÿã˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒñ ~!ê˛ˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ xˆÏÌ≈Ó˚
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ !ӈϟ’£Ïî G ˆÓyV˛y á%Ó•z à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õ
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆÓí˛¸yˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ãyî#ˆÏܲ ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y ÎyÓ˚
ˆ°yÙ xyˆÏSÈ ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ ˛õyñ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆ°ç Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ ~!ê˛ hflÏlƒ˛õyÎ˚#–
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y˛ !Óí˛¸yˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚
x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ˆÎ•z SÈ!Ó!ê˛ˆÏܲ Î%=˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y– ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ¢ˆÏ£Ï
Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy ~ÓÇ ôÁ!lï˛_¥ §ÇÜ ˛yhs˝ ï˛Ìƒ !ӈϟ’£Ïî xà˲#Ó˚
ï˛Ìƒ !ӈϟ’£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ñ ˆÎáyˆÏl xˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚
!lÓrô#ܲÓ˚î à˲#Ó˚ ï˛Ìƒ !ӈϟ’£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ Îy ~Ùl flø,!ï˛ˆÏܲ
!lˆÏò≈¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ!ê˛ !ÓfløÓ˚ˆÏî ΈÏÌT˛ Óyôy ˆòÎ˚–
xyÙÓ˚y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ï˛ÌƒˆÏܲ ˆÎÙl˲yˆÏÓ §ÇˆÏܲï˛yÎ˚l ܲ!Ó˚
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ flø,!ï˛ ï˛yÓ˚•z ˛õ!Ó˚îyÙ fl∫Ó˚)˛õ ~ÓÇ ~!ê˛Ó˚ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ≤Ã˲yÓ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– flø,!ï˛Ó˚ ~•z ≤ÃhflÏyÓ!ê˛ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚
í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ ˆÎ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y Îál ~ܲ!ê˛ lï%˛l
˛õyë˛ !¢áSÈ ï˛ál ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ xÌ≈à%!° Îï˛ê˛y §Ω˛Ó
!ÓhflÏy!Ó˚ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ !ÓÓ,ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ Ù%%áfiÌ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚
ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° •ˆÏÓ ly– ~!ê˛ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ¢#â •z Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛
˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ ˆÎ ï˛Ìƒ!ê˛Ó˚ xÌ≈ Ó%V˛yˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ ï˛Ìƒñ ôyÓ˚îy ~ÓÇ
ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ~!ê˛ Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛
•Î˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛!°ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ò#â≈fiÌyÎ˚# ôyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ~!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!Ÿã˛ï˛
í˛z˛õyÎ˚–
ò#â≈fiÌyÎ˚# flø,!ï˛Ó˚ ôÓ˚l
(Types of Long-Term Memory)
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y Óy: 7É1 ~ ˛˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏSÈ «˛îfiÌyÎ˚# flø,!ï˛
~ܲy!ôܲ í˛z˛õyòyl åܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# G flø,!ï˛ä myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛ – ~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓ
~!ê˛ ≤ÃhflÏyÓ Ü˛Ó˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎ ò#â≈fiÌyÎ˚# flø,!ï˛G ˙!ܲܲ lÎ˚ ܲyÓ˚î
~!ê˛ˆÏï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ï˛Ìƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•z ò,!T˛ˆÏܲyl ˆÌˆÏܲ
§Ù§yÙ!Î˚ܲ §)eà%!° !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ò#â≈fiÌyÎ˚#
flø,!ï˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ãôyl ˆ◊!îܲÓ˚î •° ˆây£ÏîyÙ)°Ü˛
~ÓÇ ˛õÂô!ï˛àï˛ åܲálG ܲálG xˆÏây£ÏîyÙ)°Ü˛ Ó°y •Î˚ ä
flø,!ï˛à%!°Ó˚– ï˛Ìƒñ lyÙñ ï˛y!Ó˚á §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ ï˛Ìƒñ ˆÎÙl ~ܲ!ê˛
!Ó˚:yÓ˚ !ï˛l!ê˛ ã˛yܲy xyˆÏSÈñ xÌÓy 15 xàyT˛ 1947 §yˆÏ°
˲yÓ˚ï˛ fl∫yô#lï˛y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° xÌÓy Óƒy. ~ܲ!ê˛ xƒy!¡≥˛!ÓÎ˚yl Óy
ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Órô%Ó˚ lyÙñ ~à%ˆÏ°y ˆây£ÏîyÙ)°Ü˛ flø,!ï˛Ó˚
xÇ¢– xlƒ!òˆÏܲ ˛õÂô!ï˛àï˛ flø,!ï˛ñ ˆ§•z flø,!ï˛à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚
ˆÎÙl ~ܲ!ê˛ §y•zˆÏܲ° ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ã˛y°yˆÏly ÎyÎ˚ñ ï˛y ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ÓylyˆÏly
ÎyÎ˚ Óy ÓyˆÏflÒê˛Ó° ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ˆá°y ÎyÎ˚– ˆây£ÏîyÙ)°Ü˛ flø,!ï˛ˆÏï˛
Ìyܲy ï˛Ìƒà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˆÙÔ!áܲ Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Óyôƒ ï˛ˆÏÓ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yàï˛
flø,!ï˛Ó˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó› §•ˆÏç Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õ Îál
!çK˛y§y ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ !Ü ˛ˆÏܲÏê˛ ˆá°y ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ˆá°y ÎyÎ˚ ï˛y Óî≈ly
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓñ xyÓyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛í˛z Î!ò ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !çˆÏK˛§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ §y•zˆÏܲ° ã˛y°yFSÈ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ Óî≈≈ly
ܲÓ˚y ܲ!ë˛l •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
Tulving xlƒ ˆ◊!î!Ó˲yà í˛z˛õfiÌy!˛õï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ~ÓÇ
ӈϰˆÏSÈl ˆÎ ˆây£ÏîyÙ)°Ü˛ flø,!ï˛ í˛z˛õyáƒylÙ)°Ü˛ Óy ¢∑yÌ≈ܲ •ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
í˛z˛õyáƒylÙ)°Ü˛ flø,!ï˛ˆÏï˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ç#Ól#Ó˚
!ÓÓÓ˚î Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Óƒy!=˛àï˛ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛
flø,!ï˛à%!° í˛z˛õyáƒylÙ)°Ü˛ flø,!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ~!ê˛Ó˚
!Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó› §yôyÓ˚îï˛ xyˆÏÓààï˛– ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛Ùl °yà!SÈ° Îál
Óy: 7É2 ò#â≈fiÌyÎ˚# flø,!ï˛Ó˚ !Ó˲yà
flø,!ï˛ xôƒÎ˚l ~ܲ!ê˛ xyܲ£Ï≈î#Î˚ ˆ«˛e ~ÓÇ àˆÏÓ£ÏܲÓ˚y xˆÏlܲ lï%˛l
âê˛ly ï%˛ˆÏ° ôˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– !l¡¨!°!áï˛ âê˛ly ÙylÓflø,!ï˛ ˆÎ ç!ê˛° G
à!ï˛¢#° ï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ ≤Ãò¢≈l–
Êœ˛ƒy¢ÓyÕ∫˛˛flø,!ï˛ ı ~•zà%!° á%Ó í˛zˆÏ_çlyÙÎ˚ Óy xyŸã˛Î≈çlܲ âê˛lyÓ˚
flø,!ï˛– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ flø,!ï˛ á%Ó !ÓhflÏy!Ó˚ï˛– ï˛yÓ˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zß¨ï˛ ÙˆÏí˛ˆÏ°Ó˚
ܲƒyˆÏÙÓ˚yˆÏï˛ ˆlGÎ˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ SÈ!ÓÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y •Î˚– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆÓyï˛yÙ !ê˛˛õˆÏ°•z
~ܲ !Ù!lê˛ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ò,ˆÏ¢ƒÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ%l!l≈Ù≈yî ˛õyˆÏÓ– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y
Îál•z ã˛yG Ê˛ˆÏê˛y@˝ÃyÊ˛ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ– Êœ˛ƒy¢ÓyÕ∫ flø,!ï˛à%!° flø,!ï˛ˆÏï˛
!•Ùy!Î˚ï˛ !ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ Ùï˛ ~ÓÇ !l!ò≈T˛ fiÌylñ ï˛y!Ó˚á G §ÙÎ˚ ~ˆÏï˛ xyÓÂô
ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– §Ω˛Óï˛ ~•z flø,!ï˛à%ˆÏ°y àë˛Ïl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Óƒ!=˛ xyÓ˚G ˆÓ!¢
≤ÈÏã˛T˛y ã˛y°yÎ˚ ~ÓÇ !Ó¢òÓ˚îà%ˆÏ°y ï%˛ˆÏ° ôÓ˚ˆÏ° à˲#ÏÓ˚hflψÏÓ˚
˛≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yܲÓ˚î •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆ§•z§yˆÏÌ ˛õ%lÓ˚%ÂôyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çlƒ xyˆÏÓ˚y
§)e ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
xydç#Ól#Ù)°Ü˛ flø,!ï˛ ı ~•zà%!° Óƒ!=˛àï˛ flø,!ï˛– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ç#ÓÏl
Óƒy˛õ# ~!ê˛ §Ùyl˲yˆÏÓ Ó!^˝ê˛ï˛ lÎ˚– !ܲS%È ˛õÓ≈ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏl xlƒˆÏòÓ˚
ï%˛°lyÎ˚ xyÓ˚G ˆÓ!¢ flø,!ï˛ í˛zͲõyòl ܲˆÏÓ˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õ !ӈϢ£Ï
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ 4 ˆÌˆÏܲ 5 ÓSÈÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ܲyˆÏ° ˜¢¢Ó §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
flø,!ï˛ §ÇÓ˚«˛î ܲÓ˚y •Î˚!l– ~!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˜¢¢Óܲy!°l flø,!ï˛ !ӈϰy˛õ Ó°y
•Î˚– ≤ÃyÓ˚!Ω˛Ü˛ ≤ÃyÆ ÓÎ˚flÒܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ flø,!ï˛à%!°Ó˚ ˛õ%lı ˛õ%lı
§Çàë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ lyê˛Ü˛#Î˚ Ó,!Âô âˆÏê˛È xÌ≈yÍ Îál ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÓÎ˚§
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y Üœ˛yˆÏ§ ≤ÃÌÙ •ˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰ xÌÓy ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ Órô% Ü˛ï˛ Ó˚yà
ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ° ~ÓÇ Îál ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ≤Ã!ï˛◊%!ï˛˛õ)Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚y!lñ ï˛ál ˆ§
!ܲ ӈϰ!SÈ°– Î!ò ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ âê˛lyà%!° ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏl
xy§ˆÏ°•z âˆÏê˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛y•ˆÏ° §Ω˛Óï˛ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚à%!°
ÎÌyÎÌ §!ë˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ– Î!òG ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ x!˲K˛ï˛y
Ë%˛ˆÏ° ÎyGÎ˚y ܲ!ë˛lñ ï˛Ó%G ~!ê˛ ~ܲ•z Ó˚Ü˛Ù §ï˛ƒ ˆÎ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
ç#ÓˆÏl Ü ˛Ùyàï˛ âê˛ly âˆÏê˛ ~ÓÇ xyÙÓ˚y §Óà%ˆÏ°y ÙˆÏl Ó˚y!ály–
ˆÓòlyòyÎ˚ܲ ~ÓÇ x≤Ã#!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚ x!˲K˛ï˛y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Îy xyl®òyÎ˚ܲ
ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ˆÓ!¢ ÙˆÏl ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ly–
xlƒ!òˆÏ Ü ˛ ¢∑yÌ≈ à ï˛ flø, ! ï˛ñ §yôyÓ˚ î ˆã˛ï˛l G
K˛ylÈüȧ¡∫rô#Î˚ flø,!ï˛ñ ôyÓ˚îyñ Î%!=˛ñ !lÎ˚Ùñ !lÎ˚Ùyàï˛ flø,!ï˛ §ÇÓ˚«˛î
ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õ ~!ê˛ ¢∑y!Ì≈ܲ flø,!ï˛Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî xyÙÓ˚y
x!•Ç§ ܲÌy!ê˛Ó˚ xÌ≈ ÙˆÏl Ó˚y!á Óy 26 ù 8 •Î˚ Óy lï%˛l!ò!Õ‘Ó˚
~§ !ê˛ !í˛ ˆÜ˛yí˛ 011 Óy ÙˆÏl Ó˚y!á 'Elaphant'˛ ¢∑!ê˛Ó˚ Ë%˛°
Óylyl– í˛z˛õyáƒylÙ)°Ü˛ flø,!ï˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ flø,!ï˛Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
20ÈüÈÓ˚ âˆÏÓ˚ – §Ω˛Óï˛ı xyˆÏÓàñ lï%˛lc ~ÓÇ âê˛lyÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c ~ˆÏï˛ xÓòyl
Ó˚yˆÏá– Ó%ˆÏí˛¸y ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ¢%Ó˚%Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ÓSÈÓ˚à%!° ˲yˆÏ°y˲yˆÏÓ ˛õ%îÓ˚%ˆÏoܲ
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §Ω˛yÓly Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– Îy•zˆÏ•yܲñ ~Ó˚ xyˆÏà•zñ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 30 ÓSÈÓ˚˛ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§
!ܲS%È !ӈϢ£Ï ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ flø,!ï˛Ó˚ !ӈϰy˛õ ¢%Ó˚% •Î˚–
xhs˝!l≈!•ï˛ flø,!ï˛ ı Óï≈˛ÙylܲyˆÏ° àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÎ˚ ˆÏòáy ˆàˆÏSÈñ ˆÎ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà
flø,!ï˛ ~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˆã˛ï˛l x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ xÓ!fiÌï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
xhs˝!l≈!•ï˛ flø,!ï˛ ~Ùl ~ܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ flø,!ï˛ Îy fl∫ï˛ıfl≥)˛ï≈˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˛õ%lÓ˚%ˆÏoܲ
ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– xhs˝!l≈!•ï˛ flø,!ï˛Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xyܲ£Ï≈î#Î˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î ê˛y•z!˛õÇÈüÈ~Ó˚
x!˲K˛ï˛y– Î!ò ˆÜ˛í˛z ê˛y•z!˛õÇ çyˆÏll ï˛ˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚ ÙyˆÏl ~Ó˚ ܲ#ˆÏÓyˆÏí≈˛Ó˚
!ӈϢ£Ï x«˛Ó˚ §¡õˆÏܲ≈G çyˆÏll– !ܲv xˆÏlܲ ê˛y•z!˛õT˛ ܲ#ˆÏÓyˆÏí≈˛Ó˚
~ܲ!ê˛ xAܲˆÏlÓ˚ ÊÑ˛yܲy ܲ#à%ˆÏ°y §!ë˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˆ°ˆÏÓ° ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l ly–
xhs˝!l≈!•ï˛ flø,!ï˛ §ˆÏã˛ï˛lï˛yÓ˚ §#ÙyÓ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– xlƒÜ˛ÌyÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y
≤Ãò_ x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ flø,!ï˛ Óy ï˛Ìƒ !ÓòƒÙyl ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛y !lˆÏÎ˚ §ˆÏã˛ï˛l l•z–
ï˛Ó%G xhs˝!l≈!•ï˛ flø,!ï˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚î ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
flø,!ï˛ Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ xyâyï˛≤ÃyÆ ˆÓ˚yà#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §yÙˆÏl
§yôyÓ˚î ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛y!°Ü˛y í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏ°y ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ !Ù!lˆÏê˛Ó˚
˛õˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ˚yà#ˆÏܲ ï˛y!°Ü˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ ¢∑ ˛õ%lÓ˚%ˆÏoܲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ó°y •ˆÏ°y– ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚
çlƒ ˆÜ˛yl‰ flø,!ï˛ ˆòáyˆÏly •Î˚ !l– Îy•z ˆ•yܲ Î!ò ï˛yˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ ¢∑
Ó°yÓ˚ çlƒ xl%ˆÏÓ˚yô ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ò%!ê˛ x«˛Ó˚ ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆÓ˚yà#
¢∑à%!° ˛õ%lÓ˚%ˆÏoܲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù •l– xhs˝!l≈!•ï˛ flø,!ï˛ §yôyÓ˚î Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚
ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §yôyÓ˚î flø,!ï˛ xyˆÏSÈ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚–
xôƒyÎ˚ Èü 7È • ÙylÓ flø,!ï˛ 137
ï˛y!Ó˚á •Î˚ lyñ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y §Ω˛Óï˛ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ ly ˆÎ ܲˆÏÓ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y
x!•Ç§y ¢∑!ê˛Ó˚ xÌ≈ !¢ˆÏáSÈ Óy ˆÜ˛yl‰ ï˛y!Ó˚ˆÏá ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y çylˆÏï˛
˛ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰ ÓƒyAàyˆÏ°yÓ˚˛ ܲî≈yê˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ Ó˚yçôyl# ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ¢∑y!Ì≈ܲ
!Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›à%!° §yôyÓ˚î §ˆÏã˛ï˛lï˛y G K˛yl §¡õÜ≈˛#Î˚ ï˛Ìƒ ~ÓÇ
ôyÓ˚îyà%!°Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ñ ≤Ã˲yÓ !lÓ˚ˆÏ˛õ«˛ ~ÓÇ Ë%˛ˆÏ° ÎyGÎ˚yÎ˚
§«˛Ù lÎ˚– ò#â≈fiÌyÎ˚# flø,!ï˛Ó˚ xlƒ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆ◊!î!Ó˲yˆÏàÓ˚ çlƒ
Óy: 7É2 ˆòá–
ܲyç 7É2 ı
ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ fl%҈ϰÓ˚ !òlà%!° §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !ã˛hs˝y
ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ˆ§•z !òlà%!°ˆÏï˛ âˆÏê˛ˆÏSÈ ~Ùl ò%!ê˛ ˛õ,Ìܲ âê˛ly Îy
ï%˛!Ù flõT˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚yñ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ âê˛ly §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛
ˆ°áyÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õ,Ìܲ ˛õyï˛y ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚–
2ä Üœ˛y§ ~Ó˚ ≤ÃÌÙ Ùy§!ê˛ !ã˛hs˝y ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ≤ÃÌÙ ÙyˆÏ§Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
âˆÏê˛ˆÏSÈ ~Ùl ò%!ê˛ ˛õ,Ìܲ âê˛ly !°ˆÏáy Îy ï%˛!Ù ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y˛õ%!Ó˚ ÙˆÏl
ˆÓ˚ˆÏáSÈ– ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ âê˛lyÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õ,Ìܲ ˛õyï˛y ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
~à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ Óƒy!Æñ xl%Ë)˛ï˛ ≤Èϫ˛y˲ ~ÓÇ §ÇÓÂôï˛y ~Ó˚
!˲!_ˆÏï˛ ï%˛°ly ܲÓ˚–

ܲyç 7É3 ı ˛˛õ,Ìܲ ܲyˆÏí≈˛ l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ Óyܲƒà%!° !°á– ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ~•z ˆá°y ˆá°ˆÏï˛ !ܲS%È ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y Üœ˛yˆÏ§Ó˚ SÈyeˆÏܲ xyÙsfî
çylyG– ˆê˛!ӈϰ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zˆÏŒê˛y!òˆÏܲ Ù%ˆÏáyÙ%!á ï˛yˆÏܲ Ó§yG– ï˛yˆÏܲ ӈϰyñ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ ~ܲê˛y ~ܲê˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ܲyí≈˛ ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÓ– ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛
ܲyˆÏí≈˛ !°!áï˛ ≤ß¿ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ •Ñƒy Óy ly ӈϰ ~!ê˛Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚ !òˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–ÛÛ
í˛z_Ó˚ ˆlyê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y ı
1ä ¢∑!ê˛ !ܲ ÓˆÏí˛¸y x«˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ°áy⁄ BELT
2ä ¢∑!ê˛ !ܲ crew ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ SȈϮ ˆÙˆÏ°⁄ grew
3ä ¢∑!ê˛ !ܲ !l¡¨!°!áï˛ ÓyˆÏܲƒ Ùylyl§•z •Î˚⁄ students
__________ study in school
4ä Gold ~Ó˚ §ˆÏAà ¢∑!ê˛ !ܲ SȈϮ ˆÙˆÏ°⁄ mood
5ä ¢∑!ê˛ !ܲ ÓˆÏí˛¸y x«˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ°áy xyˆÏSÈ⁄ bread
6ä ¢∑!ê˛ !ܲ !l¡¨!°!áï˛ ÓyˆÏܲƒ Ùylyl§•z •Î˚⁄ cousin
'The son of my uncle is my _____
7ä ¢∑!ê˛ !ܲ !l¡¨!°!áï˛ ÓyˆÏܲƒ Ùylyl§•z •Î˚⁄ home
My _____ is a vegetable
8ä ¢∑!ê˛ !ܲ !l¡¨!°!áï˛ ÓyˆÏܲƒ Ùylyl§•z •Î˚⁄ potato
_______ is a piece of furniture.
9ä ¢∑!ê˛ !ܲ ÓˆÏí˛¸y x«˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ°áy xyˆÏSÈ⁄ TABLE
10ä ¢∑!ê˛ !ܲ 'wears' ~Ó˚ §ˆÏAà SȈϮ ˆÙˆÏ°⁄ bears
11ä ¢∑!ê˛ !ܲ ÓˆÏí˛¸y x«˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ°áy⁄ marks
12ä ¢∑!ê˛ !ܲ 'cleear' ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ §ˆÏAà SȈϮ ˆÙˆÏ°⁄ five
13ä ¢∑!ê˛ !ܲ !l¡¨!°!áï˛ ÓyˆÏܲƒ Ùylyl§•z •Î˚⁄ games
children like to play ______.
14ä ¢∑!ê˛ !ܲ !l¡¨!°!áï˛ ÓyˆÏܲƒ Ùylyl§•z •Î˚⁄ friends
People usually meet _____ in the bucket.
15ä ¢∑!ê˛ !ܲ !l¡¨!°!áï˛ ÓyˆÏܲƒ Ùylyl§•z •Î˚⁄ shirts
My class room is filled with _____
16ä ¢∑!ê˛ !ܲ !l¡¨!°!áï˛ ÓyˆÏܲƒ Ùylyl§•z •Î˚⁄ money
My mother give me enough pocket ____
ܲyí≈˛ ˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ ܲyç ˆ¢£Ï ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ SÈyeˆÏòÓ˚ !çK˛y§y ܲˆÏÓ˚y fløÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y ¢∑ ˛õ%lÓ˚%ˆÏoܲ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÎ!ê˛ §¡∫ˆÏrô ≤ß¿ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– fløÓ˚î
ܲÓ˚y ¢∑ ˆlyê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y– ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ §Çáƒy àîly ܲˆÏÓ˚yñ ï˛yÓ˚ xyÜ,˛!ï˛àï˛ñ ôÁ!làï˛ ~ÓÇ xÌ≈àï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yܲÓ˚î xl%ÎyÎ˚# ˆÎÙl ≤Èϟ¿ ã˛yGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°–
Ê˛°yÊ˛° !lˆÏÎ˚ !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚–

138 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
 Óy: 7É3 flø,!ï˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ı
flø,!ï˛ˆÏܲ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÙ)°Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Ùy˛õyÓ˚ xˆÏlܲ í˛z˛õyÎ˚ xyˆÏSÈ–
ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ˛!Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚˛ flø,!ï˛ xyˆÏSÈ §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ~ܲôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ flø,!ï˛ Ùy˛õyÓ˚
çlƒ ˆÎ ˛õÂô!ï˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆ§ê˛y xlƒ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ flø,!ï˛ Ùy˛õyÓ˚ çlƒ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛
lÎ˚– flø,!ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ çlƒ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ ≤Ãôyl ˛õÂô!ï˛à%!° ~áyˆÏl
í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏFSÈ–
ܲä Ù%=˛ ˛õ%lÓ˚%ˆÏoܲ ~ÓÇ ≤Ãï˛ƒy!˲«˛y åâê˛ly‡ í˛z˛õyáƒylÙ)°Ü˛ flø,!ï˛
˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ çlƒä ı
Ù%=˛ ˛õ%lÓ˚%ˆÏoܲ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ !ܲS%È ¢∑ í˛z˛õfiÌy!˛õï˛
ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ Îy ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ ÙˆÏl Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ Ó°y •Î˚ ~ÓÇ !ܲS%È §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ü ˛ˆÏÙ ˛õ%lÓ˚%ˆÏoܲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ó°y •Î˚– Îï˛ ˆÓ!¢
ï˛yÓ˚y ÙˆÏl Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ flø,!ï˛ ï˛ï˛ ˲y°– ≤Ãï˛ƒy!˲K˛yˆÏï˛
˛õòà%!° ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ !çK˛y§y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï≈˛ xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#Ó˚y
˛ˆ§•zà%ˆÏ°y ˆòˆÏá ˆÎà%!° ï˛yÓ˚y !Óºy!hs˝Ü˛Ó˚ ˛õòà%!°Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ fløÓ˚î
ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ° åÎy ï˛yÓ˚y ˆòˆÏá!lä ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyç!ê˛ !SÈ° ï˛yÓ˚y ܲ# !¢ˆÏáˆÏSÈ
ï˛y §ly=˛ ܲÓ˚– ˛õ%Ó˚yˆÏly ˛õˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒy!˲K˛yÓ˚ §Çáƒy!ê˛ Îï˛ ˆÓ!¢ flø,!ï˛
ï˛ï˛ ˲y°–
á– Óyܲƒ Îyã˛y•zܲÓ˚î ܲyÎ≈ ı å¢∑yÌ≈ܲ flø,!ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ çlƒä
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y •z!ï˛ÙˆÏôƒ•z ˛õˆÏí˛¸SÈ ¢∑yÌ≈ܲ flø,!ï˛ Ü˛álG Ë%˛ˆÏ° ÎyGÎ˚y •Î˚
ly ܲyÓ˚î ~!ê˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ §yôyÓ˚î K˛yl ôyÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚– Óyܲƒ
Îyã˛y•zܲÓ˚î ܲyˆÏç xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ !lˆÏò≈¢ ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚ ˆÎ ≤Ãò_
flø,!ï˛ˆÏï˛ K˛yl#Î˚ ˛≤Ã!ï˛!l!ôc G §Çàë˛l (Knowledge
Representation and Organisation in Memory)
~•z !Ó˲yˆÏà xyÙÓ˚y §yÇàë˛!lܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy ˆòáÓ Îy
ly!ܲ ò#â≈fiÌyÎ˚# flø,!ï˛Ó˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó› ~ÓÇ §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ xç≈l
ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ò#â≈fiÌyÎ˚# flø,!ï˛!ê˛ !Ó˛õ%° §ÇáƒÜ˛ ï˛Ìƒ ôyÓ˚î
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ xyŸã˛Î≈çlܲ ò«˛ï˛yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚
~!ê˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ flø,!ï˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó› !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ §Çà!ë˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚
ï˛y çylyÓ˚ çlƒ á%Ó òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ñ ÎyˆÏï˛ §!ë˛Ü˛ ï˛Ìƒ §!ë˛Ü˛ Ù)•)ˆÏï≈˛
í˛z˛õ°kô •Î˚– ~ê˛y í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚y à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ˆÎ ò#â≈ˆÏÙÎ˚yò# flø,!ï˛Ó˚
§Çàë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ xˆÏlܲ ôyÓ˚îyà%!° ¢∑˛ ˛õ%lÓ˚%ÂôyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ Ê˛°fl∫Ó˚)˛õ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ~§ˆÏSÈ – ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y §Ω˛Óï˛ §¡øï˛
•G ˆÎ ¢∑yÌ≈ܲ flø,!ï˛Ó˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›à%!° ˛õ%lÓ˚%ÂôyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
e%!ê˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– ˆÎ ~•z ܲÌy!ê˛ çyˆÏl ˆÎ ˛õy!á í˛zˆÏí˛¸ñ ˆÏ§
˛õy!á ܲ# í˛zˆÏí˛¸⁄ÈüüüÈ ~•z ≤ß¿!ê˛Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚ Ë%˛° ˆòˆÏÓ ly– í˛z_Ó˚!ê˛
•z!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ •ˆÏÓ– !ܲv Óƒ!=˛ ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚ !òˆÏï˛ §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ x§Ù
§#Ùy !lˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎà%!°ˆÏï˛ ¢∑y!Ì≈ܲ !§Âôyhs˝ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– Ú˛õy!áÓ˚y
í˛zí˛¸ˆÏï˛ ˛˛õyˆÏÓ˚Û⁄ ≤ß¿!ê˛ çÓyÓ ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛ ~ܲ
Óyܲƒà%!° §ï˛ƒ ly !Ù̃y– Îï˛ o%ï˛ xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#Ó˚y ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y çylyÎ˚
ï˛ï˛ ˲y° ï˛Ìƒà%!° §ÇÓ˚!«˛ï˛ •Î˚ ˙ Óyܲƒà%!°ˆÏܲ Îyã˛y•z ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ–
å¢∑y!Ì≈ܲ K˛yl ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ çlƒ ~•z ܲyÎ≈!ê˛ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çlƒ ܲyç 7É3
ˆòáä–
àä ≤Ãy•z!ÙÇ åï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ çlƒ xyÙÓ˚y ˆÙÔ!áܲ˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ãܲy¢
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚lyä
xyÙÓ˚y xˆÏlܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ï˛Ìƒ §M˛Î˚ ܲ!Ó˚ Îy xyÙÓ˚y ˆÙÔ!áܲ˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ãܲy¢
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ly– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ §y•zˆÏܲ° ã˛y°yˆÏï˛ Óy ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆ§ï˛yÓ˚
ÓyçyˆÏlyÓ˚ çlƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ï˛Ìƒ– ~SÈyí˛¸y xyÙÓ˚y ~Ùl ï˛Ìƒ §ÇÓ˚«˛î
ܲ!Ó˚ Îy §¡∫ˆÏrô xyÙÓ˚y §ˆÏã˛ï˛l l•z Îy xhs˝!l!•≈ï˛ flø,!ï˛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Óî≈ly
ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ≤Ãy•z!ÙÇ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÎÌyñ garden,
playground, house •zï˛ƒy!ò ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛y!°Ü˛y ˆòáyˆÏly
•Î˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ~•z ¢∑à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˆÎÙlñ gar, pla, ho
~ÓÇ ~•z xÇ¢!ӈϢ£Ï ˆòáyˆÏly •Î˚ xlƒ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ xLjϢÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ˆÎà%!°
ï˛yÓ˚ y xyˆÏ à ˆòˆÏ á !l– xÇ¢@˝ à •îܲyÓ˚ # Ó˚ y xˆÏ ò áy xÇ¢à% ! °Ó˚
xÇ¢!ӈϢˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ˆòáy xÇ¢à%!°Ó˚ xô≈yÇ¢ ï˛yí˛¸yï˛y!í˛¸ ˆ¢£Ï ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
˛ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–
Îál !çK˛y§y ܲÓ˚y •° ï˛ál ï˛yÓ˚y x!ôܲyÇ¢ §ÙÎ˚•z xˆÏã˛ï˛l
!SÈ° ~ÓÇ Ó°ˆÏ°y ˆÎ ï˛yÓ˚y ¢%ô% xl%Ùyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–
ˆ§ˆÏܲˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ˆÓ!¢ §ÙÎ˚ ˆll lyñ !ܲv Ú˛õy!á !ܲ ≤Ãyî#Û ⁄ ≤ß¿!ê˛Ó˚
í˛z_Ó˚ !òˆÏï˛ ˆÓ!¢ §ÙÎ˚ °yàˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ß¿à%!°Ó˚
≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏï˛ Óƒ!=˛ Ü˛ï˛ §ÙÎ˚ ˆlˆÏÓñ ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !l˲≈Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚
ò#â≈fiÌyÎ˚# flø,!ï˛ §Çàë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ xl%Ùyl ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
ò#â≈fiÌyÎ˚# flø,!ï˛Ó˚ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ~ܲܲ •ˆÏ°y
ôyÓ˚îy– ôyÓ˚îy •ˆÏ°y Ó› G âê˛lyÓ˚ çlƒ Ùyl!§Ü˛ !Ó˲yà ˆÎ ~ܲ
˲yˆÏÓ Óy xˆÏlܲ˲yˆÏÓ ~ܲ•zÓ˚Ü˛Ù •Î˚–
~ܲÓyÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy à!ë˛ï˛ •ˆÏ° !Ó˲yˆÏà˛ §Çà!ë˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ÈüÈ
~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó˲yà !lˆÏç•z ~ܲ!ê˛ ôyÓ˚îyñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ~!ê˛Ó˚ §yôyÓ˚î
˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%!°Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ xlƒylƒ ôyÓ˚îyà%!°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
§yò,¢ƒà%!° §Çà!ë˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛G ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õ xyÙ
¢∑!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆ◊!îñ ܲyÓ˚î !Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyˆÏÙÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~!ê˛ˆÏܲ
xhs˝Ë≈%˛=˛ ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~!ê˛ ˛Ê˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ !Ó˲yˆÏàÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒG
~ܲ!ê˛–
ôyÓ˚îy ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏ°áˆÏï˛G §Çà!ë˛ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~à%ˆÏ°y
Ùyl!§Ü˛ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy Îy !ÓŸª§¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ K˛yl G xl%ÙyˆÏlÓ˚
≤Ã!ï˛!l!ôc ܲˆÏÓ˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó§yÓ˚ âˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲÌy ˲yÓ–
xôƒyÎ˚ Èü 7È • ÙylÓ flø,!ï˛ 139
~ˆÏï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ Ó› Óy !ç!l§ ÌyܲˆÏÓñ ˆÎÙl ˆ§yÊ˛yˆÏ§ê˛ñ ˆê˛!Ó°ñ
!ã˛e •zï˛ƒy!ò Îy ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó§yÓ˚ âˆÏÓ˚ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ˛–
~ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ xyÙÓ˚y ôyÓ˚îy!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ hflψÏÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚
ˆòˆÏá!SÈñ Îy ò#â≈fiÌyÎ˚# flø,!ï˛ˆÏï˛ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ôc ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
ˆ◊!îܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy ~ÓÇ !flÒÙy •ˆÏ°yñ ˆÎáyˆÏl ôyÓ˚îy §Çà!ë˛ï˛
•Î˚ ~Ó˚ ≤ÃÌÙ hflÏÓ˚– ~ˆÏ§y ˆò!á ò#â≈fiÌyÎ˚# flø,!ï˛ˆÏï˛ í˛zFã˛hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚
ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ §Çàë˛l ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ •Î˚⁄
1969 §yˆÏ° xƒy°yl ܲ!°l ~ÓÇ Ó˚§ Ü%˛•z!°Î˚yl ~ܲ!ê˛
˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ àˆÏÓ£Ïîy˛õe ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚l ÎyˆÏï˛ ï˛yÑÓ˚y í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚l
ˆÎ ò#â≈fiÌyÎ˚# flø,!ï˛Ó˚ K˛yl xl%%Ü ˛!Ùܲ ˲yˆÏÓ §Çà!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ
ï˛yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ çy!°Ü˛yÙÎ˚ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •Î˚– ~•z ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÓ˚
í˛z˛õyòylà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ §ÇˆÏÎyàfiÌ° (Nodes) Ó°y •Î˚– §ÇˆÏÎyàfiÌ°
•° ôyÓ˚îy Îál §ÇˆÏÎyàfiÌ°à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà •° xyáƒy!Î˚ï˛
§¡õÜ≈˛ñ Îy !Ó˲yˆÏàÓ˚ §ò§ƒï˛y Óy ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%!°ˆÏܲ !lˆÏò≈¢
ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ò#â≈fiÌyÎ˚# K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃhflÏy!Óï˛ Ü˛yë˛yˆÏÙy Îyã˛y•z ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ
˛õÓ˚#«˛yÎ˚ xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÚܲƒylyÓ˚# ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õy!áÛ Óy ܲƒylyÓ˚#
~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ãyî#Û åí˛z_Ó˚ •Ñƒy Óy ly !SÈ° ~Ó˚ §ï˛ƒï˛y Îyã˛y•z ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ä– ~•zà%!° §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ˆ◊!î xhs˝Ë≈)˛!=˛ !ÓÓ,!ï˛ !SÈ°
ÎyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ!ê˛ Óy !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ •° ÚܲƒylyÓ˚#Û å§Ω˛Óï˛ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y
çyˆÏly ˆÎ ~!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õy!áä ~ÓÇ !ÓˆÏôÎ˚ Ú•° ~ܲ!ê˛ÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õ
˛õ¢%
í˛yly xyˆÏSÈ
˛õy!á í˛zí˛¸ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚
˛õy°Ü˛ xyˆÏSÈ
ܲƒyly!Ó˚ÈüÈ °¡∫y ÙÓ˚% ˛õy xyˆÏSÈ
í˛zê˛˛õy!á °¡∫y
í˛zí˛¸ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚
àyl ày•zˆÏï˛ •°%ò Ó˚ÇÈüÈ~Ó˚
˛õyˆÏÓ˚
§yÑï˛Ó˚yˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˲Î˚ylܲ
!ã˛e 7É2 ı Ü ˛ˆÏÙyFã˛ ˆ◊!î!Ó˲yà ˆlê˛GÎ˚yÜ≈˛ ÙˆÏí˛°–
140 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
!lˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛lyÙ)°Ü˛ Ê˛°yÊ˛°!ê˛ •°
ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ !ÓˆÏôÎ˚!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ÓyˆÏܲƒÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xyÇ!¢Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ Óy
!ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xyÓ˚G ˆÓ!¢ ò)Ó˚Óï˛≈# •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏSÈ– xÇ¢@˝Ã•lܲyÓ˚#Ó˚y
~!ê˛ §ï˛ƒ Óy !Ù̃y ӈϰ Îyã˛y•z ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÓ!¢ §ÙÎ˚ ˆlÎ˚–
~•z˲yˆÏÓ ÚܲƒylÓ˚# ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õy!áÛ ÎyÓ˚y ӈϰ!SÈ° ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÓ˚y
ܲƒylÓ˚# ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ãyî# ӈϰˆÏSÈ ≤ÃÙyî ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ xyÓ˚G ˆÓ!¢ §ÙÎ˚
ˆlÎ˚ñ ܲyÓ˚î ˛õyá# •° Ù%რí˛zô≈ıhflÏl ˆ◊î#!Ó˲yà ˆÎáyˆÏl ܲƒylÓ˚#
xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ xyÓyÓ˚ ≤Ãyî# ˆÎáyˆÏl í˛zô≈ıhflÏl ˆ◊!î!Ó˲yàñ
~!ê˛ Ü˛ƒylÓ˚# ôyÓ˚îy ˆÌˆÏܲ xˆÏlܲ !Ó!FSÈߨ ~ÓÇ ò)ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•z
ò,!T˛Ë˛!AàÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ xyÙÓ˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ §ÙhflÏ
K˛ylˆÏܲ §ÇÓ˚«˛î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ Îy ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆ◊!îÓ˚ §ÙhflÏ §ò§ƒˆÏòÓ˚
Ü ˛ˆÏÙyFã˛ ˆ◊!î !Ó˲yˆÏà !lˆÏã˛Ó˚ hflψÏÓ˚ ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ ˛õ%lÓ˚yÓ,!_ ly ܲˆÏÓ˚
≤ÈÏÎyçƒ •Î˚ñ ~!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zFã˛hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ K˛yl#Î˚ §%˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly !l!Ÿã˛ï˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ÎyÓ˚ xÌ≈ •°ñ l)ƒlï˛Ù ≤Ãyã%˛Î≈ƒÎ%=˛ ò#â≈ï˛Ù flø,!ï˛ §Ó≈y!ôܲ
~ÓÇ Ü˛yÎ≈ܲÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚–
~ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ xyÙÓ˚y ò#â≈ˆÏÙÎ˚yò# flø,!ï˛ˆÏï˛ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ôˆÏcÓ˚ ~ܲܲ
!•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ôyÓ˚îy !lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ ~ÓÇ !Ó!˲ߨ í˛z˛õyˆÏÎ˚
ôyÓ˚îà%!° §Çà!ë˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆòˆÏá!SÈ– ~Ó˚ xÌ≈ !ܲ ~•z ˆÎ K˛ylˆÏܲ
ˆÜ˛Ó° ¢∑àï˛ !ÓlƒyˆÏ§ !lÓrô#ܲÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ Óy !lÓrô#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚
xlƒylƒ í˛z˛õyˆÏÎ˚ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚⁄ ~!ê˛ ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎ ï˛ÌƒˆÏܲ
~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îÙ)°Ü˛˛ !ÓlƒyˆÏ§ Óy !ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ !lÓÂô
ã˛yÙí˛¸y xyˆÏSÈ
!l/Ÿªy§ ˆlÎ˚
áyÓyÓ˚ áyÎ˚
~!òܲÈüÈG!òܲ â%ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓí˛¸yÎ˚
˛õyáy xyˆÏSÈ
ÙySÈ §Ñyï˛yÓ˚ ܲyê˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚
Ê%˛°Ü˛y xyˆÏSÈ
ˆày°y!˛õ Ó˚ÇÈüÈ~Ó˚
áyGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆÎyàƒ
ÙƒyÙl §Ñyï˛ˆÏÓ˚ lò#Ó˚ í˛zçyˆÏl
ÎyÎ˚ !í˛Ù ˛õyí˛¸yÓ˚ çlƒ
•y.Ó˚
ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~ܲ!ê˛ !ã˛e ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ôc •° ~ܲ!ê˛ Ù)ï≈˛ xyܲyÓ˚˛Îy
§Ó˚y§!Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó›Ó˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îç!lï˛ à%îyÓ!°ˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚– Î!ò
ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §yÙˆÏl Ú!Óòƒy°Î˚Û ¢∑!ê˛ Ó°y •Î˚ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚
!lˆÏçÓ˚ §yÙˆÏl fl%҈ϰÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ã˛e ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •ˆÏÓ– ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛˛õˆÏ«˛ ≤ÃyÎ˚
§ÙhflÏ Ù)ï≈˛ Ó› å~ÓÇ ôyÓ˚îyà%ˆÏ°yä !ã˛e ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
§¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ K˛yl ò¢≈làï˛ G ◊Óîàï˛ ~•z í˛z˲Î˚ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z
§ÇˆÏܲï˛yÎ˚l ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~!ê˛ Ú˜mï˛ !lÓ!rôܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ xl%ÙylÛ lyˆÏÙ
˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛– Ù)°ï˛ ˛õy•z!í˛G myÓ˚y ≤ÃhflÏy!Óï˛– ~•z xl%Ùyl xl%ÎyÎ˚#
Ù)ï≈˛ !ӈϢ£Ïƒ ~ÓÇ xlƒ ˆÎà%!° Ù)ï≈˛ Ó› §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ §ÇÓ˚«˛l ܲÓ˚y
•Î˚ Îál !ÓÙ)ï≈˛ ôyÓ˚îyà%!° §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ ï˛Ìƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÙÔ!áܲ ~ÓÇ
Óî≈lyÙ)°Ü˛ !lÓÂô˛ xl%Ùyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚lfl∫Ó˚)˛õ Î!ò ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚
~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õy!á Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ Ó°y •Î˚ ≤Ã̈ÏÙ•z ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õy!áÓ˚
~ܲ!ê˛ !ã˛e í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z !ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y
Óy: 7É4 flø,!ï˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ı ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ò¢≈# ~ÓÇ !Ù̃y flø,!ï˛
≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ò¢≈# flø,!ï˛ ı
ˆÊ˛Ôçòy!Ó˚ !Óã˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xyòy°ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ xl%§Ó˚î ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ñ
≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ò¢≈# myÓ˚y ≤Ãò_ x˛õÓ˚yˆÏôÓ˚ §y«˛ƒ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~!ê˛
x!˲Î%ˆÏ=˛Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚%ˆÏÂô §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ˆÏÎyàƒ ≤ÃÙyî !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ !ÓˆÏÓ!ã˛ï˛
•Î˚– §_Ó˚ ò¢ˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙyV˛yÙy!V˛ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ °Ê˛ê˛y§ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ §•Ü˛Ù≈#ˆÏòÓ˚
myÓ˚y ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ !ܲS%È àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÎ˚ ˆòáy ˆàˆÏSÈ ˆÎ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ò¢≈#Ó˚ flø,!ï˛ˆÏï˛
xˆÏlܲ e%!ê˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
°Ê˛ê˛y§ myÓ˚y xl%§,ï˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ á%Ó §•ç !SÈ°–
~ܲ!ê˛ âê˛lyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !Üœ˛!˛õÇ å§yôyÓ˚îï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ày!í˛¸ ò%â≈ê˛lyä
xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòáyˆÏly •Î˚– ~ê˛yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ !ܲS%È ≤ß¿ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ Îy
âê˛lyÓ˚ §ÇˆÏܲï˛yÎ˚lˆÏܲ Óyôy ˆòÎ˚– ≤ß¿à%!°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ !SÈ° ÚÚÎál
ï˛yÓ˚y ~ˆÏܲ x˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏAà ôyE˛y ˆáˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ï˛ál ày!í˛¸Ó˚ à!ï˛ Ü˛ï˛
o%ï˛ !SÈ°⁄ xlƒ ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !Ü ˛Î˚y˛õò ÚˆÌï˛°yˆÏlyÛ ≤Ã!ï˛fiÌy!˛õï˛
•ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° !Ü ˛Î˚y˛õò Ú§Çâ£Ï≈Û myÓ˚y– ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ ≤ß¿!ê˛ !çK˛y§y ܲÓ˚y
•ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° åÎyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ÚˆÏÌï˛°yˆÏlyÛ˛ ¢∑!ê˛ xhs˝Ë≈%˛=˛ !SÈ°ä ày!í˛¸Ó˚ à!ï˛
40É8 Ùy•z°‡ ârê˛y ӈϰ ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ xyÓ˚ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ !mï˛#Î˚ ≤ß¿!ê˛
ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° åxÌ≈yÍ Ú§Çâ£Ï≈Û ¢∑!ê˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ä xyl%Ùy!lܲ ӈϰ ˆÎ
ày!í˛¸Ó˚ à!ï˛ ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye 31É8 Ùy•z°‡ ârê˛y – flõT˛ï˛•z ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛
flø,!ï˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– xy§ˆÏ° âê˛ly!ê˛Ó˚ §ÇˆÏܲï˛yÎ˚l!ê˛ !Óºy!hs˝Ü˛Ó˚
≤ß¿à%!°Ó˚ myÓ˚y x!ô!°!áï˛ !SÈ°– âê˛ly!ê˛Ó˚ xyˆÏÓààï˛ Ü˛yÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ
!ܲS%È e%!ê˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õ §!•Ç§ï˛y Óy ~ܲ!ê˛ ò%/áçlܲ
âê˛lyÓ˚ !ã˛eyÓ°# ï˛#Ó  xyˆÏÓà çy!àˆÏÎ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°– ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ò¢≈#Ó˚y !Ó•¥°
•ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ~ÓÇ §ÇˆÏܲï˛yÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ §)«¯˛ !ӣψÏÎ˚˛ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà ˆòÎ˚
ly–
~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õy!á Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚– !ܲv xlƒ!òˆÏܲ Ú§ï˛ƒÛ Óy §ï˛ƒï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y
ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ xˆÏÌ≈ ~Ó˚Ü˛Ù §•àyÙ# !ã˛e ÌyܲˆÏÓ ly– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yl
ï˛Ìƒ Îy ˆÙÔ!áܲ˲yˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ !ã˛e xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ §ÇˆÏܲï˛yÎ˚l ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ
ï˛y xyÓ˚G §•ˆÏç fløÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
!ã˛eÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ !lÓ!rôï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y ~ÓÇ §ÇÓ˚«˛î ܲÓ˚y ï˛Ìƒ Ùyl!§Ü˛
xyò¢≈ !Óܲ!¢ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚– xˆÏlܲ ˜òl!®l ܲyç
xyˆÏSÈ ˆÎà%!°ˆÏï˛ Ùyl!§Ü˛ xyòˆÏ¢≈Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õ
~ܲ!ê˛ Ó˚yhflÏyÓ˚ !òܲ xl%§Ó˚î ܲÓ˚yñ ~ܲ!ê˛ §y•zˆÏܲˆÏ°Ó˚ ÎsfyÇ¢
~ܲ!eï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yñ Óy ~Ùl!ܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó˚yߨyÓ˚ Ó•zˆÏï˛ ≤Ãò_ !lˆÏò≈¢yÓ!°
ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ ã˛Ùܲ≤Ãò ˛õò Ó˚yߨy ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÙÔ!áܲ Óî≈ly ˆÌˆÏܲ
fiÌy!lܲ xyòˆÏ¢≈Ó˚ §,!T˛ •Î˚– Ùyl!§Ü˛ xyò¢≈à%ˆÏ°y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢˛ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ à!ë˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆ§ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓŸªy§ˆÏܲ
ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ ~ÓÇ Ù)ï≈˛ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ ˆÙÔ!áܲ Óî≈lyà%!°Ó˚
§y•yˆÏ΃ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !ÓŸªy§à%!° àë˛l ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
!Ù̃y flø,!ï˛ ı
!Ù̃y flø,!ï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ xyܲ£Ï≈î#Î˚ âê˛ly!ê˛ ~Ùl âê˛lyà%!°Ó˚
¢!=˛¢y°# ܲ“ly myÓ˚y ≤ÃÓ!ï≈˛ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ Îy ˆÜ˛yl §ÙÎ˚•z âˆÏê˛!l–
xÓyܲ •ˆÏ°⁄ ~ˆÏ§y ˆò!á àƒy!Ó˚ñ Ùƒy!lÇ ~ÓÇ °Ê˛ê˛yˆÏ§Ó˚ 1996 ~Ó˚
~ܲ!ê˛ àˆÏÓ£Ïîy ~ÓÇ !Ù̃y flø,!ï˛Ó˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%!° Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛T˛y ܲ!Ó˚–
≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ˲yˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÎ˚ xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ §yÙˆÏl
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏl ~Ùl âê˛lyà%!°Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛y!°Ü˛y í˛z˛õfiÌy!˛õï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl
Îy ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏl âˆÏê˛!SÈ°– ~•z ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÎ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ ˛õÎy≈ˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚y ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ê˛y
âê˛ly xy§ˆÏ° ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˲y° ˜¢¢ˆÏÓÓ˚ flø,!ï˛ xl%ÎyÎ˚#
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏl âê˛yÓ˚ §Ω˛yÓly!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˆÓ˚ê˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ò%•z §Æy• ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚y
xyÓyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yàyˆÏÓ˚ xyÙ!sfï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ ˆ§•z âê˛lyà%!°
ܲ“ly ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ~•z˲yˆÏÓ ˆÎ ˆÎê˛y xy§ˆÏ° ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
§yˆÏÌ âˆÏê˛ˆÏSÈ– !ӈϢ£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ âê˛ly âê˛yÓ˚ §Ω˛yÓly §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ Ü˛Ù ˆÓ˚!ê˛Ç
ˆòGÎ˚y âê˛lyà%!° ò,!T˛ˆÏàyã˛Ó˚ ܲÓ˚yl ~ÓÇ Ü˛“ly ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛
•Î˚– ~ê˛y ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ !mï˛#Î˚ ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ !SÈ°– xӈϢˆÏ£Ï ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚
˛õÓ˚#«˛Ü˛Ó˚y ˲yl ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ˆÎ ï˛yÓ˚y ≤ÃÌÙ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ âê˛lyÓ˚ §Ω˛yÓƒ
ˆÓ˚!ê˛Ç •y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈl ~ÓÇ ï˛y•z xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ xyÓyÓ˚G
~•z ï˛y!°Ü˛y!ê˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y çylyˆÏlyÓ˚ xl%ˆÏÓ˚yô ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl–
xy@˝Ã•çlܲ˲yˆÏÓñ ≤ÃÌÙ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎ âê˛lyÓ˚ §Ω˛yÓƒ §Ω˛yÓlyà%!° ܲ!ÙˆÏÎ˚
ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ï˛ˆÏÓ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#ˆÏï˛ ò,¢ƒÙyl ~ÓÇ Ü˛!“ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ÓyhflÏÓ
âê˛ly !•§yÓñ ~ál í˛zFã˛ ˆÓ˚ê˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#Ó˚y !Ó˚ˆÏ˛õyê≈˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ° ˆÎ ~§Ó âê˛ly xy§ˆÏ° ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏl âˆÏê˛ˆÏSÈ– ~•z
Ê˛°yÊ˛°à%!° ≤ÃhflÏyÓ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ flø,!ï˛Ü˛“ly G fl≥˛#!ï˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ≤ÃÓ!ï≈˛ï˛
G ˆ≤Ãy!Ìï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ê˛°yÊ˛° Îy flø,!ï˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛à%!°ˆÏܲ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚
xhs˝ò≈,!T˛ §Ó˚ÓÓ˚y• ܲˆÏÓ˚–
xôƒyÎ˚ Èü 7È • ÙylÓ flø,!ï˛ 141
~ܲ!ê˛ àë˛lÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ flø,!ï˛ (Memory
as a Constructive Process) ı
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚ y Î!ò flø, ! ï˛ ≤Ã!Ü  ˛ Î˚ y §¡õˆÏ Ü ≈ ˛ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ
xl%§rôylà%!° Îb §•Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲy ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y
§Ω˛Óï˛ı í˛z˛õ§Ç•yˆÏÓ˚ ˆ˛õÔÑSȈÏÓ ˆÎ flø,!ï˛ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ˲yˆÏÓ §ÇÓ˚!«˛ï˛
§yÙ@˝Ã#Ó˚ ˛õ%lÓ˚%Ͳõyòl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aà ~!ÓÇ•§ ~ÓÇ ïÑ˛yÓ˚
xl%§yÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ myÓ˚y Ó˚yáy •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ÎyÓ˚y flø,!ï˛ˆÏï˛ §ÇÓ˚!«˛ï˛
ï˛Ìƒà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyl ~ÓÇ §ÇÓ˚«˛î ~ÓÇ ˛õ%lÓ˚%ˆÏoܲ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛
§yÙ@˝Ã#à%ˆÏ°y !Ù!°ˆÏÎ˚ ~!ê˛Ó˚ §!ë˛Ü˛ï˛y !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ° ~ÓÇ ~ê˛yÓ˚
G˛õÓ˚ ˆçyÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– §ÇÓ˚!«˛ï˛ í˛z˛õyòyl!ê˛Ó˚ ˛õ%lÓ˚%Ͳõyòl ܲÓ˚y
§ÇflÒÓ˚î!ê˛ Î!ò ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !Óã%˛ƒ!ï˛ ˆòáyÎ˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ ~!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ e%!ê˛–
~ÓÇ ~ê˛y ~ܲê˛y flø,!ï˛ ÓƒÌ≈ï˛yÓ˚ âê˛ly– flø,!ï˛Ó˚ §ÇÓ˚!«˛ï˛ Ó˚)˛õ!ê˛
ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ ˆÎ flø,!ï˛!ê˛ ò#â≈ˆÏÙÎ˚yò# xyí˛¸ˆÏï˛ ~ ˆ≤Ã!Ó˚ï˛ !¢áyˆÏly
í˛z˛õyòylà%!°Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!‹;˛Î˚ §Çâê˛l– ~•z xÓfiÌyl!ê˛ Óyê≈˛ˆÏ°ê˛
≤ÃÌÙ !eˆÏ¢Ó˚˛ ò¢ˆÏܲ ã˛ƒyˆÏ°O ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰlñ !Î!l Î%!=˛ !òˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl
ˆÎ flø,!ï˛!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ §!Ü ˛Î˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y ~ÓÇ xyÙÓ˚y Îy §M˛Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ
ï˛y Ü ˛Ùyàï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï˛≈l ~ÓÇ §ÇˆÏ¢yôˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈ– xyÙÓ˚y
Îy fløÓ˚î ܲ!Ó˚ ï˛y xyÙÓ˚y í˛zj#˛õܲ Ó›˛ ≤Ãò_ xÌ≈ myÓ˚y ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛
•Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~ܲÓyÓ˚ ~!ê˛ Îál xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ flø,!ï˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ çlƒ
≤Ã!ï˛◊%!ï˛ÓÂô •Î˚ñ ï˛ál ~!ê˛ xlƒ K˛yl# ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y ˆÌˆÏܲ !Ó!FSÈߨ
ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ly–
§yÓ˚yÇ¢ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Óyê≈˛ˆÏ°ê˛ ˆòˆÏá!SȈϰl flø,!ï˛ •° ~ܲ!ê˛
àë˛lÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y ~ÓÇ ˛õ%îÓ˚%Ͳõy!òï˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y lÎ˚– ˛õyë˛ñ
ˆ°yܲܲy!•!lñ Ùlàí˛¸y ܲy!•!l •zï˛ƒy!ò xÌ≈˛õ)î≈ í˛z˛õyòyl ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚– Óyê≈˛ˆÏ°ê˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛!ê˛ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ˆÎê˛yˆÏï˛ ˆÎ
ˆÜ˛yl flø,!ï˛Ó˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ K˛ylñ °«˛ƒñ ˆ≤ãÏîyñ ˛õSÈ® ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ
ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y myÓ˚y ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •Î˚– !ï˛!l §•ç ˛õÓ˚#«˛y
˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ÎyˆÏï˛ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zj#˛õܲ í˛z˛õyòyl ˛õí˛¸yÓ˚
˛õÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ l Ó˚ !Ù!lê˛ !ÓÓ˚ ! ï˛ ˛õˆÏ í ˛¸ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ # «˛yÓ˚
xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#Ó˚y Îy ˛õˆÏí˛¸!SÈ° ï˛y fløÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚– Óyê≈˛ˆÏ°ê˛ ï˛yÓ˚
ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛ ˛õ%îÓ˚%Ͳõy!òï˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ÎyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#Ó˚y !Ó!˲ߨ §ÙÎ˚ xhs˝Ó˚à%!°ˆÏï˛ ÓyÓ˚ÓyÓ˚
í˛z˛õyòylà%ˆÏ°y fløÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°– Îál ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛ ˛õ%îÓ˚%Ͳõy!òï˛
˛õÂô!ï˛ ¢%Ó˚% •° ï˛ál ï˛yÓ˚ xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#Ó˚y !Ó!˲ߨ Ë%˛° ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°
Îy ˆÌˆÏܲ Óyê≈˛ˆÏ°ê˛ flø,!ï˛ !lÙ≈yî ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y!ê˛ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ í˛z˛õˆÏÎyà# ӈϰ
ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– ï˛ÑyÓ˚ xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#Ó˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ
§yÙO§ƒ˛õ)î≈ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒñ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›à%!°ˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlñ
x≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ Óî≈lyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yܲ˛õyï ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlñ ~ÓÇ ≤Ãôyl
142 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
!Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›!ê˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ~ÓÇ xyÓ˚G §%§Aàï˛ G
Î%!=˛§Aàï˛ Ë˛yˆÏÓ §yÙ@˝Ã#!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl–
~•z Ê˛°yÊ˛° Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ Óyê≈˛ˆÏ°ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ°á ¢∑!ê˛
ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– Îy ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ åxï˛#ï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ~ÓÇ xï˛#ï˛
x!˲K˛ï˛yà%!°Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §!Ü ˛Î˚ §Çàë˛l !SÈ°ä– ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ°á •°
xï˛#ˆÏï˛Ó˚ x!˲K˛ï˛y ~ÓÇ K˛yl Îy xyàï˛ ï˛Ìƒ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚yñ
§ÇÓ˚!«˛ï˛ ~ÓÇ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ˛õ%lÓ˚%ÂôyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õyÎ˚ˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– flø,!ï˛
ï˛y•z §Çàë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §!Ü ˛Î˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y ˆÎáyˆÏl Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õ°!kôÓ˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ K˛yl xl%ÎyÎ˚# ï˛Ìƒ !lÓ!rôï˛ G §ÇÓ˚!«˛ï˛
•Î˚˚–
!ÓfløÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ G ܲyÓ˚î
(Nature and Causes of Forgetting)
xyÙÓ˚y ≤ÈÏï˛ƒˆÏܲ•z Ë%˛ˆÏ° Îy•z ~ÓÇ ≤ÃyÎ˚ !lÎ˚!Ùï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ~Ó˚
Ê˛°yÊ˛° xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛Ó˚!SÈ– ˆÜ˛ˆÏly xyÙÓ˚y Ë%˛ˆÏ° Îy•z⁄ ~!ê˛ !ܲ
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ò#â≈fiÌyÎ˚# flø,!ï˛ˆÏï˛ xyÙÓ˚y ˆÎ ï˛Ìƒ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚î ܲ!Ó˚ ï˛y
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly˲yˆÏÓ •y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚⁄ ~!ê˛ !ܲ ~•zçlƒ ˆÎ xyÙÓ˚y ~!ê˛
!lÓrô#ܲÓ˚î ܲ!Ó˚!l Óy ~!ê˛ §ÇÓ˚«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ !ÓÓ ï˛ Óy Ë%˛° fiÌyˆÏl
fiÌylyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ⁄ Ë%˛ˆÏ° ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ Óƒy˛õyÓ˚!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yˆÏlyÓ˚ çlƒ
xˆÏlܲ ï˛_¥ ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y !ÓŸªy§ˆÏÎyàƒ
~ÓÇ ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ ò,!T˛ xyܲ£Ï≈î ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~ál
ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ çylˆÏÓ–
!Óflø,!ï˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ˆÏܲ˛ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ ˛§%§ÇâÓÂô˛ ≤ÈÏã˛T˛y
•yÓ˚Ùƒyl ~!Ó•§ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰlñ !Î!l ållˆÏ§™ !§ˆÏ°Ó°ä xÌ≈•#l
¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ï˛y!°Ü˛y å!§!˲!§ ê˛∆y•z@˝ÃyÙ ˆÎÙl NOK Óy SEP •zï˛ƒy!òä
ܲZ˛fiÌ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚˛õˆÏÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ•z ï˛y!°Ü˛y
˛õ%lı!¢áˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ à,•#ï˛ ≤ÈÏã˛T˛yÓ˚ §Çáƒy ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl–
!ï˛!l °«˛ƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ˆÎ !ÓfløÓ˚î xÓ¢ƒ•z ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛
ôÑyã˛ xl%§Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ Îy ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !ã˛e 7É3 ÈüÈ~ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚–
!ã˛e!ê˛ ˆÎÙl •z!Aàï˛ ˆòÎ˚ñ Ë%˛ˆÏ° ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ •yÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ lÎ˚
ârê˛y ˆÓ!¢ ÌyˆÏܲñ !ӈϢ£Ïï˛ ≤ÃÌÙ â^˝ê˛yÎ˚ §ˆÏÓ≈yFã˛– ï˛yÓ˚˛õˆÏÓ˚ •yÓ˚
•…y§ ˛õyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ xˆÏlܲ!òl ˛õˆÏÓ˚G ˆÓ!¢ Ë%˛ˆÏ° ÎyÎ˚ ly–
Î!òG ~!ÓÇ•§ ~Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ xl%§rôyl ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°
~ÓÇ á%Ó ˛õ!Ó˚¢#!°ï˛ !SÈ° ly ~à%ˆÏ°y xˆÏlܲ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ í˛z˛õyˆÏÎ˚
flø,!ï˛Ó˚ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ál ~!ê˛ §Ó≈§¡ø!ï˛Ü ˛ˆÏÙ
§Ù!Ì≈ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎ §Ó§ÙÎ˚•z flø,!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ï˛#Ó  •…y§ xyˆÏ§˛ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚
˛õˆÏÓ˚ ˛õï˛l á%Ó ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ •Î˚– ~ˆÏ§y ~ál ≤Ãôyl ï˛_¥à%!° ˛õÓ˚#«˛y
ܲ!Ó˚ Îy Ë%˛ˆÏ° ÎyGÎ˚y Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˆ˛õ¢ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
!ã˛•´ «˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî !ÓfløÓ˚î (Forgetting due to
Trace Decay)
!ã˛•´«˛Î˚ åx˛õÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ï˛_¥ Ó°y •Î˚ä Ë%˛ˆÏ° ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚
≤Ãyã˛#lï˛Ù ï˛_¥– ~áyˆÏl ôyÓ˚îy!ê˛ •ˆÏ°y ˆÎ flø,!ï˛!ê˛ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚
100
ÙˆÏl Ó˚yáyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî å¢ï˛Ü˛Ó˚y !•§yÓä
20!ÙÉ Ë%˛ˆÏ° ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî
75
1ârê˛y
50
8É8ârê˛y
ÙˆÏl Ó˚yáyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî
25
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 30
ˆ¢áyÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚ å!òˆÏlä
!ã˛e 7É3 ı ~!ÓÇ•ˆÏ§Ó˚ Ë%˛ˆÏ° ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ !ã˛eˆÏ°á–
fl¨yÎ%̊ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Îy Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛là%!°Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ~à%!°ˆÏܲ flø,!ï˛!ã˛•´ ӈϰ– Îál ~•z
flø,!ï˛!ã˛•´ ò#â≈ §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ çlƒ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ lyñ ï˛yÓ˚y §•ˆÏç•z
!ÓÓî≈ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ xl%˛õ°kô •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏ벖 ~•z ï˛_¥ !Ó!˲ߨ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî
x˛õÎ≈yÆ ≤ÃÙy!îï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– flø,!ï˛!ã˛•´à%!° Î!ò x˛õÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî
«˛Î˚«˛!ï˛Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚î •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛ˆÏÓ fløÓ˚î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ â%ˆÏÙyˆÏï˛
ÎyGÎ˚y Óƒ!=˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆçˆÏà Ìyܲy ˆ°yˆÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ xyÓ˚G !ÓfløÓ˚î
í˛z!ã˛ï˛ñ ܲyÓ˚î â%ˆÏÙÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ flø,!ï˛!ã˛•´à%!° ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
í˛z˛õyÎ˚ ˆl•z– Ê˛°yÊ˛° !ë˛Ü˛ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ ˆòáy ˆàˆÏSÈ– ÎyÓ˚y fløÓ˚î
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ åˆçˆÏà ÌyܲyÓ˚ xÓfiÌyä ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ˆçˆÏà ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚y fløÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚
˛õˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÓ˚y â%!ÙˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ åâ%ˆÏÙÓ˚ xÓfiÌyä ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ Ë%˛ˆÏ°
ÎyÎ˚–
ܲyÓ˚î !ã˛•´«˛Î˚ ï˛_¥ ΈÏÌT˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏl !ÓfløÓ˚î Óƒyáƒy
ˆòÎ˚!lñ ~!ê˛ ¢#â •z xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ!ê˛ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ myÓ˚y ≤Ã!ï˛fiÌy!˛õï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ñ
Îy ò#â≈ˆÏÙÎ˚yò# flø,!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~Ùl lï%˛l ï˛Ìƒà%!° ˛õ)Ó≈Óï≈˛#
flø,!ï˛à%!°Ó˚ fløÓ˚ˆÏî •hflψϫ˛˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛y•z •hflψϫ˛˛õ Ë%˛ˆÏ° ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚
≤Ãôyl ܲyÓ˚î–
•hflψϫ˛ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî !ÓfløÓ˚î (Forgetting due to
interference) ı
Î!ò Ë%˛ˆÏ° ÎyGÎ˚y !ã˛•´ «˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ly •Î˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛l
~!ê˛ •Î˚⁄ !ÓfløÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛_¥ Îy §Ω˛Óï˛ §Ó≈y!ôܲ ≤Ã˲yÓ¢y°#
!SÈ°ñ •hflψϫ˛˛õï˛_¥ Îy ≤ÃhflÏyÓ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ Ë%˛ˆÏ° ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î •°
flø,!ï˛ Ë˛y[˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ï˛Ìƒà%!°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ •hflψϫ˛ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî– ~•z
ï˛_¥!ê˛ xl%Ùyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ !¢ál G fløÓ˚Ïî •° ˛õòà%!°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
xl%£ÏAà ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ~ܲÓyÓ˚ x!ç≈ï˛ •GÎ˚y ~•z xl%£ÏAàà%!°
flø,!ï˛ˆÏï˛ x«˛ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– Óƒ!=˛ ~ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ó•% §ÇáƒÜ˛ xl%£ÏAà
xç≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ~à%!°Ó˚ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ m®µ SÈyí˛¸y•z
0
fl∫yô#l˲yˆÏÓ ÌyˆÏܲ– ï˛ˆÏÓ ˛õ%lÓ%̊ÂôyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚ ~à%!°Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ •hflψϫ˛˛õ
Ë%˛ˆÏ° ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî å¢ï˛Ü˛Ó˚y ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyîä
xyˆÏ§ Îál ~•z !Ó!˲ߨ xl%£ÏˆÏAàÓ˚ ˆ§ê˛à%!° ˛õ%lÓ˚%ÂôyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çlƒ
25
~ˆÏܲ x˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ≤Ã!ï˛m!®µï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z •hflψϫ˛˛õ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y
50
~ܲ!ê˛ §•ç xl%¢#°ˆÏlÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ flõT˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ– ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚
Órô%ˆÏܲ ~ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ xÌ≈•#l ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ åï˛y!°Ü˛y Ú~Û ~ÓÇ ï˛y!°Ü˛y
75
Ú!ÓÛä ò%!ê˛ ˛õ,Ìܲ ï˛y!°Ü˛y !¢áˆÏï˛ xl%ˆÏÓ˚yô ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ !ܲS%È«˛î
˛õˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ ~ ï˛y!°Ü˛yÓ˚ ¢∑à%ˆÏ°y ˛õ%lÓ˚%ˆÏoܲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ó°– ~
31 100 ï˛y!°Ü˛yÓ˚ ˛õòà%!° ˛õ%lÓ˚%ˆÏoܲ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ˆÎ xl%£ÏAà
à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚ ï˛y ~ ï˛y!°Ü˛y ˆ¢áyÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛ ˛õ)Ó≈ xl%£ÏˆÏAàÓ˚
§yˆÏÌ •hflψϫ˛˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
xhs˝ï˛ ò%ÚôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ •hflψϫ˛˛õ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÎyÓ˚ çlƒ !ÓfløÓ˚î •Î˚–
§¡ø%áÓï≈˛# •hflψϫ˛˛õ 姡ø%áÓï˛≈# Óyôyä ÎyÓ˚ xÌ≈ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y xyç
Îy !¢ˆÏáˆÏSÈy ï˛y ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# ˆ¢áy ܲyçˆÏܲ ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
Óyôy ˆòÎ˚ ~ÓÇ å˛õŸã˛yÍÙ%á# Óyôyä Îy •° lï%˛l ï˛Ìƒ ˆ¢áyÓ˚
ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ ˆ¢áy ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ܲyç ˛õ%îÓ˚%ˆÏoܲ ç!ê˛°ˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚–
xlƒÜ˛ÌyÓ˚ §¡ø%áÓï≈˛# ÓyˆÏô ˛õ)Ó≈Óï≈˛# !¢«˛y Óyôy ˆòÎ˚
˛õÓ˚Óï˛≈# !¢«˛yÓ˚ ˛õ%lÓ˚%ˆÏoܲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ xyÓyÓ˚ ˛õŸã˛yÍÙ%á# ÓyˆÏô ˛õÓ˚Óï˛≈#
!¢«˛y!ê˛ xï˛#ˆÏï˛Ó˚ !¢«˛y ˛õ%lÓ˚%ˆÏoˆÏܲ •hflψϫ˛˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õ
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y Î!ò •zÇÓ˚y!ç çyˆÏly ~ÓÇ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Ê˛Ó˚y!§ !¢áˆÏï˛ Ü˛!ë˛l
°yˆÏà ï˛ˆÏÓ ~!ê˛ §¡ø%áÓï≈˛# ÓyˆÏôÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ~ÓÇ xlƒ!òˆÏܲ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y
Ê˛Ó˚y!§ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ §Ùï%˛°ƒ •zÇÓ˚y!ç ¢∑ Îy ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y §¡±!ï˛ fløÓ˚î
ܲˆÏÓ˚SÈ ï˛y ˛õ%îÓ˚%ˆÏoܲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ ly– ï˛ˆÏÓ ~!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õŸã˛yÍÙ%á#
ÓyˆÏôÓ˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î–
˛õ%lÓ%̊ˆoÏ ˆÏܲÓ˚ ÓƒÌ≈ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆîÏ !ÓfløÓ˚î (Forgetting due
to Retrival Failure) ı
!ÓfløÓ˚î ¢%ô%Ùye flø,!ï˛!ã˛•´à%!° §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ
«˛Î˚≤ÃyÆ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî âˆÏê˛ly åÎy xÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ï˛_¥ myÓ˚y ≤ÃhflÏy!Óï˛ä
xÌÓy §ÇÓ˚«˛î Óy xl%£ÏˆÏAàÓ˚ fl∫yô#l ˆ§ê˛à%!° ˛õ%lÓ˚%ˆÏoˆÏܲÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚
åÎy •hflψϫ˛˛õ ï˛_¥ myÓ˚y ≤ÃhflÏy!Óï˛ä ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛y G ≤Ã!ï˛m!®µï˛y
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî âˆÏê˛ lyñ !ܲv xyÓ˚G ܲyÓ˚î •ˆÏ°y ˛õ%lÓ˚%ˆÏoˆÏܲÓ˚
§ÙÎ˚ •Î˚ ˛õ%lÓ˚%ˆÏoˆÏܲÓ˚ •z!Aàï˛ xl%˛õ!fiÌï˛ Óy xl%˛õÎ%=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
˛õ%lÓ˚%ˆÏoˆÏܲÓ˚ §ÇˆÏܲï˛à%!° •° ~Ùl í˛z˛õܲÓ˚î Îy xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ flø,!ï˛ˆÏï˛
§ÇÓ˚!«˛ï˛ ï˛Ìƒ ˛õ%lÓ˚%ÂôyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aà!ê˛
xôƒyÎ˚ Èü 7È • ÙylÓ flø,!ï˛ 143
 ï˛y!°Ü˛y 7É1 ı ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÙ%°Ü˛ !í˛çy•zl ˛õ)Ó≈Ù%á# G ˛õŸã˛yÍÙ%á#Óyò xl%§yˆÏÓ˚
˛õŸã˛yÍÙ%á#ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ xl%Ùyl ˛ õÎ≈yÎ˚ÈüÈ1
˛õÓ˚#«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ ò° ܲ !¢ˆÏá
!lÎ˚!sfï˛ ò° ܲ !¢ˆÏá
˛õ)Ó≈Ù%á#ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ xl%Ùyl
˛õÓ˚#«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ ò° ܲ !¢ˆÏá
!lÎ˚!sfï˛ ò° !Ó◊yÙ
ê˛y°!Ë˛Ç ~ÓÇ ï˛yÑÓ˚ §•ˆÏÎy!àˆÏòÓ˚ myÓ˚y ≤ÃhflÏy!Óï˛ñ ÎÑyÓ˚y xˆÏlܲ
˛õÓ˚#«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ~ê˛y ˆòáyˆÏlyÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÎ flø,!ï˛Ó˚ §yÙ@˝Ã#à%!°
x≤Ãy˛õƒ •Î˚ ˛õ%lÓ˚%ˆÏoˆÏܲÓ˚ •z!Aàï˛à%!°Ó˚ xl%˛õÎ%=˛ï˛y G xˆÏÎyàƒï˛yÓ˚
ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ˆÎê˛y ˛õ%lÓ˚%ˆÏoˆÏܲÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ Óy ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
ã˛ˆÏ°y xyÙÓ˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zòy•Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ~!ê˛ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛T˛y
ܲ!Ó˚– ôˆÏÓ˚y ï%˛!Ù Ü%Ñ˛ˆÏí˛¸âÓ˚ñ ˆÓy°ï˛yñ Ü%˛!ê˛Ó˚ñ ˆ§ylyñ ˆÓ yOñ !˛õÑ˛õˆÏí˛¸
•zï˛ƒy!ò xÌ≈˛õ)î≈ ¢∑à%!°Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛y!°Ü˛y fløÓ˚î ܲÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈy ˆÎáyˆÏl
¢∑à%ˆÏ°y SÈÎ˚!ê˛ !Ó˲yˆÏàÓ˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛ åˆÎÙl ÌyܲyÓ˚ çyÎ˚àyñ
ˆ˛õyܲyÙyܲˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ lyÙñ ôyï%˛Ó˚ ôÓ˚l •zï˛ƒy!òä– Î!ò !ܲS%È«˛î ˛õˆÏÓ˚
ˆï˛yÙyˆÏܲ fløÓ˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ó°y •Î˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆ§•z ¢∑à%!°Ó˚
ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ fløÓ˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ ï˛ˆÏÓ !mï˛#Î˚ ˛õ%lÓ˚%ˆÏoˆÏܲÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚
Î!ò ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ !Ó˲yˆÏàÓ˚ lyÙà%ˆÏ°y Ó°y •Î˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚
˛õ%lÓ%̊ˆÏoܲ ˆÙyê˛yÙ%!ê ܲySyܲy!SÈ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~•z í˛zòy•Ó˚ˆÏî !Ó˲yˆÏàÓ˚
lyÙà%ˆÏ°y ˛õ%lÓ˚%ÂôyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏAÜ˛ï˛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚– !Ó˲yˆÏàÓ˚
lyˆÏÙÓ˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆÎ ˆË˛Ô!ï˛Ü˛˛ ˆ≤ë˛y˛õê˛ !¢ˆÏáy ˆ§à%ˆÏ°yG
ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚ ˛õ%lÓ˚%ÂôyÓ˚ §ˆÏAÜ˛ï˛ §Ó˚ÓÓ˚y• ܲˆÏÓ˚–
Óy: 7É5 xÓò!Ùï˛ flø,!ï˛ ı
!ܲS%È Óƒy!=˛ xyâyï˛òyÎ˚ܲ x!˲K˛ï˛y °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ܲ!ê˛
xyâyï˛òyÎ˚ܲ x!˲K˛ï˛y Ùyl!§Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Ü˛T˛ ˆòÎ˚– !§à‰Ù[˛ Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚í˛
ò,ì˛¸Ë˛yˆÏÓ ÓˆÏ°!SȈϰl ˆÎ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ x!˲K˛ï˛y xÓˆÏã˛ï˛l ÙˆÏl
xÓò!Ùï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ flø,!ï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ%lÓ˚%ÂôyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çlƒ í˛z˛õ°kô •Î˚
ly– ~!ê˛ ~ܲôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ xÓòÙl– ˆÓòlyòyÎ˚ܲñ •%Ù!ܲçlܲ ~ÓÇ !ÓÓ ï˛Ü˛Ó˚
flø,!ï˛ ˆã˛ï˛lyÓ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
!ܲS%È Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xyâyï˛òyÎ˚ܲ x!˲K˛ï˛y ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ
flø,!ï˛ !Ó°%!Æ âê˛yˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– !ܲS%È Óƒ!=˛ §ÇÜ˛ê˛ xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚l ~ÓÇ
~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ âê˛lyà%!°Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ˆÙyܲy!Ó°y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ §¡õ)î≈Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ
x§ÙÌ≈ •Î˚– ï˛yÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆã˛yáñ ܲyl G ÙlˆÏܲ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ~•z ܲˆÏë˛yÓ˚
ÓyhflÏÓï˛yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ Órô ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚ ~ÓDz ~à%ˆÏ°y ˆÌˆÏܲ Ùyl!§Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ
144 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
˛õÎ˚≈yÎ˚ÈüÈ2 ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚
á !¢ˆÏá ܲÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˛õ%îÓ˚%ˆÏoܲ
!Ó◊yÙ Ü˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˛õ%îÓ˚%ˆÏoܲ
á !¢ˆÏá áÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˛õ%îÓ˚%ˆÏoܲ
á !¢ˆÏá áÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˛õ%îÓ˚%ˆÏoܲ
flø,!ï˛Ó˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛ âê˛yˆÏly (Enhancing Memory) ı
xyÙÓ˚y §Óy•z ¢!=˛¢y°# ~ÓÇ !lË≈˛Ó˚ˆÏÎyàƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ ã˛ÙÍܲyÓ˚
flø,!ï˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚# •ˆÏï˛ •zFS%Èܲ– §ˆÏÓ≈y˛õ!Ó˚ ˆÜ˛ flø,!ï˛ ÓƒÌ≈ï˛yÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ Ù%ˆÏáyÙ%!á •ˆÏï˛ ˛ã˛yÎ˚ Îy˛ í˛zˆÏmà G !ÓÓ ï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚
ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚⁄ !Ó!˲ߨ flø,!ï˛ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y ˆ¢áyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ñ
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y xÓ¢ƒ•z çylˆÏï˛ ã˛y•zˆÏÓ ˆÎ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ flø,!ï˛ˆÏܲ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ
í˛zß¨ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚– flø,!ï˛ í˛zß¨ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ çlƒ xˆÏlܲà%!° ˆÜ˛Ô¢°
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Îy ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ flø,!ï˛ í˛zß¨ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ~à%!°ˆÏܲ
!lˆÏÙy!lܲ§ Ó°y •Î˚– ~•z !lˆÏÙy!lܲ§ à%!°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !ܲS%È SÈ!ÓÓ˚
ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ xyÓyÓ˚ xˆÏlƒÓ˚y xyd≤ÈÏîy!òï˛ K˛yï˛˛ ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ §Çàë˛ˆÏl
ˆçyÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~ál !lˆÏÙy!lܲ§‰ ~ÓÇ flø,!ï˛ í˛zߨ!ï˛Ó˚ !ܲS%È
˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏÓ–
!ã˛e ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ !lˆÏÙy!lܲ§‰ ˛õÂô!ï˛ (Mnemonices
using Images)
!ã˛e ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ !lˆÏÙy!lܲ •° ˛õ%îÓ˚%ˆÏoܲܲyÓ˚# !Ó!˲ߨ §yÙ@˝Ã#
ã˛yÓ˚˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Óy ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆÎ ≤ÃyîÓhs˝ ~ÓÇ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ !Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ï˛
˛õ°yÎ˚l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~!ê˛ xï˛ƒhs˝ §yôyÓ˚î flø,!ï˛ !ӈϰyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ Ê˛°yÊ˛°– ~•z
ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ°yÎ˚l#Ó,!_ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ÓܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xy!ÓË≈˛yÓ âê˛yÎ˚ Îy fugue
state lyˆÏÙ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛– ÎyÓ˚y ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Óƒy!ôÓ˚ !¢Ü˛yÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl
ï˛yÓ˚y lï%˛l ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ñ lyÙñ !ë˛Ü˛yly •zï˛ƒy!ò @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ò%!ê˛
Óƒ!=˛c Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ ~ܲ!ê˛ xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ!ê˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !ܲS%È•z çyˆÏl ly–
ã˛yˆÏ˛õ ~ÓÇ ï˛#Ó  í˛zˆÏmˆÏàÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî Ë%˛ˆÏ° ÎyGÎ˚y Óy flø,!ï˛
!ӈϰy˛õ x§yôyÓ˚î !Ó£ÏÎ˚ lÎ˚– xˆÏlܲ ܲˆÏë˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚◊Ù# G í˛zFã˛yܲyA«˛#
!¢«˛yÌ≈# ã)˛í˛¸yhs˝ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÎ˚ í˛zFã˛ ˆflÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çlƒ í˛zFã˛y!˲°y£Ï# ~ÓÇ ~à%!°
xç≈ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ï˛yÓ˚y ò#â≈§ÙÎ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ ˛õí˛¸yˆÏ¢yly ܲˆÏÓ˚– !ܲv Îál ï˛yÓ˚y
≤ß¿˛õe ˛õyÎ˚ñ ï˛ál ï˛yÓ˚y á%Ó !Óã˛!°ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚y Îy
˲yˆÏ°y˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ã›ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛y Ë%˛ˆÏ° ÎyÎ˚–
 ܲyçÈüÈ 7É4
l#ˆÏã˛ ò%!ê˛ ¢∑ï˛y!°Ü˛y ˆòGÎ˚y xyˆÏSÈ– ≤ÃÌÏÙ ï˛y!°Ü˛y!ê˛ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚y ~Ùl˲yˆÏÓ ÙˆÏl Ó˚yáˆÏÓ ÎyˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yl e%!ê˛ SÈyí˛¸y•z ¢∑à%!°ˆÏܲ ˛õ%lÓ˚%ˆÏoܲ
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù •G– ~ál ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !mï˛#Î˚ ï˛y!°Ü˛y!ê˛ lyG ~ÓÇ §!ë˛Ü˛ ˛õ%lÓ˚%ˆÏoܲ e%!ê˛Ó˚ ÙylòˆÏ[˛˛ fløÓ˚î ܲÓ˚– ï˛y!°Ü˛y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ Ë%˛ˆÏ°
ÎyG ~ÓÇ ~ܲ â^˝ê˛yÓ˚ çlƒ xlƒ !ܲS%È ˛õyˆÏí˛¸y– ~ál ≤ÃÌÙ ï˛y!°Ü˛yÓ˚ ¢∑ ˛õ%lÓ˚%ˆÏoܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ°ˆÏáy– ÎÌyÎÌ Ë˛yˆÏÓ fløÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y
¢∑à%!°Ó˚ ˆÙyê˛ §Çáƒy ~ÓÇ Ë%˛° ˲yˆÏÓ ˛õ%lÓ˚%ˆÏoܲ ܲÓ˚y ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ §Çáƒy˛ ˆlyê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y–
ï˛y!°Ü˛yÈüÈ1
SÈyà° ˆË˛í˛¸y !ã˛ï˛yÓyâ
¢,ày° ÓylÓ˚ í˛zê˛
ˆÙÔÙy!SÈ •!Ó˚î ܲyë˛!Óí˛¸y°#
ˆâyí˛¸y !ã˛ï˛y ˆlܲˆÏí˛¸
§y˛õ áÓ˚ˆÏày¢ ˆï˛yï˛y˛õy!á
ï˛y!°Ü˛y ÈüÈ2
¢)ܲÓ˚ •y!ï˛ àyôy
˛õyÎ˚Ó˚y ˆàyáÓ˚y §y˛õ Óyâ
ÙÎ˚ly !§Ç• ÓyS%ÈÓ˚
˲y°%ܲ !¢Î˚y° ܲyܲ
Ù!•£Ï •zÑò%Ó˚
ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Órô%ˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲçˆÏlÓ˚ §•ˆÏÎy!àï˛y lyG ~ÓÇ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ Ó!î≈ï˛ ÙylòˆÏ[˛˛ ï˛y!°Ü˛y 1ÈüÈÓ˚ ¢∑à%!° ÙˆÏl Ó˚yáyÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚– ï˛yˆÏܲ àyl
ày•zˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛y˛õ ã˛y ˆáˆÏï˛ xl%ˆÏÓ˚yô ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ï˛yˆÏܲ ~ܲâ^˝ê˛y !ܲS%È Ü˛ˆÏÌy˛õÜ˛ÌˆÏl !lÎ%=˛ Ó˚yˆÏáy ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ‡
ï˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏà ˆÎ ¢∑à%!° ˆÎ ÙˆÏl ˆÓ˚ˆÏá!SȈϰ ˆ§à%!° !°áˆÏï˛ xl%ˆÏÓ˚yô ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Órô%Ó˚ ܲÓ˚y ˛õ%lÓ˚%ˆÏoˆÏܲÓ˚ ï%˛°ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–

!ã˛e ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ ï˛y – ò%!ê˛ !Ó!¢T˛ !lˆÏÙy!lܲ ˆÜ˛Ô¢° Îy SÈ!ÓÓ˚
xyܲ£Ï≈î#Î˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§à%!° •° Ù%რ¢∑ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ~ÓÇ fiÌyl#Î˚
˛õÂô!ï˛–
ܲä Ù%ტ∑ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ı
ôˆÏÓ˚y ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆÜ˛ylG !ÓˆÏò!¢ ˲y£Ïy !¢áˆÏï˛ ã˛yG– Ù%რ¢∑
˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ñ ~ܲ!ê˛ •zLjÏÓ˚!ç ¢∑ å~áyˆÏl xl%Ùyl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ˆÎ
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y •zLjÏÓ˚!ç ˲y£Ïy çylä Îy ~ܲ!ê˛ !ÓˆÏò!¢ ˲y£ÏyÓ˚ ¢∑ xl%Ó˚)˛õ
¢ly=˛ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~•z •zLjÏÓ˚!ç ¢∑ Ù%რ¢∑ !•§yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
Ó!•ı§ÇˆÏÎyçˆÏܲÓ˚ çlƒ ï%˛!Ù •yˆÏ§Ó˚ çlƒ flõƒy!l¢ ¢∑ Ú˛õƒyˆÏê˛yÛ
ÙˆÏl Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ã˛yG ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y Ù%რ¢∑ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Ú˛õê˛Û ÓySÈy•z
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ Ù%ტˆÏ∑Ó˚ !ã˛e ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚ !Ü ˛Î˚y ܲ“ly ܲÓ˚– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~•z ˆ«˛ˆÏe ç° ˛õ)î≈ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õye
~ܲ!ê˛ •yˆÏϧÓ˚ ܲ“ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y– ~ܲ!ê˛ !ÓˆÏò!¢ ˲y£ÏyÓ˚ ¢∑
ˆ¢áyÓ˚ ~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛ xlƒôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ xyÓ,!_Ù)°Ü˛ flø,!ï˛Ó˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ xˆÏlܲ
˲yˆÏ°y–
áä fiÌyl#Î˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ı
fiÌyl#Î˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆÎ ˛õòà%!° ÙˆÏl
Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ã˛yG ï˛y ò,¢ƒÙyl !ã˛eà%!°Ó˚ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆË˛Ô!ï˛Ü˛ fiÌyˆÏl
§yçyˆÏly Ó›Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y fiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛ xl%Ü ˛!Ùܲ˲yˆÏÓ
˛õòà%!° ÙˆÏl Ó˚yáyÓ˚ çlƒ !ӈϢ£Ï˲yˆÏÓ §•yÎ˚ܲ– ~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛!ê˛
!ӈϢ£Ïï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ §!Iï˛ ˛õòˆÏܲ ˛õ%îÓ˚%ˆÏoܲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
§y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ˆÏï˛ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ≤ÃÌÙ Ó› Óy fiÌyl ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ !l!ò≈T˛
Ü ˛Ù ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˲yˆÏ°y çyˆÏly ~!ê˛ ÙˆÏlyŸã˛«%˛ˆÏï˛ ˆòˆÏáyñ ˆÎ Ó›!ê˛ˆÏܲ
˛õ%îÓ˚%ˆÏoܲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛yG ˆ§!ê˛ˆÏܲ ܲ“ly ܲÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ
~à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ˆË˛Ôï˛ xÓfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ xl%£ÏAà ܲÓ˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õ
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y Ó˚%!ê˛ñ !í˛Ùñ ê˛ˆÏÙˆÏê˛yñ §yÓyl ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÓyçyÓ˚ ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚
˛õˆÏÌ ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛yGñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y Ó˚yߨyâˆÏÓ˚ ˛õyí˛zÓ˚%!ê˛ ~ÓÇ
!í˛Ùà%ˆÏ°yñ ê˛ˆÏÙˆÏê˛yà%!° ˆê˛!ӈϰ ~ÓÇ ÓyÌÓ˚%ˆÏÙ §yÓyl ˆòáˆÏï˛˛
õyˆÏÓ˚y– ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ Îy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ
ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ Ó˚yߨyâÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ÓyÌÓ˚%Ù ÎyÓyÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü ˛Ù

xôƒyÎ˚ Èü 7È • ÙylÓ flø,!ï˛ 145

xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛Ê˛ˆÏò≈Ó˚ §ÙhflÏ !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˛õ%lfiÌy˛õˆÏlÓ˚
çlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ˛õòˆÏ«˛˛õ !lˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
§Çàë˛ˆÏl ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ !lˆÏÙy!lܲ§ (Mnemonics using
Organisation) ı
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆÎ Ó› ÙˆÏl Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ã˛yG §Çàë˛l ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
!l!ò≈T˛ Ü ˛Ù xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !lˆÏÙy!lܲ§ í˛z˛õܲyÓ˚#
ܲyÓ˚îñ ˛õ%îÓ˚%ˆÏoܲ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏܲ xˆÏlܲê˛y §•ç ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y
§Çàë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÎ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ çlƒ–
ܲä ã˛yÇ!Ü˛Ç ı
fl∫“ˆÏÙÎ˚yò# flø,!ï˛Ó˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%!° Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y
í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ ã˛yÇ!Ü˛Ç fl∫“ˆÏÙÎ˚yò# flø,!ï˛Ó˚ «˛Ùï˛y Ó,!Âô
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ã˛yÇ!Ü˛Ç ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆSÈyê˛ ~ܲܲ ÓˆÏí˛¸y xÇ¢
àë˛l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ~ܲ!eï˛ •Î˚– ã˛yÇ ˜ï˛!Ó˚Ó˚ çlƒ !ܲS%È §Çàë˛ˆÏlÓ˚
l#!ï˛à%ˆÏ°y xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Îy «%˛o ~ܲܲà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ Î%=˛
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– xï˛~Ó fl∫“ˆÏÙÎ˚yò# flø,!ï˛Ó˚ «˛Ùï˛y Óyí˛¸yˆÏlyÓ˚ çlƒ
!lÎ˚sfî ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y Ìyܲy SÈyí˛¸yG ã˛yÇ!Ü˛ÇˆÏܲ flø,!ï˛ í˛zß¨ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚
ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
áä ≤ÃÌÙ x«˛Ó˚ ˆÜ˛Ô¢° (First letter technique) ı
≤ÃÌÙ x«˛Ó˚ ˆÜ˛Ô¢°!ê˛ Ü˛yˆÏç °yàyˆÏlyÓ˚ çlƒ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y
ˆÎ ¢∑!ê˛ ÙˆÏl Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ã˛yG ï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ x«˛Ó˚!ê˛ lyG ~ÓÇ xlƒ
¢∑ Óy Óyܲƒ àë˛Ïl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó˚yÙôl%Ó˚
Ó˚Ç ~•z˲yˆÏÓ fløÓ˚î •Î˚ ÚˆÓ!lxy§•Ü˛°yÛ ÈüÈ ÎyÓ˚ ÙyˆÏl ˆÓà%!lñ
xyܲy!¢ñ l#°ñ §Ó%çñ •°%òñ Ü˛Ù°y ~ÓÇ °y°–
flø,!ï˛ í˛zß¨ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ !lˆÏÙy!lܲ ˆÜ˛Ô¢°à%ˆÏ°y á%Ó•z xà˲#Ó˚
~ÓÇ §Ω˛Óï˛ flø,!ï˛Ó˚ ç!ê˛°ï˛y ~ÓÇ fløÓ˚î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚
§Ù§ƒyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ xÓÙ)°ƒyÎ˚l ܲˆÏÓ˚– !lˆÏÙy!lˆÏܲÓ˚ çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ flø,!ï˛
í˛zߨ!ï˛Ó˚ xyÓ˚G Óƒy˛õܲ ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ ܲÌy xˆÏlܲ˛ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl#•z
ӈϰˆÏSÈl– ~•zÓ˚Ü˛Ù ~ܲê˛y ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ flø,!ï˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛
K˛ylˆÏܲ flø,!ï˛ í˛zߨ!ï˛Ó˚ ܲyˆÏç ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚
ˆçyÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚– ~ˆÏ§y ~•z ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈à%!° !ܲS%Èê˛y Îyã˛y•z ܲˆÏÓ˚
ˆò!á–
~ê˛y ≤ÃhflÏyÓ Ü˛Ó˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎ ~ܲçlˆÏܲ xÓ¢ƒ•z ı
ܲä à˲#Ó˚ xl%Ë)˛!ÙܲˆÏcÓ˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yܲÓ˚ˆÏî !lˆÏÎ˚y!çï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y ıÈ
Î!ò ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ï˛Ìƒ ˲yˆÏ°y˲yˆÏÓ ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛yG
ï˛ˆÏÓ !lˆÏçˆÏܲ à˲#Ó˚ hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yܲÓ˚ˆÏî !lÎ%=˛ ܲÓ˚– ˆÜ ˛•zܲ
~ÓÇ ˆ°yܲ•yê≈˛ ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl ˆÎ Óy!•ƒÜ˛ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛Ìƒ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yܲÓ˚î
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ xˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yܲÓ˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° flø,!ï˛ Ë˛yˆÏ°y
•Î˚– à˲#Ó˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛ •°ñ Îï˛ê%˛Ü%˛ §Ω˛Ó ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚
§yˆÏÌ §¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛ ≤ß¿à%ˆÏ°y !çK˛y§y ܲÓ˚y ~Ó˚ xÌ≈ˆÏܲ !ÓˆÏÓã˛lyÎ˚
ˆÓ˚ˆÏá ~ÓÇ ˆÎ âê˛lyà%ˆÏ°y xyˆÏà ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y çyˆÏly ˆ§à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚
§yˆÏÌ ~Ó˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ܲÓ˚y– ~•z˲yˆÏÓ lï%˛l ï˛Ìƒ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚
!ÓòƒÙyl K˛yl ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÓ˚ xÇ¢ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛ ~ÓÇ ~à%!° ÌyܲyÓ˚
§Ω˛yÓly Ó,!Âô ˛õyÎ˚–
áä •hflψϫ˛˛õ •…y§ ܲÓ˚y ı
xyÙÓ˚y ˛õí˛¸°yÙ •hflψϫ˛˛õñ ~!ê˛ Ë%˛ˆÏ° ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl ܲyÓ˚î
~ÓÇ ï˛y•z ~ê˛y ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Îï˛ê˛y §Ω˛Ó ~í˛¸yˆÏlyÓ˚˛ ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚y
í˛z!ã˛ï˛– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y çyˆÏly §Ó≈y!ôܲ •hflψϫ˛˛õ ï˛ál•z •Î˚ Îál
~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲ•zÓ˚Ü˛Ù !ç!l§ ~ܲ•z Ü ˛ˆÏÙ ˆ¢áy •Î˚– ~!ê˛ ~!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚
ã˛ˆÏ°y– ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õí˛¸y ~Ùl˲yˆÏÓ §yçyG ˆÎ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~ܲ•zÓ˚ܲÙ
!Ó£ÏÎ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ÎyˆÏï˛ ly ˆ¢ˆÏáyñ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï≈˛ xyˆÏàÓ˚ !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏAà
§¡õÜ≈˛ ˆl•z ~Ùl !Ó£ÏÎ˚ ÓySÈy•z ܲˆÏÓ˚y– Î!ò ~!ê˛ §Ω˛Ó ly •Î˚ñ
ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õí˛¸y Óy xl%¢#°l ˲yà ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~Ó˚ ÙyˆÏl •° •hflψϫ˛˛õ
Ü˛Ù Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ ÙyV˛áyˆÏl ÙyˆÏV˛ ÙyˆÏV˛
!Ó◊yÙ lyG–
àä !lˆÏçˆÏܲ ΈÏÌT˛ ˛õ%Ó˚Ó˚%ÂôyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏAÜ˛ï˛ ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚ ı
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y Îál !ܲS%È !¢ˆÏáˆÏSÈy ï˛ál ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õí˛¸yÓ˚
åxôƒÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ä í˛z˛õyòylà%ˆÏ°y˛ ˛õ%lÓ˚%ÂôyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ÇˆÏܲï˛à%!° ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ly=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ xôƒÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ó›Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ~•z §ÇˆÏܲï˛à%ˆÏ°y
§ÇˆÏÎyà ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y– §¡õ)î≈ ˛õyë˛ƒyLjϢ ï%˛°ly §ÇˆÏܲï˛à%ˆÏ°y ÙˆÏl
Ó˚yáyÎ˚ §•ç •ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ G §yÙ@˝Ã#à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
§ÇˆÏÎyà ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚SÈ ï˛y ˛õ%lÓ˚%ÂôyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y!ê˛ˆÏܲ §•çï˛Ó˚
ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
ÌÙy§ G Ó˚!Óî§l SÈyeˆÏòÓ˚ xyÓ˚G ˲yˆÏ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚ fløÓ˚î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ
PQRST lyˆÏÙ xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï ˆÜ˛Ô¢° Óy!lˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl– xyòƒ«˛Ó˚
xl%ÎyÎ˚# 'P' ÙyˆÏl Preview, 'Q' ÙyˆÏl Question, 'R' ÙyˆÏl
Read, 'S' •° Self-recitation ~ÓÇ 'T'-~Ó˚ ÙyˆÏl •° Test–
xl%Óyò ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° Ü ˛Ùyß∫ˆÏÎ˚ òÑyí˛¸yÎ˚ ˛õ)Ó≈ÈüÈxӈϰyܲlñ ≤ß¿ ܲÓ˚yñ ˛õí˛¸yñ
fl∫ÈüÈxyÓ,!_ ܲÓ˚y G ˛õÓ˚#«˛y– ˛õ)Ó≈xӈϰyܲl xôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
ï˛yÍ«˛!îܲ Óî≈l ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ !lˆÏçˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛
ܲÓ˚yˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚– ≤ß¿ ÙyˆÏl ≤ß¿ í˛zay˛õl ~ÓÇ ˛õyë˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛z_Ó˚
ã˛yGÎ˚y– ~ál ˛õí˛¸y ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ï%˛!Ù í˛zay!˛õï˛ ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ §rôyl
ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y Îy ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏSÈy xyÓyÓ˚ ˆ°áyÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y
ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï !lˆÏçˆÏܲ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòˆÏáy ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ܲï˛ê˛y
Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈy–

146 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
 ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ §ï˛Ü≈˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl xyˆÏSÈ– ~Ó˚ܲÙ
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õÂô!ï˛•z ˆl•z Îy ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚y §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ §Ó §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ §Ùyôyl
ܲˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ Óy ~ܲÓ˚yˆÏeÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ flø,!ï˛Ó˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆòˆÏÓ–
Ù%áƒ˛õò
!lˆÏçÓ˚ flø,!ï˛ í˛zß¨ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ xˆÏlܲ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚
!òˆÏܲ lçÓ˚ !òˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ Îy ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚˛ flø,!ï˛ˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚–
ˆÎÙl ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫yfĩñ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xy@˝Ã• ~ÓÇ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚îyñ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚
!Ó£Ï Î ˚ Ó ›Ó˚ §yˆÏ Ì ˛õ!Ó˚ ! ã˛ï˛– ~Ó˚ §yˆÏ Ì flø, ! ï˛Ó˚ í˛z ß ¨ ! ï˛Ó˚
ˆÜ˛Ô¢°à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ Ó›Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yG ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚
!¢áˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
ã˛yÇ!ܲÇñ K˛yl#Î˚ !Ùï˛Óƒ!Î˚ï˛y˛ñ ôyÓ˚îñ !lÎ˚sfî ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yñ
!m§ÇˆÏ Ü ˛ï˛yÎ˚ l ñ ◊Óîàï˛ flø, ! ï˛ñ !lÓrô#ܲÓ˚ î ñ
í˛z˛õyáƒylÙ)°Ü˛ flø,!ï˛ñ !Óhfl,Ïï˛ Ù•í˛¸yñ !Ê˛í˛zç ˆfiê˛ê˛ñ ï˛Ìƒ
≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yܲÓ˚î ˛õÂô!ï˛ñ Ó˚«˛îyˆÏÓ«˛î Ù•í˛¸yñ flø,!ï˛ àë˛lñ
!lˆÏ Ù y!lܲ§ñ ˛õ!Ó˚ ˆ Ï ° áñ ¢∑y!Ì≈ Ü ˛ flø, ! ï˛ñ Ü  ˛ !Ùܲ
˛õ%îÓ˚%Ͳõyòlñ ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# flø,!ï˛–

§yÓ˚yÇ¢
¿ flø,!ï˛ !lÓrô#ܲÓ˚îñ §ÇÓ˚«˛î ~ÓÇ ˛õ%lÓ˚%ÂôyÓ˚ !ï˛l!ê˛ˆÏܲ §¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ !•§yˆÏÓ ˆòáy •Î˚–
¿ !lÓrô#ܲÓ˚î xyàï˛ ï˛ÌƒˆÏܲ ~Ùl˲yˆÏÓ !lÓrôl ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎ ~!ê˛ flø,!ï˛˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §yÙO§ƒ˛õ)î≈ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲñ
§ÇÓ˚«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ xÌ≈ §ÙÎ˚§#ÙyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ï˛Ìƒ ôyÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ˛õ%lÓ˚%ÂôyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xÌ≈ ï˛Ìƒy!òˆÏܲ ˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚ §ˆÏã˛ï˛l ÙˆÏl !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚
xy§y–
¿ flø,!ï˛Ó˚ ˆT˛ç ÙˆÏí˛°!ê˛ Ü˛!¡õí˛zê˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ flø,!ï˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ï%˛°ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ≤ÃhflÏyÓ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ xyàï˛
ï˛Ìƒ §ÇˆÏÓòl¢#° flø,!ï˛ñ «˛îfiÌyÎ˚# flø,!ï˛ ~ÓÇ ò#â≈fiÌyÎ˚# flø,!ï˛Ó˚ !ï˛l!ê˛ fl∫ï˛sf˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÜ,˛ï˛ •Î˚–
¿ flø,!ï˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yܲÓ˚î ò,ˆÏ¢ƒÓ˚ Ùyeyà%ˆÏ°y òyÓ# ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ ï˛Ìƒy!ò !ï˛l!ê˛ hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ñ ˆÎÙl ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyàï˛ñ ôÁ!làï˛ ~ÓÇ
§Ù!T˛àï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ !lÓrô#ܲÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– Î!ò ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ï˛Ìƒ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ¢∑yÌ≈àï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ !lÓrô#ܲÓ˚î
•Î˚ñ Îy ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ à˲#Ó˚ï˛Ù hflÏÓ˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚ ~!ê˛ xyÓ˚G ˲y° ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
¿ ò#â≈fiÌyÎ˚# flø,!ï˛ˆÏܲ !Ó!˲ߨ˲yˆÏÓ !Ó˲=˛ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ãôyl ˆ◊!î!Ó˲yà ˆây£ÏîyÙ)°Ü˛ ~ÓÇ ˛˛õÂô!ï˛àï˛ flø,!ï˛
~ÓÇ xlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛z˛õyáƒylÙ)°Ü˛ ~ÓÇ ¢∑yÌ≈àï˛ flø,!ï˛–
¿ ò#â≈fiÌyÎ˚# flø,!ï˛Ó˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›à%ˆÏ°y •° ôyÓ˚îyñ ˆ◊!îܲÓ˚î ~ÓÇ !ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ í˛z˛õfiÌy!˛õï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ xl%Ü ˛!Ùܲ˲yˆÏÓ
§Çà!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚–
¿ !ÓfløÓ˚î §ÙÎ˚ܲy° ôˆÏÓ˚ §ÇÓ˚!«˛ï˛ ï˛Ìƒ •…y§ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ñ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛z˛õyòyl ˆ¢áyÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚ flø,!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ï˛#Ó  ˛õï˛l xyˆÏ§
~ÓÇ ˛õï˛l á%Ó ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ •Î˚–
¿ !ÓfløÓ˚î !ã˛•´ «˛Î˚ ~ÓÇ •hflψϫ˛ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ Ê˛° !•§yˆÏÓ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~!ê˛ ˛õ%lÓ˚%ÂôyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ §ÇˆÏܲˆÏï˛Ó˚
xl%˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏîG •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
¿ flø,!ï˛ ¢%ô%Ùye ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ%îÓ˚%ͲõyòlÙ)°Ü˛˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ lÎ˚ ~!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ àë˛lÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y– xyÙÓ˚y Îy §M˛Î˚ ܲ!Ó˚ ï˛y
xï˛#ˆÏï˛Ó˚ K˛yl ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ°ˆÏáÓ˚ myÓ˚y ˛õ!Ó˚Óï˛#≈ï˛ ~ÓÇ §ÇˆÏ¢yô#ï˛ •Î˚–
¿ !lˆÏÙy!lܲ flø,!ï˛ í˛zߨ!ï˛Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÜ˛Ô¢°– Î!òG !ܲS%È !lÙ!lܲ§ !ã˛e ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– xlƒà%ˆÏ°y ˆ¢áy §yÙ@˝Ã#à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚
àë˛l !ÓlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆçyÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚–

xôƒyÎ˚ Èü 7È • ÙylÓ flø,!ï˛ 147

 ˛õÎ≈yˆÏ°yã˛ly Ù)°Ü˛ ≤ß¿
1ä !lÓrô#ܲÓ˚îñ §ÇÓ˚«˛î ~ÓÇ ˛õ%lÓ˚%ÂôyÓ˚ ¢∑à%!°Ó˚ xÌ≈ ܲ#⁄
2ä ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ï˛Ìƒ §ÇˆÏÓòl¢#°ñ «˛îfiÌyÎ˚# ~ÓÇ ò#â≈fiÌyÎ˚# flø,!ï˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y ܲÓ˚y •Î˚⁄
3ä Ó˚«˛lyˆÏÓ«˛î Ù•í˛¸y ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ !Óhfl,Ïï˛ Ù•í˛¸yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ !˲ߨ •Î˚⁄
4ä ˆây£ÏîyÙ)°Ü˛ G ˛õÂô!ï˛àï˛ flø,!ï˛Ó˚ àë˛l Óî≈ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
5ä ò#â≈fiÌyÎ˚# flø,!ï˛Ó˚˛ xl%Ü ˛!Ùܲ àë˛l!ê˛ Óî≈ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
6ä ˆÜ˛l !ÓfløÓ˚î •Î˚⁄
7ä ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ˛õ%lÓ˚%ÂôyÓ˚ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ !ÓfløÓ˚îñ •hflψϫ˛ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî !ÓfløÓ˚î ˆÌˆÏܲ xy°yòy •Î˚⁄
8ä flø,!ï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ àë˛lÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ~Ó˚ ܲ# ≤ÃÙyî xyˆÏSÈ⁄
9ä !lˆÏÙy!lˆÏܲÓ˚ §ÇK˛y òyG– ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ flø,!ï˛Ó˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛Ó˚ çlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly §%˛õy!Ó˚¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–

≤ÃܲˆÏ“Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îy
1ä ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ âê˛ly fløÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ˆ°ˆÏáy Îy ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y á%Ó ˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ ˲yˆÏÓ ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚SÈ–
~SÈyí˛¸yG xlƒˆÏòÓ˚ xl%ˆÏÓ˚yô ܲˆÏÓ˚y åÎyÓ˚y ˙ âê˛lyÎ˚ xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !SÈ° ˆÎÙl ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˲y•z
ˆÓylñ x!˲˲yÓܲ Óy xlƒ xyd#Î˚ Órô%Ó˚yä ~ܲ•z ܲyç ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛– ò%!ê˛ ˛õ%lÓ˚%ˆÏoܲ §ÇflÒÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ï%˛°ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˜Ó§yò,¢ƒ G §yò,¢ƒ ˆ°á– xl%Ó˚)˛õï˛y ~ÓÇ !Ó!FSÈߨï˛yÓ˚ !˛õSȈÏlÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚îà%!° çylyÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚y–

2ä ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Órô%Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ~ܲ!ê˛ à“ Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏܲ ~ܲârê˛y ˛õÓ˚ ~!ê˛ !¢áˆÏSÈ ÓˆÏ°y ~SÈyí˛¸yG ˆÎ xlƒ
Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ ܲ# !°ˆÏáˆÏSÈ ï˛y Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ï˛yˆÏܲ xl%ˆÏÓ˚yô ܲˆÏÓ˚y– Ù)° àˆÏ“Ó˚ Ü˛Ù˛õˆÏ«˛ 5!ê˛ §ÇflÒÓ˚î ˛õÎ≈hs˝
ã˛y!°ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyG– !Ó!˲ߨ §ÇflÒÓ˚î ï%˛°ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ flø,!ï˛Ó˚ àë˛lÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y ¢ly=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–

148 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
 !ã˛hs˝
l
Sensory, Attentional
xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ 8
and Perceptual
Thinking
Thinking
Processes
~•z xôƒyÎ˚!ê˛ ˛õyë˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˛Îy §ÙÌ≈ •ˆÏÓ È
¿ !ã˛hs˝l ï˛Ìy ˆÎÔ!=˛Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ñ
¿ §Ù§ƒy §Ùyôyl ~ÓÇ !§Âôyhs˝Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏî !l!•ï˛ !ܲS%È K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ í˛z˛õ°!kô ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛–
¿ §,çlydܲ !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚)˛õ G ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ ï˛y í˛zß¨ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ í˛z˛õyÎ˚ !¢áˆÏï˛–
¿ ˲y£Ïy G !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §¡õÜ≈˛ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ñ
¿ ˲y£ÏyÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛–

!Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›
Ë)˛!Ùܲy
!ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚)˛õ
!ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó!”˛Ç ÓœÜ˛
§Çfl,Ò!ï˛ G !ã˛hs˝l åÓy: 8É1ä
§Ù§ƒy §Ùyôyl
ˆÎÔ!=˛Ü˛Ó˚î
!§Âôyhs˝Ü˛Ó˚î
§,çlydܲ !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚%˛õ ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y
§,çlydܲ !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚%˛õ
˛õyŸª≈#Î˚ !ã˛hs˝l åÓy: 8É2ä
§,çlydܲ !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y
§,çlydܲ !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ !Óܲy¢
§,çlydܲ !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ Óyôy§Ù)•
But whatever the process, the result is §,çlydܲ !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÜ˛Ô¢°§Ù)•
wonderful, gradually from naming an !ã˛hs˝l ~ÓÇ Ë˛y£Ïy
object we advance step-by-step until ˲y£Ïy ~ÓÇ Ë˛y£ÏyÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Óܲy¢
we have traversed the vast difference !m˲y£yÓyò˛ ~ÓÇ Ó•%˲y£ÏyÓyò åÓy: 8É3ä
between our first stammered syllable Ù%რ˛õò
and the sweep of thought in a §yÓ˚yÇ¢
line of Shakespeare. ˛õÎ≈yˆÏ°yã˛lyÙ)°Ü˛ ≤ß¿
≤ÃܲˆÏ“Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îy
– Helen Keller
 Ë)˛!Ùܲy ı
~ܲ Ù%•)ˆÏï≈˛Ó˚ çlƒ ˲yÓ ı ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!òˆÏlÓ˚ ܲˆÏÌy˛õÜ˛ÌˆÏl ܲï˛ÓyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y Ú!ã˛hs˝lÛ ¢∑!ê˛ˆÏܲ
ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ÙyˆÏV˛ÙyˆÏV˛ xÓ¢ƒ•zñ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~•zê˛yˆÏܲ ÙˆÏl Ó˚yáyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛¢∑ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚– åxy!Ù GÓ˚
lyÙ !ã˛hs˝y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˛õyÓ˚!SÈ lyäñ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà ˆòGÎ˚y å~•zê˛yÓ˚ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝y ܲÓ˚ä xÌÓy x!lŸã˛Î˚ï˛y Óƒ=˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
åxyÙyÓ˚ ÙˆÏl •ˆÏFSÈ xyÙyÓ˚ Órô% xyçˆÏܲ xyÙyÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ˆòáy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ xy§ˆÏÓä çˆÏlƒ ≤Ã!ï˛¢∑ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y
•Î˚– Ú!ã˛hs˝lÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ ≤âhflÏ ˛õ!Ó˚§Ó˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÎyÓ˚ xhs˝≈Ë)˛=˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Ó•% §ÇáƒÜ˛ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y§Ù)•– Î!òG
ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeñ !ã˛hs˝l ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ ÎyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ fl∫yô#l §_y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛Ìy !lçfl∫ ~ܲ!ê˛ xÌ≈G Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
~•z xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ñ xyÙÓ˚y !ã˛hs˝lˆÏܲ §Ù§ƒy §Ùyôylñ !§Âôyhs˝ @˝Ã•îñ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly âê˛lyˆÏܲ Îyã˛y•z ܲÓ˚y ï˛Ìy !ÓܲˆÏ“Ó˚
!§Âôyhs˝ ~ÓÇ !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ Ùyl!§Ü˛ fl∫Ó˚)˛õ G ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ ï˛y ܲ#ˆÏ§Ó˚ xhs˝Ë≈)˛=˛ ï˛Ìy ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛ •Î˚
~à%ˆÏ°yG xyˆÏ°y!ã˛ï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !ܲ ܲálG ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆSÈyê˛ !¢¢%ˆÏܲ ÓœÜ˛ xÌÓy Óy!° !òˆÏÎ˚ ê˛yGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
ˆòˆÏáˆÏSÈ⁄ !¢¢%!ê˛ ê˛yGÎ˚yÓ˚!ê˛ˆÏܲ àí˛¸ˆÏÓñ ˲y.ˆÏÓñ xyÓyÓ˚ àí˛¸ˆÏÓ ï˛y ã˛°ˆÏï˛ ÌyܲˆÏÓ– ~•z ܲyç!ê˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛
ÙyˆÏV˛ÙyˆÏV˛ ˆ§ !lˆÏç !lˆÏç ܲÌy Ó°ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ï˛yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÌy˛õܲÌl ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ˲yˆÏÓ ê˛yGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õòˆÏ«˛˛õ
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y ÌyܲˆÏÓ åÚÚ~•z lÎ˚ñÛÛ ÚÚ~ܲê%˛ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛yÛÛñ ÚÚˆ˛õSȈÏl ~ܲê˛y àySÈÛÛäñ lܲ¢y!ê˛ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚l åÚÚ˲yˆÏ°yÛÛä
ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓñ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ xhs˝Ë≈%˛=˛– ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ù§ƒy §Ùyôyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚G •Î˚ˆÏï˛y !lˆÏç !lˆÏç ܲˆÏÌy˛õܲÌl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
x!˲K˛ï˛y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– xyÙÓ˚y !ã˛hs˝y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ܲÌy Ó!° ˆÜ˛l⁄ ˲y£Ïy ~ÓÇ !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ܲ# §¡õÜ≈˛⁄ ~•z
xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ñ xyÙÓ˚y ˲y£ÏyÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ ï˛Ìy ˲y£Ïy G !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §¡õÜ≈˛ §¡∫ˆÏrôG xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚Ó– !ã˛hs˝y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ¢%Ó˚% ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ !ã˛hs˝lˆÏܲ ÙylÓ ˆã˛ï˛lyÓ˚ !˲!_ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y xyÓ¢ƒÜ˛–

~ܲçl Îál °ˆÏ«˛ƒ ˆ˛õÔÑSÈyˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚ ï˛ál ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚

!ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚)˛õ (Nature of Thinking) :
§ÙhflÏ K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ ܲyÎ≈ܲ°y˛õ xÌÓy ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ !˲!_ •°
!ã˛hs˝l ~ÓÇ ï˛y Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xllƒ– ~•zê˛y ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ
à,•#ï˛ ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ !l˛õ%î ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly ~ÓÇ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ
~ܲ!ê˛ xAܲl ˆòáyÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ñ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ¢%ô%Ùye !ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ Ó˚. xÌÓy
°y•zl Óy §)- ˆÓ˚áyÓ˚ ê˛ylà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ ÙˆÏly!lˆÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ylyñ ÓÓ˚Ç
!Ó£ÏÎÓ˚ ›Ó˚ Óy•zˆÓÏ ˚ !àˆÏÎ˚ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚
§ˆÏAà §¡õÜ≈˛ fiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚– !ã˛e!ê˛ ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ lï%˛l xˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ §,çl ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°– !ã˛hs˝lñ xï˛~Óñ
~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zFã˛ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y ÎyÓ˚ myÓ˚y xyÙÓ˚y x!ç≈ï˛ xÌÓy
!ÓòƒÙyl ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ !l˛õ%î ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly G !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲ!Ó˚– ~•zÓ˚)˛õ !l˛õ%î
˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly ~ÓÇ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲ!Ó˚– ~•zÓ˚)˛õ !l˛õ%î ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly ~ÓÇ
!ÓˆÏ Ÿ ’£Ï î ñ §ÇˆÏ « ˛˛õñ ˆÎÔ!=˛Ü˛Ó˚ î ñ ܲ“lyñ §Ù§ƒy §Ùyôylñ
!Óã˛yÓ˚ܲÓ˚î ï˛Ìy !§Âôyhs˝Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒˆÏÙ âˆÏê˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
!ã˛hs˝l x!ôܲyÇ¢ ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z §Çà!ë˛ï˛ ï˛Ìy °«˛ƒ myÓ˚y
˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛– §ÙhflÏ ˜Ïòl!®l ܲyÎ≈ܲ°y˛õñ Ó˚yߨy ܲÓ˚y ˆÌˆÏܲ ¢%Ó˚%
ܲˆÏÓ˚ xAܲ ܲ£Ïy ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ~•z ˛§ÙhflÏ Ü˛yˆÏçÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ °«˛ƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ
Óy §ÙhflÏ ôy˛õà%!°Ó˚ ˛õ%lÓ˚%ˆÏoܲ ܲÓ˚y Óy •z!ï˛ÙˆÏôƒ•z xï˛#ˆÏï˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈñ Î!ò ܲyç!ê˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §yò,¢ƒ ÌyˆÏܲ Óy Î!ò lï%˛l ܲyç •Î˚
ï˛ˆÏÓ lï%˛l ˆÜ˛Ô¢ˆÏ°Ó˚ !§Âôyhs˝ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚–
!ã˛hs˝l ~ܲ!ê˛ xyhs˝ıÙyl!§Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yñ Îy Óy!•ƒÜ˛ xyã˛Ó˚î
myÓ˚y xl%Ùyl ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y Î!ò ~ܲçl òyÓy ˆáˆÏ°yÎ˚yí˛¸ˆÏܲ
~ܲ!ê˛ ã˛y° ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÓ¢ áy!lܲ«˛î !ã˛hs˝yÎ˚ Ù@¿ ˆòáñ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y
ˆ§ ܲ# !ã˛hs˝y ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛y °«˛ƒ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ ly– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ï˛yÓ˚
˛õÓ˚Óï˛≈# ã˛y° ˆÌˆÏܲ ¢%ô%Ùye xl%Ùyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ˆÎ ˆ§ ܲ#
˲yÓ!SÈ° xÌÓy ˆ§ ˆÜ˛yl‰ ˆÜ˛Ô¢°à%!°Ó˚ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y
ܲÓ˚!SÈ°–
!ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó!”˛Ç ÓœÜ˛ (Building Blocks of Thought):
xyÙÓ˚y xyˆÏà ˆÌˆÏܲ•z çy!l ˆÎ !ã˛hs˝l xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
!ÓòƒÙyl K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z K˛yl Ùyl!§Ü˛ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õ
xÌÓy ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ í˛z˛õfiÌy!˛õï˛ •Î˚– Ùyl%£Ï §yôyÓ˚lï˛ Ùyl!§Ü˛
≤Ã!ï˛FSÈ!Ó Óy ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !ã˛hs˝y ܲˆÏÓ˚– ôÓ˚y Îyܲñ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~ܲ!ê˛
§í˛¸Ü˛˛õˆÏÌ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ ºÙî ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏSÈyñ ˆÎáyˆÏl

150 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y xˆÏlܲ xyˆÏà !àˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰ– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y Ó˚yhflÏy ï˛Ìy xlƒylƒ
çyÎ˚àyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ò,!T˛Ù)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!ï˛FSÈ!Ó ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲñ
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y Îál ~ܲ!ê˛ àˆÏ“Ó˚ Ó•z !ܲlˆÏï˛ ã˛y•zˆÏÓ ï˛ál ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y
!Ó!˲ߨ ˆ°áܲñ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›Ó˚ •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õSÈ®
!lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ~áyˆÏl ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝l ¢∑ xÌÓy ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
!˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ •Î˚– xyÙÓ˚y ≤Ã̈ÏÙ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ≤Ã!ï˛FSÈ!ÓÓ˚ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚
xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓyñ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ Ùyl!§Ü˛ !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ xlƒylƒ !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚ ò,!T˛ !lˆÏ«˛˛õ ܲÓ˚Ó–
Ùyl!§Ü˛ Ó˚)˛õ (Mental Image) :
ôˆÏÓ˚ lyGñ xy!Ù ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÓí˛¸y° ˆ°ç í˛zÑã%˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚
~ܲ!ê˛ àyˆÏSÈÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ӈϧ xyˆÏSÈñ ~Ùl!ê˛ Ü˛“ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ó°°yÙ–
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~•z ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ê˛yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ò,!T˛Ù)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õ ˜ï˛!Ó˚
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓñ !ë˛Ü˛ ˆÎÙlê˛y !lˆÏã˛Ó˚ !ã˛ˆÏe å!ã˛e 4É1ä ˆÙˆÏÎ˚!ê˛
ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– lï%˛Óy xyÓ˚G ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ ܲÌy ˲yÓ ˆÎáyˆÏl
ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲ“ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ó°y •ˆÏ°y– ˆÎ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ï˛yçÙ•ˆÏ°Ó˚
!ã˛e ı 8É1 ı Ù˛õl!Ùܲ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õ àë˛lÓ˚ï˛ ˆÙˆÏÎ˚!ê˛
§yÙˆÏl òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ xySÈ ~ÓÇ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyFSÈ ï˛y Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚–
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y xÓ¢ƒ•z ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏlÓ˚ ˆã˛yá !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚SÈñ
!ë˛Ü˛ ˆÎÙ!l ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ SÈ!Ó ˆòáˆÏÓ– ܲyí˛zˆÏܲ !òܲ !lˆÏò≈¢
!òˆÏï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ùyl!ã˛e xyÑܲˆÏï˛ •Î˚ ˆÜ˛l⁄
ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Ùyl!ã˛e ˆ¢áyÓ˚ ˛õ)Ó≈ x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ ܲÌy ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
~ÓÇ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÎ˚ Ùyl!ã˛ˆÏe ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆ§à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ !ã˛!•´ï˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ìyܲ– ~•zê˛y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y x!ôܲyÇ¢ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ùyl!§Ü˛
≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ï˛Ìy ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚!SȈϰ– ~•z ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õ •° §ÇˆÏÓòydܲ
x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ≤Ã!ï˛FSÈ!Óñ ~•z!ê˛ !ç!l§ñ çyÎ˚ày
ï˛Ìy âê˛ly §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !ã˛hs˝y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ܲyç 8É1 ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y ˆÎê˛y ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õ
ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ àë˛l •Î˚ ˆ§ê˛y ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ܲyç 8É1
ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Órô%ˆÏܲ !ã˛e 8É2 åܲÈäÈÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ~ܲ!ê˛ Ùyl!ã˛e
2 !Ù!lê˛ ˆòáyÓ˚ çlƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ Ó° ˆÎ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ
ÊÑ˛yܲy Ùyl!ã˛ˆÏe ~•z çyÎ˚àyà%ˆÏ°y !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ó°y
•ˆÏÓ– ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ !ã˛e 8É2 åáÈäÈ~Ó˚ Ùï˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly çyÎ˚àyÓ˚
!lÓ˚)˛õî SÈyí˛¸y ~ܲ!ê˛ Ùyl!ã˛e í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚y– ~•zÓyÓ˚
ï˛yˆÏܲ !çK˛y§y ܲÓ˚ ˆ§ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ˆ§•z çyÎ˚àyà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ
!ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛y xÓ¢ƒ•z Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
!ã˛e ı 8É2 åܲÈäÈüÈ ~ܲ!ê˛ fiÌyl !lÓ˚)˛õîܲyÓ˚# Ùyl!ã˛e–
ôyÓ˚îy§Ù)• (Concepts) :
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ çyl ˆÎñ ~ܲ!ê˛ !§Ç••z ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õy!á lÎ˚
!ܲv !ê˛Î˚y ˛õy!á⁄ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~•zê˛y ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈•z §ÆÙ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸SÈ–
xyÙÓ˚y Îál•z ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ Óy x˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ Ó›Ó˚ xÌÓy âê˛lyÓ˚
§¡ø%á#l ••zñ xyÙÓ˚y G•z Ó› Óy âê˛lyÓ˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒˆÏܲ xy•Ó˚î
ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛yˆÏܲ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ !ÓòƒÙyl Ó› G âê˛lyÓ˚ Óy âê˛lyˆÏܲ !ã˛!•´ï˛
ܲ!Ó˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ Îál xyÙÓ˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ xyˆÏ˛õ° ˆò!áñ xyÙÓ˚y
xôƒyÎ˚ Èü8 •È !ã˛hs˝l 151

!ã˛e : 8É2åáäÈüÈ ~ܲ!ê˛ áy!° ÙƒyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !òܲê˛y l#ˆÏã˛–
ˆ§!ê˛ˆÏܲ Ê˛° !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˆ◊!î!Ó˲yà ܲ!Ó˚ñ Îál xyÙÓ˚y ˆê˛!Ó°
ˆò!á xyÙÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏܲ xy§ÓyÓ˛õe !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˆ◊!î!Ó˲yà ܲ!Ó˚– Ü%˛Ü%˛Ó˚
ˆòáˆÏ° ˛õ¢% !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ~•z§Ó– Îál xyÙÓ˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ lï%˛l Ó›
ˆò!áñ xyÙÓ˚y ï˛yÓ˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ ˆáÑyçyÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲ!Ó˚– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ
!ÓòƒÙyl ˆ◊!î!Ó˲yˆÏàÓ˚ §yò,¢ƒ fiÌy˛õl ܲ!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ Î!ò §yò,¢ƒ
fiÌy˛õl ΈÏÌy˛õÎ%=˛ •Î˚ xyÙÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏܲ ˆ§•z ˆ◊!î!Ó˲yˆÏàÓ˚ lyÙ
!òˆÏÎ˚ Ìy!ܲ– ˆÎÙlñ Ó˚yhflÏy !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆ•ÑˆÏê˛ ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
x˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y xyܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ã˛ï%˛‹õò ≤Ãyî# ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏ° ÎyÓ˚
Ù%áê˛y Ü%˛Ü%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ~ÓÇ x˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ܲyí˛zˆÏܲ ˆòˆÏá ˆ°ç °y!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚
ˆâí˛z ˆâí˛z ܲÓ˚!SÈ°– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !l!m≈ôyÎ˚ ~ˆÏܲ Ü%˛Ü%˛Ó˚ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ !ã˛!•´ï˛
ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ §Ω˛Óï˛ Ë˛yÓˆÏÓ ˆÎ ~•zê˛y ~ܲ!ê˛ lï%˛l ≤Ãçy!ï˛Ó˚ Îy
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y xyˆÏà ܲáˆÏly ˆòá!l– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~•z !§ÂôyˆÏhs˝ ˆ˛õÔÑSÈyˆÏÓ ˆÎ
x˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ܲyí˛zˆÏܲ ˆòáˆÏ° ~•zê˛y ܲyÙí˛¸ ˆòˆÏÓ– xï˛~Óñ ~ܲ!ê˛
ôyÓ˚îy •° ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆ◊!î!Ó˲yˆÏàÓ˚ Ùyl!§Ü˛ í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õly– Îy ~ܲ•z
Ó˚Ü˛Ù ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ§¡õߨ Ó›ñ !Óã˛yÓ˚ xÌÓy âê˛lyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Óà≈ˆÏܲ
ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚–
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ˆÜ˛ˆÏly⁄ ôyÓ˚îy àë˛l
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ K˛yl §Çà!ë˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÎyˆÏï˛ Îál•z xyÙÓ˚y
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ K˛ylˆÏܲ ܲyˆÏç °yàyˆÏlyÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ˆÓyô ܲ!Ó˚ñ ï˛ál
ÎyˆÏï˛ xyÙÓ˚y fl∫“ §ÙÎ˚ ï˛Ìy ≤ÈÏã˛T˛yÎ˚ ï˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚– ~•zê˛y
xˆÏlܲê˛y•z ~Ùl ˆÎÙ!l xyÙÓ˚y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Óy!í˛¸Ó˚ !ç!l§˛õe
§y!çˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚y!á– !¢¢%Ó˚y ÎyÓ˚y á%Ó ¢,C°yÓÂô G ˆàySÈyˆÏlyñ ï˛yÓ˚y
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !ç!l§˛õe ˆÎÙlñ Ó•zñ áyï˛yñ ܲ°Ùñ ˆ˛õ!™°ñ ï˛Ìy xlƒylƒ
!ç!l§˛õe xy°Ùy!Ó˚Ó˚ !l!ò≈T˛ çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ Ó˚yˆÏáñ ÎyˆÏï˛ §Ü˛yˆÏ°ñ
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ ~ܲê˛y !l!ò≈T˛ Ó•z xÌÓy çƒy!Ù!ï˛ Óy: áÑ%ˆÏç ˆ˛õˆÏï˛
152 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
x§%!Óôy ly •Î˚– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y @˝ÃrÌyàyˆÏÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆòˆÏáSÈ ˆÎ Ó•zà%ˆÏ°y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
!Ó£ÏÎ˚ xl%ÎyÎ˚# §yçyˆÏly ~ÓÇ ˆ°ˆÏÓ° ܲÓ˚y ÌyˆÏܲ ÎyˆÏï˛ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y
á%Ó ï˛yí˛¸yï˛y!í˛¸ G xlyÎ˚yˆÏ§ Ó•zà%ˆÏ°y á%шÏç ˛õyG– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
!ã˛hs˝l ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏܲ o%ï˛ ~ÓÇ ò«˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ xyÙÓ˚y ôyÓ˚îy àë˛l
ܲ!Ó˚ ï˛Ìy Ó› G âê˛lyˆÏܲ ˆ◊!î!Ó˲yà ܲ!Ó˚– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ܲyç 8É2
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ ˆÎ !¢¢%Ó˚y ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ôyÓ˚îy àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ܲyç ı 8É2
~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛yí≈˛ˆÏÓyˆÏí≈˛Ó˚ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y !lˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ !Ó!˲ߨ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
ˆSÈyˆÏê˛yñ ÙyV˛y!Ó˚ G ÓˆÏí˛¸y !eË)˛çñ Ó,_ ~ÓÇ Óà≈ˆÏ«˛e ܲyˆÏê˛y–
ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ •°%ò Ó˚. ܲÓ˚– ~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓ !mï˛#Î˚ ˆ§ê˛ Óy!lˆÏÎ˚
§Ó%ç Ó˚.G ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ˆ§ê˛ °y° Ó˚. ܲÓ˚– ~ál ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ
!Ó!˲ߨ xyܲyÓ˚ xyÜ,˛!ï˛ G Ó˚ˆÏ.Ó˚ 27 ê˛y ܲyˆÏí≈˛Ó˚ ˆ§ê˛ xyˆÏSÈ–
~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÑyã˛ ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ !¢¢%ˆÏܲ ~ܲ•z Ó˚Ü˛Ù Ü˛yí˛≈à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ
~ܲ§yˆÏÌ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ÓˆÏ°y–
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y Î!ò í˛z˛õ!Ó˚í˛z=˛ ܲyç!ê˛ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ò°ˆÏܲ
!lˆÏÎ˚ ˆòáˆÏÓ ˆÎ ˆÓ¢ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ í˛z˛õyÎ˚ xyˆÏSÈ ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y !¢¢%Ó˚y
≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ˆ§ ܲyí≈˛à%ˆÏ°y !Ó!˲ߨ ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ §y!Ó˚ÓÂô ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ
!l¡¨!Ó£ÏÎ˚à%!°Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ıÈüÈ
1ä xyܲyÓ˚ ı §Ó ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y !eË)˛çñ Óà≈ˆÏ«˛e ~ÓÇ Ó,_ ~ܲ§yˆÏÌñ
§Ó ÙyV˛y!Ó˚ à%ˆÏ°y ~ܲ§yˆÏÌ ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛–
2ä xyÜ,˛!ï˛ ı §Ó !eË)˛ç ~ܲ§yˆÏÌñ §Ó Ó,_yܲyÓ˚ ~ܲ§yˆÏÌ
≤ÃË,˛!ï˛–
3ä Ó˚. ı §Ó °y° Ó˚. ~ܲ§yˆÏÌñ §Ó •°%ò ~ܲ§yˆÏÌ ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛–
4ä xyܲyÓ˚ ï˛Ìy xyÜ,˛!ï˛ í˛z˲Î˚ ı §Ó ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y !eË)˛ç ~ܲ§yˆÏÌñ
§Ó ÙyV˛y!Ó˚ !eË)˛ç ~ܲ§yˆÏÌ ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛–
5ä xyܲyÓ˚ñ xyÜ,˛!ï˛ ~ÓÇ Ó˚. ı §Ó ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y °y° Ó˚. ÈüÈ~Ó˚
Ó,_ ~ܲ§yˆÏÌñ §Ó ÙyV˛y!Ó˚ •°%ò Ó˚. ~Ó˚ Ó,_ ~ܲ§yˆÏÌ
≤ÃË,˛!ï˛–
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ôyÓ˚îy !¢ál §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ £Ï¤˛ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ÙylÓ
flø,!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ §ÆÙ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏà•z ˛õˆÏí˛¸SÈ– ôyÓ˚îy
§yôyÓ˚îï˛ í˛z˛õ°!kôÓ˚ ˆ◊!î!Ólƒy§ xÌÓy hflψÏÓ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸– ~•z
hflÏÓ˚à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ |ô≈Áıï˛l 姈ÏÓ≈yFã˛ hflÏÓ˚äñ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ xhs˝Ó≈ï≈˛# hflÏÓ˚
~ÓÇ xôıhflÏl å§Ó≈!l¡¨ hflÏÓ˚ä !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˆ◊!î!Ó˲yà ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
ܲÌy Ó°yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y ≤ÃyÎ˚¢•z ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ hflÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ìy!ܲ– Îál ~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛ ӈϰ ÚÚxy!Ù ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü%˛Ü%˛Ó˚ ˆòˆÏá!SÈÛÛ
ï˛ál ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ hflÏÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚– ~•zÓ˚)˛õ í˛z!=˛ Ó°yÓ˚ §Ω˛yÓly
xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢ñ ˆÎÙlÈüÈ xy!Ù ~ܲ!ê˛ ã˛ï%˛‹õò# ˛õ¢% ˆòˆÏá!SÈ ˆÎ!ê˛
ˆâí˛z ˆâí˛z ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆ°ç lyí˛¸yÎ˚–ÛÛ xÌÓy ÚÚ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ¢%ÛÛ ~•z !Ó˲yˆÏà ˆÊ˛°ˆÏÓ xyÓ˚ ly •Î˚ Úˆê˛!Ó°Û ~Ó˚ ˆ◊!î!Ó˲yˆÏà xyÓ˚G
ܲÌy!ê˛Ó˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚– ≤ÃÌÙ åxô/hflÏlä ܲˆÏÌy˛õÜ˛ÌˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zòy•Ó˚î ˆË˛ˆÏÓ ˆòáñ Úܲy˛õÛ ~Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îy– ܲy˛õ / åܲä
ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓ!¢ !l!ò≈T˛ xyÓyÓ˚ !mï˛#Î˚!ê˛ å|ô≈ÁıhflÏlä x!˲ˆÏ≤Ãï˛ Ü˛ï≈˛y ܲy˛õà%!° Ù)ï≈˛ Ó› åáä xÓï˛° •Î˚ åàä ܲ!ë˛l G ï˛Ó˚° Ó›
K˛y˛õl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢ xflõT˛– !¢¢%Ó˚y ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ ôyÓ˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– åâä •yï˛° xyˆÏSÈ– ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ Óy‹õ ˆò!á
ôyÓ˚îy xyˆÏà ˆ¢ˆÏá ~ÓÇ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ xlƒylƒ hflÏÓ˚– ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y ܲ# ı •yï˛°SÈyí˛¸yñ Óà≈yܲyÓ˚ xÌÓyñ x§yôyÓ˚î˲yˆÏÓ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚
Óƒy!=˛ !ã˛hs˝ˆÏl ˆÎ§Ó ôyÓ˚îy ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y ÓˆÏí˛¸y⁄ ~ܲ!ê ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÎ˚ xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ !ã˛e 8É3 ~Ó˚ ܲy˛õà%ˆÏ°y
ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà•z ly §%flõT˛ ly mƒÌ≈•#l– ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y V˛y˛õ‰§y •Î˚– ˆ§à%!° !ã˛e ˆòGÎ˚y •° ~ÓÇ °yˆÏ˲yÓ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ӈϰ!SȈϰl ı ~à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚
~ܲ!ê˛ xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ!ê˛ˆÏܲ ç!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ò%Ó≈°Ë˛yˆÏÓ §ÇK˛y!Î˚ï˛ •Î˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛yl!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y Úܲy˛õÛ ~Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ xy!òÓ˚)˛õ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ
ˆÎÙl ï%˛!Ù ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ê%˛°ˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛yl‰ ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ ˆÊ˛°ˆÏÓ⁄ ï%˛!Ù Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ⁄ xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#Ó˚y x!ôܲyÇ¢•z 5 l¡∫Ó˚ˆÏܲ !lÓ≈yã˛l
!ܲ ~•zê˛yˆÏܲ Úˆã˛Î˚yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚Û ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ ˆÊ˛°ˆÏÓ ly!ܲ Úˆê˛!ӈϰÓ˚Û⁄ ~•z ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ÙçyÓ˚ Óƒy˛õyÓ˚Û !ܲS%È xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#Ó˚y 4 l¡∫Ó˚ˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛
≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚ •° xyÙÓ˚y Î!ò ÙˆÏí˛° xÌÓy xy!òÓ˚)˛õ àë˛l ܲ!Ó˚– Óy!ê˛ ~ÓÇ 9 l¡∫Ó˚ˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ê%˛°òyl# Ó°°ñ ܲyÓ˚î ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y á%Ó
~ܲ!ê˛ xy!òÓ˚)˛õ •° ˆ◊!î !Ó˲yçˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ◊¤˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ôcܲyÓ˚# §ò§ƒ– xlƒÓ˚Ü˛Ù !SÈ°–
~!°lyÓ˚ Ó˚§ ~Ó˚ !Óã˛yˆÏÓ˚ Ùyl%£Ï ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ôyÓ˚îyñ xy!òÓ˚)˛õ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛
!ã˛hs˝y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y x!ôܲyÇ¢•z ÓyhflÏÓ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ç!í˛¸ï˛– 1 2 3 4
xy!òÓ˚)˛õ §yò,¢ƒÜ˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeñ Ùyl%£Ï ~•z !§Âôyhs˝ ˆlÎ˚ ˆÎñ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly 5 13
10
˛õò ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆ◊!î!Ó˲yˆÏàÓ˚ §ò§ƒ !ܲly ˆ§ê˛y ˆ◊!î!Ó˲yˆÏàÓ˚
6 11 14
§Óã˛y•zˆÏï˛ xyò¢≈Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ˛õˆÏòÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ï%˛°ly ܲÓ˚y– xï˛~Óñ í˛z˛õ!Ó˚í˛z=˛
ê%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚ˆÏî ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y •Î˚ˆÏï˛y ~ܲ!ê˛ xyò¢≈ T˛y!í˛ ˆã˛Î˚yÓ˚ åÎ!ò 7
12 15
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~•zê˛yˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆã˛Î˚yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyò¢≈ í˛zòy•Ó˚î ӈϰ ÙyˆÏlyä
8
~ÓÇ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y T˛y!í˛ ˆê˛!Ó° ˚ åÎ!ò ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~•zê˛yˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ 16
18
ˆê˛!ӈϰÓ˚ xyò¢≈ í˛zòy•Ó˚î ӈϰ ÙyˆÏlyä ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ê%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ 17
9
˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ~•z ò%!ê˛ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ §yò,¢ƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚y– Î!ò ~•zê˛y 19
ˆã˛Î˚yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ !وϰ ÎyÎ˚ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y §Ùܲ«˛ Úˆã˛Î˚yÓ˚Û ˆ◊!î
!ã˛e 8É3 ı ܲál ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛y˛õ ~ܲ!ê˛ Úܲy˛õÛ⁄

Óy: 8É1 ı §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ G !ã˛hs˝l

xyˆÏÙ!Ó˚ܲ#Î˚Ó˚y §yôyÓ˚îï˛ Ó›ˆÏܲ xy°yòy˲yˆÏÓ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÎyˆÏܲ
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓŸªy§ñ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô ~ÓÇ §yÙy!çܲ Ó˚#!ï l#!ï˛
Ó°y •Î˚ Ú!ӈϟ’£Ïîydܲ !ã˛hs˝lÛ– ~!¢Î˚ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚y åçy˛õy!lñ !ã˛!lñ
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝ˆlÏ Ó˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ–˚ xyˆÏÙ!Ó˚ܲ#Î˚ G ~¢#Î˚
ˆÜ˛y!Ó˚Î˚ylä Ó› ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õê˛Ë)˛!ÙÓ˚ §¡∫rô §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˆÓ!¢ !ã˛hs˝y ܲˆÏÓ˚
SÈyeSÈye#ˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÎ˚ñ !lˆÏ¡¨Ó˚ åçˆÏ°Ó˚
ÎyˆÏܲ Ú§yÙ!@˝Ãܲ !ã˛hs˝lÛ Ó°y •Î˚–
ï˛°yÓ˚ ò,¢ƒä ˆòGÎ˚y SÈ!Ó!ê˛ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ
Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ò,ˆÏ¢ƒÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ fl∫“ §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ çlƒ ˆòáˆÏï˛ñ ~ÓÇ Ó°y
•° ï˛yÓ˚y ˆÎ ˆòˆÏáˆÏSÈ ï˛y Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛– xyˆÏÙ!Ó˚ܲ#Î˚ SÈyeÈüÈSÈye#Ó˚y
§Ó≈Ó,•Í§ í˛zIµ°ï˛Ù ~ÓÇ §Óã˛y•zˆÏï˛ x!l‹õߨ ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ åˆÎÙlñ
ÚÓí˛¸ ÙySÈê˛y í˛yl!òˆÏܲ §Ñyï˛yÓ˚ ܲyê˛!SÈ°ÛÛä í˛z˛õÓ˚ ò,!T˛ !lˆÏ«˛˛õ ܲÓ˚–
x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲñ çy˛õyl# SÈyeSÈye#Ó˚y ˛õê˛Ë)˛!ÙˆÏï˛ åˆÎÙl !lˆÏã˛Ó˚ !òܲê˛y
!¢°yÙÎ˚ !SÈ° Óy ç°!ê˛ §Ó%ç !SÈ°ä ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà ˆòÎ˚– ~•zÓ˚)˛õ
ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ àˆÏÓ£ÏܲÓ˚y !§ÂôyˆÏhs˝ xyˆÏ§l ˆÎ

xôƒyÎ˚ Èü8 •È !ã˛hs˝l 153

!ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y (The Process of Thinking)
xyÙÓ˚y ~ï˛«˛l !ã˛hsl ܲ# G ï˛yÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚)˛õ ˆÜ˛Ùl ˆ§ê˛y
!lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ– xyÙÓ˚y xyÓ˚G !¢ˆÏá!SÈ ˆÎ !ã˛hs˝l Ùyl!§Ü˛
≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õ ~ÓÇ ôyÓ˚îyˆÏܲ !lˆÏçÓ˚ !˲!_ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
~ál xyÙÓ˚y xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓy ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
!ã˛hs˝l ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ x@˝Ã§Ó˚ •Î˚–
§Ù§ƒy §Ùyôyl ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y (Problem Solving)
xyÙÓ˚y ~ܲê˛y ˲y.y §y•zˆÏܲ° ˆÙÓ˚yÙï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ñ xÌÓy
@˝Ã#‹øܲy°#l ºÙî ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly xÌÓy ~ܲ!ê˛ Ë˛y.y Órô%c ˆçyí˛¸y
!òˆÏï˛ Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ x@˝Ã§Ó˚ ••z ⁄ !ܲS%È ˆ«˛ˆÏeñ á%Ó ï˛yí˛¸yï˛y!í˛¸ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚
§Ùyôyl •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎÙlñ §y•zˆÏܲ° ˆÙÓ˚yÙï˛ Îy §•ç°Ë˛ƒ §)ˆÏeÓ˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyÓyÓ˚ xlƒà%ˆÏ°y xˆÏlܲ ç!ê˛° ~ÓÇ §ÙÎ˚
ï˛Ìy ≤ÈÏã˛T˛yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚– §Ù§ƒy §Ùyôyl •° ~Ùl !ã˛hs˝l
Îy °«˛ƒ x!˲Ù%á#– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ §Ó ˜òl!®l ܲyÎ≈ܲ°y˛õà%ˆÏ°y•z
~ܲ!ê˛ °ˆÏ«˛ƒÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ôy!Óï˛ •Î˚–
~áyˆÏl ~ê˛y çyly xyÓ¢ƒÜ˛ ˆÎ §Ù§ƒy ÎyÓ˚ §¡ø%á#l •Î˚ñ
ï˛y §Ó§ÙÎ˚ Óyôy Óy !Ó˛õ!_Ó˚ Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ xyˆÏ§ly– ~!ê˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §yôyÓ˚î
ܲyÎ≈ܲ°y˛õ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ Îy ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!Ÿã˛ï˛ °ˆÏ«˛ƒ ˆ˛õÔSÈyˆÏlyÓ˚ çlƒ
§¡õyòl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲñ ˆÎÙl Óy!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ xyàï˛ Órô%Ó˚ çlƒ ã˛ê‰˛˛õê‰˛
Ù%áˆÏÓ˚yã˛Ü˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚y– §Ù§ƒy §ÙyôyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ
hflÏÓ˚ åxÌ≈yÍ §Ù§ƒyä ~ÓÇ ~ܲ!ê˛ xhs˝hflÏÓ˚ å°«˛ƒä xyˆÏSÈ– ~•z
ò%!ê˛ ˆly.Ó˚ ˆÓ¢ !ܲS%È ˛õòˆÏ«˛˛õ Óy Ùyl!§Ü˛ !Ü ˛Î˚yܲ°yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ myÓ˚y
Î%=˛– ˆê˛!Ó° 8É1 ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !lˆÏ¡¨ ôy˛õ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃
ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y xl%§Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲçl ï˛yÓ˚ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚
§Ùyôyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ܲyç 8É3 ˆï˛ ˆòGÎ˚y §Ù§ƒyà%ˆÏ°y ˆï˛yÙyˆÏܲ
Órô%ˆÏòÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ °«˛ƒ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y ï˛yÓ˚y
ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ §Ù§ƒy!ê˛Ó˚ xl%§Ó˚îܲyÓ˚# ˛õòˆÏ«˛˛õà%ˆÏ°y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !çK˛y§y
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y–
§Ù§ƒy §ÙyôyˆÏlÓ˚ Óyôy
(Obstacles to Solving Problems)
§Ù§ƒy §Ùyôyl ò%ˆÏê˛y Ù%რÓyôy •ˆÏ°y Ùyl!§Ü˛ ≤Û!ï˛
~ÓÇ ˆ≤ãÏîyÓ˚ x˲yÓ–
Ùyl!§Ü˛ ≤Û!ï˛ (Mental Set)
Ùyl!§Ü˛ ≤Û!ï˛ ~ܲçl Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˛õ)Ó≈≤ÈÏã˛!T˛ï˛ Ùyl!§Ü˛
≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y xÌÓy ˛õòˆÏ«˛˛õ–

ˆê˛!Ó° 8É1 §Ù§ƒy §ÙyôyˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ç!í˛¸ï˛ Ùyl!§Ü˛ !Ü ˛Î˚yܲ°y˛õ

ã˛°ñ xyÙÓ˚y ˆò!á !¢«˛Ü˛ !òÓ§ í˛z˛õ°ˆÏ«˛ƒ !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ lyê˛Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §Ù§ƒyˆÏܲ– §Ù§ƒy §Ùyôyl !lˆÏ¡¨y=˛
Ü ˛ˆÏÙ •ˆÏÓ
Ùyl!§Ü˛ !Ü ˛Î˚yܲ°y˛õ
1ä §Ù§ƒy!ê˛ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚y
2ä §Ù§ƒy í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚y
3ä §Ùyôyl ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly ܲÓ˚y
4ä §Ó §Ùyôyl ålyê˛Ü˛ä ~Ó˚ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚l ܲÓ˚y
5ä ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ùyôyl ÓySÈy•z ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§!ê˛
6ä Ê˛°yÊ˛° Ù)°ƒyÎ˚l ܲÓ˚y
7ä §Ù§ƒy ~ÓÇ §ÙyôyˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ%lı!Óã˛yÓ˚ G ˛
õ%lı§ÇK˛y!Î˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚
§Ù§ƒyÓ˚ Ó˚)˛õ
!¢«˛Ü˛ !òӈϧÓ˚ ~ܲ §Æy• Óy!ܲ ~ÓÇ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ lyê˛Ü˛ ÙM˛fiÌ
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ܲyç ˆòGÎ˚y •°–
lyê˛Ü˛ ÙM˛fiÌ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ÎÌyÎÌ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó› !ë˛Ü˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚yñ
x!˲ˆÏlï˛yÈüÈx!˲ˆÏle#ˆÏòÓ˚ !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲÓ˚yñ ê˛yܲy ˆçyàyí˛¸ ܲÓ˚y ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛–
~ܲ!ê˛ lyê˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ çlƒ §•ç°Ë˛ƒñ !Ó!˲ߨ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó› ˆáÑyçy ï˛Ìy !lÓ˚#«˛î
ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ x!˲K˛ï˛y§¡õߨ !¢«˛Ü˛ G Órô%ˆÏòÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈ ܲÓ˚yñ xÌ≈ÓƒÎ˚ñ
§ÙÎ˚§#Ùyñ í˛z˛õ°«˛ƒ xl%ÎyÎ˚# í˛z˛õÎ%!=˛ï˛y •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚
lyê˛Ü˛!ê˛ !ë˛Ü˛ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÓ–
§Ó ï˛Ìƒ§Ù)•ˆÏܲ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲÓ˚y‡ ÙˆÏM˛Ó˚ Ù•í˛¸y–
§Ó≈ˆÏ◊¤˛ §Ùyôyl ålyê˛Ü˛ä ˛õyGÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ !Ó!˲ߨ ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y !Óܲ“ ï%˛°ly
ï˛Ìy Îyã˛y•z ܲÓ˚y–
Î!ò lyê˛Ü˛!ê˛ å§Ùyôylä ≤âÇ!§ï˛ •Î˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆÎ õòˆÏ«˛˛õ!ê˛ xl%§Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚SÈ
ˆ§à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝y ܲÓ˚ !lˆÏçG Órô%ˆÏòÓ˚ ˲!Ó£ÏƒÍ í˛zˆÏÕ‘ˆÏáÓ˚ çlƒ–
~•z !ӈϢ£Ï xl%¤˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ï%˛!Ù Ë˛!ӣσˆÏï˛ xyÓyÓ˚G ˛õ%lı !Óã˛yÓ˚ G ˛
xlƒË˛yˆÏÓ xyÓ˚G ˲y° lyê˛Ü˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly !ã˛hs˝y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y–

154 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
 ܲyç ı 8É3 ≤ß¿ §¡õ)î≈ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ñ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ≤ß¿à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §Ùyôyl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ôy˛õà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §¡õˆÏܲ≈ ~ܲ!ê˛ ôyÓ˚îy ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÊ˛°
§Ù§ƒy ÈüÈ1
~ly @˝ÃyÙ ı x«˛Ó˚à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˛õ%lı §!Iï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ¢∑ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#ܲyˆÏ° ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~ܲ•z ày!î!ï˛Ü˛ ôy˛õ xl%§Ó˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
åˆï˛yÙÓ˚y xyÓ˚G !ܲS%È xl%Ó˚)˛õ ¢∑ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÌyÜ˛ä– Ìyܲ– Îï˛«˛l ly ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y x§Ê˛° •G– ~•z hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈
NAGMARA ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ ày!î!ï˛Ü˛ ôy˛õà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ~í˛¸yˆÏly– ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ ~ܲ!ê˛
BOLMPER ç!ê˛° x!˲K˛ï˛y •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ôy˛õà%ˆÏ°y ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚
SLEVO lï%˛l ˆÜ˛Ô¢ˆÏ°Ó˚ !ã˛hs˝ˆÏl •hflψϫ˛˛õ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– Î!òG ˜òl!®l
STGNIH ܲyÎ≈ܲ°yˆÏ˛õ xyÙÓ˚y ≤ÃyÎ˚¢ı•z ~ܲ•zÓ˚Ü˛Ù Óy §¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛ ˛õ)Ó≈
TOLUSONI x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˲Ó˚§y ܲ!Ó˚–
§Ù§ƒyÈüÈ2 Ùyl!§Ü˛ ≤Û!ï˛Ó˚ Ùï˛ §Ù§ƒy §ÙyôyˆÏl ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# !fiÌÓ˚ï˛y
!Ó®%ˆÏÎyçl ı ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ˛õ!™° ܲyàç ˆÌˆÏܲ ly ï%˛ˆÏ° ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ âˆÏê˛ ÌyˆÏܲ Îál Ùyl%£Ï ˆÜ˛yl §Ù§ƒy §ÙyôyˆÏl !ÓÊ˛° •Î˚ ܲyÓ˚î
ˆ§yçy ˆÓ˚áy ˆÌˆÏܲ ~•z lÎ˚ê˛y !Ó®%Ó˚ Î%=˛ ܲÓ˚–
ï˛yÓ˚y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó›Ó˚ §yôyÓ˚î !Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏï˛ !fiÌÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y
Î!ò ܲáˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚ܲ ë%˛Ü˛ˆÏï˛ ¢=˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ xyÓÂô Ó•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ìyܲñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# !fiÌÓ˚ï˛y ܲy!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
ˆ≤ãÏîyÓ˚ x˲yÓ (Lack of Motivation) :
§Ù§ƒyÈüÈ3 ı
Ú!ï˛l!ê˛ ˆÓyï˛° ç°Û ܲyç!ê˛ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Órô%ˆÏòÓ˚ Ùyl%£Ï §Ù§ƒy §ÙyôyˆÏl ˛õê%˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ !ܲhs˝ ï˛yÓ˚y Î!ò
§yˆÏÌ ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚– ˆ≤Ã!Ó˚ï˛ ly ÌyˆÏܲñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §Ó ò«˛ï˛y G ≤Ã!ï˛Ë˛y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
~áyˆÏl !ï˛l!ê˛ ˆÓyï˛° xyˆÏSÈ Ü˛ñ á ~ÓÇ à ˆÓyï˛° G ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ lÎ˚– ܲáˆÏly Ùyl%£Ï •ï˛y¢ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ Îál ï˛yÓ˚y §Ù§ƒyÎ˚
ܲ 21!Ù!°, Რ127!Ù!°, à 3!Ù!° ç° ôÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ xÌÓy ≤ÃÌÙ ˛õòˆÏ«˛˛õ !lˆÏï˛ x§Ê˛° •Î˚– xï˛~Óñ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚
Órô%ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyç •° ~•z ˆÓyï˛° à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §y•y΃ ç° §Ç@˝Ã• ܲÓ˚y– §Ùyôyl áÑ%çˆÏï˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛yÎ˚ fiÌyÎ˚# Ìyܲy ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl–
~Ùl xyÓ˚G SÈÎ˚!ê˛ §Ù§ƒy xyˆÏSÈ–
§Ù§ƒy ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ˛ È È ˆÓyï˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ôyÓ˚î «˛Ùï˛y
ˆÎÔ!=˛Ü˛Ó˚î (Reasoning) :
˛õ!Ó˚Ùyl ܲ á à ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y Î!ò ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyG ˆÎ ~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛ ˆÓ˚°GˆÏÎ˚
1 100 21 127 3 ˆ≤’ê˛Ê˛ˆÏÙ≈ Ù!Ó˚Î˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÔˆÏí˛¸yˆÏFSÈñ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆÓ¢ !ܲS%È !ç!l§ xl%Ùyl
2 99 14 163 25 ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ ˆÎÙlı ˆ§ ˆê˛∆l!ê˛ ôÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆòÔí˛¸ˆÏFSÈ ˆÎê˛y ï˛ál•z
3 5 18 43 10
4 21 9 42 6 SÈyí˛¸yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÜ ˛Ù ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈñ ˆ§ SÈyí˛¸hs˝ ˆê˛∆l!ê˛ˆÏï˛ Ó§y ï˛yÓ˚ Órô%ˆÏܲ
5 31 20 59 4 !ÓòyÎ˚ çylyˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚ñ ˆ§ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÓà ˆê˛∆ˆÏl ˆÊ˛ˆÏ° ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ ˆê˛∆l
6 20 23 49 3 SÈyí˛¸yÓ˚ xyˆÏà ˆ§ê˛y !lˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚– ~•z ˆ°yܲ!ê˛ ˆÜ˛l ˆòÔí˛¸yˆÏFSÈ ˆ§•zê˛y
7 25 28 76 3 !ã˛hs˝y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆÎÔ!=˛Ü˛ï˛yÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
xôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï í˛z_Ó˚ ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˛õyÓ˚ñ xÓˆÏÓ˚y• xÌÓy xyˆÏÓ˚y•–
xÓˆÏÓ˚y• ~ÓÇ xyˆÏÓ˚y• ˆÎÔ!=˛Ü˛Ó˚î
!l!ò≈T˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÜ˛Ô¢° myÓ˚y ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ §yÊ˛°ƒ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~Ó˚Ü˛Ù ˆÜ˛Ô¢°
(Deductive and Inductive Reasoning)
lï%˛l §Ù§ƒy §ÙyôyˆÏl §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– Î!òG ~•z ≤ÃÓîï˛y ~ܲ!ê˛
Ùyl!§Ü˛ çí˛¸ï˛y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Îy §Ù§ƒy §ÙyôylܲyÓ˚#ˆÏܲ lï%˛l ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ)Ó≈ x!˲K˛ï˛y ~•z •z!Aàï˛ ˆòÎ˚ ˆÎ
l#!ï˛ Óy ˆÜ˛Ô¢° !ã˛hs˝ˆÏl Óyôy ˆòÎ˚– Î!òGñ !ܲS%È ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ Ùyl%£Ï ˆ≤’ê˛Ê˛ˆÏÙ≈ ˆê˛∆l ôÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˆòÔí˛¸yÎ˚ñ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~•z !§ÂôyˆÏhs˝
Ùyl!§Ü˛ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ à%î G à!ï˛Ó˚ Ó,!Âô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– xlƒ ˆ˛õÔÑSȈÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ ˆÎ ~•z ˆ°yܲ!ê˛Ó˚ ˆò!Ó˚ •ˆÏFSÈ ~ÓÇ ˆê˛∆l ôÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ
˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ~ê˛y §Ù§ƒy §ÙyôyˆÏl Óyôy ˆòÎ˚– ày!î!ï˛Ü˛ §Ù§ƒy ˆòÔˆÏí˛¸yˆÏFSÈ–
§ÙyôyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y •Î˚ˆÏï˛y ~Ùl x!˲K˛ï˛y ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚SÈñ !ܲS%È ˆÎ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ˆÎÔ!=˛Ü˛Ó˚î ~ܲ!ê˛ xl%Ùyl myÓ˚y ¢%Ó˚% •Î˚ñ ï˛yˆÏܲ

xôƒyÎ˚ Èü8 •È !ã˛hs˝l 155

xyˆÏÓ˚y• ˆÎÔ!=˛Ü˛Ó˚î ӈϰ– xï˛~Ó xyˆÏÓ˚y• ˆÎÔ!=˛Ü˛Ó˚î §yôyÓ˚î
xl%Ùyl !òˆÏÎ˚ ¢%Ó˚% •Î˚ ˆÎê˛y ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y çyl xÌÓy §!ï˛ƒ ӈϰ !ÓŸªy§
ܲÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ~•z xl%ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !l!ò≈T˛ !§ÂôyˆÏhs˝
ˆ˛õÔÑSÈyÎ˚– xlƒ ˲y£ÏyÎ˚ñ~•zê˛y §yôyÓ˚î ˆÌˆÏܲ !ӈϢˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆÎÔ!=˛Ü˛Ó˚î–
ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §yôyÓ˚î xl%Ùyl ~•z ˆÎ Ùyl%£Ï ˆÓ˚°GˆÏÎ˚ ˆ≤’ê˛Ê˛ˆÏÙ≈
~ܲÙye ï˛ál•z ˆòÔí˛¸yÎ˚ Îál ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆê˛∆l ôÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆòÓ˚# •ˆÏFSÈ–
ˆ°yܲ!ê˛ ˆ≤’ê˛Ê˛ˆÏÙ≈ ˆòÔˆÏí˛¸yˆÏFSÈ– xï˛~Ó ï˛yÓ˚ ˆê˛∆l ôÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆò!Ó˚
•ˆÏFSÈ– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~ܲê˛y Ë%˛° ܲÓ˚SÈ å~ÓÇ §yôyÓ˚îï˛ Ùyl%£Ï xÓˆÏÓ˚y•
ˆÎÔ!=˛Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏî ~•z Ó˚Ü˛Ù Ë%˛° ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲä ï˛y •° ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y åï˛yÓ˚yä
xl%Ùyl ܲÓ˚ !ܲv §Ó§ÙÎ˚ K˛yï˛ Ìyܲ ly ˆ§ Ù)° !ÓÓ,!ï˛ xÌÓy
xl%Ùyl §!ï˛ƒ !ܲ ly– Î!ò Ù)° ï˛Ìƒ!ê˛ §!ï˛ƒ ly •Î˚ñ xÌy≈Í
ˆ°yܲà%ˆÏ°y xlƒ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏîG ˛ˆ≤’ê˛Ê˛ˆÏÙ≈ ˆòÔí˛¸yÎ˚ ï˛ál ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚
!§Âôyhs˝ xܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚ xÌÓy Ë%˛° •Î˚– !ã˛e 8É4 ÈüÈ~ •zÑò%Ó˚!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˆòá–
ˆ°yܲ!ê˛ ˆ≤’ê˛Ê˛ˆÏÙ≈ ˆÜ˛l ˆòÔí˛¸y!FSÈ° ˆ§•zê˛y çylyÓ˚ xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ!ê˛ í˛z˛õyÎ˚
y D ˛≤ÃÌÙ ò%!ê˛ xLjϢÓ˚ §¡∫rô ~ܲ•z Îy ˆ¢ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ò%!ê˛Ó˚ §¡∫ˆÏrôÓ˚
ê˛ ˛õ
Ó ˚ ã˛yÓ˚! ê˛ ˛õy
¸yˆÏ° ˚ ã˛yÓ˚! ܲ!ê˛
!Óí˛ Ó
§Ó Èñ xyÙy xy!Ù ~
y ˆ ÏS ˛~Ó
x xï – ˆÜ˛Ô¢° §Ù§ƒy §ÙyôyˆÏlG §•yÎ˚ܲ– ~!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó› xÌÓy âê˛lyÓ˚
ÏSÈñ ! Ó í ˛ ¸ y °
xyˆ
!ã˛e 8É4ı •zÑò%Ó˚!ê˛ !ܲ §ï˛ƒ ~ÓÇ Ü˛yÎ≈ܲÓ˚ !§Âôyhs˝ !lˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ⁄
•° xyˆÏÓ˚y• ˆÎÔ!=˛Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚– ÙyˆÏV˛ ÙyˆÏV˛ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y xyÓ˚G
§Ω˛yÓƒ ܲyÓ˚î !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲÓ˚ ~ÓÇ °«˛ƒ ܲÓ˚ ˆÎ xy§ˆÏ° ˆ°yܲê˛y
ܲ# ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚î §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ !§ÂôyˆÏhs˝
ˆ˛õÔÑSȈÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚– ˆÎ ˆÎÔ!=˛Ü˛Ó˚î !l!ò≈T˛ âê˛ly ~ÓÇ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲñ ï˛yˆÏܲ xyˆÏÓ˚y• ˆÎÔ!=˛Ü˛Ó˚î ӈϰ–
xyˆÏÓ˚y• ˆÎÔ!=˛Ü˛Ó˚î •° !l!ò≈T˛ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚
~ܲ!ê˛ §yôyÓ˚î !§ÂôyˆÏhs˝ ˛ˆ˛õÔÑSÈyˆÏly– ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚ˆÏîñ ˆê˛∆ˆÏlÓ˚
ܲ¡õyê≈˛ˆÏÙˆÏrê˛ ì%˛ˆÏܲ ~ܲê˛y Óƒyà !lˆÏÎ˚ !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ xy§y– ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚
˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~•z !§ÂôyˆÏhs˝ ˆ˛õÔÑSÈyˆÏï˛
˛õyÓ˚ ˆÎ ˆ°yܲ!ê˛ ï˛yÓ˚ Óƒyà!ê˛ ˆê˛∆ˆÏl Ë%˛ˆÏ° ˆàˆÏSÈ– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y §Ω˛Óï˛
~áyˆÏl ~ܲê˛y Ë%˛° ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ ˆÎ §Ó §Ω˛yÓƒ âê˛ly ly ˆçˆÏl•z
!§ÂôyˆÏhs˝ ˆ˛õÔшÏSÈ ÎyGÎ˚y–
156 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
í˛z˛õ!Ó˚í˛z=˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ˆÌˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y ~•z !§ÂôyˆÏhs˝
ˆ˛õÔÑSÈ°yÙ ˆÎ ˆÎÔ!=˛Ü˛Ó˚î ˆÜ˛yl !§ÂôyˆÏhs˝ ˆ˛õÔÑSÈyˆÏlyÓ˚ çlƒ ï˛Ìƒ
§Ç@˝Ã• G !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y– ~•z xˆÏÌ≈ ˆÎÔ!=˛Ü˛Ó˚î
§Ù§ƒy §ÙyôyˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó˚)˛õ– ~áyˆÏl °«˛ƒ!ê˛ •° !ܲS%È !ӈϢ£Ï
ï˛Ìƒ ˆÌˆÏܲ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ !§ÂôyˆÏhs˝ ˆ˛õÔÑSÈyˆÏlyÎyÎ˚ ï˛y !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚y–
ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ ˆÎÔ!=˛Ü˛Ó˚î xyˆÏÓ˚y•#
≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ •Î˚– ˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲÓ˚y ~Ùl !ܲ §yôyÓ˚î Ùyl%£ÏG ˆÓ¢ !ܲS%È
ò,T˛yhs˝ˆÏܲ !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !lô≈yÓ˚l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚l ˆÎ !ܲ
ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §yôyÓ˚î !lÎ˚ÙyÓ!° Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ §Óà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ xl%§Ó˚î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
çlƒ– ˛õ)Ó≈ xyˆÏ°y!ã˛ï˛ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ §Ù§ƒy §ÙyôyˆÏlÓ˚
ôy˛õà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ K˛ylˆÏܲ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆá°yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly Óy
≤ÃܲˆÏ“Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ܲÌy ˲yÓ– ~•záyˆÏl ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xyˆÏÓ˚y•
ˆÎÔ!=˛Ü˛Ó˚î ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
§yò,¢ƒ!˲!_ܲ ˆÜ˛Ô¢° ˆÎÔ!=˛Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ!ê˛ Ó˚)˛õ ÎyÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ xÇ¢ xhs˝!l≈!•ï˛ xyˆÏSÈ– A •° B ˆï˛Ù!l C •°
lƒyÎ˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ ÙyˆÏSÈÓ˚ çlƒ ç° ˆï˛Ù!l Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ çlƒ
ÓyÎ˚%ñ ÓÓ˚Ê˛ •° §yòy ˆï˛Ù!l ܲÎ˚°y •° ܲy°– §yò,¢ƒ!˲!_ܲ
°«˛î#Î˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒyÓ!°ˆÏܲ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ï˛Ìy ò,!T˛ˆÏàyã˛Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃
ܲˆÏÓ˚– Îy •Î˚ˆÏï˛y x°!«˛ï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
!§Âôyhs˝Ü˛Ó˚î ( Decision-Making) :
xyˆÏ Ó ˚ y •# G xÓˆÏ Ó ˚ y •# ˆÎÔ!=˛Ü˛Ó˚ î
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !Óã˛yÓ˚ܲÓ˚ˆÏî §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚– !Óã˛yÓ˚ÈܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xyÙÓ˚y
K˛yl G ≤ÃyÆ ≤ÃÙyˆÏîÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ !§ÂôyˆÏhs˝ ˆ˛õÔÑSÈy•zñ
Ùï˛yÙï˛ àë˛l ܲ!Ó˚ñ âê˛lyÓ˚ G Ó›Ó˚ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚l ܲ!Ó˚– ~•z í˛zòy•Ó˚î!ê˛
ôˆÏÓ˚ lyGñ ˆÎ ˆ°yܲ!ê˛ ˆÓ¢ ܲÌ%ˆÏܲñ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ˆÙ°yˆÏÙ¢y
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õSÈ® ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ xlyÎ˚yˆÏ§ xlƒˆÏòÓ˚ Ó¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ÈüÈ ï˛yÓ˚
çlƒ ˆ§•z°§‰˛õy§≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyç §Óã˛y•zˆÏï˛ í˛z˛õˆÏÎyà# •ˆÏÓ– ˆ°yܲ!ê˛Ó˚
Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ xyÙˆÏòÓ˚ !Óã˛yÓ˚ ~ܲçl ò«˛ ˆ§•z°§‰˛õy§≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒˆÏܲ
!˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~áyˆÏl xyÙÓ˚y ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ !§Âôyhs˝ @˝Ã•î ܲ!Ó˚ G
!Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲ!Ó˚ ï˛y !lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚Ó–
ܲáˆÏly ܲáˆÏly !lî≈Î˚à%ˆÏ°y fl∫Î˚Ç!Ü ˛Î˚ ~ÓÇ Óƒy!=˛ myÓ˚y
ˆÜ˛yˆÏ l y §ˆÏ ã ˛ï˛l ≤ÃˆÏ ã ˛T˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÏ Î ˚ y çl ˛õˆÏ Ó ˚ ly ~ÓÇ ~!ê˛
x˲ƒy§Ó¢ï˛ı âˆÏê˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆÎÙlÈüÈ °y° Óy!ï˛ ˆòˆÏá ˆÓ Ü˛ ܲ£Ïyñ
Î!òG ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛z˛õlƒy§ xÌÓy §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ xÇ¢ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚ˆÏl ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚
˛õ)Ó≈K˛yl ï˛Ìy x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ˛õˆÏí˛¸– ~ܲ!ê˛ xAܲˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ§Ô®Î≈
!Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Óƒy!=˛àï˛ ˛õSÈ®ˆÏܲ x@˝Ãy!ôܲyÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚
Ìyܲ– xï˛~Ó xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !Óã˛yÓ˚à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï˛≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ìy!ܲ–
~•z í˛zòy•Ó˚î!ê˛ ôˆÏÓ˚ lyG– ~ܲçl lï%˛l !¢«˛Ü˛ fl%҈ϰ !lÎ%=˛
•ˆÏ°lñ SÈyeÈüÈSÈye#Ó˚y ï˛Í«˛îyÍ ï˛yÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚° ˆÎ
!ï˛!l á%Ó Ü˛í˛¸y– Î!òG ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# Üœ˛yˆÏ§ ï˛yÓ˚y ˆ§•z !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ
â!l¤˛ •GÎ˚yˆÏï˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚ˆÏl ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ál ï˛yÓ˚y
!¢«˛Ü˛ˆÏܲ ˆÓ¢ SÈyeÓrô%c˛õ)î≈ ӈϰ !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ≤Ã!ï˛!òl ˆÎ§Ó §Ù§ƒy §Ùyôyl ܲÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
ˆÓ¢ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲê˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !§Âôyhs˝ ˆlGÎ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl
•Î˚– ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ çlƒ ܲ# ˛õÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚⁄ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Órô%ˆÏܲ ܲ# Ó°ˆÏÓ⁄
~•z §Óà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ í˛z_Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ !ÓܲˆÏ“Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ˆÏܲ ÓySÈy•z xÌÓy
!lÓ≈yã˛l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏSÈ– !§Âôyhs˝Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeñ xyÙÓ˚y
ÙyˆÏV˛ ÙyˆÏV˛ Óƒy!=˛àï˛ ï˛yͲõÎ≈§¡õߨ ˛õSȈϮÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚
!ÓܲˆÏ“Ó˚ !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲ!Ó˚– !Óã˛yÓ˚ܲÓ˚î G !§Âôyhs˝Ü˛Ó˚î ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ
§¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y– !§Âôyhs˝Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeñ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §yÙˆÏl ˆÎ
§Ù§ƒy!ê˛ xyˆÏ§ ˆ§!ê˛ •° !Ó!˲ߨ !ÓܲˆÏ“Ó˚ Ù)°ƒ ~ÓÇ í˛z˛õˆÏÎy!àï˛y
Ù)°ƒyÎ˚l ܲˆÏÓ˚ !Óܲ“ !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲÓ˚y– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ Îál myò¢
ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl G xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ~•z ò%!ê˛ !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ˆÏܲ
!lÓ≈yã˛l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚ñ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !§Âôyhs˝ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xy@˝Ã•ñ ˲!ӣσÍñ
≤Ãï˛ƒy¢yñ Ó•z˛õˆÏeÓ˚ §•ç°Ë˛ƒï˛yñ !¢«˛Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ò«˛ï˛y ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
!˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ •Î˚– ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚l !§!lÎ˚Ó˚ˆÏòÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ~ÓÇ xl%£Ïò
§ò§ƒˆÏòÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Ü˛Ìy ӈϰ ~ÓÇ !ܲS%È Üœ˛y§ ܲÓ˚y ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ myÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚
ÌyˆÏܲ– !§Âôyhs˝Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xyÙÓ˚y !Ó!˲ߨ §Ùyôyl Óy !Óܲ“
xyˆÏà ˆÌˆÏܲ•z çy!l ~ÓÇ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲê˛y !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛•z
•ˆÏÓ– ôˆÏÓ˚ lyGñ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Órô% á%Ó Ë˛y° Óƒyí˛!Ùrê˛l ˆáˆÏ°yÎ˚yí˛¸–
ˆ§ Ó˚yçƒhflψÏÓ˚ ˆá°yÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ˛õyˆÏFSÈ– ~ܲ•z §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ Óy!£Ï≈ܲ
˛õÓ˚#«˛y ܲy!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ ˆ§ ï˛yÓ˚ çlƒ ï˛yˆÏܲ xˆÏlܲ ˛õí˛¸y¢%ly
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ï˛yˆÏܲ Óƒyí˛!Ùrê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ x˲ƒy§ ܲÓ˚y xÌÓy Óy!£Ï≈ܲ
˛õÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õí˛¸y¢%ly ܲÓ˚yñ ~•z ò%!ê˛ !ÓܲˆÏ“Ó˚ Ùôƒ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛
ÓySÈy•z ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ñ ï˛yÓ˚ !§Âôyhs˝ §Ó §Ω˛yÓƒ
Ê˛°yÊ˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ •ˆÏÓ–
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y °«˛ƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyܲˆÏÓ x@˝Ãy!ôܲyÓ˚ xl%ÎyÎ˚# Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !§Âôyhs˝ @˝Ã•îG !˲ߨ
•Î˚– ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ÓyhflÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ xyÙÓ˚y o%ï˛ !§Âôyhs˝ !lˆÏÎ˚
Ìy!ܲ ~ÓÇ ï˛y•z §Ó ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ §Ó§ÙÎ˚ ˛õ%Cyl%˛õ%C˲yˆÏÓ ï˛Ìy
!ÓhflÏy!Ó˚ï˛ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚l ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó •Î˚ ly–
§,çlydܲ !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚)˛õ ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y
(Nature and Process of Creative Thinking) :
ܲáˆÏly ܲáˆÏly ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ çylyÓ˚ •zFSÈy •Î˚ xÓ¢ƒ•z ˆÎ
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óƒ!=˛ ≤ÃÌÙÓyÓ˚ ~Ùl ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈñ ˆÎÙlñ Ó#çˆÏÓylyñ
ã˛yܲy ÓylyˆÏlyñ ˆày•yÓ˚ !ã˛e §yçyˆÏlyñ •zï˛ƒy!ò !ӣψÏÎ˚ ˲yÓy •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
˜òl!®ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç ˛õ%Ó˚yˆÏly ˲yˆÏÓ §vT˛ •Î˚ ly– ~•zôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚y
!ܲS%È xy§° !ã˛hs˝y ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~áyˆÏl xà!îï˛ ˆ°yܲ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚
§,çl¢#°ï˛y Óï≈˛Ùyl §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !ÓK˛yl ~ÓÇ ≤ÃÎ%!=˛ˆÏï˛ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚
ˆàˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ Îy xyÙÓ˚y Îál í˛z˛õˆÏ˲yà ܲÓ˚!SÈ– §Aà#ï˛ñ !ã˛eܲ°yñ
ܲ!Óï˛y ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲ°yñ Îy xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xyl® G í˛zÕ‘y§
≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ~à%!° §,çl¢#° !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛°yÊ˛°–
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆÓyô•Î˚ ~É!í˛É ܲyˆÏí≈˛ÛÓ˚ lyÙ ¢%ˆÏlSÈ– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
ˆòˆÏ¢ ~ܲçl í˛z!qò!ÓK˛yl#ñ !Î!l !Ó !ê˛¢ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ«˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ §ˆÏÓ≈yFã˛
¢!=˛ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ ˛õ%Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl ÚˆôÑyÎ˚y!Ó•#l ã%˛!Õ‘Û ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
çlƒ– !ï˛!l ¢%ܲˆÏlyñ xÓƒÓ•,ï˛ xÑyˆÏáÓ˚ ˛õyï˛yˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ çµy°yl#ˆÏï˛
˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï˛≈ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆÓyô•Î˚ ~ܲyò¢ ˆ◊!îÓ˚ SÈye xy!¢£Ï
˛õylGÎ˚yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲÌy ¢%ˆÏlSÈ– ˆÎ ly!ܲ xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ ˆÓ˚yˆÏÓy!ê˛ˆÏܲ
x!°!¡õˆÏÎ˚í˛ñ @’y§ˆÏàyˆÏï˛ ˛õÑyã˛ Ê%˛ê˛ °¡∫y ~ܲ!ê˛ ÎsfÙylÓ ˜ï˛!Ó˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ yO ˆÙˆÏí˛° çÎ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~à%!° •ˆÏFSÈ §,çl¢#°ï˛yÓ˚ !ܲS%È
í˛zòy•Ó˚î Ùye– !Ó!˲ߨ ˆ«˛ˆÏe §,çl¢#°ï˛yÓ˚ xlƒylƒ í˛zòy•Ó˚î
!lˆÏÎ˚G !ã˛hs˝y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòˆÏáy–
~ê˛y ÙˆÏl Ó˚yáy òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ ˆÎ §,çlydܲ !ã˛hs˝l ¢%ô%Ùye
x§yôyÓ˚î ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ myÓ˚y•z ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •Î˚ ly– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲçlˆÏܲ
§,çlÙ)°Ü˛ !ã˛hs˝y¢#° Óƒ!=˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ï˛yˆÏܲ ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ Óy
!¢“# •GÎ˚yÓ˚ òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ ˆl•z– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ•z §,çl¢#° •GÎ˚yÓ˚
≤ÃÓîï˛y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– §,çl¢#° !ã˛hs˝yôyÓ˚y ÙylÓ Ü˛yÎy≈Ó°#Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ
hflψÏÓ˚•z ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà ˆ«˛ˆÏe ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– !Ó!˲ߨ ܲyÎ≈yÓ°#
ˆÎÙlÈ ˆ°áyñ ˛õí˛¸yˆÏlyñ Ó˚yߨy ܲÓ˚yñ Ë)˛!ÙܲyÎ˚ x!˲lÎ˚ñ à“ Ó°yñ
ܲÌyÓyï˛≈yñ §Ç°y˛õñ ≤ß¿ !çK˛y§yñ ˆá°yÎ˚ñ ˜òl!®l §Ù§ƒyÓ˚
§ÙyôyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛yÎ˚ñ §Çà!ë˛ï˛ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°ˆÏï˛ñ xlƒˆÏòÓ˚ mrô Ù#ÙyǧyÓ˚
§y•yˆÏ΃ •zï˛ƒy!òˆÏï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛!°ï˛ •Î˚– ˜òl!®l §,çl¢#°ï˛yÓ˚
ôyÓ˚îy!ê˛ ~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îñ !ã˛hs˝l ~ÓÇ §Ù§ƒy §ÙyôyˆÏl
≤Ãò!¢≈ï˛ •Î˚– ï˛y x§yôyÓ˚î §,çl¢#°ï˛yÓ˚ x!˲K˛ï˛y !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ
˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ !ӈϢ£Ï ≤Ã!ï˛Ë˛yÙ)°Ü˛ §,çl¢#°ï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ !˲ߨ •Î˚–
§,çlydܲ !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚)˛õ
(Nature of Creative Thinking) :
§,çlydܲ !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ xlƒylƒ !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ
•° ~ˆÏÏï˛ x!˲lÓ ~ÓÇ Ù)° !ã˛hs˝yôyÓ˚y Óy §Ù§ƒy §ÙyôyˆÏlÓ˚
Ê˛°yÊ˛° xhs˝!l≈!•ï˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ܲáˆÏly ܲáˆÏly §,çlydܲ !ã˛hs˝l
xôƒyÎ˚ Èü8 •È !ã˛hs˝l 157
Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ lï%˛l˲yˆÏÓ !ã˛hs˝y ܲÓ˚y Óy !˲ߨ˲yˆÏÓ !ã˛hs˝y ܲÓ˚y– í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤ß¿à%!°Ó˚ í˛z_ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xl%§yÓ˚# !ã˛hs˝l ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçlñ Îy ~ܲ!ê˛
ï˛y §ˆÏ_¥G ~!ê˛ çyly xyÓ¢ƒÜ˛ñ x!˲lÓc SÈyí˛¸yG ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ï˛yG Ù%=˛ !ã˛hs˝l ˆÎáyˆÏl Óƒy!=˛ !lˆÏçÓ˚ x!˲K˛ï˛yà%!°Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_
•z•yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó%̊c˛õ)î≈ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ ÓSÈÓ˚ à,•fiÌy°#Ó˚ Îsf˛õy!ï˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ≤ß¿ Óy §Ù§ƒyà%!° xˆÏlܲà%!° í˛z_Ó˚ ˲yÓˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~•z
lï%˛l ÙˆÏí˛° ˆê˛˛õ ˆÓ˚ܲí≈˛yÓ˚ñ ày!í˛¸ñ fl%Òê˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆê˛!°!˲¢l ˆ§ê˛ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝l xË)˛ï˛˛õ)Ó≈ ~ÓÇ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ˲yÓly ˜ï˛!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃
˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ˆ§à%!° xyÙ° ly •ˆÏ°G ~•z í˛zͲõyòlà%!°ˆÏï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚–
x!˲lÓ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ ˆÎyà ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– §,çlydܲ !ã˛hs˝l Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛Ùl xl%§yÓ˚# !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ ò«˛ï˛yÎ˚ñ xhs˝à≈ï˛ •° §yôyÓ˚lï˛ !ã˛hs˝l
!ã˛hs˝yôyÓ˚yÓ˚ Óy ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ï˛y ~ÓÇ x!˲lÓc ÎyÓ˚ ˛˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly x!hflÏc ≤ÃÓy• lÙl#Î˚ï˛yñ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ï˛y ~ÓÇ !ÓÓÓ˚îy!ò–
!SÈ° ly– §,çlydܲ !ã˛hs˝lˆÏܲ §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ~•z ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ myÓ˚yG — !ã˛hs˝l ≤ÃÓy• (Fluency) •° ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛yˆÏçÓ˚ Óy §Ù§ƒyÓ˚
ˆÓyV˛yˆÏly ÎyÎ˚ ÎyˆÏܲ Ó %lyÓ˚ ӈϰˆÏSÈlñ ÚÚ≤Ã˲yÓ# xyŸã˛Î≈ÛÛ Î!ò xˆÏlܲà%!° !ã˛hs˝l ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ò«˛ï˛y– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óƒy!=˛
í˛zͲõyòl Óy !ã˛hs˝yôyÓ˚y x§yôyÓ˚î •Î˚ ˆï˛y ~Ùl ܲyç ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ Îï˛ ˆÓ!¢ !ã˛hs˝y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓñ ï˛yÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝l ≤ÃÓyˆÏ•Ó˚
ÙˆÏï˛y x!ôܲyÇ¢ ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚y x!˲K˛ï˛y§Ù)• ï˛yÍ«˛!îܲ xyŸã˛Î≈ Óy «˛Ùï˛y ï˛ï˛ ˆÓ!¢– í˛zòy•Ó˚lfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ Îï˛ ˆÓ!¢ §ÇáƒyÎ˚
xyŸã˛Î≈y!ß∫ï˛ •Î˚– ܲyàˆÏçÓ˚ ܲy˛õ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ï˛yÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝l ≤ÃÓy•
§,çlydܲ !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ Ó°ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ!ê˛ ï˛ï˛ ˆÓ!¢–
à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ùylò[˛˛ •ˆÏ°y !ӈϢ£Ï˲yˆÏÓ ~Ó˚ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ï˛y– !Óly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly — lÙl#Î˚ï˛y (Flexibility) ˜Ó!ã˛eƒÙÎ˚ !ã˛hs˝lˆÏܲ !lˆÏò≈¢
í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒ xy°yòy ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝y ܲÓ˚yñ ܲyçà%!° !lˆÏçÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~!ê˛ •° ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó›Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
ܲÓ˚yñ !Óly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒ ܲ“lyÎ˚ !°Æ Ìyܲyñ Óy ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !Ó!ã˛e !ã˛hs˝lñ Óy ~ܲ!ê˛ SÈ!Ó Óy àˆÏ“Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ÓƒÓfiÌyñ Óy ~ܲ!ê˛
!Óã˛yÓ˚ ˜Ïï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚yˆÏܲ xˆÏlܲ §ÙÎ˚ Ë%˛° ܲˆÏÓ˚ §,çlydܲ !ã˛hs˝l §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õÌ !lˆÏÎ˚ ˲yÓy– ܲyàˆÏçÓ˚ ܲy˛õˆÏܲ
ӈϰ ˲yÓy •Î˚– àˆÏÓ£ÏܲÓ˚y ~•z ܲÌyÎ˚ §•Ùï˛ ˆ˛õy£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚l ˆÎ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ñ ܲyàˆÏçÓ˚
!ã˛hs˝lˆÏܲ ï˛ál §,çlydܲ Ó°y •ˆÏÓ Îál ï˛y ÓyhflψÏÓÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ܲy˛õˆÏܲ ˛õye !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Óy Ó,_ xyÑܲyÓ˚ çlƒ •zï˛ƒy!ò ˲yˆÏÓ
í˛zß√%áñ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ñ Ó˚ã˛lydܲ ï˛ySÈyí˛¸y §yÙy!çܲ Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ΈÏÌT˛ ÌyܲˆÏÓ– ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
§, ç lydܲÙ) ° ܲ àˆÏ Ó £Ï î yÓ˚ ~ܲçl x@˝ à î#ñ ˆçÉ!˛õ
— ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ï˛y (Originality) •ˆÏ°y lï%˛l §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚
!à°ˆÏÊ˛yí≈˛ !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆÏ˲ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲÌy í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl–
≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛î– lï%˛l !ã˛hs˝lˆÏܲ ˛õ%Ó˚yˆÏly !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛
x!˲§yÓ˚# ˆ§•z !ãhs˝l •° ˆ§•z !ã˛hs˝l ÎyÓ˚ ˆ§•z §Ó §Ù§ƒyÓ˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚yñ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ç!l§ !˲ߨ ò,!T˛Ë˛Aà#ˆÏï˛ ˆòáyñ •zï˛ƒy!ò
§Ùyôyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ÎyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ùye §!ë˛Ü˛ í˛z_Ó˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
myÓ˚y ò%°≈˲ ~ÓÇ x§yôyÓ˚î !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly í˛zͲõߨ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
Ùl §!ë˛Ü˛ í˛z_ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ•z ~ˆÏàyÎ˚– flõT˛#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ !lˆÏã˛Ó˚
≤ß¿!ê˛Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ˆòˆÏáy– ~!ê˛ §ÇáƒyÓ˚ §y!Ó˚Ó˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ ˜Ïï˛!Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ
ˆÎáyˆÏl ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §Çáƒy!ê˛ ÓyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– Ùye ~ܲ!ê˛
§!ë˛Ü˛ í˛z_Ó˚•z ≤Ãï˛ƒy!¢ï˛–
≤ß¿ ı 3ñ 6ñ 9 ÉÉÉ ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ ܲ# xy§ˆÏÓ⁄
í˛z_Ó˚ ı 12 –
~ál ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !ã˛hs˝y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚y ˆ§•z §ÙhflÏ ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚
ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ §!ë˛Ü˛ í˛z_Ó˚ ˆl•zñ !ܲv xˆÏlܲ í˛z_Ó˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ ˛≤ß¿ !lˆÏã˛ ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
— ܲy˛õˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚à%!° ܲ# ܲ#⁄
— ï%˛!Ù ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆã˛Î˚yÓ˚ˆÏܲ xyÓ˚yÙ òyÎ˚ܲ ~ÓÇ ly®!lܲ §%áòyÎ˚ܲ
ÓylyˆÏlyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ܲ# ܲ# í˛zÍܲ£Ï≈§yôl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈
ˆòˆÏÓ⁄
— ܲ# âê˛ˆÏÓ Î!ò ˛õÓ˚#«˛yà%ˆÏ°y˛ !Óòƒy°Î˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ Óy!ï˛° ܲÓ˚y
•Î˚⁄ !ã˛e 8É5 ı xl%§yÓ˚# !ã˛hs˝l

158 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
 Óy: ı 8É2 ˛õyŸª≈#Î˚ !ã˛hs˝l
~í˛GÎ˚yí≈˛ É!í˛É ˆÓyˆÏly Ú˛õyŸª≈#Î˚ !ã˛hs˝lÛ ¢∑!ê˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ˆÎ!ê˛ˆÏܲ !à°ˆÏÊ˛yí≈˛ lyÙ !òˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl xl%§yÓ˚# !ã˛hs˝l ı
!ï˛!l ¢#£Ï≈fiÌyl !ã˛hs˝l ~ÓÇ ˛õyŸª≈#Î˚ !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ≤ÈÏ˲ˆÏòÓ˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ¢#£Ï≈fiÌyl#Î˚ !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆ§•z §ÙhflÏ Ùyl!§Ü˛ §!Ü ˛Î˚ï˛y
§!¡ø!°ï˛ •Î˚ ï˛y !l¡¨ ~ÓÇ í˛zFã˛hflψÏÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ó˚°ˆÏÓ˚áyÓ˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚ l#ˆÏã˛ ã˛°yã˛° ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎáyˆÏl ˛õyŸª≈#Î˚ !ã˛hs˝ˆÏl §Ù§ƒyˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚
çlƒ ï˛Ìy ˆ§!ê˛Ó˚ ÓƒyáƒyÓ˚ çlƒ !Óܲ“ ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ §rôyl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
í˛zlyÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ñ ÚÚ¢#£Ï≈fiÌyl#Î˚ åï˛y!_¥Ü˛ä !ã˛hs˝l ~ܲ•z àï≈˛ à˲#ˆÏÓ˚ áll
ܲÓ˚yñ xÌ≈yÍ ~ܲ•z x!˲Ù%ˆÏá à˲#Ó˚ !ã˛hs˝l ܲÓ˚yñ ˛õyŸª≈#Î˚ !ã˛hs˝l
§¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ •ˆÏ°y xlƒ çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ àï≈˛ ܲÓ˚y–ÛÛ !í˛ ˆÓyˆÏly §%˛õy!Ó˚¢
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ˆÎ ˛õyŸª#≈Î˚ !ã˛hs˝l Ùyl!§Ü˛ °y¡≥˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚
~ÓÇ ~ˆÏï˛ !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ xˆÏlܲ í˛z˛õyÎ˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §Ω˛yÓly ÌyˆÏܲ– !í˛É
ˆÓyˆÏly !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ í˛z˛õyÎ˚ í˛zqyÓl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ– SÈÎ˚!ê˛ !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚
ˆÎyàƒï˛y Óy «˛Ùï˛y– àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÎ˚ ˆòáy ˆàˆÏSÈ !ã˛hs˝l ≤ÃÓy•
~ÓÇ lÙl#Î˚ï˛y ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ¢ï≈˛– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
Óƒ!=˛ Îï˛ˆÏÓ!¢ ~ÓÇ ˜Ó!ã˛eƒÙÎ˚ !ã˛hs˝l ≤Ã›ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ !Óã˛yÓ˚ í˛zͲõߨ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ §Ω˛yÓlyG ï˛ï˛•z ˆÓ!¢
•Î˚–
— !ÓÓÓ˚îy!ò (Elaboration) •ˆÏ°y Îy ~ܲ!ê˛ Óƒy!=˛ˆÏܲ
lï%˛l !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ !ÓÓÓ˚ˆÏî ˆÎˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !l!•ï˛
xÌ≈ˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ çlƒ §«˛Ù ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°–
xl%ÎyÎ˚# !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y ˆ§•z §ÙhflÏ í˛zqy!Óï˛ !Ó!ã˛e
!ã˛hs˝lˆÏܲ §•çï˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Îy §¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛ lyG •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õ áyòƒ í˛zͲõyòl Ó,!Âô ܲÓ˚yÎ˚ §yôyÓ˚î !ã˛hs˝yà%ˆÏ°y ܲ#
•ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚⁄ ~Ó˚ §Ω˛yÓƒ §ÙyôyˆÏlÓ˚ §¡õÜ≈˛ Ó#ˆÏçÓ˚ à%îàï˛Ùylñ
§yÓ˚ñ ç°ˆÏ§ã˛ ~ÓÇ •zï˛ƒy!ò •Î˚– ˆÜ˛í˛z Î!ò ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyàySÈy
ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l !lÎ≈y§ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ çlƒ ÙÓ˚%Ë)˛!ÙˆÏï˛ ã˛y£Ï ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ñ
ï˛ˆÏÓ ï˛y ~ܲ!ê ò%Ó˚fiÌ !ã˛hs˝y •ˆÏÓ– ~áyˆÏl xl%£ÏAà ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚y
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ áyòƒ í˛zͲõyòl ~ÓÇ ÙÓ˚%Ë)˛!Ù Óy xyàySÈyÓ˚ §ˆÏAà– §yôyÓ˚îï˛
xyÙÓ˚y ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly xl%£ÏAà ܲ!Ó˚ly– !ܲv xyÙÓ˚y Î!ò
!lˆÏçÓ˚ ÙlˆÏܲ lï%˛l ~ÓÇ ò%Ó˚fiÌ §y•ã˛Î≈ ˆáyÑçyÓ˚ çlƒ fl∫ï˛sf Óy
Ù%=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆò•z ï˛ˆÏÓ ~ˆÏï˛ !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ xˆÏlܲ §ÙÓyÎ˚ í˛zͲõߨ •ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏl Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ §,çlydܲ !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ
x!˲§yÓ˚# ~ÓÇ x˛õ§yÓ˚# ò%ˆÏê˛y !ã˛hs˝l•z à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈– x˛õ§yÓ˚# !ã˛hs˝l
!Ó!Óô ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zqyÓl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ x˛õ!Ó˚•yÎ≈– x!˲§yÓ˚#
!ã˛hs˝l á%Ó Ü˛yÎ≈ܲÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ÎÌyÎÌ !ã˛hs˝là%!°ˆÏܲ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
çlƒ á%Ó•z à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈–
ê%˛!˛õ ˆÜ˛Ô¢ˆÏ°Ó˚ !Óܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚l– xˆÏ˛õ!«˛ï˛ !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ xl%ÎyÎ˚#
ˆÜ˛í˛z ~•z ê%˛!˛õ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏï˛˛˛õyˆÏÓ˚ xÌÓy á%°ˆÏï˛G ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎáyˆÏl ê%˛!˛õ Ó°ˆÏï˛
ˆÓyV˛yˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛Ìƒ âê˛lyñ xyܲyÓ˚ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ï˛Ìƒ myÓ˚y
¢)îƒfiÌyl ˛õ)Ó˚î ܲÓ˚y– °y° ê%˛!˛õ xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ ≤Ãܲy¢ ~ÓÇ ˛õyˆÏe xyˆÏÓàˆÏܲ
§Çܲ°ˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛– ܲyˆÏ°y ê%˛!˛õ !lî≈Î˚ñ §yÓôyl# ~ÓÇ ï˛Ü≈˛ˆÏܲ
!ã˛!eï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– •°%ò ê%˛!˛õ ˆ§•z !ã˛hslˆÏܲ ˆòáyÎ˚ ˆ§•z xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ xyÙÓ˚y
~•z ˲yÓ# ˆÎ ܲyˆÏܲ !òˆÏÎ˚ ܲyàç •ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ï˛y ˆÜ˛l °y˲òyÎ˚ܲ– §Ó%ç
ê%˛!˛õ §,çlydܲñ !Óܲ“ ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §)ã˛Ü˛– l#° ê%˛!˛õ !lˆÏçfl∫
!Óã˛yÓ˚ Óy ˆÎyçlyÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !ã˛hs˝l ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !ã˛hs˝l
ܲÓ˚yˆÏܲ ≤Ãò!¢≈ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ù§ƒy Óy !Ó£ÏÎ˚ˆÏܲ ˆÎ !Ó!˲ߨ
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ˆ§!ê˛ˆÏܲ !ã˛hs˝l ܲyÓ˚#ñ ÚSÈÎ˚!ê˛ !ã˛hs˝l ê%˛!˛õÛ ˆï˛
≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛!°ï˛ •Î˚– ~•z ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y!ê˛ Óƒ!=˛àï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Óy §Ù!T˛Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚
ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
ܲyç ı 8É4
˛õÑyã˛!ê˛ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ß¿ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ x˛õ§yÓ˚# !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚
ÎyˆÏï˛ !ܲS%È !Ó£ÏÎ˚ÈüÈ~Ó˚ §Ù§ƒy §yˆÏÌ §¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛ Îyï˛yÎ˚yï˛
ÓƒÓfiÌy‡ ò)£Ïî‡ ò%l≈#!ï˛‡ x!¢«˛y‡ òy!Ó˚oï˛y ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛
xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ë˛yà ܲÓ˚–
§,çlydܲ !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y
(Process of Creative Thinking) :
§¡±!ï˛Ü˛yˆÏ° ÙylÓ ÙˆÏlÓ˚ !Ü ˛Î˚y ܲ°yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢
ˆÓ!¢ñ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà !lˆÏÓ¢ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏFSÈ– àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÎ˚ ~ê˛y ˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ Ó°y
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ lï%˛l ~ÓÇ x§yôyÓ˚î ˲yÓlyà%!° !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ ï˛Íܲy°#l
xhs˝ò≈,!T˛ SÈyí˛¸yG xlƒ !Ó£ÏÎ˚G !l!•ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– lï%˛l ˲yÓly ˜ï˛!Ó˚Ó˚
xyˆÏà ~ÓÇ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ !ܲS%È ôyÓ˚y ÌyˆÏܲ–
§,çlydܲ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ í˛zͲõ!_fïϰ xyˆÏSÈ ˆÎˆÏܲyˆÏly !Ó£ÏÎ˚
˲yÓy í˛zͲõߨ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ xyÓ¢ƒÜ˛ï˛y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÎyÓ˚ myÓ˚y ≤ÈÏã˛T˛y xyÓ˚Ω˛
•Î˚– ≤Ã!ï˛!òˆÏlÓ˚ §yÙylƒ ܲyç §¡õy!òï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ çlƒ Óƒy!=˛ ~•z
ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ xyÓ¢ÏƒÜ˛ï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ˆÓyô ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly ܲyÓ˚î ~ˆÏï˛ xyl!®ï˛
Óy §vT˛G ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– §,çlydܲ !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y!ê˛ ≤Û!ï˛
hflÏÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ¢%Ó˚% •Î˚ ÎyˆÏï˛ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ ˆòGÎ˚y ܲyç Óy §Ù§ƒyˆÏܲ
ˆÓyV˛y ~ÓÇ §Ù§ƒy!ê˛ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ âê˛ly!ê˛ ˛õê˛Ë)˛!Ù §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛
xôƒyÎ˚ Èü8 •È !ã˛hs˝l 159

§ˆÏã˛ï˛l •GÎ˚y Óy âê˛ly §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ï˛Ìƒ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲÓ˚y ó •ˆÏ°y
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– ~•z ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y!ê˛ !Ó!˲ߨ !òˆÏܲ ˆÓ!¢ ˆÓ!¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝y
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÜ˛Ôï)˛•° ~ÓÇ í˛zˆÏ_çlyˆÏܲ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– Óƒ!=˛ xy°yòy
xy°yòy ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aà !lˆÏÎ˚ !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~áyˆÏl ˛õ)Ó≈ Ó!î≈ï˛ x˛õ§yÓ˚# !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ lï%˛l
!òˆÏܲ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
Îál Óƒ!=˛ !Óܲ“ ˲yÓly Óy ˆÎyçly í˛zͲõߨ ܲÓ˚y ï˛Ìy
§Ù§ƒy Óy ܲyçˆÏܲ x§yôyÓ˚î ò,!T˛Ë˛!AàˆÏï˛ ˆòáyÓ˚ ≤ÈÏã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚
ï˛ál ˆÌˆÏÙ Óy xyê˛ˆÏܲ ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛G •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ÓƒÌ≈ï˛yˆÏܲ
xyÓyÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚=˛ ˆÓyôG ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ §Ù§ƒy!ê˛ Óy ܲyç!ê˛ˆÏܲ
!ܲS%È §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ çlƒ ˆSȈÏí˛¸G !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~•z hflÏÓ˚!ê˛ •ˆÏ°y í˛zò‰Ë˛Ól–
àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÎ˚ ˆòáy ˆàˆÏSÈ §,çlydܲ !ã˛hs˝l ï˛Í«˛îyÍ í˛zò‰Ë˛ÓˆÏlÓ˚
˛õˆÏÓ˚ â!ê˛ï˛ •Î˚ ly– Îál Óƒy!=˛ §ˆÏã˛ï˛l˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ly ÓÓ˚M˛
§ˆÏã˛ï˛l ˲yˆÏÓ ˆã˛T˛y ã˛y°yˆÏlyÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xÓƒy•!ï˛ˆÏï˛ §ˆÏã˛T˛ •Î˚–
~!ê˛ Îál âˆÏê˛ Óy í˛z!òï˛ •Î˚ ï˛ál Óƒy!=˛ xlƒ !ܲS%È Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎÙlñ
â%ˆÏÙyˆÏï˛ ÎyGÎ˚yñ fl¨yl ܲˆÏÓ˚ Óy ¢%ô% •Ñyê˛ˆÏï˛ ÎyGÎ˚y– í˛zò‰Ë˛Ól hflÏÓ˚ˆÏܲ
xl%§Ó˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ≤Ãò#!ÆÓ˚ hflÏÓ˚ – Úxy•‰Û Óy Úxy!Ù ~ê˛y ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚!SÈÛ
ÈüÈ~•z xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ ï˛y ˆ§•z Ù)•)ˆÏï≈˛ Îál §yôyÓ˚lï˛ §,çlydܲ !ã˛hs˝lˆÏܲ
Óy ï˛yÓ˚ í˛zqˆÏÓÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ç!í˛¸ï˛– §yôyÓ˚îï˛ §,çlydܲ !ã˛hs˝l ≤ÃyÆ
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zˆÏ_çly Óy §v!T˛Ó˚ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ •Î˚– §Ó≈ˆÏ¢£Ï
hflÏÓ˚!ê˛ •ˆÏ°y §ï˛ƒyáƒylñ ˆÎáyˆÏl ˆÎyçlyñ !Óã˛yÓ˚ Óy §Ùyôyl à%Ó˚%c
Óy í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛î Óy Ù)°ƒyÎ˚l ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~áyˆÏlñ x˛õ§yÓ˚#
!ã˛hs˝l í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ ˲yÓly Óy §Ùyôyl !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈
Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎê˛y ≤ÈÏÎy烖
160 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
§,çlydܲ !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zߨÎ˚l¢#°ï˛y (Developing
Creative Thinking) :
˛õ)Ó≈Óï≈˛# xLjϢ xyˆÏ°y!ã˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ˆÎ §,çlydܲ !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚
§yÙÌ≈ƒ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §ÓyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛y fløÓ˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚– ~!ê˛
¢%ô% Ùye !ܲS%È à%î# !¢“#ñ !ÓK˛yl# ~ÓÇ !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲçˆÏlÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ•z §#ÙyÓÂô lÎ˚– §,çlydܲ !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ãܲy¢ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏï˛ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏï˛
˛õ,Ìܲ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~ܲçl Óƒy!=˛ ܲï˛áy!l §,çlydܲ •ˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚
!lô≈yÓ˚ˆÏî ÓÇ¢yl%Ü ˛!Ùܲ í˛z˛õyòyl à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢àï˛ í˛z˛õyòylà%!° §,çlydܲ !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ «˛Ùï˛yˆÏܲ
§•ç ܲˆÏÓ˚ Óy Óyôy ˆòÎ˚– ˲yÓ˚ï˛§• !Ó!˲ߨ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÎ˚
ˆòáy ˆàˆÏSÈ §,çlydܲ !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢àï˛
í˛z˛õyòyˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ~ܲ!ê˛ Ù®y ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– x˛õÓ˚˛õˆÏ«˛ñ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÎ˚
ï˛yG !lˆÏò≈!¢ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎ !l¡¨ xyÌ≈§yÙy!çܲ ˆày¤˛#ñ çy!ï˛àï˛
~ÓÇ §Çáƒyà!Ó˚¤˛ ˆày¤˛# ˆÌˆÏܲ xyàï˛ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ò,ì˛¸Ë˛yˆÏÓ Ü˛yˆÏç
°yàyˆÏly •Î˚!l ~Ùl §,çl¢#°ï˛y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ ÎyˆÏï˛ ï˛yÓ˚y
!Ó!˲ߨ˲yˆÏÓ•z §,çl¢#°–
àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÎ˚ xyˆÏÓ˚y Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎ xyÙÓ˚y §Óy•z xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
§,çlydܲ !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛yˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y xyˆÏÓ˚y ˲yˆÏ°y˲yˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ xl%¢#°l ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!¢«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ– xyÙÓ˚y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
˜òl!®l §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ §,çl¢#° ~ÓÇ Ü˛yÎ≈ܲÓ˚#˲yˆÏÓ §Ùyôyl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
çlƒ xyÙÓ˚y xyˆÏÓ˚y ܲ“ly≤ÃÓîñ lÙl#Î˚ ~ÓÇ í˛zqyÎ˚l«˛Ù •ˆÏÎ˚
í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚– §,çlydܲ !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲçˆÏlÓ˚
Óƒ!=˛àï˛ Ó,!Âô ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)î≈ï˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe á%Ó•z à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈–
§,çlydܲ !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ Óyôy§Ù)•
(Barriers to Creative Thinking) :
§,çlydܲ !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zߨï˛Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ ≤ÃÌÙ ôy˛õ!ê˛ •ˆÏ°y
ˆ§•z §ÙhflÏ Óyôy §,!T˛Ü˛yÓ˚# í˛z˛õyòyl Îy §,çlydܲ ≤Ãܲy¢ˆÏܲ
Óƒy•ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§à%!°ˆÏܲ §ly=˛ ~ÓÇ ˆ§à%!°ˆÏܲ x!ï˛Ü ˛Ù ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
§ˆÏã˛ï˛l ≤ÈÏã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚y– ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ xyÙÓ˚y xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚!SÈñ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y
!ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y ˆÎ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyç Óy §Ù§ƒyÓ˚
!òˆÏܲ ~ˆÏàyˆÏÓ–
§, ç lydܲ !ã˛hs˝ ˆ Ï l Ó˚ Óyôy§Ù) • ˆÏ Ü ˛ x˲ƒy§àï˛ñ
≤Ãï˛ƒÎ˚lÙ)°Ü˛ñ ˆ≤ãÏîyÙ)°Ü˛ñ xyˆÏÓàÙ)°Ü˛ ~ÓÇ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ !òܲ
!òˆÏÎ˚ ˆ◊!îܲÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– !lÎ˚!Ùï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y ܲyçˆÏܲ §Ó˚° ~ÓÇ
ò«˛ï˛yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ çlƒ Î!òG x˲ƒy§àï˛ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ x!ôܲ
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚– ï˛Ó%G x˲ƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ Ó¢#Ë)˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï˲yˆÏÓ Ë˛yÓyÓ˚
Óy !ã˛hs˝l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÃÓ,!_ §,çlydܲ ≤ÃܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe «˛!ï˛Ü˛yÓ˚ܲ–
xyÙÓ˚y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly âê˛ly Óy Ó›Ó˚ §%˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ˛˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ !ã˛hs˝l ~ÓÇ
≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ~ˆÏï˛y x˲ƒhflÏ •ˆÏÎ˚ Îy•z ˆÎ lï%˛l˲yˆÏÓ Ë˛yÓyG ܲ!ë˛l
•ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– o%ï˛à!ï˛ˆÏï˛ Ê˛°yÊ˛ˆÏ° ˆ˛õÔÑSÈyˆÏlyÓ˚ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ~•z˛ ≤ÃÓ,!_ñ
§Ù§ƒyà%!°ˆÏܲ lï%˛l ò,!T˛Ë˛!AàˆÏï˛ ly ˆòáyñ ܲyç ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ !ã˛Ó˚yã˛!Ó˚ï˛
˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ §vT˛ Ìyܲy Óy ˛õ)Ó≈ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ!“ï˛ ôyÓ˚îy ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚
í˛zë˛yÓ˚ x˲yÓñ ï˛Íܲy°#l !lî≈ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï˛≈l •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §¡õÜ≈˛
Î%=˛ •Î˚– ˛≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ Óyôy xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ x!˲lÓ Óy ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛
˲yÓlyÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ !ÓÓ˚ï˛ Ó˚yˆÏᖠܲyç 8É3ÈüÈ~Ó˚ §Ù§ƒy!ê˛ ÙˆÏl Ó˚yáyÓ˚
ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚– ˆÎáyˆÏl ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ §Ó˚°ˆÏÓ˚áy !òˆÏÎ˚ ܲyàç
ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆ˛õ!™° Óy ܲ°Ù ly ï%˛ˆÏ° §Óܲ!ê˛ 9!ê˛ !Ó®%ˆÏï˛ Î%=˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
•ˆÏÓ Îy ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó®%ˆÏܲ ¢%ô% ~ܲÓyÓ˚ x!ï˛Ü ˛Ù ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ~•z §Ù§ƒy
§Ùyôyl!l!•ï˛ xyˆÏSÈ §#ÙyˆÏÓ˚áyÓ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚– xyÙÓ˚y ˆ§áyˆÏl
§#ÙyˆÏÓ˚áy xl%Ùyl ܲ!Ó˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly x!hflÏc ˆl•z–
ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà ˆ°yܲ 9!ê˛ !Ó®% !òˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛ Óà≈ˆÏܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ §Ù§ƒy!ê˛Ó˚
§Ùyôyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛y•zˆÏÓ– ˆ§•z !òܲà%!°ˆÏï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
!ܲS%È•z ˆl•z– !Ó®%ˆÏܲ Î%=˛ ܲÓ˚y §Ù§ƒy!ê˛ Ü˛!“ï˛ Óy xydÈüÈxyˆÏÓ˚y!˛õï˛
§#ÙyˆÏÓ˚áyÎ˚ Óy §#ÙyÓÂôï˛yÎ˚ §)ã˛Ü˛–
ˆ≤ãÏîyÙ)°Ü˛ ~ÓÇ xyˆÏÓàÙ)°Ü˛ Óyôy§Ù)• §,çlydܲ
!ã˛hs˝lˆÏܲ ÓyôyˆÏòÎ˚˚ Óy ˆòáyÎ˚ ˆÎ §,çlydܲ !ã˛hs˝l ¢%ô%Ùye
§,çlydܲ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y lÎ˚– ˆ≤ãÏîyÓ˚ x˲yÓñ ÓƒÌ≈ï˛yÓ˚ ˲Î˚ñ !˲ߨ •GÎ˚yÓ˚
˲Î˚ñ !Óo%˛õ Óy ≤Ãï˛ƒyáƒyˆÏlÓ˚ ˲Î˚ñ ò%Ó≈° xydôyÓ˚îyñ ˆl!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ï˛y
•zï˛ƒy!ò §,çlydܲ !ã˛hs˝lˆÏܲ Óyôy ˆòÎ˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õ !ܲS%È ˆ°yܲ
≤Ãyî !òˆÏÎ˚ ܲyç ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ Óy x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ ≤ÃÎ˚y§ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õÎ≈yÆ
˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏl x!˲ˆÏ≤Ã!Ó˚ï˛ •l ly– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ~ÙlG °yàˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ ˆ§ ܲyç xyÓ˚G ~ˆÏàyˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓlyñ §Ù§ƒy!ê˛ ÙyV˛áyˆÏl•z
ˆSȈÏí˛¸ !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ Óy ÙôƒÓï≈˛# !ã˛hs˝yˆÏܲ•z x!hs˝Ù §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ
fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~SÈyí˛¸yG !ܲS%È ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ˆl!ï˛
ÙˆÏly˲yÓ ÌyˆÏܲ– ï˛yÓ˚y ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ܲS%È Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚
«˛Ùï˛y ˆl•z– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆçˆÏl xyŸã˛Î≈ƒ •ˆÏÓ ˆÎ ÓyˆÏÕ∫Ó˚ xy!Ó‹Òï≈˛y
ÌÙy§ xy°Ë˛y ~!í˛§l xˆÏlܲ ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ~ÓÇ ~ܲ¢
x§Ê˛°ï˛y ˛õÓ˚ !ï˛!l ≤ÃÌÙ ÓyÕ∫ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl–
§yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ Óyôy§Ù)• ˙!ï˛•ƒñ ≤Ãï˛ƒy¢yñ ≤ÃÌyl%§yÓ˚# xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚
ã˛y˛õñ ~ÓÇ ÓyôyôÓ˚y ~•z §Ó !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ xyl%àˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ
§¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛– ≤ÃÌyl%§yÓ˚# xyã˛Ó˚î ܲï˛Ü˛ §yÙy!çܲ x!hflψÏcÓ˚ çlƒ
á%Ó•z ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ !ܲS%È ˙!ï˛•ƒñ Ó˚#!ï˛l#!ï˛ ~ÓÇ ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ ~ܲ
x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ xl%§Ó˚î xˆÏlܲ §ÙÎ˚ñ §,çlydܲ !ã˛hs˝ˆÏl Óyôy §,!T˛
ܲˆÏ Ó ˚ – §yÇfl, Ò !ï˛Ü˛ Óyôy í˛z ! òï˛ •Î˚ xy°yòy •GÎ˚ y Ó˚ ˲Î˚ ñ
!fiÌï˛yÓfiÌyˆÏܲ ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ ≤ÃÓ,!_ñ ÙôƒÙ xÓfiÌyˆÏï˛ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
•zFSÈyñ Óƒy!=˛àï˛ !lÓ˚y˛õ_y Ó˚«˛yñ §yÙy!çܲ ã˛y˛õñ xlƒˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ !lË≈˛Ó˚ï˛y •zï˛ƒy!ò ˆÌˆÏܲ–
~!ê˛ ï˛Ìƒ ˆÎ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏï˛ §,çlydܲ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y
ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ §,çlydܲ !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ x!Ë˛Óƒ!=˛ˆÏï˛ ÙˆÏôƒÜ˛yÓ˚
˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ~•z xyÓ¢ƒÜ˛ï˛yˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ ˆÎ xyÙÓ˚y §Óy•z xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
§,çlydܲ §yÙÌ≈ƒˆÏܲ !Óܲ!¢ï˛ ܲ!Ó˚ ï˛Ìy Óyôyà%!°ˆÏܲ ò)Ó˚ ܲ!Ó˚ñ
Îy xyÙÓ˚y í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ–
ܲyç ı 8É5
!ܲS%È ~Ùl !ÓÓ,!ï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly ܲ!Ó˚ Îy xyÙÓ˚y ≤ÃyÎ˚•z
ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲ!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ Îy §,çlydܲ !ã˛hs˝l í˛zqÓˆÏܲ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yô Óy
§y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆ§•z §ÙhflÏ !ç!lˆÏ§Ó˚ ï˛y!°Ü˛y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ Îy
lï%˛l ˲yÓlyˆÏܲ Óyôy ˆòÎ˚ ˆÎÙlñ Ú~ê˛y Î%!=˛Î%=˛ lÎ˚Ûñ Ú§ÙÎ˚
á%Ó Ü˛ÙÛ xyÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ~!ê˛ Ü˛yç ˆòˆÏÓ lyñ •zï˛ƒy!ò
~ÓÇ ôlydܲ !ÓÓ,!ï˛ ˆÎÙlñ ÚxyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly xlƒ˛õÌ xyˆÏSÈ⁄Û
xyÓ˚ !ܲS%È⁄ •zï˛ƒy!ò–
§,çlydܲ !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÜ˛Ô¢°§Ù)•
(Strategies for Creative Thinking) :
§,çl¢#° Óƒy!=˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÎ˚ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ~§ˆÏSÈ ˆÎ
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !l!ò≈T˛ ÙˆÏly˲yÓñ fl∫˲yÓ ~ÓÇ ò«˛ï˛y ÌyˆÏܲ Îy §,çldܲ
!ã˛hs˝lˆÏܲ §•ç ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~áyˆÏl !ܲS%È ˆÜ˛Ô¢ˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲÌy Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ
Îy ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §,çlydܲ !ã˛hs˝lˆÏܲ í˛zß¨ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ò«˛ï˛y ~ÓÇ §yÙÌ≈ƒ
Ó,!Âô ܲˆÏÓ˚–
— ˛ õy!Ó˚˛õy!Ÿª≈ܲ xyˆÏÓà ñ ò,¢ƒñ ¢∑ñ àë˛l!Ólƒy§ ≤Ã!ï˛ °«˛ƒ
~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˆÓ!¢ §ˆÏã˛ï˛l ~ÓÇ §ÇˆÏÓòl¢#°
•GÎ˚y– fiÌyl#Î˚ §Ù§ƒyñ !Ó°%!ÆÓ˚ ï˛Ìƒñ Óƒ!ï˛Ü ˛Ùñ ÊÑ˛yܲñ
x˲yÓ •zï˛ƒy!ò ˆÎ §ÙhflÏ x§Aà!ï˛ ~ÓÇ x§¡õ)î≈ï˛yà%!°ˆÏܲ
°«˛ƒ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚ Îy xlƒÓ˚y °«˛ƒ lyG ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
~Ó˚ çlƒ !Óhfl,Ïï˛ xôƒÎ˚lñ !Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ï˛Ìƒ ˛õyGÎ˚yÓ˚
x˲ƒy§ !Óܲ!¢ï˛ ܲÓ˚yñ ï˛Ìy ≤ß¿ !çK˛y§y ܲÓ˚yñ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛
~ÓÇ Ó›Ó˚ Ó˚•§ƒ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛Ô¢ˆÏ°Ó˚
!Óܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y–
— !lˆÏçÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ ôyÓ˚yˆÏܲ Óyí˛¸yˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ° ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ãò_
ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ Óy ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ çlƒ Îï˛ê%˛Ü%˛ §Ω˛Ó ˲yÓlyñ
≤Ã!ï˛!Ü  ˛ Î˚ y ñ §Ùyôyl ~ÓÇ ˛õÓ˚ y Ù¢≈ í˛z Í ˛õyòl ܲÓ˚ y –
ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ lÙl#Î˚ï˛y Óyí˛¸yˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ° ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ܲyç
~ÓÇ xÓfiÌy !Ó!˲ߨ ò,!T˛ˆÏܲyîˆÏܲ •zFSÈy˛õ)Ó≈ܲ §rôyl ܲÓ˚y
ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚y– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õ ~Ùl •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ~ܲ!ê˛ âˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
xôƒyÎ˚ Èü8 •È !ã˛hs˝l 161
 fiÌyl Óyí˛¸yˆÏlyÓ˚ çlƒ xy§ÓyÓ˛õˆÏeÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ !ÓܲˆÏ“Ó˚
!lˆÏÎ˚ !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yñ ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ !Ó!˲ߨ ˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛ˆÏÌy˛õܲÌl
ܲÓ˚yñ ~ܲ!ê˛ xôƒÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ áÓ˚ã˛ Óy Ê˛yÎ˚òy §rôyl
ܲÓ˚y– ~ܲçl Ó˚yày!ß∫ï˛ Órô%Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ xyã˛Ó˚î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ
˛õÌ ˆáÑyçyñ xlƒˆÏòÓ˚ §y•y΃ ܲÓ˚y •zï˛ƒy!ò–
— Ù%=˛ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ Ë˛yÓlyÓ˚ ≤ÃÓy• ~ÓÇ lÙl#Î˚ï˛y Óyí˛¸yˆÏlyÓ˚
çlƒ G§Óî≈ ~Ó˚ ˆÓ lˆÏT˛yÓ˚!ÙÇ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y– ˚
ˆÓ lˆÏT˛yÓ˚!ÙÇ (Brainstorming) ˆ§•z l#!ï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
!˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Îy ˆ§•z ˲yÓly í˛zͲõߨ
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ à%Ó˚%cˆÏܲ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚l ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚– ~!ê˛Ó˚
Ù)° ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ)Ó≈ôyÓ˚îy xl%ÎyÎ˚# ÙlˆÏܲ Ù%=˛ Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ˲yÓˆÏï˛
!òˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ Ë˛yÓlyÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c Ù)°ƒyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃÓ,!_ˆÏܲ Óyôy ˆòÎ˚
xÌ≈yÍ Îï˛«˛î ˲yÓly ˆ¢£Ï ly •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ ï˛ï˛«˛î ˛õÎ≈hs˝
ܲ“lyˆÏܲ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ ≤Ãyôylƒ ˆòGÎ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛–
~!ê˛ !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃÓy•ˆÏܲ Óyí˛¸yˆÏlyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !Óܲ“à%!°ˆÏܲ
~ܲ!eï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÓ lˆÏT˛yÓ˚!ÙÇ ˆÜ˛
xl%¢#°l ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ò§ƒ ~ÓÇ
Órô% ˆ Ï ò Ó˚ §yˆÏ Ì ˆÓ  l ˆÏ T ˛yÓ˚ ! ÙÇ ˆá°yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏ Ù ñ ~Ó˚
l#!ï˛à%!°ˆÏܲ ÙˆÏl ˆÓ˚ˆÏá– lçÓ˚ ï˛y!°Ü˛y ~ÓÇ ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚
ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˲yÓlyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe lï%˛l ˆÙyí˛¸ ˆòÎ˚ñ ˆÎÙl xlƒ
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l à%!° ܲ# ܲ# •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚⁄ xyÓ˚ ܲ# •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚⁄
xyÓ˚ ܲ# ܲ# ˲yˆÏÓ ~•z ܲyçê˛y ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚⁄ ~•z
Ó›à%!°Ó˚ ܲ# ܲ# ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ⁄ •zï˛ƒy!ò–
— ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ï˛y í˛zß¨ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ !ã˛hs˝l ≤ÃÓy•ñ lÙl#Î˚ï˛yñ
xyl%£Ï!Aàܲ !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ x˲ƒy§ñ ò)â≈ê˛lyÎ˚ ˆÎyà§)ˆÏe xˆÏß∫£Ïî
~ÓÇ fl∫ï˛sf Óy ˛õˆÏÓ˚y«˛ ˲yÓlyÎ˚ ~ܲe#ܲÓ˚î ~à%!°Ó˚
xl%¢#°ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ ~ܲçl §,çlydܲ
!ã˛hs˝l¢#° Óƒy!=˛ ˆÎ lï%˛l ˲yÓlyÓ˚ x!Ë˛Óƒ=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly
!ܲv lï%˛l ˲yÓlyÎ˚ §ÙÓyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~!ê˛ •°
˲yÓlyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ¢,C° ~ÓÇ í˛zÓ≈Ó˚ !ã˛hs˝y˲yÓlyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
§AܲÓ˚yÎ˚l Îy lï%˛l !ܲS%È ˆÓÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ xylˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˆòy°yl
ˆã˛Î˚yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˲yÓly ˆã˛Î˚yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆìÑ˛!ܲܲˆÏ°Ó˚ ~•z ò%!ê˛ Ó›Ó˚
Î%=˛ ˲yÓlyÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈ– x§yôyÓ˚l ~ÓÇ x≤Ãï˛ƒy!¢ï˛
xl%£ÏAà à%!°Ó˚ xl%¢#°ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zqÓ xl%Ó˚)˛õï˛yÎ˚ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚
•Î˚– ܲáˆÏly ܲáˆÏly ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ˲yÓly Óy §Ùyôyl ˆáÑyçyÓ˚
çlƒ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyàˆÏܲ lyê˛Ü˛#Î˚˲yˆÏÓ §Ó˚yˆÏlyÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚ñ
ÎyˆÏܲ ~Ùl ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ !çK˛y§y ܲˆÏÓ˚ §•ç ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ˆÎÙl
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §Ù§ƒyÎ˚ §yôyÓ˚l §Ùyôyl Óy !ã˛Ó˚yã˛!Ó˚ï˛ §ÙyôyˆÏlÓ˚
!Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ Ü˛#⁄ m®µÙ)°Ü˛ !ã˛hs˝là%!°ˆÏܲ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ ˆÙˆÏl
162 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
ˆlGÎ˚y– flõT˛ §ÙyôyˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ §Ùyôyl §rôyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°
ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ §ÙyôyˆÏlÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ !lˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚–
— !lˆÏçˆÏܲ ≤Ãyï˛ƒ!•Ü˛ ܲyˆÏç ˆÓ!¢ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏl !lÎ%=˛ Ó˚yáyÓ˚
çlƒ !lˆÏçÓ˚ Ó˚%!ã˛ ~ÓÇ ¢á xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ ܲyç ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆÎáyˆÏl
ܲ“ly ~ÓÇ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚– ~!ê˛ Îy !ܲS%È
•ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎÙl âÓ˚ §yçyˆÏlyñ ˛õ%Ó˚yˆÏly Ó› lï%˛l˲yˆÏÓ
˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚y Óy lï%˛l Ó˚)˛õ ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚yñ Óç≈ƒ Ó›ˆÏܲ !Ó!˲ߨ
˲yˆÏ Ó ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ y ñ x!˲lÓ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏ ï ˛ x§¡õ) î ≈
˲yÓlyà%!°ˆÏܲ §¡õ)î≈ ܲÓ˚yñ à“ Óy ܲ!Óï˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe lï%˛l
ˆÙyí˛¸ ˆòGÎ˚yñ ôÑyôy ܲ!ë˛l §Ù§ƒyñ Ó˚•§ƒ §Ùyôyl •zï˛ƒy!ò
˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚y–
— ≤ÃÌÙ Ë˛yÓly Óy §Ùyôyl @˝Ã•l ly ܲÓ˚y– xˆÏlܲ ˲yÓlyÓ˚
!Óly¢ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ ܲyÓ˚î xyÙÓ˚y G•zà%!° xyÙÓ˚y Óyò ˆò•z
ÓyˆÏç !ã˛hs˝y ˆË˛ˆÏÓ– ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ !ܲS%È §ÇáƒÜ˛ §Ω˛yÓƒ
˲yÓly Óy §Ùyôyl í˛zq(ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ~à%!°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
ˆÌˆÏܲ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˲yˆÏ°yê˛y !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ !lG–
— ˆÎ•z §Ùyôylà%!° ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !l!Ÿã˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚y ˆ§à%!°ˆÏܲ
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˙ ˆ°yܲçl ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ˆlGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚y
ÎyÓ˚y Óƒy!=˛àï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ~•zà%!°Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ Ü˛Ù §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ •l–
— ~•z!ê˛ !ã˛hs˝y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚y ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly xlƒÓƒ!=˛ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚
§Ù§ƒyÓ˚ ܲ# §Ùyôyl !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
— ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˲yÓlyà%!°ˆÏܲ ˛õ%!T˛ §yôl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà !òG–
˲yÓly í˛zͲõߨ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ë˛yÓlyÓ˚ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚
ÙyV˛áyˆÏl ˛õ%!T˛ §yôl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ §ÙÎ˚ ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
~!ê˛ Úxy•‰Û ÈüÈ~Ó˚ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ §M˛y!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
— ܲáˆÏly ܲáˆÏly ˲yÓlyà%!° àyˆÏSÈÓ˚ ¢yáyÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y à%FSÈ ˜ï˛!Ó˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ê˛y á%Ó•z çÓ˚%Ó˚# ˆÎ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
ˆÓ˚áy!ã˛e ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚yñ ÎyˆÏï˛ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~Ó˚ §ÙyôyˆÏlÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ
ÎyGÎ˚y ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ §Ω˛y!Óï˛ ¢yáyˆÏܲ xl%§Ó˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚y–
— ï˛Í«˛îyÍ ˛õ%Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ §yÊ˛°ƒ ˛õyGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆ°y˲ˆÏܲ ≤Ã!ï˛•ï˛
ܲÓ˚ y ~ÓÇ !lÓ˚ y ¢y ï˛Ìy ÓƒÌ≈ ï ˛yˆÏ Ü ˛ §yÙ°yˆÏ l yñ
xydÈüÈÙ)°ƒyÎ˚lˆÏܲ í˛zͧy!•ï˛ ܲÓ˚y–
— !Óã˛yÓ˚ܲÓ˚îñ !Óly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §y•y΃ Óy §ÇfiÌyl SÈyí˛¸y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
Ó›ˆÏܲ ܲ“ly ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe fl∫yô#l !ã˛hs˝yôyÓ˚y !Óܲ!¢ï˛
ܲÓ˚y–
— ܲyÓ˚î ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛ˆÏܲ ò,!T˛ˆÏàyã˛Ó˚ ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ §yÙˆÏlÓ˚
!òˆÏܲ !ã˛hs˝y ܲÓ˚ñ ~˲yˆÏÓ xl%Ùyl ܲˆÏÓ˚y ÎyˆÏï˛ ÙˆÏl •Î˚
 ܲáˆÏly âˆÏê˛!lñ ˆÎÙl ôˆÏÓ˚y §ÙÎ˚ !˛õSÈl !òˆÏܲ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ¢%Ó˚%
ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°ñ ܲ# âê˛ˆÏÓ⁄ Î!ò ¢)lƒ ly ÌyܲˆÏï˛y ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛–
— §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ !ӣψÏÎ˚ !lçfl∫ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yô §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ §ˆÏã˛ï˛l Ìyܲy–
Îál xyÙÓ˚y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ myÓ˚y •%Ù!ܲÓ˚ §¡ø%á#l ••z
xyÙÓ˚y §,çlydܲ ˲yÓlyÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝y Ü˛Ù Ü˛!Ó˚–
— ˆ¢£Ï !ܲv xyˆÏòÔ ˆ¢£Ï lÎ˚ñ xyd!ÓŸªy§# ~ÓÇ ôlydܲ
ÌyˆÏܲy– ܲáˆÏly ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §,çlydܲ §Ω˛yÓƒï˛yˆÏܲ áyˆÏê˛y
ܲˆÏÓ˚y ly– !lçfl∫ §,çl¢#° ï˛yÓ˚ xyl® í˛z˛õˆÏ˲yà ܲÓ˚–
!ã˛hs˝l ~ÓÇ Ë˛y£Ïy (Thought and Language) :È
~ï˛«˛î ˛õÎ≈hs˝ñ xyÙÓ˚y !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ xÌ≈ ~ÓÇ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ ~ÓÇ
!ã˛hs˝l ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õ ~ÓÇ ôyÓ˚îy§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ
ï˛y !lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚°yÙ– xyÙÓ˚y !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚
˛õÂô!ï˛ §¡∫ ˆ Ï r ôG xyˆÏ ° yã˛ly ܲÓ˚ ° yÙ– §¡õ) î ≈ xyˆÏ ° yã˛ly
ã˛°yܲy°#l ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ~ê˛y xl%Ë˛Ó •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Ü˛#ñ ˆÎê˛y xyÙÓ˚y ˲yÓ!SÈ
ï˛yÓ˚ x!Ë˛Óƒ!=˛ ≤ÃܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ çlƒ ¢∑ ~ÓÇ Ë˛y£Ïy ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl⁄ ~•z
!Ó˲yà ˲y£Ïy ~ÓÇ !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §¡õÜ≈˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòˆÏá ˆÎ
˲y£Ïy !lô≈yÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝lˆÏܲñ ˆÎ !ã˛hs˝l !lô≈yÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˲y£ÏyˆÏܲñ
~ÓÇ !ã˛hs˝l ~ÓÇ Ë˛y£Ïy í˛z˲ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚•z !Ó!˲ߨ í˛zͧ xyˆÏSÈ– ã˛° xyÙÓ˚yñ
!ÓhflÏy!Ó˚ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ~•z !ï˛l!ê˛ ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aà ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ܲ!Ó˚–
!ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ !lô≈yÓ˚ܲ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Ë˛y£Ïy
(Language as Determinant of Thought) :
!•!® ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ˲y£ÏyÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y !Ó!˲ߨ
xyd#Î˚ï˛yÓ˚ §¡õˆÏܲ≈Ó˚ çlƒ !˲ߨ !˲ߨ xˆÏlܲ ¢∑ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲ!Ó˚–
ÙyÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˲y•zñ ÓyÓyÓ˚ Óí˛¸ ˲y•zñ ÓyÓyÓ˚ ˆSÈyê˛ Ë˛y•zñ ÙyÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˆÓylñ Ùy
~Ó˚ ˆÓyˆÏlÓ˚ fl∫yÙ#ñ ÓyÓyÓ˚ ˆÓyˆÏlÓ˚ fl∫yÙ# •zï˛ƒy!ò ˆ«˛ˆÏe xyÙÓ˚y
!Ó!˲ߨ ˛õò ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲ!Ó˚– ~ܲçl •zLjÏÓ˚ç Óƒy!=˛ ~•z §ÙhflÏ
§¡õÜ≈˛ Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye ~ܲ!ê˛ ¢∑ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
•zLjÏÓ˚!ç ˲y£ÏyÎ˚ Ó˚Ç ~Ó˚ çlƒ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ í˛çl ¢∑ xyˆÏSÈ ˆÎáyˆÏl
!ܲS%È í˛z˛õçy!ï˛ Ë˛y£ÏyÎ˚ Ó˚LjÏÎ˚Ó˚ çlƒ ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye ò%ˆÏê˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ ã˛yÓ˚ê˛y
¢∑ xyˆÏSÈ– ~•zÓ˚)˛õ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒà%!° !ܲ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚
çlƒ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈⁄ ~ܲçl ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ !¢¢% •zLjÏÓ˚!ç ˲y£Ïy˲y!£Ï
≤Ã!ï˛˛õˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ xyd#Î˚ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ !ܲ §Ó˚°Ë˛yˆÏÓ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚⁄ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝l ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yñ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ xyÙÓ˚y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˲y£ÏyˆÏï˛
Óî≈ly ܲ!Ó˚ ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄
ˆÓOy!ÙlÈ !°È ÈGÓ˚Ê˛È(Benjamin Lee Whorf)üÈ~Ó˚
ÙˆÏï˛ Ë˛y£Ïy !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó› !lô≈yÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ò,!T˛Ë˛Aà#ê˛y
˲y£Ïyàï˛ xyˆÏ˛õ!«˛Ü˛ï˛y xl%Ùyl lyˆÏÙ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛– ~Ó˚ ¢!=˛¢y°#
§ÇflÒÓ˚ˆÏîñ ~•z xl%Ùyl §ÙÌ≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ ܲ# ~ÓÇ Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚
˲y£Ïy ~ÓÇ Ë˛y£Ïyàï˛ !Ó˲yà myÓ˚y !ã˛hs˝l !lô≈y!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚– ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÙ)°Ü˛
≤ÃÙyî Î!òGñ ~ê˛y ӈϰ ˆÎñ ˲y£Ïyï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ Óà≈ ~ÓÇ àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ °Ë˛ƒï˛yÓ˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ §Ó ˲y£ÏyÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ•z à%î Óy hflÏÓ˚ Ìyܲy
§Ω˛Ó – ~ܲ!ê˛ Ë˛y£ÏyÎ˚ !ܲS%È !ã˛hs˝l xlƒ!ê˛Ó˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ §•ç •ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
˲y£ÏyÓ˚ !lô≈yÓ˚ܲ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ !ã˛hs˝l
(Thought as Determinant of Language) :
§%˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ §%•z§ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl# !˛õÑÎ˚yˆÏç !ÓŸªy§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛l
ˆÎñ !ã˛hs˝l ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye ˲y£Ïy !lô≈yÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ lyñ !˛õÑÎ˚yˆÏç Î%!=˛ myÓ˚y
ˆÓyV˛yl ˆÎñ !¢¢%Ó˚y !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ•z çàˆÏï˛Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#l
í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õlyÓ˚ àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ Îál !¢¢%Ó˚y
!ܲS%È ˆòˆÏá ~ÓÇ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ~Ó˚ lܲ° ܲˆÏÓ˚ å~•z ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏܲ xl%ܲÓ˚î
ӈϰä ï˛yˆÏï˛ Ë˛y£Ïy à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚ lyñ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚ – !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚
xlƒˆÏòÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚î ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ G•z xyã˛Ó˚î xl%ܲÓ˚î ܲÓ˚yÎ˚
!lı§ˆÏ®ˆÏ• !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ •Î˚ ˲y£ÏyÓ˚ lÎ˚– ˲y£Ïy ¢%ô%Ùye !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚
~ܲ!ê˛ Óy•l fl∫Ó˚)˛õ– ˆÎ˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛Ù≈ !lˆÏçÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xhs˝!l≈!•ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚
ÎyÎ˚ñ ˲y£Ïy ÓyFã˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛#ܲÙ)°Ü˛ !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyeyˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ~ê˛y !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zͲõ!_Ó˚ çlƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ lÎ˚– !˛õÇÎ˚yˆÏç
!ÓŸªy§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛l ˆÎñ Î!òG ˲y£Ïy !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ¢áyˆÏly ÎyÎ˚ ï˛Ó% ¢∑
ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ çlƒ xhs˝!l≈!•ï˛ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ K˛yl ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl åÎÌy !ã˛hs˝lä–
§%ï˛Ó˚yÇ !ã˛hs˝y •° ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ñ ~ÓÇ Ë˛y£Ïy ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ çlƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚–
˲y£Ïy ~ÓÇ !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ í˛zͧ (Different Origins
of Language and Thought) :
Ó˚y!¢Î˚yl ÙˆÏly!Óò‰ñ ˆ°í˛ ˲y•zˆÏàyê˛!flÒ Î%!=˛ myÓ˚y ˆÓyV˛yl
ˆÎñ !¢¢%Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !ã˛hs˝l ~ÓÇ Ë˛y£Ïy Îál ~ܲ!eï˛ •Î˚ñ ò%ÓSÈÓ˚
ÓÎ˚§ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ï˛y !Ó!˲ߨ˲yˆÏÓ !Óܲ!¢ï˛ •Î˚– ò%•z ÓSÈÓ˚ xyˆÏà !ã˛hs˝l
•Î˚ ≤Ãy܉˛ÈüÈÓyã˛!lܲ ~ÓÇ Ü˛ˆÏÙ≈ ˆÓ!¢ xl%Ë)˛ï˛ •Î˚– !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zFã˛yÓ˚îñ
!ã˛hs˝y!˲!_ܲ xÓfiÌyÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ fl∫Î˚Ç!Ü ˛Î˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Óï≈˛ !Ü ˛Î˚yñ ˆÎÙl
xfl∫!hflψÏÓyˆÏô ܲyߨy ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ x!ôܲ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ò%•z ÓSÈÓ˚
ÓÎ˚§Ü˛y°#l ~ܲ!ê˛ !¢¢% ï˛yÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝y Ù%ˆÏá Ù%ˆÏá ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
ï˛yÓ˚ ܲÌyÓyï≈˛y ˆÎÔ!=˛Ü˛ï˛y ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛!°ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl !¢¢%Ó˚y
¢∑•#l ܲÌyÓyï˛≈y !l˛õ%î˲yˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝y˲yÓly˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
§«˛Ù •Î˚– !ï˛!l !ÓŸªy§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛l ˆÎñ ~•z §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ˲y£Ïy ~ÓÇ
!ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ ~ˆÏܲ x˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#° •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛ó
ôyÓ˚îyàï˛ !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ xy˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#l Ó=˛ˆÏÓƒÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚
~ÓÇ ï˛!m˛õÓ˚#ï˛ Îál !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ ÙyôƒÙ ¢∑•#l •Î˚ñ ˆÎÙl ò¢≈lÙ)°Ü˛
xÌÓy §M˛y°l §¡∫rô#Î˚ – ˲y£Ïy !ã˛hs˝y SÈyí˛¸y ï˛ál ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚
Îál xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ Óƒ=˛ xÌÓy •y!§ xÌÓy ÙçyÓ˚ çlƒ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y
xôƒyÎ˚ Èü8 •È !ã˛hs˝l 163
•Î˚ñ ˆÎÙl Ú§%≤Ã˲yï˛ ú ï%˛!Ù ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ xySÈ⁄ÛÛ Îál ò%!ê˛ Ü˛yÎ≈yÓ!°
~ˆÏܲ x˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ x!ôÜ ˛Ù ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛ál ï˛yÓ˚y ~ܲ§yˆÏÌ Ë˛y£ÏyÙ)°Ü˛
!ã˛hs˝l ~ÓÇ Î%!=˛Î%=˛ Ó=˛Óƒ í˛zͲõߨ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
˲y£Ïy ~ÓÇ Ë˛y£ÏyÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Óܲy¢È
(Development of Language and Language Use)È
˲y£ÏyÓ˚ xÌ≈ ~ÓÇ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï
(Meaning and Nature of Language) :
˛õ)Ó≈Óï≈˛# !Ó˲yˆÏà xyÙÓ˚y ˲y£Ïy G !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §¡õÜ≈˛
!lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ– ~•z !Ó˲yˆÏàñ xyÙÓ˚y ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ܲÓ˚Ó Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ
Ùyl%£Ï !Ó!˲ߨ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§ ˲y£Ïy xç≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ë˛y£Ïy ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
~ܲ Ù%•)ˆÏï≈˛Ó˚ çlƒ !ã˛hs˝y ܲÓ˚ ı ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y Îy Ó°ˆÏï˛ ã˛y•zSÈ ï˛y Óƒ=˛
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ Î!ò ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ Ë˛y£Ïy ly ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ܲ# •ˆÏÓ⁄
˲y£ÏyÓ˚ x˲yˆÏÓ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !ã˛hs˝y ~ÓÇ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ Óƒ=˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù
•ˆÏÓ ly !ë˛Ü˛ ˆï˛Ù!l xˆÏlƒÓ˚y ܲ# ˲yÓˆÏSÈ Óy xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛y
ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyàG ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ÌyܲˆÏÓ ly– ~ܲ!ê˛ !¢¢% !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y Îál ÚÙy ÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ ÙyÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ ÙyÛ Ó°y ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚SÈñ
ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ~•z ܲyÎ≈ܲ°y˛õ!ê˛ˆÏܲ xlÓÓ˚ï˛ ã˛y!°ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ
x§yôyÓ˚î í˛zͧy• ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÓyÓyÈüÈÙy ~ÓÇ
xlƒylƒ ≤Ã!ï˛˛õy°lܲyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ òyÓ˚%î xylˆÏ®Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xq(ï˛
Ù%•)ï≈˛ !SÈ°– ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y Ó°ˆÏï˛ !¢áˆÏ° Ùy ~ÓÇ ÓyÓy
~ÓÇ xyÓ˚G !ܲS%È ˛õÓ˚ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ ÙyôƒÙ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ò%•z Óy x!ôܲ
¢∑ ç%ˆÏí˛¸ !lˆÏçÓ˚ ã˛y!•òy xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ ~ÓÇ !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ x!Ë˛Óƒ!=˛ ≤Ãܲy¢
ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°– í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ xl%ÎyÎ˚# ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ¢∑ !¢áˆÏ° ~ÓÇ
~•z ¢∑à%!°ˆÏܲ !lˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ÓyˆÏܲƒ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ !lÎ˚ÙG !¢áˆÏ°–
≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ˲yˆÏÓ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y Óy!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ Ë˛y£Ïy å§yôyÓ˚îï˛ Ùyï,˛Ë˛y£Ïyä
~ÓÇ !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÌyàï˛ Ë˛y£Ïy å!Ó!˲ߨ §ÙˆÏÎ˚
~•z ˲y£Ïy Ùyï,˛Ë˛y£Ïy ˆÌˆÏܲ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ •ˆÏï˛˛˛õyˆÏÓ˚ä ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚
ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !•ˆÏ§Ó ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y !¢áˆÏ° ~ÓÇ í˛zÑã%˛ ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ í˛zߨï˛
•GÎ˚yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ xlƒylƒ ˲y£ÏyG !¢áˆÏ°– Î!ò ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆ˛õSȈÏl
ï˛yܲyG ï˛y•ˆÏ° ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ ˆÎ ÜÑ˛yòy ~ÓÇ ÚÙyÛñ ÚÙyÛ
Ó°yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ lÎ˚ñ xˆÏlܲ ˲y£ÏyÎ˚ ò«˛ï˛y xç≈l ܲÓ˚y ˛õÎ≈hs˝
ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Îyey xyܲ£Ïî≈ #Î˚ !SÈ°– ~•z !Ó˲yˆÏà xyÙÓ˚y ˲y£Ïy x!ô@˝Ã•î
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%!° xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚Ó–
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y §yÓ˚y ç#ÓlÓƒy˛õ# ˲y£ÏyÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ìyܲ–
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ܲ# ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚SÈ ï˛y §!ë˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ §ÇK˛y!Î˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y
ܲÓ˚– ˲y£ÏyÎ˚ !ܲS%È §yLjÏܲ!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Îy !ܲS%È !lÎ˚Ù myÓ˚y
§Çà!ë˛ï˛ ÎyˆÏï˛ xyÙÓ˚y ~ˆÏܲ x˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ çlƒ
164 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲ!Ó˚– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y °«˛ƒ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ ˆÎ ˲y£ÏyÓ˚ !ï˛l!ê˛ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛
˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ •° ÈüÈ åܲä ≤Ãï˛#ˆÏܲÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ åáä ~•z ≤Ãï˛#ܲà%!°ˆÏܲ
§Çà!ë˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ !lÎ˚ÙyÓ°# ~ÓÇ åàä ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà– ~áyˆÏl
xyÙÓ˚y ˲y£ÏyÓ˚ !ï˛l!ê˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ !lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚Ó–
˲y£ÏyÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ •° ˆÎ ~ˆÏï˛ ≤Ãï˛#ܲ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚–
≤Ãï˛#ܲ !ܲS%È !ç!l§ xÌÓy ܲyÓ˚%Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ôc ܲˆÏÓ˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚lfl∫Ó˚)˛õ
ˆÎáyˆÏl ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˛õí˛¸y¢%ly ܲÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ lyÙ !Óòƒy°Î˚ñ ˆÎ !ç!l§ê˛y
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y áyG ï˛yÓ˚ lyÙ áyòƒ– Ú¢∑Û ˆÎÙl Óyí˛¸#ñ !Óòƒy°Î˚ñ áyòƒ
~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ ¢∑ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲy ˆÜ˛yl xÌ≈ Ó•l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly–
~•z ¢∑à%!° Îál !ܲS%È Ó›‡âê˛lyÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ •Î˚ ï˛ál ï˛yÓ˚y
xÌ≈ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛Ìy xyÙÓ˚y ˙ Ó›‡âê˛ly •zï˛ƒy!òˆÏܲ í˛z˛õ°!kô
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ¢%Ó˚% ܲ!Ó˚ !ӈϢ£Ï ¢∑ ≤Ãï˛#ܲ myÓ˚y– !ã˛hs˝y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚
xyÙÓ˚y ≤Ãï˛#ˆÏܲÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲ!Ó˚–
˲y£ÏyÓ˚ !mï˛#Î˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ •° ~•z ˆÎ ~ˆÏï˛ !ܲS%È !lÎ˚Ù xyˆÏSÈ–
ò%•z Óy ï˛ˆÏï˛y!ôܲ ¢∑ Î%=˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y ≤Û!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏî ~ܲ
!l!Ÿã˛ï˛ ~ÓÇ fl∫#Ü,˛ï˛ Ü ˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ xl%§Ó˚î ܲ!Ó˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚lfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ ~ܲ
Óƒy!=˛ §Ω˛Óï˛ı ~•z Ó°ˆÏÓ ˆÎñ ÚÚxy!Ù !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ Îy•zˆÏï˛!SÈ ÚÚly!ܲÛÛ
!Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ Îy•zˆÏï˛!SÈ xy!Ù–ÛÛ
˲y£ÏyÓ˚ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ •° ~•z ˆÎ Óƒy!=˛Ó˚ !ã˛hs˝lñ ôyÓ˚îyñ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ
~ÓÇ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ xˆÏlƒÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ ÙyôƒÙ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛
•Î˚– xˆÏlܲ §ÙÎ˚ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ ÙyôƒÙ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ
xAà˲Aà# xÌÓy xAà!ÓlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲ!Ó˚– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ ÙyôƒÙˆÏܲ ˲y£Ïy!Ó•#l ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà Ó°y •Î˚– !ܲS%È
Óƒy!=˛ ÎyÓ˚y Óyã˛!lܲ ˲y£Ïy ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ lyñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ à%Ó˚%ï˛Ó˚
◊Óî ~ÓÇ Óyã˛!lܲ §Ù§ƒy xyˆÏSÈ– ï˛yÓ˚y •z!AàˆÏï˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ
ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà ܲˆÏÓ˚– §yLjÏܲ!ï˛Ü˛ ˲y£Ïy G ~ܲ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ˲y£Ïy–
˲y£ÏyÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ (Development of Language) :
˲y£Ïy •° Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xllƒ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ ~ÓÇ
ç!ê˛° ÓƒÓfiÌy– ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲÓ˚yñ !¢¡õyO#ñ í˛°!Ê˛lñ ˆï˛yï˛y
≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ˆÏܲ §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ Ë˛y£Ïy ~ÓÇ §ÇˆÏܲˆÏï˛Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ˆ¢áyˆÏlyÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– !ܲv ~ê˛y ˆòáy ˆàˆÏSÈ ˆÎ ~•z ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ ÙyôƒÙ
!•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ xlƒ ˛õ¢%Ó˚y Îy !¢áˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ÙylÓ#Î˚ ˲y£Ïy
xˆÏlܲ ç!ê˛°ñ §,çl ~ÓÇ fl∫ï˛ıfl≥)˛ï≈˛– §yÓ˚y !ÓŸªç%ˆÏí˛¸ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚
ˆÎ˲yˆÏÓ Ë˛y£Ïy !¢áˆÏï˛ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ñ xÌÓy ˆÎ ˲y£ÏyÓ˚ §¡ø%á#l •Î˚
ï˛yˆÏï˛ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õÎ≈yÆ ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛ï˛yG ÌyˆÏܲ– Îál ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y
≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ !¢¢%Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ï%˛°ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓñ ˛õyˆÏÓ ˆÎ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˲y£Ïy í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
•yÓ˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ •Î˚ ï˛yˆÏï˛ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ !ÓòƒÙyl–
 ÚÙyÛ xÌÓy ÚòyÛ !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛– Ü ˛Ù¢ı ï˛yÓ˚y ~ܲ Óy ~ܲy!ôܲ ¢∑
!ܲv Îál ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y §¡õ)î≈ !ӈϟªÓ˚ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ˲y£Ïy xç≈lˆÏܲ
ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ)î≈ Óyܲƒ Óy ÓyܲƒyÇ¢ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•zçlƒ
~ܲ §yÙylƒ ò,!T˛ˆÏܲyî !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆòáˆÏÓñ ˆÎ ˲y£Ïy ly çylyÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ó°y •Î˚ ˆ•yˆÏ°y@˝ÃyÊ˛– Îál ï˛yÓ˚y 18 ˆÌˆÏܲ 20 Ùy§
˲y£ÏyÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ò«˛ •GÎ˚y ˛õÎ≈hs˝ !¢¢% ˆÎ˲yˆÏÓ x@˝Ã§Ó˚ •Î˚ ï˛y
ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ •Î˚ ï˛ál !¢¢%Ó˚y ò%•zÈüÈ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
!ܲS%È ˛õ)Óy≈˲y§ !lò¢≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
~ܲ §yˆÏÌ ò%!ê˛ ¢∑ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y ¢%Ó%̊ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ò%•z ¢∑ ˆê˛!°@˝Ãy!Ê˛Ü˛
˲y£Ïy !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ hflÏÓ˚à%!° !lˆÏ¡¨ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •°ÈüÈ
Ó=˛ˆÏÓƒÓ˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î– ˆê˛!°@˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ Ùï˛ å˲!ï≈˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈñ ê˛yܲy ˛õyë˛yGä
lÓçyï˛Ü˛ !¢¢% ~ÓÇ ˆSÈyê˛ !¢¢%Ó˚y !Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
~ˆÏï˛ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà !ӈϢ£Ïƒ ~ÓÇ !Ü ˛Î˚y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ çß√!òˆÏlÓ˚
xyGÎ˚yç ܲˆÏÓ˚– Îy ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚Ü ˛ˆÏÙ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy!ç≈ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ xl%Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ
ܲySÈyܲy!SÈ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ xÌ≈yÍ xyí˛¸y•z ÓSÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ˲y£ÏyÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ñ
˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •Î˚– !¢¢% myÓ˚y í˛zͲõߨ ≤ÃÌÙ ôÁ!l •° ÜÑ˛yòy– ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ
ˆ§•z ˲y£ÏyÓ˚ !lÎ˚ˆÏÙÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆÜ˛w#Ë)˛ï˛ •Î˚ñ Îy ï˛yÓ˚y ˆ¢yˆÏl–
ܲyߨy x˛õ,Ìܲ#Ü,˛ï˛ ~ÓÇ !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ ç%ˆÏí˛¸ xl%Ó˚)˛õ •Î˚–
ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ Ë˛y£Ïy x!ç≈ï˛ •Î˚⁄ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!fløï˛ •ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ
Ü ˛Ùyß∫ˆÏÎ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˆÎÙl «%˛ôyñ ÓƒÌyñ !loy°%ï˛y
xyÙÓ˚y ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛Ìy Ó°ˆÏï˛ !¢!á⁄ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ xlƒylƒ xˆÏlܲ
•zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ çlƒ ÜÑ˛yòyÓ˚ fl∫ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ùyey ~ÓÇ ï˛#Ó ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚
!Ó£ÏÎ˚ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓñ ~•z ≤ß¿ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏSÈ ˆÎñ í˛z_Ó˚y!ôܲyÓ˚ §)ˆÏe ≤ÃyÆ
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •Î˚– §yôyÓ˚lï˛ı xyl® Óƒy=˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ~•z
˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ Ê˛°yÊ˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ xÌÓy ≤Ã!ï˛˛õy°ˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°
!Ó!˲ߨ ܲyߨyÓ˚ xyGÎ˚yçà%!° Ü ˛Ù¢ı x!ôܲ xÌ≈˛õ)î≈ Ü%˛çl ¢ˆÏ∑
ˆÜ˛ylG xyã˛Ó˚î !Óܲ!¢ï˛ •Î˚ !ܲly⁄ x!ôܲyÇ¢ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl#àî
åˆÎÙl xyxyñ í˛zí˛z •zï˛ƒy!òä Ó˚)˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚–
fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚l ˆÎñ ˲y£Ïy xç≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ï˛˛õy°l
ˆÙyê˛yÙ%!ê˛ SÈÎ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚ !¢¢%Ó˚y xfl≥%˛ê˛Óyܲ hflψÏÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÓ¢
ò%ˆÏê˛y•z á%Ó à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈–
ܲˆÏÓ˚– xfl≥%˛ê˛Óyܲ !Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ÓƒOlÓî≈ ~ÓÇ fl∫Ó˚Óî≈ ~Ó˚ ò#â≈y!Î˚ï˛
xyã˛Ó˚îÓyò# !ÓÉ~Ê˛É!flÒlyÓ˚ !ÓŸªy§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛l ˆÎñ ˆÎ˲yˆÏÓ
˛õ%lÓ˚yÓ,!_ ¢∑ myÓ˚y ç!í˛¸ï˛– åí˛zòy•Ó˚lfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ òyÈüÈxyÈüÈÓyÈüÈä ≤ÃyÎ˚
˛õ¢%Ó˚y ã˛y!Ó ï%˛ˆÏ° xÌÓy !á° ã˛y˛õ !òˆÏï˛ ˆ¢ˆÏá å6¤˛ xôƒyÎ˚ñ
lÎ˚ Ùy§ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§ ~•z ôÁ!là%!° ~ܲ!ê˛ ¢ˆÏ∑ !ÓhflÏy!Ó˚ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ !ÓÓ,ï˛
!¢ál xl%§Ó˚î ܲÓ˚ä !ë˛Ü˛ ~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓ Ùyl%£ÏG ˲y£Ïy ˆ¢ˆÏá–
•ˆÏÎ˚ !ܲS%È ¢ˆÏ∑ Î%=˛ •Î˚ñ ˆÎÙl ÚòyòyòyòyòyòyÛ ~ÓÇ ÓyÓ˚ÓyÓ˚
xyã˛Ó˚îÓyò#ˆÏòÓ˚ xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ ˲y£ÏyÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ Ù)° l#!ï˛ ˆÎÙlÈüÈ
˛õ%lÓ˚yÓ,!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ӈϰ ï˛yˆÏܲ Ú•zˆÏܲy°y!°Î˚yÛ Ó°y •Î˚– ˆÎáyˆÏl
xl%£ÏAà åˆÓyï˛° ¢∑!ê˛ ˆÓyï˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ò,!T˛ˆÏàyã˛Ó˚ •GÎ˚yäñ
ˆàyí˛¸yÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ xfl≥%˛ê˛Óyܲ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛àï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ~ˆÏ°yˆÏوϰy xÌÓy
xl%ܲÓ˚î å≤ÃyÆÓÎ˚flÒÓ˚y ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓyï˛° ¢∑!ê˛ä ~ÓÇ
xy˛õ!ï˛Ü˛ •Î˚ñ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#hflψÏÓ˚ xfl≥%˛ê˛Óyܲ ≤ÃyÆÓÎ˚flÒˆÏòÓ˚ xyGÎ˚yˆÏçÓ˚
˛õ%lı¢!=˛§M˛y°lܲyÓ˚# å§_¥y ˆÜ˛yl §!ë˛Ü˛ ܲyˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ çlƒ •y§y xÌÓy
xl%ܲÓ˚î ӈϰ ÙˆÏl •Î˚– !¢¢%Ó˚y SÈÎ˚ Ùy§ ÓÎ˚§# §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛
!¢¢%ˆÏܲ ç!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ôÓ˚yä xl%§Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~SÈyí˛¸yG ~G ≤ÃÙyî xyˆÏSÈ
¢∑ ˆÓyˆÏV˛– ≤ÃÌÙ çß√!òˆÏlÓ˚ ܲySÈyܲy!SÈ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ å≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ ÓyFã˛yÓ˚
ˆÎñ !¢¢%Ó˚y !˛õï˛yÈüÈÙyï˛y Óy˛≤Ã!ï˛˛õy°lܲyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˲y£Ïy í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ ôÁ!l
§!ë˛Ü˛ ÓÎ˚§!ê˛ !˲ߨ •Î˚ä x!ôܲyÇ¢ !¢¢% ~ܲ!ê˛ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚
í˛zͲõߨ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õ%lı¢!=˛§M˛y!°ï˛ •Î˚– xyã˛Ó˚î
≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎÙlñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ ¢∑ §yôyÓ˚îï˛ı ~ܲ!ê˛ !§ˆÏ°‰Ó°‰
Ó˚)˛õyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ l#!ï˛à%!° ÓySÈy•zÜ,˛ï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yà%!°Ó˚ Ü ˛ÙÓô≈Ùyl

Óy: 8É3 !m˲y£ÏyÓyò ~ÓÇ Ó•%˲y£ÏyÓyò (Bilingualism and Multilingualism)

Ó•%˲y!£Ïܲï˛y ˆÜ˛ylG ò%!ê˛ Ë˛y£ÏyÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ ò«˛ï˛y
xç≈lˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚– ò%•z Óy ï˛ˆÏï˛y!ôܲ ˲y£ÏyÓ˚ !¢álˆÏܲ Ó•%˲y£ÏyÓyò
Ó°y •Î˚– ÚÙyï,˛Ë˛y£ÏyÛ ¢∑!ê˛ !Ó!˲ߨ˲yˆÏÓ §K˛y!Î˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ˆÎÙl
Óƒy!=˛Ó˚ çß√àï˛ Ë˛y£Ïyñ Óƒy!=˛ myÓ˚y ˜¢¢ÓfiÌyˆÏl ܲ!Ìï˛ Ë˛y£Ïyñ
§yôyÓ˚î˲yˆÏÓ Óy!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ Ë˛y£Ïyñ ÙyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ myÓ˚y ܲ!Ìï˛ Ë˛y£Ïyñ
•zï˛ƒy!òñ !˲ߨ !˲ߨ Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ˛õ!Ó˚˲y!£Ïï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– Î!òG Óƒ!=˛
≤ÃyˆÏ«˛y!˲ܲ hflψÏÓ˚ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˲y£Ïy !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Ùyï,˛Ë˛y£ÏyˆÏܲ ˆòˆÏáñ
~ê˛y §Ω˛Ó˛õÓ˚ ˆÎ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲy!ôܲ Ùyï,˛Ë˛y£Ïy ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ §yÙy!çܲ ˆ≤ë˛y˛õˆÏê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ •° ~•z ˆÎñ ~áyˆÏl
çlÙyl%ˆÏ£Ï Ó•%˲y£ÏyÓyò ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ Îy ly!ܲ !m˲y£Ïy‡ Ó•%˲y£ÏyˆÏܲ Óƒ!=˛
~ÓÇ §yÙy!çܲ hflψÏÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó%̊c˛õ)î≈ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ ˜Ïï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚– x!ôܲyÇ¢
˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚Ó˚y ˜òl!®l ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ܲyÎ≈ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ çlƒ
~ˆÏܲÓ˚ x!ôܲ ˲y£Ïy ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛y•z ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ó•%˲y!£Ïï˛y ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚
~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÌ– àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÎ˚ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎ !m˲y!£Ïܲï˛yñ Ó•%˲y!£Ïܲï˛y
!¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ñ ˲y£Ïy!Óòƒyàï˛ ~ÓÇ xôƒÎ˚l !Ó£ÏÎ˚ܲ ò«˛ï˛y
Ó,!Âô ܲˆÏÓ˚–

xôƒyÎ˚ Èü8 •È !ã˛hs˝l 165

xyl%Ùy!lܲï˛yÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÎyˆÏï˛ !¢¢% xӈϢˆÏ£Ï ˲y£ÏyÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ (Language Use) :
˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ ≤ÃyÆÓÎ˚flÒˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ܲÌy Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– xyM˛!°Ü˛ xyˆÏà xyÙÓ˚y xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ ˆÎñ §yÙy!çܲ
˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ í˛zFã˛yÓ˚î ~ÓÇ Ë˛y£Ïy ˜¢°#ˆÏï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ÎÌyÎÌ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ ÙyôƒÙ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Ë˛y£ÏyÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ §!ë˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ
!ܲ˲yˆÏÓ ˛õ%lı¢!=˛§M˛y!°ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛y Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚y– çyly í˛z!ã˛ï˛– ~ܲ!ê˛ Ë˛y£ÏyÓ˚ ¢∑ ˆÜ˛y£Ï ï˛Ìy Óyܲƒ!ÓlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ K˛yl
˲y£Ïy!Óò‰ ˆlyÙ ˆã˛yÙ‰!flÒ Ë˛y£Ïyàï˛ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §•çyï˛ ≤ÃhflÏyÓ ï˛yÓ˚ °ˆÏ«˛ƒ ˆ˛õÔÑSÈyˆÏlyÓ˚ çlƒ !Ó!˲ߨ §yÙy!çܲ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛
í˛zay˛õl ܲˆÏÓ˚l– í˛zlyÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ ˆ¢áyˆÏly SÈyí˛¸y !¢¢%Ó˚y ˆÎ •yˆÏÓ˚ ¢∑ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ ≤Ãy!ÆÓ˚ °ˆÏ«˛ƒ ˲y£ÏyÓ˚ ÎÌyÎÌ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ˆÏܲ
~ÓÇ ÓƒyܲÓ˚î xç≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ l#!ï˛Ó˚ myÓ˚y ï˛yÓ˚ Óƒyáƒy §%!l!Ÿã˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly– Îál ˲y£ÏyÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲ!Ó˚ ï˛ál xyÙÓ˚y !Ó!˲ߨ
§Ω˛Ó˛õÓ˚ lÎ˚– !¢¢%Ó˚y ~Ùl ÓyܲƒG àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ Îy ï˛yÓ˚y ܲálG ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•y!Ó˚ܲ ≤Ãy!ÆÓ˚ xy¢y ܲ!Ó˚ ˆÎÙlñ xl%ˆÏÓ˚yôñ !çK˛y§yñ
¢%ˆÏl!lñ ï˛y•z ï˛yÓ˚y lܲ° ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ §ÙhflÏ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ôlƒÓyòñ ã˛y!•òy •zï˛ƒy!ò– ~•z §yÙy!çܲ °«˛ƒà%!° ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚#˲yˆÏÓ
~ܲ!ê˛ §ÇÜ˛ê˛˛õ)î≈ §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §¡ø%á#l •ˆÏï˛ •Î˚ÈüÈ ~ܲ!ê˛ §ÙÎ˚ܲy° ≤Ãy!ÆÓ˚ í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒ ˲y£Ïy ÓƒyܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÎyà# ï˛Ìy xÌ≈˛õ)î≈
Îál !¢ál xÓ¢ƒ•z âê˛ˆÏÓ Î!ò ï˛yˆÏܲ §Ê˛°Ë˛yˆÏÓ âê˛ˆÏï˛ •Î˚ÈüÈ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ ÓƒÓ•y!Ó˚ܲ˲yˆÏÓ §!ë˛Ü˛ ï˛Ìy ≤Ãy§!Aàܲ˲yˆÏÓ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛
˲y£Ïy ˆ¢áyÓ˚ ˛çˆÏlƒ– !ÓŸªÓƒy˛õ# §ÙhflÏ !¢¢%Ó˚y ˲y£Ïy !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ •GÎ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛– !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚•z !Ól¡Àï˛y Óy xl%ˆÏÓ˚yô ≤ÃܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚
~ܲ•z hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– ˆã˛yÙ‰!flÒ !ÓŸªy§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛l ˆÎñ ˲y£Ïyàï˛ ÎÌyÎÌ í˛zFã˛yÓ˚î ÓySÈy•z ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ x§%!Óôy •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˲y£ÏyÓ˚
!Óܲy¢G ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ ˛õ!Ó˚lÙˆÏlÓ˚ Ùï˛ÈüÈ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ Îb !lˆÏ° !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà !Ól¡Àï˛y Óy xl%ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏôÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï≈˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ã˛y!•òy Óy •%Ü%˛Ù
ÙˆÏôƒ fl∫ï˛Èıfl≥)˛ï≈˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ âˆÏê˛– !¢¢%Ó˚y Ú§yÓ≈çl#l ÓƒyܲÓ˚îÛ !lˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãò!¢≈ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– Îál !¢¢%Ó˚y ܲˆÏÌy˛õÜ˛ÌˆÏl ÓƒhflÏ ÌyˆÏܲñ ÓÎ˚flÒˆÏòÓ˚
çß√yÎ˚– ï˛yÓ˚y §•ˆÏç•z ˆÎ ˲y£Ïy ˆ¢yˆÏl ï˛yÓ˚ ÓƒyܲÓ˚î !¢ˆÏá ˆlÎ˚– Ùï˛ ~ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ ܲÌy Ó°y ~ÓÇ ˆ¢ylyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
!flÒlyÓ˚ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆçyÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚lñ ˆÜ˛l x§%!Óôy •Î˚–
!¢¢%Ó˚y Îy ˲y£Ïy ¢%ˆÏl ï˛y xç≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ lï%˛l ¢∑
!lˆÏçÓ˚ ¢∑ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ£Ï ˆÎyà ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆã˛yÙ‰!flÒ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÓƒyܲÓ˚î ˆ¢áyÓ˚
çlƒ xhs˝!l!Ù≈ï˛ ≤Û!ï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆçyÓ˚ ˆòl– ~ˆÏï˛ ~ê˛y ˆÓyV˛ˆÏï˛
§y•y΃ •Î˚ ˆÜ˛l !¢¢%Ó˚y §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ !¢«˛y SÈyí˛¸yG ï˛yí˛¸yï˛y!í˛¸ ˲y£Ïy
xç≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ù%რ˛õò
!m˲y£ÏyÓyòñ ˆÓ •zlfiê˛Ó˚!ÙÇñ ôyÓ˚îyñ x!˲§yÓ˚# !ã˛hs˝lñ
§, ç ll¢#°ï˛yñ !§Âôyhs˝ Ü ˛Ó˚ î ñ xl% § yÓ˚ # !ã˛hs˝ l ñ
xÓˆÏÓ˚y•# ˆÎÔ!=˛Ü˛ï˛yñ ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# !fiÌÓ˚ï˛yñ ≤Ãò#!Æñ
≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õñ í˛zò‰Ë˛Ólñ xyˆÏÓ˚y•#ñ ˆÎÔ!=˛Ü˛Ó˚îñ !Óã˛yÓ˚ܲÓ˚î
˲y£Ï y ñ Ùyl!§Ü˛ í˛z ˛ õfiÌy˛õlyñ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ≤Û!ï˛ñ
Ó•%˲y£ÏyÓyòñ §Ù§ƒy §Ùyôylñ ˆÎÔ!=˛Ü˛Ó˚îñ ò%Ó˚Óï˛#≈
xl%£ÏAàñ !§lê˛ƒy:ñ !ã˛hs˝l–
§yÓ˚yÇ¢
— !ã˛hs˝l •° ç!ê˛° Ùyl!§Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y ÎyÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ xyÙÓ˚y ï˛Ìƒ !l˛õ%î˲yˆÏÓ å2Î˚ x!ç≈ï˛ Óy §ÇÓ˚!«˛ï˛ä ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚
ܲ!Ó˚– !ã˛hs˝l ~ܲ!ê˛ xy˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#l ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y ÎyÓ˚ xl%Ùyl ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– !ã˛hs˝ˆÏl Ùyl§ÈüÈ!ã˛e !l!•ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ
Îy •Î˚ Ùyl!§Ü˛ !ã˛e xÌÓy Ùyl!§Ü˛ ôyÓ˚îy–
— ç!ê˛° !ã˛hs˝l •° §Ù§ƒy §Ùyôylñ ˆÎÔ!=˛Ü˛Ó˚îñ !§Âôyhs˝@˝Ã•îñ Ó˚yÎ˚ ~ÓÇ §,çlydܲ !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y–
— §Ù§ƒy §Ùyôyl •° ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ §Ù§ƒy §ÙyôyˆÏlÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝l–
— Ùyl!§Ü˛ !Ólƒy§ñ ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# !fiÌÓ˚ï˛yñ ˆ≤ãÏîyÓ˚ x˲yÓ ï˛Ìy ò,ì˛¸ï˛y §Ù§ƒy §ÙyôyˆÏlÓ˚ Óyôyfl∫Ó˚)˛õ–
— ˆÎÔ!=˛ÈüÈܲÓ˚î §Ù§ƒy §ÙyôyˆÏlÓ˚ °ˆÏ«˛ƒ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ xl%Ùyl ~ÓÇ ï˛y •Î˚ xyˆÏÓ˚y•# xÌÓy xÓˆÏÓ˚y•# ˆÎÔ!=˛Ü˛Ó˚î–

166 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
 — !Óã˛yÓ˚ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xyÙÓ˚y !§ÂôyˆÏhs˝ í˛z˛õl#ï˛ ••zñ Ùï˛yÙï˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲ!Ó˚ñ Ó› ï˛Ìy âê˛ly §¡∫ˆÏrô Ù)°ƒyÎ˚l
ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ìy!ܲ–
— !§Âôyhs˝ @˝Ã•ˆÏl ~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ xÓ¢ƒ•z ~ܲy!ôܲ !ÓܲˆÏ“Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ˆÏܲ !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
— !Óã˛yÓ˚ܲÓ˚î ~ÓÇ !§Âôyhs˝@˝Ã•î ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ §¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y–
— §,çl¢#° !ã˛hs˝l !ܲS%È lï%˛l ~ÓÇ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ í˛zͲõyòˆÏl ç!í˛¸ï˛ÈüÈ~ê˛y •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îyñ Ó› xÌÓy ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
§Ù§ƒyÓ˚ §Ùyôyl–
— §,çlydܲ !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢ §,çl¢#° x!Ë˛Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ Óyôy ò)Ó˚ ܲÓ˚y ï˛Ìy §,çl¢#° !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛Ô¢° ~ÓÇ ˆÎyàƒï˛y
Óyí˛¸yˆÏlyÓ˚ í˛z˛õyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ •Î˚–
— ˲y£Ïy §%¤%˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ÙylˆÏÓÓ˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ– ~ˆÏï˛ ≤Ãï˛#ܲ xyˆÏSÈ Îy ÙylˆÏÓÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xy¢yñ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ñ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚îy ï˛Ìy
xyܲyCy !ܲS%È !lÎ˚ˆÏÙÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ ÙyôƒÙ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ §Çà!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚–
— ˲y£ÏyÓ˚ Ù%რ!Óܲy¢ ≤ÃÌÙ ò%•z ˆÌˆÏܲ !ï˛l ÓͧˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ •Î˚–
— ˲y£Ïy ~ÓÇ !ã˛hs˝l ç!ê˛°Ë˛yˆÏÓ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛–

˛õÎ≈yˆÏ°yã˛lyÙ)°Ü˛ ≤ß¿
1ä !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚–
2ä ôyÓ˚îy ܲ#⁄ !ã˛hsl ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÎ˚ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚–
3ä §Ù§ƒyÈüȧÙyôyˆÏlÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚y!ôï˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~Ùl Óyôyà%!°ˆÏܲ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚–
4ä ˆÎÔ!=˛Ü˛Ó˚î ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ §Ù§ƒyÈüȧÙyôyˆÏl §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄
5ä !Óã˛yÓ˚ܲÓ˚î ~ÓÇ !§Âôyhs˝ @˝Ã•î !ܲ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ §¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛⁄ Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚–
6ä §,çl¢#° !ã˛hs˝y ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe x˛õ§yÓ˚# !ã˛hs˝l ˆÜ˛l à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈⁄
7ä §,çl¢#° !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !Ó!˲ߨ ˛Óyôyà%ˆÏ°y ܲ# ܲ#⁄
8ä §,çlydܲ !ã˛hs˝lˆÏܲ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ Ó!ô≈ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚⁄
9ä ˲y£Ïy SÈyí˛¸y !ܲ !ã˛hs˝l ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y §Ω˛Ó˛õÓ˚⁄ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚–
10ä ÙylˆÏÓÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˲y£Ïy ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ x!ç≈ï˛ •Î˚⁄

≤ÃܲˆÏ“Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îy
1ä ~ܲ ÓͧÓ˚ñ ò%•z ÓͧÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !ï˛l ÓͧˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ §Æy• ôˆÏÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲÓ˚– GˆÏòÓ˚ ˲y£Ïy !°!˛õÓÂô
ܲÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆòá !¢¢% ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ¢∑ ˆ¢ˆÏá ~ÓÇ ~•z ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ܲï˛ê%˛Ü%˛ ¢∑ !¢ˆÏáˆÏSÈ⁄
2ä §ÇÓyò !¢ˆÏÓ˚ylyÙà%ˆÏ°yñ !ÓK˛y˛õlà%ˆÏ°yñ ܲyê≈%˛l •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y°yç ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !ӈϢ£Ï !ÌÙ xÌÓy xlƒ
~ܲ!ê˛ ˛≤çˆÏAà Îy ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚!lñ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ Ü ˛Ùyl%§yˆÏÓ˚ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚– ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ Óyî# xÌÓy ˆŸ’yàyl
~ˆÏܲ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ !°á– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ !ã˛hs˝y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ˆÎ §ÙhflÏ ôy˛õà%!° ~ÓÇ Óyôyà%!°Ó˚ §¡ø%á#l
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆ§ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˲yÓ–

xôƒyÎ˚ Èü8 •È !ã˛hs˝l 167

ܲyç 8É3 ~Ó˚ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ í˛z_Ó˚ ÈüÈ
§Ù§ƒy ÈüÈ1 ı ANAGRAM, PROBLEM, SOLVE, INSIGHT, SOLUTION.

§Ù§ƒyÈüÈ 2 ı

§Ù§ƒyÈüÈ 3 ı
~•z §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ §Ùyôyl •° ˆÓyï˛° á å127ä !°ê˛yÓ˚ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y ˲!ï≈˛ ܲÓ˚– ~Ó˚˛õˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓyï˛° ܲÈüÈ ˆï å21ä ç° ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚yÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ ˲Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛çlƒ ˆÓyï˛° Ü˛È ÈüȈï˛
ì˛y°– ~ál ˆÓyï˛° ÚáÛÈüÈ ˆï˛ 106 !Ù!° ç° ˆÌˆÏܲ ÎyÎ˚ å 127 !Ù!°ÈüÈ 21 !Ù!°ä ~Ó˚˛õˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓyï˛° ÚܲÈÛ ÈüÈˆï˛ !Ù!° ˲!ï≈˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆÓyï˛° ÚáÛ
ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õÎ≈yÆ ˛ç° ì˛y° ~ÓÇ ÚàÛ ˆÌˆÏܲ §¡õ)î≈ ç° ˆì˛ˆÏ° ˆÓyï˛° áy!° ܲˆÏÓ˚ òyG– ~ál ÚáÛÈüÈˆï˛ 103 !Ù!° ç° xyˆÏSÈ ï˛Ìy ˆÓyï˛° ÚàÛ áy!°
xyˆÏSÈ– ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ ˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚ ˆÓyï˛° ÚàÛÈüÈˆÜ˛ ˲!ï≈˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ~•z ˆÓyï˛° ÚáÛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ç° ˆï˛y°– ~ÓyÓ˚ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ 100 !Ù!° ç° ˆÓˆÏã˛ xyˆÏSÈ–
≤ÃÌÙ ˛õÑyã˛!ê˛ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ á-ܲÈ-2à xl%Ü ˛Ù ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ܲy!A«˛ï˛ Ùyey ≤ÃyÆ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚– 6¤˛ ~ÓÇ §ÆÙ §Ù§ƒy ~ܲê%˛ ܲ!ë˛l– 6¤˛
§Ù§ƒyˆÏï˛ Ü˛y!A«˛ï˛ Ùyey 20 !Ù!° xyˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ !ï˛l!ê˛ ˆÓyï˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ «˛Ùï˛y ~•z ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ xyˆÏSÈ– ÚܲÛÈüÈˆï˛ xyˆÏSÈ 23 !Ù!° ç° Ë˛!ï≈˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyˆÏÓñ ÚáÛÈüÈ ˆï˛
49 !Ù!° ç° Ë˛!ï≈˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ ï˛Ìy ÚàÛÈüÈˆï˛ 3 !Ù!° ç° Ë˛!ï≈˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ– ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ܲÓ˚ ˆÎñ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÌ≈# !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ §Ùyôyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– xˆÏlܲ
§#Ùy ˛õÎ≈hs˝ §Ω˛Ó xyˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ §Ó˚° !Ó!ô §¡∫ˆÏrô !ã˛hs˝l xÌÓy ~Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y SÈyí˛¸y ≤Ã̈ÏÙ•z ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚ °yàyˆÏly xl%Ü ˛Ù 49-23-(2†3) xl%§Ó˚î
ܲˆÏÓ˚ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ §Ùyôyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆlˆÏÓ– ÚÜ˛Û ˆÌˆÏܲ ÚáÛ ˆï˛ ç° ì˛y°ˆÏÓ ÙˆÏï˛y ˆÜ˛yl §Ó˚° Óy o%ï˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ ܲÌy ly ˆË˛ˆÏÓ•z §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ §Ùyôyl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ
˛õÓ˚#«˛yÌ≈# !lˆÏçÓ˚ ÙˆÏl §Ù§ƒy!ê˛ §Ê˛°Ë˛yˆÏÓ §Ùyôyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆlˆÏÓ– Î!ò ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Órô% ~•z ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y!ê˛Ó˚ xl%§Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛y ˆÓyV˛y ~•z í˛z˛õ§Ç•yˆÏÓ˚
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ ˆÎ ˛õÑyã˛ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ §Ùyôyl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˆ§ ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏl ~ܲ Ùyl!§Ü˛ !Ólƒy§ !Óܲ!¢ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !l°– §ÆÙ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ §ÙyôyˆÏl ÚÜ˛Û ˆÌˆÏܲ ÚàÛ
ˆï˛ §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ ç° !Ólƒy§ ~ï˛ ¢!=˛¢y°# ˆÎ xˆÏlܲ ˆ°yܲ ≤ÃÌÙ ˆÌˆÏܲ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ Î%!=˛Ó˚ x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ xlƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Î%!=˛Ó˚ !ã˛hs˝y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !ÓÊ˛° •ˆÏÓ–

21 127 23 49 28 76
3 3 3

ܲ á à ܲ á à ܲ á à
~ܲ!ê˛ xyò¢≈ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ §•ç ˛õÂô!ï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ âê˛ly ˆÎáyˆÏl ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye §Ó˚°
§Ù§ƒy 1ÈüÈ5 §Ù§ƒy 6 ˛õÂô!ï˛!ê˛ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚
§Ù§ƒy 7

168 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
 ˆ≤ãÏîy ~ÓÇ xyˆÏÓà
xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ 9 Motivation and Emotion

~•z xôƒyÎ˚!ê˛ ˛˛õyë˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y §«˛Ù •ˆÏÓÈ

• ÙylÓ ˆ≤ãÏîyÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚*˛õ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛–
• !ܲS%È à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ˆ≤ãÏîyÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛–
• xyˆÏÓà§ÇÜ ˛yhs˝ x!Ë˛Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ Óî≈ly çylˆÏï˛ –
• §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ ~ÓÇ xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §¡õÜ≈˛ §¡∫ˆÏrô í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ
• !lˆÏçÓ˚ xyˆÏÓàˆÏܲ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ !lÎ˚sfî ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ ï˛y çylˆÏï˛–
!Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›
Ë)˛!Ùܲy
ˆ≤ãÏîyÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛
ˆ≤ãÏîy ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆÏ˲ò
ç#Ó!ÓK˛yl§ÇÜ ˛yhs˝ ˆ≤ãÏîy
ÙˆÏly§yÙy!çܲ ˆ≤ãÏîy
Ùy§‰ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ Ü ˛ˆÏÙyߨ!ï˛Ó˚ ï˛_¥
xydÈüÈ ˆ≤ãÏîy åÓy: 9É1ä
xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛
xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚ !˲!_
xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ ˆò•ï˛_¥ åÓy: 9É2ä
!Ù̃y ¢ly=˛Ü˛Ó˚î (Lie Detection) åÓy: 9É3ä
xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ !˲!_
xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ !˲!_
xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ x!Ë˛Óƒ!=˛
§yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ~ÓÇ xyˆÏÓàÙ)°Ü˛ x!Ë˛Óƒ!=˛
§yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ~ÓÇ xyˆÏÓàÙ)°Ü˛ ˆÏ°ˆÏÓ° (Labelling)
ˆl!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°l
ˆ˛õyfiê˛˛ÈüÈê˛∆Ùy!ê˛Ü˛ ˆfiê˛∆§ !í˛§í≈˛yÓ˚ (PTSD) åÓy: 9É4ä
˛ õÓ˚#«˛yÎ˚ í˛zˆÏmˆÏàÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy˛õly åÓy: 9É5ä
•z!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚l
xyˆÏÓà#Î˚ Ó%!ÂôÙ_y åÓy: 9É6ä
Ù%რ˛õò
Emotion has taught mankind to
§yÓ˚yÇ¢
reason.
˛õÎ≈yˆÏ°yã˛lyÙ)°Ü˛ ≤ß¿
– Marquis de Vauvenargues ≤ÃܲˆÏ“Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îy
 Ë)˛!Ùܲy
§%l#ï˛y lyˆÏÙ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ¢•ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÙˆÏÎ˚ñ !Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÈÏÜ˛Ô¢° ≤ÈÏÓ!¢Ü˛y ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÎ˚ í˛z_#î≈ •ÓyÓ˚
çlƒ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!òl 10 ˆÌˆÏܲ 12 â^˝ê˛y ܲˆÏë˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚◊Ù Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ˆ•Ùhs˝˛ ~ܲçl ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ ≤Ã!ï˛Órô# Óy°Ü˛ñ §Ó≈ˆÏï˛y˲yˆÏÓ
~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÓ≈ï˛yˆÏÓ˚y•# ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yl ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤Ã!¢«˛î !lˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ x!˲ÎyˆÏl xÇ¢ !lˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚– xyÙl ï˛yÓ˚ Ó,!_ ˆÌˆÏܲ xÌ≈
§M˛Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÎyˆÏï˛ ˆ§ ï˛yÓ˚ ÙyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ çlƒ í˛z˛õ•yÓ˚ !ܲlˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ÙylÓ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏî ˆ≤ãÏîy ˆÎ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚
~à%!° •° ï˛yÓ˚ !ܲS%È !lò¢≈l– í˛z˛õ!Ó˚í˛z=˛ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ˛õSȈÏl ~ܲ!ê˛ xhs˝!l≈!•ï˛ ˆ≤ãÏîy Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– xyã˛Ó˚î
°«˛ƒ myÓ˚y ã˛y!°ï˛ñ °«˛ƒ§ˆÏã˛T˛ xyã˛Ó˚î ï˛ï˛«˛î ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ã˛°ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ Îï˛«˛î ly °ˆÏ«˛ƒ ˆ˛õÔÑSÈyÎ˚– Ùyl%£Ï ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ °«˛ƒ
xç≈ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly ~ÓÇ !Ó!˲ߨ ܲyÎ≈Ü ˛Ù @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚– §%l#ï˛y ˆÜ˛Ùl xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ Î!ò ~ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏë˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚◊Ù
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚G ˆ§ §Ê˛°ï˛y xç≈l ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ° xÌÓy xyÙˆÏlÓ˚ Ó,!_Ó˚ xÌ≈ ã%˛!Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏ°– §Ω˛Óï˛ §%l#ï˛y
ò%ı!áï˛ •ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ xyÙl Ó˚yà ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ˆ≤ãÏîy ~ÓÇ xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ôyÓ˚îyñ ~ÓÇ ~•z ò%!ê˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ !Óܲy¢
§¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ~•z xôƒyÎ˚!ê˛ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §y•y΃ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ~SÈyí˛¸yG ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y •ï˛y¢y ~ÓÇ mˆÏ®µÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛
ôyÓ˚îy °y˲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ xyˆÏÓà ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ ˜ç!Óܲ !˲!_ñ ≤Ãܲy¢Ùyl x!Ë˛Óƒ!=˛ñ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ≤Ã˲yÓñ ˆ≤ãÏîyÓ˚
§yˆÏÌÈüÈ~Ó˚ §¡õÜ≈˛ ~ÓÇ !ܲS%È ˆÜ˛Ô¢° Îy ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xyˆÏÓà ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°lyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˲y°Ë˛yˆÏÓ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓñ ˆ§à%!°G
xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÓ–

ˆ≤ãÏîy ã˛Ü  The Motivational Cycle˛

ˆ≤ãÏîyÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ (Nature of Motivation) Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl ÙˆÏly!Óò‰àl xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ≤ãÏîyòyÎ˚ܲ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%!°

§¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îyˆÏܲ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
ˆ≤ãÏîyÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy ò,!T˛ !lˆÏ«˛˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ ܲ# ã˛y°ly ܲˆÏÓ˚
ã˛y!•òy •° ˆÜ˛yl ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛yÓ˚ x˲yÓ xÌÓy âyê˛!ï˛– ã˛y!•òyÓ˚
ï˛yÓ˚ ÓƒyáyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚– Úˆ≤ãÏîyÛ ¢∑!ê˛ °ƒy!ê˛l ¢∑ movere ˆÌˆÏܲ
¢ï≈˛ ˆlyòlyÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ã˛y!°ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆlyòly •° ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛ò%!Ÿã˛hs˝yÙ)°Ü˛
~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈ ÎyÓ˚ xÌ≈ •ˆÏ°y ܲyÎ≈ܲ°yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ à!ï˛!Ó!ô– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
xÓfiÌy xÌÓy í˛zˆÏ_çly Îy ã˛y!•òy myÓ˚y í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚– ~!ê˛ ÎˆÏÌFSÈ
≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!òˆÏlÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Óƒyáƒy ˆòGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚îy í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚
ܲyÎ≈yÓ°#ˆÏܲ˛ ¢!=˛ ˆòÎ˚– Îál ~ܲ!ê˛ ÎˆÏÌFSÈ˛ ܲyÎ≈ܲ°y˛õ
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆÜ˛l fl%҈ϰ Óy ܲˆÏ°ˆÏç xy§⁄ ~Ó˚ ˆ˛õSȈÏl xˆÏlܲ
ܲyÓ˚î•z ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆÎÙl ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !¢áˆÏï˛ ã˛yG xÌÓy Órô%c
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛yGñ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !í˛ˆÏ≤’yÙy xÌÓy !í˛@˝Ã# ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ˲y° ã˛y!•òy
ã˛yܲÓ˚#Ó˚ çlƒñ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !˛õï˛yÙyï˛yˆÏܲ §%á# ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛yG
•zï˛ƒy!ò– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆÜ˛yl í˛zFã˛!¢«˛yÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õSÈ® ܲˆÏÓ˚y ï˛y ~áyˆÏl ï˛yí˛¸ly
ˆòGÎ˚y !ܲS%È Ü˛yÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §Ùy•yÓ˚ Óy xlƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ÓƒyáƒyG •ˆÏï˛ í˛zˆÏ_çly •…y§
˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~SÈyí˛¸yG ˆ≤ãÏîy xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ xl%Ùyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛ fl%҈ϰñ ˆá°yÎ˚ñ §Aà#ˆÏï˛ñ ÓƒÓ§yˆÏÎ˚ ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ
˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ Ü˛ˆÏë˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚◊Ù Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ Î!ò ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ò,ì˛¸ Ü,˛!ï˛c Ü,˛!ï˛c í˛zˆÏ_çly
°yˆÏ˲Ó˚ ã˛y!•òy ÌyˆÏܲ– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ ˆ≤ãÏîy§Ù)• •° §yôyÓ˚l xÓfiÌy
Îy xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ xyã˛Ó˚î §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xl%Ùyl
àë˛l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §«˛Ùï˛y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲ ˆ≤ãÏîy •° xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ °«˛ƒ x!˲Ù%á# xyã˛Ó˚î
~ܲ!ê˛ xlƒï˛Ù !lô≈yÓ˚ܲ– §•çyï˛ ≤ÃÓ,!_ñ ˆlyòlyñ ã˛y!•òyñ °«˛ƒñ
!ã˛e / 9É1 ˆ≤ãÏîy ã˛Ü ˛–
˛õ%Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ ˆ≤ãÏîyÓ˚ ≤âhflÏ à%ˆÏFSÈ xhs˝Ë)≈˛=˛–
170 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
°«˛ƒy!˲Ù%ˆÏá ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ •Î˚ñ ï˛y ˆlyòlyˆÏܲ •…y§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ç#Ó
!lˆÏçÓ˚ §!Ü ˛Î˚ •GÎ˚yˆÏܲ fiÌ!àï˛ Ó˚yˆÏá– ç#Ó ˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚ §yÙO§ƒ˛õ)î≈
xÓfiÌyÎ˚ !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ§– ~•z˲yˆÏÓ ˆ≤ãÏîyòyÎ˚# ã˛Ü ˛!ê˛ !ã˛e 9É1 ~Ó˚
ÙˆÏï˛y í˛z˛õfiÌy!˛õï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
ˆ≤ãÏîyÓ˚ !ܲ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆÏ˲ò Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ⁄ !Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ˆ≤ãÏîyˆÏܲ
Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˜ç!Óܲ !˲!_ xyˆÏSÈ !ܲ⁄ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚
ˆÏ≤ãÏîy Î!ò xï,˛Æ ˆÌˆÏܲ ÎyÎ˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ !ܲ •ˆÏÓ⁄ ~à%!° •° !ܲS%È
≤ß¿ Îy xyÙÓ˚y !l¡¨ xl%ˆÏFSȈÏò xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚Ó–
ˆ≤ãÏîyÓ˚ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆÏ˲ò (Types of Motives)
Ù)°ï˛ı ˆ≤ãÏîy ò%•z ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ •Î˚ ÚÚç#Ól!ÓK˛ylÛÛ
ÚÚ§ÇÜ ˛yhs˝ÛÛ ~ÓÇ ÚÚÙˆÏly§yÙy!çܲÛÛ– ç#Ó!ÓK˛yl§ÇÜ ˛yhs˝ ˆ≤ãÏîy!ê˛
¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚ ˆ≤ãÏîy lyˆÏÙG ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ïñ˛ ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ~à%!° ≤ÃyÎ˚¢•z
ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ myÓ˚y ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– xlƒ!òˆÏܲ
ÙˆÏly§yÙy!çܲ ˆ≤ãÏîy !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢àï˛ í˛z˛õyòyˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ
Óƒy!=˛Ó˚ !ÙÌ!fl;Î˚y ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ˲yˆÏÓ ˆ¢áy ÎyÎ˚–
Îy•zˆÏ•yܲñ í˛z˲Î˚ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ˆ≤ãÏîyà%ˆÏ°y•z ˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
!lË≈˛Ó˚¢#°– xÌ≈yÍ ˆÜ˛yl ˆÜ˛yl xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ç#Ó!ÓK˛yl §ÇÜ ˛yhs˝
í˛z˛õyòylà%!° ˆ≤ãÏîyˆÏܲ ≤ÈÏÓ˚y!ã˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyÓyÓ˚ xlƒˆÏ«˛ˆÏe
Ùlı§yÙy!çܲ í˛z˛õyòylà%!°G ˆ≤ãÏîyˆÏܲ˛ ≤ÈÏÓ˚y!ã˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛y•z
ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏl Ó˚yáy í˛z!ã˛ï˛ ˆÎˆÏܲyˆÏly ˆ≤ãÏîy ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚•z
ç#Ó!ÓK˛yl §ÇÜ ˛yhs˝ xÌÓy Ùlı§yÙy!çܲ §ÇÜ ˛yhs˝ lÎ˚ ÓÓ˚Ç ~!ê˛
Óƒy!=˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !Ó!Óô §Ç!Ù◊î myÓ˚y í˛zj#!˛õï˛ •Î˚–
ˆ≤ãÏîyÓ˚ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆÏ˲ò
˜ç!Óܲ ˆ≤ãÏîy
ˆ≤ãÏîyÓ˚ §•çyï˛ ~ÓÇ ˜ç!Óܲ ܲyÓ˚îà%ˆÏ°y
ˆÎÙl •ˆÏÙ≈ylñ !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yê˛∆y§!Ùê˛yÓ˚ñ Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ àë˛l
å•y•zˆÏ˛õỹy°yÙy§ñ !°!¡∫ܲ !§ˆÏfiê˛Ùñ •zï˛ƒy!òä–
í˛zòy•Ó˚l / «%˛ôyñ ï,˛£÷Ïy ~ÓÇ ˆÎÔlï˛y–
å!ã˛e 9É2 ˆ≤ãÏîyÓ˚ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆÏ˲òä–
ç#Ól!ÓK˛yl§ÇÜ ˛yhs˝ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ (Biological Motives)
ˆ≤ãÏîyˆÏܲ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˜ç!Óܲ xÌÓy ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚ ò,!T˛Ë˛Aà#!ê˛
xyã˛Ó˚ ˆ Ï î Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚ î ˆÏ Ü ˛ ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ãyã˛#lï˛Ù ≤ÃˆÏ ã ˛T˛y–
˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#ܲyˆÏ°ñ !Óܲ!¢ï˛ x!ôܲyÇ¢ ï˛_¥•z ˜ç!Óܲ ò,!T˛Ë˛Aà#Ó˚
˛õÌ!ã˛ˆÏ•´Ó˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ Ó•l ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– x!˲ˆÏÎyçlÙ)°Ü˛ !Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy
§Ç!Ÿ’T˛ ò,!T˛Ë˛!AàÓ˚ Ùï˛yl%§yˆÏÓ˚ ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ã˛y!•òy åxy˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î
¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚ x§yÙO§ƒï˛yä Îy ˆlyòly §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ Îy xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ
í˛zj#!˛õï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï °«˛ƒ xç≈ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒ !ӈϢ£Ï ܲyÎ≈ܲ°yˆÏ˛õÓ˚
!òˆÏܲ ã˛y°ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ Îy ~•z ˆlyòlyÓ˚ •…y§ âê˛yÎ˚– ˆ≤ãÏîyÓ˚ ≤Ãyã˛#lï˛Ù
Óƒyáƒy!ê˛˛ ≤ÃÓ,!_Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ àˆÏí˛¸ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏSÈ– §•çyï˛
≤ÃÓ,!_ ¢∑!ê˛ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çß√àï˛ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ •z!Aàï˛ ˆòÎ˚ñ Îy x!ç≈ï˛
lÎ˚ ÓÓ˚Ç ˜Ïç!Óܲ˲yˆÏÓ•z !lô≈y!Ó˚ï˛– !ܲv §yôyÓ˚l ˜çÓÈüÈ≤ÃÓ,!_Ó˚
xhs˝Ë≈%˛=˛ •° xl%§!rôï˛§yñ ˛õ°yÎ˚lñ !Óܲ£Ï≈îñ ≤Ãçllñ Ùyï˛y!˛õï˛yÓ˚
Îb •zï˛ƒy!ò– ≤ÃÓ,!_ •° §•çyï˛ ≤ÃÓîï˛y Îy ≤ÃyÎ˚ §ÙhflÏ ôÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚
≤Ãçy!ï˛Ó˚ §ò§ƒˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ ÎyÓ˚y xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ xl%Ùyl
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ã˛y!°ï˛ •Î˚– ≤ÃÓ,!_ ~ܲ!ê˛ ã˛y!°Ü˛y ¢!=˛ Îy ly!ܲ ç#ÓˆÏܲ
!ܲS%È Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˆlyòly ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ Îy ˆ§•z ã˛y!°Ü˛y¢!=˛ˆÏܲ •…y§ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
!ܲS%È ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ˜ç!Óܲ ã˛y!•òy Îy ~•z ò,!T˛Ë˛Aà#ˆÏï˛ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚y
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆ§à%!° •° «%˛ôyñ ï,˛£÷Ïy ~ÓÇ ˆÎÔlï˛y Îy ly!ܲ ÓÑyã˛yÓ˚ çlƒ
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚–
ÙˆÏly§yÙy!çܲ ˆ≤ãÏîy È
ˆ≤ãÏîyÓ˚ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ~ÓÇ §yÙy!çܲ å˛õy¢y˛õy!¢
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢àï˛ä í˛z˛õyòyl ~ÓÇ !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚y ~ܲ
x˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ §¡∫rô ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ä–
í˛zòy•Ó˚l / Ü,˛!ï˛c xç≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ã˛y!•òy– xl%ˆÏÙyòlñ
«˛Ùï˛yñ ˆÜ˛Ôï)˛•° ~ÓÇ xl%§rôyl G
xyˆÏdy˛õ°!kôÓ˚ ˆ≤ãÏîyÓ˚ÈüÈ
xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ9 • ˆ≤ãÏîy ~ÓÇ xyˆÏÓà 171
«%˛ôy (Hunger)
Îál ˆÜ˛í˛z «%˛ôyï≈˛ ÌyˆÏܲñ áyˆÏòƒÓ˚ ã˛y!•òy xlƒylƒ §ÙhflÏ
!ܲS%ÈÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ≤ÃÓ° xy!ô˛õï˛ƒ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~!ê˛ Óƒy!=˛ˆÏܲ áyòƒ
°y˲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ @˝Ã•l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆ≤Ã!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– xÓ¢ƒ•z xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
ÓÑyã˛yÓ˚ çlƒ ˆáˆÏï˛ •Î˚– !ܲv ˆÜ˛yl !ç!l§!ê˛ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏܲ «%˛ôyï≈˛
xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛Ó˚yÎ˚⁄ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÎ˚ ˆòáy ˆàˆÏSÈ ˆÎñ ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xy˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#l
~ÓÇ Óy!•ƒÜ˛ ÈüÈxˆÏlܲ âê˛ly «%˛ôyˆÏܲ í˛zj#!˛õï˛˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ xÌÓy
!lÓyÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚– «%˛ôyÓ˚ í˛zj#˛õÜñ˛ ÎyˆÏï˛ ˛õyܲfiÌ°#Ó˚ §ÇˆÏܲyã˛lG
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎ!ê˛ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ ˆÎ ˛õyܲfiÌ°# áy!°ñ Ó˚ˆÏ=˛ @’%ˆÏܲyˆÏçÓ˚ âlc
ܲÙñ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyeyG Ü˛Ù ~ÓÇ ˆòˆÏ• §!M˛ï˛ ˆfl¨•˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚
˛õ!Ó˚ÙyîˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚– ~SÈyí˛¸yG ÎÜ,˛ï˛ ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚ çµy°yl#Ó˚ x˲yˆÏÓÓ˚
≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y fl¨yÎ˚%flõ®ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Ù!hflÏˆÏ‹Ò ˛õyë˛yÎ˚– áyˆÏòƒÓ˚ §%Óy§ñ
fl∫yò Óy í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ áyòƒ@˝Ã•l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ •zFSÈyˆÏܲ çyàyÎ˚– ~ê˛y í˛zˆÏÕ‘á
ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎñ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛yl ~ܲ!ê˛Ó˚ ~ܲy í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛
ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ «%˛ôyÓ˚ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ §,!T˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ ly– Óy!•ƒÜ˛
í˛z˛õyòyˆÏlÓ˚ åˆÎÙl áyˆÏòƒÓ˚ fl∫yòñ Ó˚Çñ àrô ~ÓÇ xlƒˆÏòÓ˚ ˆáˆÏï˛
ˆòáy •zï˛ƒy!òä §yˆÏÌ §ÙhflÏà%!°Ó˚ §ÇˆÏÎyà !Ü ˛Î˚y•z ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
«%˛ôyÓ˚ í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛y•zñ ~ê˛y Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎñ
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ áyòƒ @˝Ã•î ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y !lÎ˚!sfï˛ •Î˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ áyòƒ@˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚ ï , ˛ !ÆÓ˚ ç!ê˛° ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏ Ù ñ ÎyÓ˚ xÓfiÌyl
•y•zˆÏ˛õỹy°yÙy§ñ ÎÜ,˛ï˛ ~ÓÇ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ xlƒylƒ xLjϢÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ Óy!•ƒÜ˛ •z!AàˆÏï˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
!ܲS%È ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚!ÓK˛yl#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ñ ÎÜ,˛ï˛ ~Ó˚ !Ó˛õyܲ#Î˚
ܲyÎ≈ܲ°yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî «%˛ôyÓ˚ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ •Î˚– Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚
ˆÎ xLjϢ ÎÜ,˛ï˛ §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ ˛õyë˛yÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ •y•zˆÏ˛õỹy°yÙy§ ӈϰ–
«%˛ôyÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ç!í˛¸ï˛ •y•zˆÏ˛õỹy°yÙyˆÏ§Ó˚ ò%!ê˛ xÇ¢ •° ˛õyŸª≈#Î˚
xÇ¢ (Lateral hypothalamus) ~ÓÇ ˆË˛lˆÏê˛∆y!Ù!í˛Î˚y°
•y•zˆÏ˛õỹy°yÙy§ (Ventromedial hypothalamus) ˛õyŸª≈#Î˚
xÇ¢ í˛zj#˛õܲ xÇ¢ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ !ÓˆÏÓ!ã˛ï˛ •Î˚– Îál ~•z xÇ¢!ê˛
í˛zj#!˛õï˛ •Î˚ ≤Ãyî#Ó˚y áyòƒ@˝Ã•l ܲˆÏÓ˚– Îál ~•z xÇ¢!ê˛ «˛!ï˛@˝ÃhflÏ
•Î˚ñ ï˛ál ≤Ãyî#Ó˚y áyòƒ@˝Ã•l ܲÓ˚y Órô ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚ ~ÓÇ xly•yˆÏÓ˚
ÙyÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– •y•zˆÏ˛õỹy°yÙyˆÏ§Ó˚ ÙôƒÓ_≈# xLjϢ ˆË˛lˆÏê˛∆yˆÏÙ!í˛Î˚y°
•y•zˆÏ˛õỹy°yÙy§ xÓ!fiÌï˛ñ ˆÎ!ê˛ xlƒË˛yˆÏÓ «%˛ôyÈüÈ!lÎ˚sfܲ xÇ¢
!•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ~ÓÇ «%˛ôyÓ˚ ï˛yí˛¸lyˆÏܲ !lÓyÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ál
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆ§•z§ÙhflÏ ˆ°yܲˆÏòÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xl%Ùyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ ÎyÓ˚y
ˆÓ¢# áyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ á%Ó ˆÙyê˛y •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ xyÓyÓ˚ ÎyÓ˚y Ü˛Ù áyÎ˚ Óy
x“y•yˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏSÈ–
172 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
ï,˛£÷Ïy (Thirst)
!ܲ âê˛ˆÏÓ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y Î!ò xˆÏlܲ«˛î ç° SÈyí˛¸y Ìyܲ⁄ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y
ˆÜ˛l ï,˛£÷Ïy xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛Ó˚⁄ Îál xyÙÓ˚y ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲârê˛y ç° SÈyí˛¸y Ìy!ܲñ
ï˛ál Ù%á ~ÓÇ à°y ¢%!ܲˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ!ê˛ ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲ°yÎ˚ ç°
!ÓˆÏÎ˚yçˆÏl ≤Ãôyl Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛§,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ܲ!ê˛ ¢%ܲˆÏly Ù%áˆÏܲ
ˆË˛çyˆÏlyÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õyî#Î˚ ç° ≤ÃÎ˚yçl#Î˚– !ܲv §Ó§ÙÎ˚ ¢%ܲˆÏly
Ù%ˆÏáÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ç° ˛õyˆÏlÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚î §,!T˛ •Î˚ ly– xy§ˆÏ°ñ ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
xy˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y§Ù)• ç° ˛õyl ~ÓÇ ï,˛£÷ÏyˆÏܲ !lˆÏç•z !lÎ˚sfl
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˛õÎ≈yÆ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyl ç° ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ܲ°yˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õÔÑSÈyˆÏlyÓ˚
˛õÓ˚ ï˛y à°y ~ÓÇ Ù%ˆÏáÓ˚ ¢%‹Òï˛yˆÏܲ ò)Ó˚#Ë)˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ç° ˛õyl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆ≤ãÏîy ˛≤Ãôylï˛ı ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ xÓfiÌy myÓ˚y
ˆÎÙl ˆÜ˛y£Ï ˆÌˆÏܲ ç° ~ÓÇ Ó˚ˆÏ=˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyl •…y§ ˛õyGÎ˚y ˆÌˆÏܲ
í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚– Îál ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ ï˛Ó˚° ˛õòyÌ≈ myÓ˚y ç° •y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚
ï˛ál ˆÜ˛y£Ï x˲ƒhs˝ Ó ˚ ˆÌˆÏ Ü ˛G ç° ˆÓ!Ó˚ ˆ Ï Î ˚ ÎyÎ˚ –
Anterior hypothalamus x§ˆÏÙy!Ó˚ˆÎ Ï ˛˚ õê˛Ó˚§ lyˆÏÙ fl¨yÎ%̊ˆÜÏ ˛y£Ï
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎ!ê˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ£Ï ç°!ÓˆÏÎ˚yçˆÏlÓ˚ (dehydration) ˆ«˛ˆÏe
fl¨yÎ˚%flõ®l §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z fl¨yÎ˚%à%!° ï,˛£÷Ïy ~ÓÇ ç°˛õyˆÏlÓ˚ §ÇˆÏܲï˛
!•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ Îál x§ˆÏÙy!Ó˚ˆÏ§˛õê˛Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ç° Ü˛ˆÏÙ
ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ myÓ˚y ï,˛£÷Ïy !lÎ˚!sfï˛ •Î˚ñ ~ˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛y£#Î˚ ç°!ÓˆÏÎ˚yçl (cell
dehydration) ï,˛£÷Ïy Ó°y •Î˚– !ܲv ˆÜ˛yl ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y!ê˛ ç° ˛õyl
!lÓyÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄ ˆÎ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y!ê˛ ç° áyGÎ˚yˆÏܲ Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§!ê˛
ç° áyGÎ˚y !lÓyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒG òyÎ˚#– xlƒ àˆÏÓ£ÏܲÓ˚y ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚l
ˆÎ í˛zj#˛õܲ!ê˛ ˛õyܲfiÌ°#ˆÏï˛ ç° ˛õyl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÎ Ë)˛!Ùܲy
˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ë˛Ü˛ ˆï˛Ù!l ç°˛õyl !lÓyÓ˚î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeG !ܲS%È
Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛ˆÏÓ ï,˛£÷ÏyÓ˚ ˆ≤ãÏîyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÎ Ù)°àï˛
¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~álG ï˛y ˆÓyV˛y ÎyÎ˚!l–
ˆÎÔlï˛y (Sex)
˛õ¢% ï˛Ìy ÙylÓ í˛z˲ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ•z ˆÎÔlï˛y •° ~ܲ!ê˛
xlƒï˛Ù ¢!=˛¢y°# ï˛yí˛¸ly– ˆÎÔl ܲyÎ≈ܲ°yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ˆ≤ãÏîy Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚
xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ ¢!=˛¢y°# í˛z˛õyòyl–
Îy•zˆÏ•yܲñ ˆÎÔlï˛y ˜ç!Óܲ ˆ≤ãÏîyÓ˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢– ~ê˛y
xlƒ ˆÎˆÏܲyl ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ˆ≤ãÏîy å«%˛ôyñ ï,˛£÷Ïyä ˆÌˆÏܲG xˆÏlܲê˛y•z
!˲ߨñ ˆÎÙlñ xä ˆÎÔlܲyÎ≈ܲ°y˛õ ~ܲçl Óƒy!=˛Ó˚ ÓÑyã˛yÓ˚ çlƒ
x˛õ!Ó˚•yÎ≈ lÎ˚– xyä ˆÎÔlܲyÎ≈ܲ°yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ °«˛ƒ ˆ•y!ÙGfiê˛ƒy!ê˛§
§yÙ!@˝Ãܲ˲yˆÏÓ ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ !fiÌÓ˚ï˛y ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ Óy !fiÌÓ˚ï˛y lT˛ •ˆÏ°
ï˛yˆÏܲ Ú§yÙƒyÓfiÌyÎ˚ ˛õ%lıfiÌy!˛õï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ≤ÃÓ,!ï˛ ~ÓÇ •zä ˆÎÔl
ï˛yí˛¸ly ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ !Óܲ!¢ï˛ •Î˚ñ •zï˛ƒy!ò– !l¡¨ ≤Ãçy!ï˛Ó˚ ˛õ¢%ˆÏòÓ˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ê˛y !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ xˆÏlܲ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚ ò¢yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚– ÙylˆÏÓÓ˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÎÔl xˆÏ˲òƒË˛yˆÏÓ ˜Ïç!Óܲ Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ !lÎ˚!sfï˛ •Î˚– xˆÏlܲˆÏ«˛ˆÏe
ˆÎÔl ≤ÃÓîï˛yˆÏܲ §¡õ)î≈Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ˜ç!Óܲ ˆ≤ãÏîyÓ˚ ˆ◊î#ˆÏï˛ xhs˝Ë≈%˛=˛
ܲÓ˚y xï˛ƒhs˝ ܲ!ë˛l •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸–
¢yÓ˚#Ó˚!ÓK˛yl#Ó˚y í˛zay˛õl ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ˆÎñ ˆÎÔl xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚
ï˛#Ó ï˛y Ó˚ˆÏ=˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ˛õòyÌ≈ ≤ÃÓy!•ï˛ •Î˚ñ ÎyÓ˚ lyÙ
ˆÎÔl •Ó˚ˆÏÙylñ ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˛õ¢% ~ÓÇ Ùyl%£ÏˆÏòÓ˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÎ˚ ˆòáy ˆàˆÏSÈ ˆÎ ˆÎÔl •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl ˆÎÔl ˆ≤ãÏîyÓ˚
çlƒ òyÎ˚# Îy ˆÎÔlyAà myÓ˚y !là≈ï˛ •Î˚ñ xÌ≈yÍ ¢%Ü ˛@˝Ã!rÌ ˛õ%Ó˚%£ÏˆÏòÓ˚
~ÓÇ !í˛¡∫y¢Î˚ Ù!•°yˆÏòÓ˚– xhs˝ı«˛Ó˚y @˝Ã!rÌ ÎÌy xƒy!Ïí»˛ly° ~ÓÇ
!˛õê%˛•zê˛y!Ó˚ @˝Ã!rÌ ˆÎÔl ˆ≤ãÏîyˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ˲yˆÏÓ ˆÎÔl ˆ≤ãÏîy í˛zj#!˛õï˛ •Î˚ Ó!•Ó˚yàï˛ í˛zj#˛õly
~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ x!Ë˛Óƒ!=˛ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ÙˆÏly§yÙy!çܲ ˆ≤ãÏîy (Psychosocial Motives)
§yÙy!çܲ ˆ≤ãÏîyà%!° x!ôܲyÇ¢ ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z ˆ¢áy xÌÓy
x!ç≈ï˛ •Î˚– §yÙy!çܲ ˆày¤˛# ˆÎÙl ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ñ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ¢#ñ Órô%Ó˚y
~ÓÇ K˛y!ï˛Ó˚y §yÙy!çܲ ˆ≤ãÏîy xç≈l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ xˆÏlܲ xÓòyl
Ó˚yˆÏá– ~à%!° •° ˆ≤ãÏîyÓ˚ ç!ê˛° Ó˚)˛õ §Ù)• Îy ly!ܲ Óƒy!=˛Ó˚
§yˆÏÌ §yÙy!çܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ !ÙÌ!fl;Î˚y–
xl%ˆÏÙyòˆÏlÓ˚ ã˛y!•òy (Need for Affiliation)
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xˆÏlˆÏܲ §Aà# xÌÓy Órô% xÌÓy xlƒˆÏòÓ˚
§yˆÏÌ ˆÜ˛yl ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ §¡õÜ≈˛ ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚– ˆÜ˛í˛z•z §Ó§ÙÎ˚
~ܲy ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õSÈ® ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly– Îï˛ ï˛yí˛¸yï˛y!í˛¸ Ùyl%£Ï ~ˆÏܲ x˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛yl ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ §yò,¢ƒÙ)°Ü˛ xyã˛Ó˚î xÌÓy ~ܲ x˛õÓ˚ˆÏܲ
˛õSÈ® ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ xyÓ˚Ω˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛ál ï˛yÓ˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆày¤˛# àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ àë˛l xÌÓy §Ù!T˛àï˛ Ë˛yÓ ÙylÓ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ– ≤ÃyÎ˚¢•z Ùyl%£Ï xlƒˆÏòÓ˚ §y•y΃ ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ ï˛Ìy
ˆ§•z ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ §ò§ƒ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ â!l¤˛ •ˆÏï˛ !lòyÓ˚%î˲yˆÏÓ ˆã˛T˛y
ܲˆÏ Ó ˚ – ˆÜ˛yl Ùyl% £ Ï ˆ Ï Ü ˛ ã˛yGÎ˚ y ~ÓÇ ¢yÓ˚ # !Ó˚ Ü ˛ G Ùyl!§Ü˛
í˛z˲Î˚˲yˆÏÓ•z ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ â!l¤˛ •GÎ˚yˆÏܲ xl%ˆÏÙyòl Ó°y •Î˚– ~•z
ˆ≤ãÏîy §yÙy!çܲ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ç!í˛¸ï˛–
xl%ˆÏÙyòl ã˛y!•òy §!Ü ˛Î˚ •Î˚ Îál Óƒy!=˛ •%Ù!ܲ xÌÓy
x§•yÎ˚ï˛y xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ xyÓyÓ˚ Îál ï˛yÓ˚y á%!¢ •Î˚– ˆÎ§Ó
Óƒy!=˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~•z ã˛y!•òy ≤ÃÓ° ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛ál ï˛yÓ˚y xlƒˆÏòÓ˚ §Aà
ˆáÑyˆÏç ~ÓÇ xlƒˆÏòÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Órô%c˛õ)î≈ §¡õÜ≈˛ ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yˆÏá–
«˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ ã˛y!•òy (Need for Power)
«˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ ã˛y!•òy •° ~ܲ!ê˛ Óƒy!=˛Ó˚ xlƒ Óƒy!=˛Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚
~ÓÇ xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ x!˲ˆÏ≤Ãï˛ ≤Ã˲yÓ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §yÙÌ≈ƒ–
«˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ ˆ≤ãÏîyÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ °«˛îà%!° •° xlƒˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓñ !lÎ˚sfîñ
≤ÈÏÓ˚yã˛lyñ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly ~ÓÇ xyܲ£Ï≈î ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈
xˆÏlƒÓ˚ ò,!T˛ˆÏï˛ !lˆÏçÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yˆÏܲ í˛zß¨ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y–
David Meclelland (1975) «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ ˆ≤ãÏîyˆÏܲ ã˛yÓ˚
≤ÃܲyÓ˚ x!Ë˛Óƒ!=˛ˆÏï˛ Óî≈ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ≤ÃÌÙï˛ı Ùyl%£Ï «˛Ùï˛y ~ÓÇ
¢!=˛ ≤Ãy!Æ xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ çlƒñ !lˆÏçÓ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛eà%!°ˆÏܲ
ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏçˆÏܲ çl!≤ÃÎ˚ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ~ܲyd ܲˆÏÓ˚ xÌÓy
ˆÜ˛yl çl!≤ÃÎ˚ ˆáˆÏ°yÎ˚yí˛¸ˆÏòÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ܲy!•l# ˛õˆÏí˛¸– !mï˛#Î˚ï˛ı
«˛Ùï˛y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛zͧ ˆÌˆÏܲG xl%Ë)˛ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚
~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ x!Ë˛Óƒ!=˛ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ ˆ§Ô¤˛Ó àˆÏí˛¸ ï%˛ˆÏ° ~ÓÇ !lˆÏçÓ˚
xyˆÏÓà ~ÓÇ xhs˝ıˆ≤ãÏîyà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ !lÎ˚sfî ܲˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •Î˚–
ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ï˛ı Óƒ!=˛ !ܲS%È Ü˛yÎ≈ xlƒˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
çlƒG ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
í˛zòy•Ó˚lfl∫Ó˚)˛õ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ñ ˆÜ˛yl ~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛ xlƒ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚
§ˆÏAà ï˛Ü≈˛ÈüÈ!Óï˛Ü≈˛ xÌÓy ≤Ã!ï˛m!®ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§•z Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
≤Ã˲yÓ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ– ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ï˛ı Óƒ!=˛ ˆÜ˛yl §Çàë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §ò§ƒ
!•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ xlƒ ܲyÓ˚%Ó˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ ˆÊ˛°yÓ˚ çlƒ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎÙl
ˆÜ˛yl Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ òˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆlï˛y !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ó Óƒ!=˛ ò°àï˛ àë˛lï˛sfˆÏܲ
xlƒ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
Îy•zˆÏ•yܲñ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe í˛z˛õ!Ó˚í˛z=˛ ˆÎˆÏܲyl ˛õÂô!ï˛ «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚
ˆ≤ãÏîyˆÏܲ xyÎ˚ˆÏ_ xyˆÏl !ܲv ÓÎ˚§ ~ÓÇ x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ~Ó˚
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛lG •Î˚–
Ü,˛!ï˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ã˛y!•òy (Need for Achievement)
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y •Î˚ï˛ °«˛ƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚SÈ !ܲS%È SÈyeSÈye# á%Ó
˛õ!Ó˚◊Ù Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ xÌÓy ≤Ã!ï˛m!®ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÎ˚ ˲y° ly¡∫yÓ˚
xÌÓy ˆ@˝Ãí˛ ˛õyGÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ܲyÓ˚î ˲y° ly¡∫yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆ@˝Ãí˛ í˛zFã˛!¢«˛y
~ÓÇ Ë˛y° ã˛yÜ%˛!Ó˚ ˛õyGÎ˚yÓ˚ Ó˚yhflÏy ≤âhflÏ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– Ü,˛!ï˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ˆ≤ãÏîy
•° §ˆÏÓÁ≈y_Ù Ùyl ˛õ)Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ ~ܲçl Óƒy!=˛Ó˚ ã˛y!•òy– Ü,˛!ï˛ˆÏcÓ˚
ã˛y!•òy n-Ach !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓG ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ñ ˆÎ!ê˛ xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ ≤ÃӰ˲yˆÏÓ
§!Ü ˛Î˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ !lˆÏò≈¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îˆÏܲG ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚–
§yÙy!çܲ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ àë˛lÙ)°Ü˛ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§ !¢¢%Ó˚y Ü,˛!ï˛ˆÏcÓ˚
ã˛y!•òy xç≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎ§Ó §)e ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚y ~ê˛y xç≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚
xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ9 • ˆ≤ãÏîy ~ÓÇ xyˆÏÓà 173
ˆ§à%!°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ùyï˛y!˛õï˛yñ xyò¢≈ Óƒy!=˛ ~ÓÇ §Ùyç ~ÓÇ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛
í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ– í˛zFã˛ Ü,˛!ï˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ˆ≤ãÏîy !Ó!¢T˛ Óƒy!=˛Ó˚y ÙyV˛y!Ó˚ ܲ!ë˛l
~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ï˛m!®µï˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ܲyç ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õSÈ® ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚
ܲÙ≈«˛Ùï˛y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y çylyÓ˚ •zˆÏFSÈ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ ˆÌˆÏܲG
ˆÓ!¢ ≤ÃÓ° •Î˚ñ xÌ≈yÍ ï˛yÓ˚y !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛y çylˆÏï˛
ã˛yÎ˚ñ ÎyˆÏï˛ ï˛yÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛m!®µï˛yÓ˚ myÓ˚y °«˛ƒ ˛õ)Ó˚î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
çlƒ §Ùß∫Î˚ §yôl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
ˆÜ˛Ôï)˛•° ~ÓÇ xˆÏߣ∫ îÏ (Curiosity and Exploration)
ܲálG ܲálG Óƒy!=˛ ˆÜ˛yl flõT˛ °«˛ƒ Óy í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ SÈyí˛¸y
ܲyÎ≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ܲv ï˛yÓ˚y ~Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ܲ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ xyl® °y˲y ܲˆÏÓ˚
ÌyˆÏܲ– ~!ê˛ •° ˆÜ˛yl !l!ò≈T˛ §ly=˛ˆÏÎyàƒ °«˛ƒ SÈyí˛¸y !Ü ˛Î˚y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
ˆ≤ãÏîyòyÎ˚# ≤ÃÓîï˛yñ ˆÜ˛Ôï)˛•ˆÏ°Ó˚ °«˛îà%!° •°ÈüÈ xË)˛ï˛˛õ)Ó≈
x!˲K˛ï˛y xç≈l ܲÓ˚yñ ï˛Ìƒ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ xyl® °y˲
ܲÓ˚y •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛y– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ˆÜ˛Ôï)˛•° ˆ§•z xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ Óî≈ly
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÓ˚ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ •° !lˆÏçÓ˚ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ÓƒhflÏ Ìyܲy–
!ܲ •ˆÏÓ Î!ò xyܲy¢ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆË˛ˆÏAà ˛õˆÏí˛¸⁄ ~
ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ß¿ å!ܲ •ˆÏÓ Î!òä ˆÙôyÓ#ˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z_Ó˚!ê˛ áÑ%ˆÏç ÓyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
çlƒ xî%ˆÏ≤ÃÓ˚îy ˆòÎ˚– àˆÏÓ£Ïîyà%!° ˆòáyÎ˚ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛Ôï)˛•° xyã˛Ó˚î
ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ•z §#ÙyÓÂô lÎ˚ñ ˛õ¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒG ï˛o%˛õ
xyã˛Ó˚î ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– ˆÜ˛Ôï)˛•° ~ÓÇ §ÇˆÏÓòl¢#° í˛zj#˛õlyÓ˚ ã˛y!•òy
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ˆÏܲ xˆÏß∫£Ïî ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌ ã˛y!°ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– !Ó!˲ߨ
≤ÃܲyÓ˚ §ÇˆÏÓòl¢#° í˛zj#˛õlyÓ˚ ã˛y!•òy ˆÜ˛Ôï)˛•ˆÏ°Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ
â!l¤˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ §¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛– ~!ê˛ •° Ù)° ˆ≤ãÏîy ï˛Ìy xl%§rôyl
~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛Ôï)˛•° •° ~Ó˚ x!Ë˛Óƒ!=˛–
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚˛õyˆÏ¢ xˆÏlܲ !ܲS%È §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xK˛ï˛y
˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏܲ xˆÏß∫£Ïî ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ ¢!=˛¢y°# ˆ≤ãÏîy •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏ벖
˛õ%lÓ˚yÓ,!_Ù)°Ü˛ x!˲K˛ï˛y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xlyÎ˚yˆÏ§ !ÓÓ˚=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°–
Ê˛°fl∫Ó˚)˛õ xyÙÓ˚y l)ï˛l !ܲS%ÈÓ˚ ˆáÑyç ܲ!Ó˚–
!¢¢% ~ÓÇ ˆSÈyê˛ ÓyFã˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~•z ˆ≤ãÏîy á%Ó ≤Ã˲yÓ¢y°#
•Î˚– xˆÏß∫£Ïî ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ xl%Ù!ï˛Ó˚ ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚y §ˆÏhs˝y£Ï °y˲
ܲˆÏÓ˚ Îy ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ •y!§ˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ xfl≥%˛ê˛Óyܲ (babling) myÓ˚y
≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛!°ï˛ •Î˚– §•ˆÏç•z !¢¢%Ó˚y !Ó£Ïyò@˝ÃhflÏ •Î˚ Îál xˆÏß∫£Ïî
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆ≤ãÏîyˆÏܲ !lÓ˚%ͧy!•ï˛ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ !ë˛Ü˛ ˆÎÙ!l ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ã˛ï%˛Ì≈
xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸SÈ–
174 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
Ùƒy§ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ Ü ˛ˆÏÙyߨ!ï˛ ï˛_¥
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
xyˆÏdy˛õ°!kôÓ˚
ã˛y!•òy
◊ÂôyÓ˚ ã˛y!•òy
fl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ã˛y!•òy
!lÓ˚y˛õ_yÓ˚ ã˛y!•òy
˜ò!•Ü˛ ã˛y!•òy
!ã˛e / Ùy§‰ˆÏ°y ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ Ü ˛ˆÏÙyߨ!ï˛ ï˛_¥–
ˆ≤ãÏîy §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ ï˛_¥à%!°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ çl!≤ÃÎ˚ ï˛_¥
•° xyÓ y•yÙ Ùy§‰ˆÏ°y (Abraham Maslow 1968:1970)
≤Ãî#ï˛ ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ Ü ˛ˆÏÙyߨ!ï˛ ï˛_¥– í˛z!l Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ !Ó!˲ߨ
ã˛y!•òy xl%ÎyÎ˚# Ü ˛Ùyl%§yˆÏÓ˚ !ã˛!eï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl–
ˆ≤ãÏîy§¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ò,!T˛Ë˛Aà#!ê˛ ï˛y!_¥Ü˛ ~ÓÇ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàˆÏÎyàƒ
Ù)ˆÏ°ƒÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî á%Ó çl!≤ÃÎ˚ñ Îy ÚÚxyˆÏdy˛õ°!kôÓ˚ ï˛_¥ÛÛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ
˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛– å!ã˛e ı 9É3ä
Ùy§‰ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏí˛°!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ !˛õÓ˚y!Ùí˛ !•§yˆÏÓ ôyÓ˚îy ܲÓ˚y
ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆÎáyˆÏl §Ó≈!l¡¨ÈüÈhflÏÓ˚!ê˛ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚ xÌÓy ˜ò!•Ü˛
ã˛y!•òy Îy ˆÓшÏã˛ ÌyܲyÓ˚ çlƒ á%Ó˛≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚– ˆÎÙlÈüÈ «%˛ôyñ ï,˛£÷Ïy
•zï˛ƒy!ò– Îál ~•z ã˛y!•òyà%!° ˛õ)Ó˚î •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ ï˛ál•z Óƒy!=˛Ó˚
ÙˆÏôƒ xy§ß¨ !Ó˛õò ˆÌˆÏܲ ÓÑyã˛yÓ˚ ã˛y!•òy çß√yÎ˚– ~ˆÏܲ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ
~ÓÇ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ !lÓ˚y˛õ_yÓ˚ ã˛y!•òy ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚– ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# ã˛y!•òy
!•§yˆÏÓ xlƒˆÏòÓ˚ ˲y°Óy§y ˛õyGÎ˚y ~ÓÇ Ë˛y°Óy§y ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ ã˛y!•òy
xyˆÏ§– ~•z ã˛y!•òy ˛õ)Ó˚î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ Óƒy!=˛ ◊Âôy Óy §¡øyl°y˲
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ §Ç@˝ÃyÙ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ xÌ≈yÍ xydfl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ˆã˛ï˛lyˆÏÓyô !Óܲ!¢ï˛
•Î˚– !˛õÓ˚y!ÙˆÏí˛Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# í˛zFã˛ï˛Ó˚ ã˛y!•òy ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛!°ï˛ •Î˚ Óƒy!=˛Ó˚
§Ω˛yÓƒ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)î≈ Óƒy!=˛àï˛ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢ñ xÌ≈yÍ xyˆÏdy˛õ°!kô
~ܲçl xyˆÏdy˛õ°!kôܲyÓ˚# Óƒy!=˛(self actualized person)

ܲyç 9É1
ÓyhflÏ ! Óܲ !Ü  ˛ Î˚ y ܲ°y˛õ ܲálG ܲálG ã˛y!•òyÓ˚
Ü ˛ˆÏÙyߨ!ï˛ˆÏܲ xfl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˜§lƒˆÏòÓ˚ñ ˛õ%!°¢ x!Ê˛§y§≈ ~ÓÇ
x!@¿ÈüÈ!lÓ≈y˛õܲ ܲÙ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó˛õò˛õ)î≈ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ §¡ø%á#l •ˆÏÎ˚
xlƒˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚«˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ çyly ÎyÎ˚– xy˛õyï˛ò,!T˛ˆÏï˛ñ ~ˆÏï˛
!lÓ˚y˛õ_yÓ˚ ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ §ˆÏAà x§Aà!ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •Î˚–
~ê˛y ˆÜ˛l âê˛°⁄ ~ê˛y ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §•˛õyë˛#Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ~ÓÇ
ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚–
xyd§ˆÏã˛ï˛lñ §yÙy!çܲ òy!Î˚c˛õ)î≈ñ §,çl¢#°ñ fl∫ï˛ıfl≥)˛ï≈˛ñ
lï)˛lˆÏcÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ xy@˝Ã•# ~ÓÇ x!˲K˛ï˛y˛õ)î≈ •Î˚– ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
ˆÜ˛Ôï)˛Ü˛Ó˚§ˆÏÓyô ~ÓÇ à˲#Ó˚ xyhs˝ıÓƒy!=˛àï˛ (interpersonal)
§¡õÜ≈˛ àí˛¸yÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y !ÓòƒÙyl–
!˛õÓ˚y!ÙˆÏí˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !l¡¨ÈüÈhflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ ã˛y!•òy å¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚ä ܲï≈,˛c
Ê˛°yÎ˚ Îï˛«˛l ˛õÎ≈hs˝ƒ ï˛yÓ˚y xï,˛Æ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~ܲÓyÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚y Îál
˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)î≈˲yˆÏÓ §vT˛ •Î˚ñ ï˛ál í˛zôÁ≈ï˛l ã˛y!•òyà%!° Óƒy!=˛Ó˚
ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà ~ÓÇ ≤ÈÏã˛T˛y x!ô@˝Ã•l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛ˆÏÓ ~ê˛y í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚y
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ˆÎ á%Ó Ü˛Ù ˆ°yܲ•z §ˆÏÓ≈yFã˛ hflψÏÓ˚ ˆ˛õÔшÏSÈ Ü˛yÓ˚î x!ôܲyÇ¢
ˆ°yܲ !l¡¨hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ ã˛y!•òy !lˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ¢# í˛z!m@¿ ÌyˆÏܲ–
•ï˛y¢y ~ÓÇ mrô (Frustration and Conflict)
~ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ xyÙÓ˚y ˆ≤ãÏîyÓ˚ ï˛y!_¥Ü˛ ò,!T˛Ë˛Aà#à%!° !lˆÏÎ˚
xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ– ~•z ï˛_¥à%!° ˆ≤ãÏîyÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛à%!° §¡∫ˆÏrô
Óî≈ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏS ~ÓÇ ˆ≤ãÏîyÙ)°Ü˛ ܲyÎ≈ܲ°yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ !ܲ ã˛y!°ï˛
•Î˚ ~ÓÇ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ≤ãÏîyÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚îà%ˆÏ°y !ܲ !ܲ⁄ ~ál xyÙÓ˚y
ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚Óñ !ܲ •Î˚ Îál ˆ≤ãÏîyÙ)°Ü˛ ܲyç !l!ò≈T˛ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî
Óyôy≤ÃyÆ •Î˚ xÌÓy ~ê˛y x§Ê˛° •Î˚– xyÙÓ˚y ~ê˛yG ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚
ã˛y!•òy
ÓƒÌ≈ï˛y !Óܲ“ ˛õÌ §Ù)•
ï˛yí˛¸ly
í˛zˆÏ_çly È °«˛ƒÙ)°Ü˛ xyã˛Ó˚î
!ã˛e / 9É4 ÈüÈ ã˛y!•òyÈüÈmrôÈüÈ•ï˛y¢yÓ˚ ˛õÌ–
ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚Ó !ܲ •Î˚ Îál ~ܲçl Óƒy!=˛ ~ܲ•z §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲy!ôܲ
í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ ~ÓÇ ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ §¡ø%á#l •Î˚– ~•z ò%!ê˛ ˆ≤ãÏîy §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛
í˛zˆÏmàñ ò%!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ôyÓ˚îy ÎÌy •ï˛y¢y ~ÓÇ mˆÏ®Ó˚ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚
Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
•ï˛y¢y (Frustration)
xˆÏlܲ §ÙÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yl xÓfiÌy ˛x≤Ãï˛ƒy!¢ï˛ !òˆÏܲ ˆÙyí˛¸ ˆlÎ˚
~ÓÇ xyÙÓ˚y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ °«˛ƒ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ÓƒÌ≈ ••z– ~ܲ!ê˛ xyܲy!Cï˛
°«˛ƒ Îál Óyôy≤ÃyÆ •Î˚ ï˛ál ï˛y ܲT˛òyÎ˚ܲ •Î˚– !ܲv xyÙÓ˚y
§Óy•z !Ó!˲ߨ ÙyeyÎ˚ ç#ÓˆÏl ~ê˛y x!˲K˛ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ìy!ܲ– Îál
~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ãï˛ƒy!¢ï˛ °«˛ƒ xç≈l ly •Î˚ ~ÓÇ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ Óyôy≤ÃyÆ •Î˚
ï˛ál •ï˛y¢y •Î˚– ~!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ÓÓ˚%˛õ xÓfiÌy ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛í˛z ~ê˛y
˛õSÈ® ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly– •ï˛y¢yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° !Ó!˲ߨ xyã˛Ó˚îàï˛ ~ÓÇ Ùyl!§Ü˛
≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y •Î˚ ï˛yÓ˚ xhs˝Ë˛≈%=˛ •° xyÜ ˛Ùlydܲ xyã˛Ó˚îñ fiÌyÎ˚#ܲÓ˚î
(fixation)ñ ˛õ°yÎ˚lñ ˛õ!Ó˚ï˛ƒyà ~ÓÇ ÜÑ˛yòy– í˛°yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !Ù°yÓ˚
myÓ˚ y ≤ÃhflÏ y !Óï˛ •ï˛y¢yÈ ü È xyÜ  ˛ Ùîydܲï˛y (frustration-
aggression) á%Ó !Óáƒyï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ §)e (hypothesis)– ~ê˛y
~•z !ÓÓ,!ï˛ ˆòÎ˚ ˆÎ !lˆÏçÓ˚ xÌÓy xÓˆÏÓ˚yô í˛zͲõߨܲyÓ˚# í˛z˛õyòyˆÏlÓ˚
myÓ˚y Óy ˆÜ˛yl !ÓܲˆÏ“Ó˚ myÓ˚y ≤ÃyÎ˚•z ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ •Î˚– xyÜ ˛Ùîydܲ
!Ü ˛Î˚y §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ ¢y!hflÏ Óy •%Ù!ܲ myÓ˚y Óyôy≤ÃyÆ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– •ï˛y¢yÓ˚
Ù)° í˛zͧ xÌÓy ܲyÓ˚îà%!° ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ÈüÈ
1– ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢àï˛ ¢!=˛ ÈüÈ Îy ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ Ó›ñ Ó˚%Âô ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ xÌÓy
xlƒylƒ Ùyl%£ÏG •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ Îy ly!ܲ !l!ò≈T˛ °ˆÏ«˛ƒ ˆ˛õÔÑSÈyˆÏlyÓ˚
xyˆÏà Óƒy!=˛ˆÏܲ Óyôy ˆòÎ˚– 2– Óƒy!=˛àï˛ Ü˛yÓ˚î ÈüÈ ÎÌy x≤Ãyã%˛Î≈ï˛yñ
§¡õˆÏòÓ˚ x˲yÓ °ˆÏ«˛ƒ ˆ˛õÔSÈyˆÏly ܲ!ë˛l Óy x§Ω˛Ó ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛ˆÏ°
~ÓÇ 3– !Ó!˲ߨ ˆ≤ãÏîyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ mrô–
A1
A2
A3 mrô •ï˛y¢y
A4
A5 xyÜ ˛Ùîydܲ
ÙˆÏly˲yÓ
xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ9 • ˆ≤ãÏîy ~ÓÇ xyˆÏÓà 175
 Óy: 9É1 xydÈüȈ≤ãÏîy (Self Motivation)
!lˆÏçˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ xlƒˆÏܲ xl%≤Ãy!îï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ !ܲS%È í˛z˛õyÎ˚ !lˆÏ¡¨ ˆòGÎ˚y
•° ı
1– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y Îy•z ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ ˛õ)î≈yAà ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly !lˆÏÎ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
2– ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ °«˛ƒˆÏܲ x@˝Ãy!ôܲyÓ˚ !òˆÏï˛ ˆ¢á åˆÎÙl ÈüÈ 1ñ 2ñ
3ñ Ü ˛Ùyl%§yˆÏÓ˚ §yçyGä
3– fl∫“ ˆÙÎ˚yò# °«˛ƒ !lô≈yÓ˚l ܲÓ˚ ÈüÈ å!ܲS%È !òˆÏlñ ~ܲ §ÆyˆÏ•ñ
~ܲ ÙyˆÏ§ •zï˛ƒy!òä–
4– !lˆÏçÓ˚ °«˛ƒ ˛õ)Ó˚î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ !lˆÏçˆÏܲ ˛õ%Ó˚‹,Òï˛ Ü˛Ó˚– ˆÜ˛yl
ˆSÈyê˛ °ˆÏ«˛ƒÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !lˆÏçˆÏܲ lï%˛l
mrô (Conflict)
Îál Óƒy!=˛ˆÏܲ ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚!ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# ã˛y!•òyñ •zFSÈyñ ˆÏ≤ãÏîy
xÌÓy òyÓ#Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ˆÏܲ !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚ ï˛ál mrô âˆÏê˛ñ
!ï˛l≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ m® xyˆÏSÈñ í˛zòy•Ó˚lfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ xyܲ£Ï≈îÈüÈxyܲ£Ï≈î
mrôñ !Óܲ£Ï≈îÈüÈ!Óܲ£Ï≈î mrô ~ÓÇ xyܲ£Ï≈îÈüÈ!Óܲ£Ï≈î mrô–
xyܲ£Ï≈îÈüÈxyܲ£Ï≈î m®µ xyˆÏ§ Îál ò%!ê˛ ôlydܲ ~ÓÇ
xyܲy!Cï˛ !ÓܲˆÏ“Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ˆÏܲ !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚–
!Óܲ£Ï≈îÈüÈ!Óܲ£Ï≈î m®µ ò%!ê˛ ˆl!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ Óy ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ xlyܲy!A«˛ï˛
!Óܲ“§Ù)• !lÓ≈yã˛l ˆÌˆÏܲ xyˆÏ§– ÓyhflÏÓ ç#ÓˆÏl ~•z !mÈüÈ!Óܲ£Ï≈î
m®µ !ܲS%È í˛z˲Î˚ §ÇÜ˛ê˛ ˆÎÙlñ òhs˝!ã˛!ܲͧܲ ~ÓÇ òÑyˆÏï˛Ó˚ «˛Î˚ñ
Ó˚yhflÏyÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ áyÓyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ xly•yÓ˚ •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
§yˆÏÌ ç!í˛¸ï˛– xyܲ£Ï≈îÈüÈ!Óܲ£Ï≈î m®µ xyˆÏ§ Îál ~ܲ•z °«˛ƒ xÌÓy
ܲyÎ≈ܲ°y˛õ xyÜ,˛T˛G ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyÓyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛•ï˛G ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
m®µà%!° §Ùyôyl ܲÓ˚y ܲ!ë˛l ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ï˛yÓ˚y !Óܲ£Ï≈î m®µ ˆÌˆÏܲG
x!ôܲï˛Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚!=˛Ü˛Ó˚– xyܲ£Ï≈îÈüÈ!Óܲ£Ï≈î mˆÏ®Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ãôyl
˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ •° !mÙ%á#ï˛yÈüÈ~ܲ!ê˛ ôlydܲ ~ÓÇ }îydܲ mˆÏ®µÓ˚
§Ç!Ù◊î– xyܲ£Ï≈îÈüÈ!Óܲ£Ï≈ˆÏîÓ˚ !ܲS%È í˛zòy•Ó˚î •° ~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛
l)ï˛l ~ܲê˛y ˆÙyê˛Ó˚Óy•zܲ !ܲlˆÏï˛ ã˛yl !ܲv ÙyˆÏ§ ÙyˆÏ§ ê˛yܲy
!òˆÏï˛ ã˛yl ly ~ܲçl x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ GçˆÏlÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛ ˆÎÙl ˆáˆÏï˛ ã˛yl
~ÓÇ ~Ùl ܲyí˛zˆÏܲ !ÓˆÏÎ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly ܲˆÏÓ˚l ÎyˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚
!˛õï˛yÙyï˛y ly ˛õSÈ® ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ~Ùl xˆÏlܲ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈
!§ÂôyˆÏhs˝ xyܲ£Ï≈îÈüÈ!Óܲ£Ï≈î mˆÏrôÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚–
•ï˛y¢yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ãôyl í˛zͧ •° ˆ≤ãÏîyÙ)°Ü˛ mrô–
ç#ÓˆÏlñ xyÙÓ˚y ≤ÃyÎ˚•z !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛m!rôï˛yÙ)°Ü˛ í˛zͧ
myÓ˚y ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ Ìy!ܲ ˆÎà%!° xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ !ò¢yÎ˚ ã˛y!°ï˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•zÓ˚)˛õ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛à%!°ˆÏï˛ mˆÏrôÓ˚ xÓfiÌy ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •Î˚–
176 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
ܲ°Ùñ ã˛Ü˛ˆÏ°ê˛ xÌÓy xlƒ ˆÜ˛yl Ó› Îy ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ã˛yG ï˛y !òˆÏÎ˚
!lˆÏçˆÏܲ ˛õ%Ó˚‹,Òï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚–
5– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ ÓyÓ˚ °«˛ƒ ≤Ãy!ÆÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ ≤âǧy ܲÓ˚– åÓ°ñ !ã˛Î˚y§≈
ÚÚxy!Ù ~ê˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚!SÈñ xy!Ù ~ê˛yˆÏï˛ §ï˛ƒ•z ˲yˆÏ°y–ÛÛ
ÚÚxyÙyÓ˚ ÙˆÏl •Î˚ xy!Ù Ó%!Âô áy!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ ܲyç ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚–ÛÛä
•zï˛ƒy!ò–
6– Î!ò °«˛ƒ ≤Ãy!Æ Ü˛!ë˛l ӈϰ ÙˆÏl •Î˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ ï˛yˆÏܲ ˆSÈyê˛ ˆSÈyê˛
xLjϢ ˲yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y ~ܲê˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ¢£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
7– !lˆÏçÓ˚ xyܲy!Aáï˛ °ˆÏ«˛ƒ ˆ˛õÔÑSÈyˆÏlyÓ˚ çlƒ !lˆÏçÓ˚ ܲ!ë˛l
˛õ!Ó˚◊ˆÏÙÓ˚ Ê˛°yÊ˛°ˆÏܲ ò,!T˛ˆÏàyã˛Ó˚ Óy ܲ“ly ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚–
xï˛~Ó ~ܲ!ê˛ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲy!ôܲ •zFSÈy ~ÓÇ ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛
•° mˆÏrôÓ˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ–
mˆÏrôÓ˚ §ÙhflÏ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe˛ !ÓܲˆÏ“Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚%ˆÏÂô
xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ!ê˛ ÓySÈy•z ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ñ ~ˆÏܲÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ xlƒ!ê˛Ó˚ xyˆÏ˛õ!«˛Ü˛
¢!=˛‡à%Ó˚%c ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢àï˛ í˛z˛õyòyˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ !ÓܲˆÏ“Ó˚ áÑ%!ê˛ly!ê˛ !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ m®Ù)°Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛
§Ùyôyl ܲÓ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛– ~áyˆÏl í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒñ xyˆÏ°yã˛ƒ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ •°
ˆÎñ •ï˛y¢yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î •° m®ñ ˆÎ!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï≈˛ xyÜ ˛Ùîydܲï˛yÎ˚
˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚lfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ ~ܲçl Î%Óܲ ˆÎ ly!ܲ
§Aà#ï˛K˛ •ˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚ñ !ܲv !˛õï˛yÙyï˛yÓ˚ ã˛yˆÏ˛õ ˆÙˆÏlçÙƒyrê˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ§≈
ܲyç ı 9É2
!l¡¨!°!áï˛ ≤ß¿à%!°Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚ òyG ï˛Ìy ò%Ó≈° çyÎ˚ày !lˆÏÎ˚ ܲyç ܲÓ˚È
1ä ~•z §ÆyˆÏ• ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆÎ ܲyçà%!° ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly
!Ü ˛Î˚yܲ°y˛õà%!°ˆÏܲ ï˛y!°Ü˛yË%˛=˛ ܲÓ˚–
2ä ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !ܲ xyàyÙ# ÙyˆÏ§Ó˚ çlƒ xyˆÏà•z ˆÜ˛yl °«˛ƒ !lô≈yÓ˚l ܲˆÏÓS˚ È⁄
Î!ò •Ñƒy •Î˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆ§à%!° !ܲ⁄ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ï˛y!°Ü˛y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y
ܲÓ˚–
3ä ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !ܲ ˆÜ˛yl ˜òl!®l Ó˚%!ê˛l ã˛yê≈˛ xyˆÏSÈ⁄ Î!ò ly •Î˚ñ ï˛y•ˆÏ°
ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ˆÏܲ ˛õí˛¸y¢%lyñ !Ó◊yÙñ ÙˆÏlyÓ˚Ol ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ
ܲyçܲˆÏÙ≈ !Óã˛«˛îƒï˛yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Ë˛yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˜òl!®l Ó˚%!ê˛l ã˛yê≈˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚–
4ä ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !ܲ §Ê˛°Ë˛yˆÏÓ !lˆÏçÓ˚ Ó˚%!ê˛l ã˛yê≈˛ xl%§Ó˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚SÈ⁄
åÎ!ò ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ xyˆÏà ˆÌˆÏܲ•z ˜òl!®l Ó˚%!ê˛l ã˛yê≈˛ ÌyˆÏܲä
5ä Î!ò ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y §!ë˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˜òl!®l Ó˚%!ê˛l ã˛yê≈˛ xl%§Ó˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ly
˛õyÓ˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ ˆ§•z x!lÎ˚!Ùï˛ x˲ƒy§ˆÏܲ ò)Ó#˚ Ë)˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛
˛õyÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚–
˛õí˛¸y¢%ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ !˛õï˛yÙyï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒy¢y xl%ÎyÎ˚# ˲y° Ê˛°
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ly ï˛yˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ áyÓ˚y˛õ Ê˛°yÊ˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ≤ß¿ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°
ˆÎ xyÜ ˛Ùîydܲ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ (Nature of Emotions)
ÚÚfl∫yï˛# á%Ó á%!¢– xyç ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ Ê˛° ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ
~ÓÇ ˆ§ ¢#£Ï≈fiÌyl ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆ§ í˛zÕ‘y§ xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏSÈ– Î!òG
ï˛yÓ˚ Órô% ≤ÃîÎ˚ ˲y° Ê˛° ܲˆÏÓ˚!l ӈϰ ï˛yÓ˚ Ùl áyÓ˚y˛õ– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛í˛z ˆÜ˛í˛z fl∫yï˛#Ó˚ Ü,˛!ï˛ˆÏc !•Ç§y xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏSÈ– ç#Ól
ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒy¢y xl%ÎyÎ˚# Ê˛° ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ly ˛õyÓ˚yÎ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ Ó˚yà
ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ !˛õï˛yÙyï˛y •ï˛y¢ ӈϰ ˆ§ x§%á#–Û
xyÙÓ˚ y §yÓ˚ y !òˆÏ l xyl®ñ ò% ı áñ xy¢yñ ˲y°Óy§yñ
í˛zˆÏ_çlyñ Ó˚yàñ â,îy ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ xˆÏlܲ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛Ó˚ x!˲K˛ï˛y
ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ Ìy!ܲ– ÚxyˆÏÓàÛ ¢∑!ê˛ ≤ÃyÎ˚¢•z xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ ~ÓÇ ˆÙçyç ~Ó˚
§ÙyÌ≈ܲ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ !ÓˆÏÓ!ã˛ï˛ •Î˚– §yôyÓ˚lï˛ı xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ
!Ü ˛Î˚yܲ°yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ç!í˛¸ï˛ Îy ly!ܲ xyl® Óy ÓƒÌyÓ˚ Ùyey
!lˆÏò≈¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÙçyç ò#â≈§ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ çlƒ !ܲv xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ܲÙ
ï˛#Ó ï˛y§¡õߨ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ã˲yÓ¢y°# xÓfiÌy– í˛z˲Î˚ ôyÓ˚îyà%!°
xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ §Çܲ#î≈ ôyÓ˚îy §¡õߨ– xyˆÏÓà ~ܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
í˛zˆÏ_çly˛õ)î≈ñ Ùyl!§Ü˛ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ ~ÓÇ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ Óƒyáƒy §ß∫rô#Î˚
ç!ê˛° ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y– Îál xyÙÓ˚y xyˆÏÓà xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛!Ó˚ ï˛ál ï˛y
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ x˲ƒhs˝ˆÏÓ˚ ã˛y!°ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚ ~ÓÇ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ç!í˛¸ï˛–
xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ x!˲K˛ï˛y ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !˲ߨ–
ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÎ˚ñ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ xyˆÏÓà §ly=˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
~áyˆÏl ~!ê˛ í˛zˆÏÕ‘ál#Î˚ ˆÎ xhs˝ï˛ı SÈÎ˚!ê˛ xyˆÏÓà §Ó≈fl∫#Ü,˛ï˛–
~à%!° •° Ó˚yàñ !Óï,˛£÷Ïyñ ˲Î˚ñ xyl®ñ ò%ıá ~ÓÇ !ÓfløÎ˚– •zçyí≈˛
(Izard) ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ ò¢ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ù)° xyˆÏÓà xyˆÏSÈ ˆÎà%!° •°
xyl®ñ !ÓfløÎ˚ñ xyܲ£Ï≈îñ !Óï,˛£÷Ïyñ xÓK˛yñ ˲Î˚ñ °Iyñ x˛õÓ˚yôˆÏÓyô
~ÓÇ í˛zˆÏ_çlyñ ~à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ê˛°◊%!ï˛ˆÏï˛ xlƒ !Ù◊î xyˆÏÓà
§,!T˛ •Î˚– Plutchik ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ñ xyê˛ ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ xÌÓy
≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ xyˆÏÓà xyˆÏSÈ– xlƒylƒ !Ó!˲ߨ xyˆÏÓà ~•z ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛
xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ §Ç!Ù◊ˆÏî àˆÏí˛¸ í˛zˆÏ벖 í˛z!l ~•z xyˆÏÓàà%!°ˆÏܲ
!Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛Ù%á# ã˛yÓ˚ˆÏçyí˛¸yÎ˚ ˲yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ˆÎÙl ÈüÈ xyl®ÈüÈò%/áñ
@˝Ã•lˆÏÎyàƒï˛yÈüÈ!Óï,˛£÷Ïyñ ˲Î˚ÈüȈܠ˛yô ~ÓÇ !ÓfløÎ˚ÈüÈxy®yç–
xyˆÏÓà ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •Î˚ ï˛#Ó ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ åï˛#Ó ÈüÈ«˛#îä ~ÓÇ
à%ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ åxyl®ñ !lÓ˚yl®ñ ˲Î˚ä– !Ó£ÏÎ˚àï˛ í˛z˛õyòyl ~ÓÇ
˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛àï˛ ˛≤çAà xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ x!˲K˛ï˛yˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚–
~•z í˛z˛õyòylà%!° •° !°Aàñ Óƒy!=˛c ~ÓÇ !ӈϢ£Ï ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
ÙˆÏly!ÓܲyÓ˚– àˆÏÓ£Ïîy ≤ÃÙyî ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎñ Ó˚yà Óyò !òˆÏÎ˚ Ù!•°yÓ˚y
§ÙhflÏ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ x!˲K˛ï˛y ˛õ%Ó%̊£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ˆÓ¢# xl%˲Ó
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˛˛õ%Ó˚%£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó˚yˆÏàÓ˚ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛y x!ôܲ ï˛#Ó 
~ÓÇ ˆ˛õÔîı˛õ%!lܲ •Î˚– ~•z !°.ˆÏ˲Ïò ˛õ%Ó˚%£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ å˛≤Ã!ï˛m!rôï˛yÙ)°Ü˛
xyã˛Ó˚îä ~ÓÇ Ù!•°yˆÏòÓ˚ å§ÇÎ%%=˛Ü˛Ó˚î ~ÓÇ Îbä §yÙy!çܲ
Ë)˛!ÙܲyÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ç!í˛¸ï˛–
xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚ !˲!_
(Physiological Bases of Emotions)
!òÓƒy ~ܲ!ê˛ ã˛yܲÓ˚#Ó˚ çlƒ Ù!Ó˚Î˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏSÈ– ˆ§
§y«˛yÍܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çlƒ ˲y°Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ xyd!ÓŸªy§#
xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛ÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆ§ Ó˚%ˆÏÙ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ §y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚ ¢%Ó˚% •GÎ˚y
Ùyeñ ˆ§ xï˛ƒhs˝ í˛zˆÏ_!çï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸– ï˛yÓ˚ •yï˛ ˛õy ë˛yu˛y •ˆÏÎ˚
ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ •,òflõ®l ï˛#Ó  •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆ§ §!ë˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ
í˛z_Ó˚ !òˆÏï˛ x§ÙÌ≈ •Î˚–ÛÛ
ˆÜ˛l ~ê˛y ~Ùl •° ⁄ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ç#ÓˆÏl ~Ùl•z ~ܲ!ê˛
˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ ܲÌy !ã˛hs˝y ܲÓ˚ ÎyÓ˚ §¡ø%á#l ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ •ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !ܲ ~Ó˚ §Ω˛yÓƒ ܲyÓ˚îà%!° Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ⁄ xyÙÓ˚y
ˆò!á ˆÎñ Îál xyÙÓ˚y xyˆÏÓà xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛!Ó˚ ï˛ál à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈
¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l âˆÏê˛– Îál xyÙÓ˚y í˛zˆÏ_!çï˛ñ ˲#ï˛ xÌÓy
Ó˚yày!ß∫ï˛ ••z ï˛ál ~•z ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛là%!° xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÜ,˛ï˛
§•ç˲yˆÏÓ °«˛ƒ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y §Óy•z °«˛ƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚SÈñ Îál
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆÜ˛yl ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî Ó˚yà xÌÓy í˛zˆÏ_!çï˛ •Gñ ï˛ál •,òflõ®l
ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ ÎyÎ˚ñ ÙyÌy !V˛Ù!V˛Ù ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ âyÙ !lı§Ó˚î ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ
˛õy ÜÑ˛y˛õˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– xï˛ƒyô%!lܲ §Ó˚OyˆÏÙÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°ñ
xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ç!í˛¸ï˛ ˆÎ !l!ò≈T˛ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l âˆÏê˛
ï˛y ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ ܲÓ˚y §•ç •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– fl∫Î˚Ç!Ü ˛Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˆ§yÙy!rê˛Ü˛ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf
í˛z˲ˆÏÎ˚•z xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚– xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏ e fl¨ y Î˚ % ! Óܲ ¢yÓ˚ # Ó˚ Ó , _ #Î˚ §!Ü  ˛ Î˚ ܲÓ˚ ˆ Ï î ̃y°yÙy§ñ
•y•zˆÏ˛õỹy°yÙy§ñ !°!¡∫ܲ !§ˆÏfiê˛Ùñ ˆ§!Ó˚Ó y° ܲˆÏê≈˛:ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
Ü ˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒË˛yˆÏÓ ç!í˛¸ï˛– Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ ~•z§Ó ~°yܲyˆÏï˛
xyâyï˛≤ÃyÆ Óƒy!=˛ˆÏòÓ˚ §yÙˆÏÌ≈ƒ ò%Ó≈°ï˛y ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÎ˚ ˆòáy
ˆàˆÏSÈ ˆÎ Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xLjϢ !lÓ≈yã˛lÙ)°Ü˛ §!Ü ˛Î˚ܲÓ˚î !¢¢%
~ÓÇ ÓÎ˚flÒˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ xyˆÏÓàˆÏܲ í˛zˆÏ_!çï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚–
xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õ%Ó˚ˆÏly ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚ ï˛_¥à%!°Ó˚
ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆçÙ‰§ (James 1884) !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl ~ÓÇ °ƒyÇ §ÙÌ≈l
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ï˛y•z ~Ó˚ lyÙ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ ˆçÙ§‰ÈüÈ°ƒyÇ ï˛_¥–
(James-Lange Theory) åˆòá !ã˛e 9É5ä–
xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ9 • ˆ≤ãÏîy ~ÓÇ xyˆÏÓà 177
 Óy: ı 9É2 xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚!Óòƒy
fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sfñ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˝Ü˛ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ !lÎ˚sfˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
̃y°yÙy§ ı
~!ê˛ fl¨yÎ˚%ˆÏܲy£Ïà%FSÈ myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛ ~ÓÇ §ÇK˛yÓ• fl¨yÎ˚%Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
!Ó˚ˆÏ° ˆÜ˛w !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚– ̃y°yÙyˆÏ§Ó˚ í˛zˆÏ_çly ˲Î˚ñ í˛zˆÏmà
~ÓÇ fl∫Î˚Ç!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ܲƒyll ~ÓÇ Óyí≈˛
(Cannon-Bard 1931) §yˆÏ° xyˆÏÓà §¡∫rô#Î˚ ï˛ˆÏ_¥ñ xyˆÏÓà
§¡∫rô#Î˚ x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ §)ã˛ly ~ÓÇ ÙôƒfiÌï˛yܲyÓ˚# !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Ìƒy°yÙy§
~Ó˚ à%Ó˚%c xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
•y•zˆÏ˛õỹy°yÙy§ ı
~!ê˛ xyˆÏÓà !lÎ˚sfˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ˆÜ˛w !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ àîƒ
ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~!ê˛ ˆ•y!ÙGfiê˛ƒy!ê˛Ü˛ ˲yÓ˚§yÙƒ !lÎ˚sfî ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ fl∫Î˚Ç!Ü ˛Î˚
~•z ï˛_¥!ê˛ §%˛õy!Ó˚¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢àï˛ í˛zj#˛õly
xyhs˝Ó˚Îsf åˆÎÙlñ xy˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î xAà ~ÓÇ Ê%˛§Ê%˛§ä ˆÌˆÏܲ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ
≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ˆÎyàyÎ˚ Îy ly!ܲ ˆ˛õ¢# lyí˛¸yã˛yí˛¸yÎ˚ §ˆÏAà §ÇÎ%=˛–
í˛zòy•Ó˚lfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ ~ܲ!ê˛ x≤Ãï˛ƒy!¢ï˛ ï˛#Ó  xyGÎ˚yˆÏç ã˛ÙˆÏܲ ÎyGÎ˚yñ
xyhs˝Ó˚Îsf#Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˆ˛õ¢#àï˛ xAàˆÏܲ §!Ü ˛Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏÓàˆÏܲ
í˛zˆÏ_!çï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚–
xlƒÜ˛ÌyÎ˚ñ ˆçÙ§‰ÈüÈ°ƒyÇ ï˛_¥!ê˛ˆÏï˛ Î%!=˛ ˆòÎ˚ ˆÎñ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚
¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛lñ ˆÎÙlÈüÈ ˆÜ˛yl âê˛lyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ o%ï˛ Ÿªy§@˝Ã•l
ܲÓ˚yñ •,òˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ô%ܲ˛õ%ܲy!l ~ÓÇ ˛õy ܲÑy˛õy •zï˛ƒy!ò §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛î
xyˆÏÓàÈüÈç!lï˛ í˛zˆÏ_çlyÓ˚ §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ Ù)° Ó=˛Óƒ
•°ÈüÈ ˆÜ˛yl !l!ò≈T˛ âê˛ly Óy í˛zj˛#˛õly !l!ò≈T˛ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛lˆÏܲ í˛zˆÏ_!çï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛là%!°Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°
xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ x!˲K˛ï˛y •Î˚–
Î!òGñ ~•z ï˛_¥!ê˛ ≤Ãã%˛Ó˚ §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ §¡ø%á#l •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ
~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ Ü˛Ù– xyÓ˚G ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛_¥ ܲƒyll ~ÓÇ Óyí≈˛
≤ÃhflÏyÓ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ܲƒyllÈüÈÓyí≈˛ ï˛_¥ òy!Ó Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ §ÙhflÏ
Ó˚yhflÏyÎ˚ ò)â≈ê˛ly •,òflõ®l Ó,!Âôñ âyÙ
í˛zj#˛õܲ
!l!ò≈T˛ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l
!ã˛e 9 5 ı xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ ˆçÙ§‰ÈüÈ°ƒyÇÈüÈ ï˛_¥–
178 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
ܲyÎ≈yÓ°# ~ÓÇ xhs˝ı«˛Ó˚y @˝Ã!rÌÓ˚ Ó˚§«˛Ó˚î ~ÓÇ ˆò•§ÇÜ ˛yhs˝ xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚
ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚G !lÎ˚sfî ܲˆÏÓ˚–
!°!¡∫ܲ !§ˆÏfiê˛Ù ı
xyˆÏÓà !lÎ˚sˆf îÏ Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ̃y°yÙy§ ~ÓÇ •y•zˆ˛Ï õỹy°yÙyˆÏ§Ó˚
§yˆÏÌ !°!¡∫Ü !§ˆÏfiê˛ÙG ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
~!Ùàí˛y°y •° !°!¡∫ܲ !§ˆÏfiê˛ˆÏÙÓ˚˛ ~ܲê˛y xÇ¢ Îy ly!ܲ xyˆÏÓà
!lÎ˚sfî ~ÓÇ xyˆÏÓà §¡∫rô#Î˚ flø,!ï˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ òyÎ˚#–
ܲˆÏê≈˛: ı
xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ܲˆÏê≈˛: â!l¤˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ç!í˛¸ï˛– Îy•z ˆ•yܲ ~•z
ˆày°yô≈ ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ÓÑy!òˆÏܲÓ˚ Ê ˛rê˛y° ܲˆÏê≈˛:
ôlydܲ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ç!í˛¸ï˛–
˛õÂô!ï˛ Ìƒy°yÙyˆÏ§Ó˚ ÙôƒfiÌï˛yÎ˚ •Î˚ñ Îy ly!ܲ ˆÜ˛yl xyˆÏÓà
í˛zͲõߨܲyÓ˚# í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ •Î˚ñ ~!ê˛ ~ܲ•z §ˆÏAà
ˆ§!Ó˚Ó y° ܲˆÏê≈˛:ñ ܲAܲy°Óï˛ ˆ˛õ¢# ~ÓÇ §ÙˆÏÓò# fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛ˆÏsf ï˛Ìƒ
Ó•l ܲˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– ï˛yÓ˚˛õˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§!Ó˚Ó y° ܲˆÏê≈˛: ˛õ)Ó≈ÈüÈx!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚
!˲!_ˆÏï˛ ≤Ãï˛ƒ!«˛ï˛ í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚)˛õ !lô≈yÓ˚l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~!ê˛ xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚
Óƒy!=˛!Ó£ÏÎ˚ܲ x!˲K˛ï˛yˆÏܲG !lô≈yÓ˚l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ܲ•z§ÙˆÏÎ˚ §ÙˆÏÓò#
fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf ~ÓÇ ˆ˛õ¢#§Ù)• Óƒy!=˛ ÎyˆÏï˛ !Ü ˛Î˚y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚
çlƒ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚ í˛zˆÏ_çly ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– å!ã˛e ı 9É6 ˆòáä
fl∫Î˚Ç!Ü ˛Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf ò%!ê˛ ï˛ˆÏsf !Ó˲=˛ñ ÎÌyÈüÈ §ÙˆÏÓò# ~ÓÇ
˛õÓ˚y§ÙˆÏÓò#– ~•z ò%!ê˛ ï˛sf ~ܲ!eï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ ˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛yÎ≈
§¡õyòl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˛õ#í˛¸lÙ)°Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ §ÙˆÏÓò# ï˛sf ˆ§•z
˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ Ù%ˆÏáyÙ%!á •GÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˆò•ˆÏܲ ≤Ã›ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ~!ê˛
•,ò!˛õˆÏu˛Ó˚ •yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ •…y§ñ Ó˚ˆÏ=˛Ó˚ ã˛y˛õñ Ó˚ˆÏ=˛ ¢Ü≈˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyl
≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ˆÏܲ !lÎ˚sfî ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ xy˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#l xÓfiÌyˆÏܲ
¢!=˛ ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~!ê˛ Óƒy!=˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ xÓfiÌyÓ˚ ≤ÃÓï≈˛l
ܲˆÏÓ˚ Îy ˛õ#í˛¸lÙ)°Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ xy˛õï˛Ü˛y°#l
˲#!ï˛
¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ x!˲K˛ï˛y
≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛î
 ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°
fl∫Î˚Ç!Ü ˛Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf ÙyǧˆÏ˛õ¢#
§!Ü ˛Î˚ ܲÙ≈

í˛zj#˛õly ̃y°yÙy§
Fig.9.6 : Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion

ˆ§!Ó˚Ó y° ܲˆÏê≈˛: xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚àï˛ x!˲K˛ï˛y

!ã˛e ı 9 6 xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ ܲƒyllÈüÈ Óyí≈˛ ï˛_¥–

˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ (Fight or flight) ˆÙyܲy!Ó°y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ≤Ã›ï˛ í˛z˛õyòyl ï˛_¥ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ≤ÃhflÏyÓ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰlñ Îy xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ ò%!ê˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚– í˛z˛õyòyˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •Î˚ ÎÌy ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚ í˛zj#˛õly
˲Î˚ ≤Ãò¢≈ l ܲyÓ˚ # ˛õ!Ó˚ ! fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ x˛õ§yÓ˚ ˆ Ï î Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~ÓÇ K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ xyáƒyl– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ñ Óï≈˛Ùyl í˛zˆÏ_çly §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛
˛õÓ˚y§ÙˆÏÓò# fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf xyÓyÓ˚ §!Ü ˛Î˚ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˆò•ˆÏܲ ¢yhs˝ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏã˛ï˛lï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ x!˲K˛ï˛y Ó,!Âô ˛õyÎ˚– ï˛yÓ˚y
ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Ë˛yÓ˚§yˆÏÙƒÓ˚ ˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~!ê˛ ¢!=˛Ó˚ ˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚l ~ÓÇ xyÓ˚G !ÓŸªy§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛l ˆÎ xyˆÏÓà ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚˲yˆÏÓ xl%Ó˚)˛õ •Î˚–
§ÇÓ˚«˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ !Ê˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏl– í˛zòy•Ó˚lfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ Îál ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y í˛zˆÏ_!çï˛ xÌÓy ˲#ï˛ xÌÓy ˆÓ˚ˆÏà
Î!òG ~•z ò%!ê˛ ï˛sf !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°Gñ §ÙˆÏÓò# ~ÓÇ ÎyG •,òflõ®ˆÏlÓ˚ •yÓ˚ ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ ÎyÎ˚– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y Î!ò ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚˲yˆÏÓ
˛õÓ˚y§ÙˆÏÓò# ~•z ò%!ê˛ ï˛sf ~ˆÏܲ x˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)Ó˚ܲ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ í˛zˆÏ_!çï˛ •G ï˛ál ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y Óy!•ƒÜ˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ xӈϰyܲl
x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ ≤Ãܲy¢ˆÏܲ §¡õߨ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~•z í˛zˆÏ_çlyÓ˚ Óƒyáƒy ˆáÑyç– ï˛y•zñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ò,!T˛ˆÏï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛
xyˆÏÓà≤ÃÓî x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ çlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ §ˆÏã˛ï˛l ÓƒyáƒyÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl–
xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ !˲!_ Îálñ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ ܲ§Ó˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y í˛zˆÏ_!çï˛ •G
(Cognitive Bases of Emotions)
xyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛í˛z ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z=˛ï˛ƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ ï˛y xyÓ˚G í˛zˆÏ_çlyÎ˚
x!ôܲyÇ¢ ÙˆÏly!Óò !ÓŸªy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚l ˆÎ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆã˛ï˛ly
≤ÈÏÓ˚yã˛ly çyàyÎ˚– ~•z ï˛_¥!ê˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˆ§Ü‰˛ê˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
ˆÎÙlÈüÈ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îñ flø,!ï˛Ó˚ Óƒyáƒy •° xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl#Î˚
!§AàyÓ˚ å1962ä x!˲«˛yÌ≈ # ˆÏ ò Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ãã˛u˛ í˛z ˆ Ï _ çly
í˛z˛õyòyl– fiê˛ƒyl!° ˆ§Ü˛ê˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆçÓ˚Ù !§AàyÓ˚ xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ !m
í˛zͲõyòlܲyÓ˚# í»˛yà ~!˛õˆÏl!Ê ˛l •zlˆÏçܲ¢yl ˆòl– ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ñ ~•z

Óy: 9É3 ı !Ù̃y §îy=˛Ü˛Ó˚î (Lie Detection)

Lie detectionÈüȈÏܲ õ!° @˝ÃyÊ˛G Ó°y •Î˚ ܲyÓ˚î
ï˛yÓ˚y ˜Ó˚!áܲ !ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ~ܲ•z §yˆÏÌ Óƒy!=˛Ó˚ ~ܲy!ôܲ
¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ~ÓÇ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ í˛zˆÏ_çly ˆÓ˚ܲí≈˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
≤Ãï˛#ܲfl∫Ó˚)˛õ ÈLie detection,È Ó˚=˛ã˛y˛õñ •,òܲ¡õlñ Ÿªy§ÈüÈ≤ߪy§
~ÓÇ à˲#Ó˚ï˛y G cÜ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y (GRS) ÙyˆÏ˛õ Îy cˆÏܲÓ˚
˜Óò%ƒ!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óy!•ï˛y G ˜Ó!ã˛eƒ !lˆÏò≈¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
≤Ã̈ÏÙ ˛õÓ˚#!«˛ï˛ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lÓ˚ˆÏ˛õ«˛ ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
Ü ˛Ù !òˆÏÎ˚ Ù)°ˆÏÓ˚áy !lô≈yÓ˚l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– §•ç
≤ß¿à%!°Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~Ùl !l!ò≈T˛ !ܲS%È ≤ß¿ !çK˛y§y ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ Îy
~Ùl˲yˆÏÓ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ˆÎñ ï˛y x˛õÓ˚yôˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#°
≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ Îy ˆ§•z x˛õÓ˚yˆÏôÓ˚ xˆÏß∫£Ïî ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏFSÈ
ï˛yˆÏï˛ xl%Ùyl xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§•z Óƒy!=˛Ó˚ ç!í˛¸ï˛ ÌyܲyÓ˚ ï˛Ìƒ ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚–
Îál §ˆÏ ® •Ë˛yçl Óƒ!=˛ ~•z ≤ÃˆÏ Ÿ ¿Ó˚ í˛z _ Ó˚ ˆòÎ˚ ï˛ál Lie
Detection Óy õ!°@˝ÃyÊ˛ !lí˛z!Ó˚!Ê˛!çG°!çܲƒy° !Ü ˛Î˚yܲ°yˆÏ˛õÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ˆÓ˚ܲí≈˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– Î!òG ˛õ!°@˝ÃyÊ˛ ˆÓ¢ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒÙ)°Ü˛
ˆÓ˚ܲ!Èí≈˛Ç ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆ§•z ˆÓ˚ܲí≈˛à%!°Ó˚ Óƒyáƒy ˛õÓ˚#«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ myÓ˚y
˛õ,Ìܲ !Óã˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ~ê˛yG §Ω˛yÓƒ ˆÎ
˛õÓ˚#«˛Ü˛ myÓ˚y ˲Î˚ñ ÓƒyÌy Óy í˛zˆÏmà •zï˛ƒy!ò §¡õÜ≈˛•#l í˛z˛õyòyl Óƒ!=˛Ó˚
ÙˆÏôƒ xl%˲) ï˛ •ˆÏ° Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ í˛zˆÏ_çly ˛õÓ˚#«˛yˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
˛ ï˛y §ˆÏ_¥G Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ !Ù̃y ܲÌy Ó°y §Ω˛Ó– õ!°@˝ÃyÊ˛ Ê˛°yÊ˛ˆÏ°Ó˚
˜Óôï˛y §ˆÏ®•çlܲñ ï˛ˆÏÓ !Ù̃y §ly=˛Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ ~álG ~•zê˛y
xy•zl ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàܲyÓ˚# §ÇfiÌyÓ˚ myÓ˚y ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚–

xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ9 • ˆ≤ãÏîy ~ÓÇ xyˆÏÓà 179

 ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚ í˛zˆÏ_çly
≤Ãï˛ƒ!«˛ï˛ Óy!•ƒÜ˛ í˛zj#˛õly
K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ xyáƒyl
!ã˛e ÈüÈ 9É7 ÈıÈ ˆ§Ü˛ê˛yÓ˚ÈüÈ!§AàyÓ˚ xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ ï˛_¥–
x!˲«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ xlƒˆÏòÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚î ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ܲÌy Ó°y •Î˚ñ
í˛zÕ‘y!§ï˛˛ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ åˆÎÙlñ Óç≈ƒ V%˛!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ Ü˛yàç S%ÈшÏí˛¸ ÙyÓ˚yä
xÌÓy Ó˚yày!ß∫ï˛ xÓfiÌy åˆÎÙlñ Ó˚yˆÏàÓ˚ ÙyÌyÎ˚ ¢∑ ܲˆÏÓ˚ âˆÏÓ˚
ˆÌˆÏܲ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyGÎ˚yä– ˛˛õ)Ó≈yl%Ùyl xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ xˆÏlƒÓ˚
í˛zÕ‘y!§ï˛ xÓfiÌy ~ÓÇ Ó˚yày!ß∫ï˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ x!˲«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚
í˛zˆÏ_!çï˛ •GÎ˚yˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚–
xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ !˲!_ È
(Cultural Bases of Emotions)È
~ï˛«˛î ˛õÎ≈hs˝ƒ xyÙÓ˚y xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚ ~ÓÇ
K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ !˲!_Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ– ~•z xLjϢ xyÙÓ˚y
xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ó˚ Ë)˛!ÙܲyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ܲÓ˚Ó– àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÎ˚
ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ~§ˆÏSÈ ˆÎ §Óã˛y•zˆÏï˛ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ xyˆÏÓàà%!° •° çß√àï˛
~ÓÇ Îy ˆ¢áyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ly– ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl#ˆÏòÓ˚
ˆÓ¢#Ó˚˲yà ~•z ôyÓ˚îy ܲˆÏÓ˚l ˆÎñ xyˆÏÓà !ӈϢ£Ïï˛ ˆã˛•yÓ˚yÓ˚
x!Ë˛Óƒ!=˛ Óy Ù%ˆÏáÓ˚ ˲yˆÏÓÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˜ç!Óܲ Órôl Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
í˛zòy•Ó˚lfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ ˆÎ §ÙhflÏ !¢¢%Ó˚y çß√ ˆÌˆÏܲ ò,!T˛àï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ e%!ê˛Î%=˛ñ
ܲálG xlƒˆÏܲyl Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ •y!§ Ù%áG ˆòˆÏá!lñ ï˛yÓ˚yG !ë˛Ü˛
~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓ ò,!T˛Î%=˛ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y •yˆÏ§ ~ÓÇ ºÜ%˛!ê˛ ˆòÎ˚–
!ܲv !Ó!˲ߨ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ó˚ ï%˛°ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y ˆò!á
ˆÎ xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
~ê˛y ò%•z˲yˆÏÓ âˆÏê˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ≤ÃÌÙï˛ı !ܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ x!˲K˛ï˛y °y˲
•ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ï˛yÓ˚ ã˛y•zˆÏï˛ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ Ù)°Ü˛ !¢ál xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ x!Ë˛Óƒ!=˛
≤Ãܲy¢ˆÏܲ ˆÓ¢# ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ í˛zòy•Ó˚lfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ !ܲS%È §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ù%=˛
xyˆÏÓàç!lï˛ x!Ë˛Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ≤Ãܲy¢ˆÏܲ í˛zͧy• ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆÎáyˆÏl
xlƒylƒ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ ÙˆÏí˛!°Ç ~ÓÇ ˛õ%lı¢!=˛§M˛y°ˆÏlÓ˚ myÓ˚y Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚
xyˆÏÓàˆÏܲ çl§ÙˆÏ«˛ Ü˛Ù ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ !¢«˛y ˆòÎ˚–
180 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ x!˲K˛ï˛y
!mï˛#Î˚ï˛ı xyˆÏÓàç!lï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y §,!T˛Ü˛yÓ˚# í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚
§yˆÏÌ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xï˛ƒhs˝ Ó,•Í §¡õÜ≈˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ˆÏï˛ ˆòáyˆÏly
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ܲ!˛õܲ°ñ ˆÙyê˛Ó˚ày!í˛¸Ó˚ x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ ˲Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z
ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˲Î˚ ÙˆÏí˛!°Çñ ≤Ãyã˛#l xl%Óï≈˛l myÓ˚y !¢áˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ ˛x!Ë˛Óƒ!=˛
(Expression of Emotions)
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !ܲ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Órô% á%!¢ ly ò%/á# ly
í˛zòy§#l⁄ ˆ§ !ܲ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚⁄ xyˆÏÓà
~ܲ!ê˛ xy˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#l x!˲K˛ï˛y Îy §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ xlƒˆÏòÓ˚ myÓ˚y ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î
ˆÎyàƒ lÎ˚– xyˆÏÓà ˲y£ÏyÙ)°Ü˛ ~ÓÇ Ë˛y£Ïy!Ó•#l x!Ë˛Óƒ!=˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ
xl%Ùyl ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ~•z çyï˛#Î˚ ˲y£ÏyÙ)°Ü˛ ~ÓÇ Ë˛y£Ïy !Ó•#l
x!Ë˛Óƒ!=˛à%!° ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ ÙyôƒÙ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ
!lˆÏçÓ˚ xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ xlƒˆÏòÓ˚ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛
§«˛Ù ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°–
§Çfl,Ò!ï˛ ~ÓÇ Ùyl!§Ü˛ x!Ë˛Óƒ!=˛
È(Culture and Emotional Expression)È
˲y£ÏyÙ)°Ü˛ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ ÙyôƒÙ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Ë˛y£Ïy ¢∑ SÈyí˛¸y
xlƒylƒ Óyã˛l˲Aà#Ó˚ fl∫Ó˚Î%=˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ ˆÎÙl ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ Ùyey ~ÓÇ
ˆçyÓ˚yˆÏ°y xyGÎ˚yˆÏçÓ˚ ܲt˛fl∫Ó˚ myÓ˚y Ó˚!ã˛ï˛– Ó=˛yÓ˚ ܲt˛fl∫ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
˲y£Ïy!Ó•#l ~ÓÇ Óyã˛l˲Aà#Ó˚ ܲy°#ܲ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ ˛õÓ˚y˲y£Ïy
(Para language)– xlƒylƒ ˲y£Ïy!Ó•#l ≤Ãîy°#Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆã˛•yÓ˚yÓ˚
x!Ë˛Óƒ!=˛ñ à!ï˛ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ åxAà!Ólƒy§ ~ÓÇ xAà˲Aà#ñ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚
§M˛y°lyä ~ÓÇ !lܲê˛Ü˛ åÙ%ˆÏáyÙ%!á xy°y˛õã˛y!Ó˚ï˛yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ˜ò!•Ü˛
ò)Ó˚cä xyã˛Ó˚î xhs˝Ë≈)˛=˛– Ù%ˆÏáÓ˚ ˲yÓ˛ •° xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ Ó•%° ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛
 ˲Î˚ Ó˚yà
!ã˛e ÈüÈ 9É8 ı xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ ˆã˛•yÓ˚yÓ˚ x!Ë˛Óƒ!=˛Ó˚
ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ ÙyôƒÙ– ˆã˛•yÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ §ÓyÓ˚ §¡ø%á#l xlyÓ,ï˛
ï˛y•z ˆã˛•yÓ˚yÎ˚ ≤Ãò!¢≈ï˛ ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ xÌ≈ ~ÓÇ ôÓ˚l ˆÓyV˛y á%Ó §•ç–
å!ã˛e ı 9É8ä
Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ xyˆÏÓà §%áܲÓ˚ ly!ܲ ò%ıáܲÓ˚ ï˛Ìy ï˛yÓ˚ ï˛#Ó ï˛y
Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˆã˛•yÓ˚y ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛y ÎyÎ˚– ˜òl!®l ç#ÓˆÏl ˆã˛•yÓ˚yÓ˚
x!Ë˛Óƒ!=˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚– í˛yÓ˚í˛z•zˆÏlÓ˚ ~•z
ï˛_¥!ê˛Ó˚ §ÙÌ≈ˆÏl !ܲS%È àˆÏÓ£Ïîy°kô ï˛_¥ xyˆÏSÈ Îy ≤ÃÙyî ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ
ˆã˛•yÓ˚yÓ˚ x!Ë˛Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ !ܲS%È Ù)° xyˆÏÓà åˆÎÙl xyl®ñ ˲Î˚ñ Ó˚yàñ
!Óï,˛£÷Ïyñ ò%ıá ~ÓÇ !ÓfløÎ˚ä •° §•çyï˛ ~ÓÇ §yÓ≈çl#l–
ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ à!ï˛ÙÎ˚ï˛y xyˆÏÓÏà#Î˚ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyàˆÏܲ §•çï˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚
ˆï˛yˆÏ°– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ܲ# Ó˚yˆÏàÓ˚ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ ~ÓÇ °IyÓ˚ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛
§ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˜ò!•Ü˛ §M˛y°ˆÏl ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ °«˛ƒ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y⁄
˜ò!•Ü˛ §M˛y°ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ !̈ÏÎ˚ê˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ lyê˛Ü˛ ~ܲ!ê˛
ã˛ÙÍܲyÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– xAà˲!Aà ~ÓÇ !lܲê˛Ü˛ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚
Ë)˛!ÙܲyG xï˛ƒhs˝ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y •Î˚ï˛ ˆòˆÏáSÈ ˆÎ ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚
¢yflf#Î˚ l,ï˛ƒ ˆÎÙl ˲Ó˚ï˛ÈüÈlyê˛ƒÙñ G!í˛¸!¢ñ Ü%˛!ã˛˛õ%!Ó˚ñ ܲaܲ ï˛Ìy
xlƒylƒ l,ï˛ƒà%!°ˆÏï˛ xyˆÏÓà ˆã˛yáñ ˛õy ~ÓÇ •yˆÏï˛Ó˚ §M˛y°ˆÏlÓ˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •Î˚– lï≈˛Ü˛#Ó˚y xy«˛!Ó˚ܲ˲yˆÏÓ ˜ò!•Ü˛
§M˛y°l ~ÓÇ Ë˛y£Ïy!Ó•#l ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà ÙyôƒˆÏÙÓ˚ ÓƒyܲÓ˚î ˆÙˆÏl
§%áÈüÈò%/áñ ˲y°Óy§y ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ !Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ xyˆÏÓàÙ)°Ü˛
xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ ˛≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
~ê˛y §Ó≈çlÈüÈK˛yï˛ ˆÎ xyˆÏÓàçyï˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ myÓ˚y
≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •Î˚– Óï≈˛Ùyl àˆÏÓ£Ïîy ~•z ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆÜ˛w˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚
xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆÎ xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ §yÓ≈çl#lï˛y
ܲï˛áy!l !ÓòƒÙyl– x!ôܲyÇ¢ àˆÏÓ£Ïîy ˆã˛•yÓ˚yÓ˚y x!Ë˛Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
àˆÏí˛¸ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏSÈ Ü˛yÓ˚î ˆã˛•yÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î §•ç˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ
~ê˛y ç!ê˛°ï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ Ù%=˛ ~ÓÇ xyˆÏÓààï˛ x!˲K˛ï˛y ~ÓÇ
xyl® ò%ıá
≤Ãܲy¢Ùyl x!Ë˛Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏ ô ƒ §ÇˆÏ Î yà ܲˆÏ Ó ˚ – !ܲv ~ê˛yG
í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ ˆÎ xyˆÏÓà ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye ˆã˛•yÓ˚yÓ˚ x!Ë˛Óƒ!=˛ myÓ˚y•z
Óƒ=˛ •Î˚ ly– xlƒylƒ ˲y£Ïy!Ó•#l ≤Ãîy°#Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙG xyˆÏÓà
xl%Ë)˛ï˛ •Î˚ ˆÎÙl !fiÌÓ˚ ò,!T˛Ó˚ xyã˛Ó˚îñ xAà˲Aà#ñ ˛õÓ˚y˲y£Ïy
~ÓÇ !lܲê˛Ü˛ xyã˛Ó˚î– xAà˲Aà# myÓ˚y Óƒ=˛ xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ Óƒyáƒy
≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !˲ߨ •Î˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚lfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ ã˛#l ˆòˆÏ¢
•yï˛ ï˛y!° •° !ã˛hs˝y xÌÓy •ï˛y¢yÓ˚ x!Ë˛Óƒ!=˛ñ ~ÓÇ Ó˚yà •y!§Ó˚
myÓ˚y Óƒ=˛ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– l#Ó˚Óï˛yG !Ó!˲ߨ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ˆÏï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
xÌ≈ Óƒ=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚lfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ à˲#Ó˚ xyˆÏÓàG
xˆÏlܲyLjϢ l#Ó˚Óï˛yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Óƒ=˛ •Î˚– xyÓyÓ˚ ˛õyŸã˛yï˛ƒ ˆòˆÏ¢
~•z x!Ë˛Óƒ!=˛ ≤Ãܲy¢ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !ÓÓ ï˛Ü˛Ó˚ •Î˚– !fiÌÓ˚ ò,!T˛
!òˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yܲyˆÏlyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •Î˚– ~ê˛yG
°«˛ƒ ܲÓ˚y ˆàˆÏSÈ ˆÎñ °ƒy!ê˛l xyˆÏÙ!Ó˚ܲy ~ÓÇ ò!«˛l •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛õÓ˚
ˆ°yܲ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ xy°y˛õã˛y!Ó˚ï˛yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ˆã˛yˆÏá ˆã˛yá ˆÓ˚ˆÏá
ܲÌy ӈϰ– xlƒ!òˆÏܲñ ~!¢Î˚yÓ˚ ˆ°yܲñ !ӈϢ£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚
ï˛Ìy ˛õy!ܲhflÏyl# Ë)˛ÈüÈáˆÏu˛Ó˚ ˆ°yܲ xy°y˛õã˛y!Ó˚ï˛yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ò,!T˛Ó˚
˛õ!Ó˚!ô xy°y˛õã˛y!Ó˚ï˛yÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ò)ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛w#Ë)˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚
xyòylÈüÈ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ ÓƒÓôyl !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ Óƒyáƒy Óƒ=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚lfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ xyˆÏÙ!Ó˚ܲylÓ˚y
xy°y˛õã˛y!Ó˚ï˛yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ á%Ó !lܲˆÏê˛ÈüÈxy§ˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚ lyñ xlƒ!òˆÏܲ
≤Ãyã˛ƒˆÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚Ó˚y xy°y˛õã˛y!Ó˚ï˛yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ â!l¤˛ •ˆÏÎ˚
xy°y˛õã˛y!Ó˚ï˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ fl∫yFSÈ®ƒˆÏÓyô ܲˆÏÓ˚– ÓyhflψÏÓ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ
˜lܲˆÏê˛ƒÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe flõ¢≈Ù)°Ü˛ xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ xyˆÏÓà#Î˚ í˛z£÷ï˛yÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚ã˛yÎ˚ܲ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚lfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ xyÓ˚Ó ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚
ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚yñ í˛z_Ó˚ xyˆÏÙ!Ó˚ܲ#Î˚ ÎyÓ˚y xy°y˛õã˛y!Ó˚ï˛yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ â yˆÏlÓ˚
˜lÜ˛ê˛ƒ fiÌyl ˆÌˆÏܲ ò)ˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ !ÓˆÏ˲òÙ)°Ü˛ ÙˆÏly˲yÓ
ˆ˛õy£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚–
xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ9 • ˆ≤ãÏîy ~ÓÇ xyˆÏÓà 181
§Çfl,Ò!ï˛ ~ÓÇ xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ xyáƒyl
(Culture and Emotional Labeling)
Ù)° xyˆÏÓàà%!° !ÓÓÓ˚î ~ÓÇ ˆ◊î#àï˛ xyáƒyl Óƒy!ƈÏï˛
G !˲ߨ– ï˛y!•!ï˛Î˚yl ˲y£ÏyÎ˚ •zLjÏÓ˚ç# ¢∑ ˆÜ ˛yˆÏôÓ˚ 46!ê˛ lyÙܲÓ˚î
xyˆÏSÈ– Îál í˛z_Ó˚ xyˆÏÙ!Ó˚ܲyÓy§#ˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫yô#l˲yˆÏÓ lyÙܲÓ˚î
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ó°y •°ñ ï˛ál ï˛yÓ˚y ˆÜ ˛yˆÏôÓ˚ ˆã˛•yÓ˚yÓ˚ x!Ë˛Óƒy!=˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
40!ê˛ !˲ߨ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ~ÓÇ xÓK˛yÓ˚ ˆã˛•yÓ˚yÓ˚ x!Ë˛Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ 81!ê˛
!˲ߨ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ lyÙܲÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°– çy˛õyl#Ó˚y xyl®ñ ˆÜ ˛yô
~ÓÇ !Ó£Ïߨï˛yÓ˚ ˆã˛•yÓ˚yÓ˚ x!Ë˛Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ çlƒ !Ó!˲ߨ xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚
lyÙܲÓ˚î ˆÎÙl xyl!®ï˛ ˆã˛•yÓ˚yÓ˚ x!Ë˛Óƒ!=˛ å10 ˆ°ˆÏÓ°äñ
ˆÜ ˛yô å8 ˆ°ˆÏ˲°ä ~ÓÇ â,îyÓ˚ å6 ˆ°ˆÏÓ°ä ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ≤Ãyã˛#lñ
ã˛#ˆÏlÓ˚ §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ §yï˛ ˛≤ÃܲyÓ˚ xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á xyˆÏSÈ– ÎÌyÈüÈ xyl®ñ
ˆÜ ˛yôñ ò%/áñ ˆ≤ÃÙñ x˛õSÈ® ~ÓÇ ˛õSÈ®– ≤Ãyã˛#l ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ §y!•ï˛ƒ
xyê˛ ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyˆÏÓà !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ lyÙ •°ÈüÈ ˆ≤ÃÙñ
xyˆÏÙyòÈüÈ≤ÈÏÙyòñ ܲÙ≈¢!=˛ñ xyŸã˛Î≈ƒñ ˆÜ ˛yôñ ˆ¢yܲñ â,îy ~ÓÇ Ë˛Î˚–
˛õyŸã˛yï˛ƒ §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ !ܲS%È xyˆÏÓà ˆÎÙl §%áñ ò%/áñ ˲Î˚ñ ˆÜ ˛yôñ
!Óï,˛£÷ÏyÈüÈ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ x!˲ߨ˲yˆÏÓ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ Ù)° xyˆÏÓà ӈϰ ˛õ!Ó˚à!îï˛
ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– xyˆÏÓà ˆÎÙl !ÓfløÎ˚ñ â,îyñ °Iy ~ÓÇ x˛õÓ˚yôˆÏÓyô
ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ xyˆÏÓà lÎ˚–
ܲyç ı 9É3
xyˆÏÓàÙ)°Ü˛ x!Ë˛Óƒ!=˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ï˛#Ó ï˛y ï˛Ìy ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆÏ˲ò
xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ !˲ߨ •Î˚– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÊÑ˛yܲy §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏly
Ùƒyày!çl ï˛Ìy ˛õ!eܲy ˆÌˆÏܲ Îï˛ò)Ó˚ §Ω˛Ó !Ó!˲ߨ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚
xyˆÏÓàÙ)°Ü˛ x!Ë˛Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ SÈ!Ó §Ç@˝Ã• ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛
!ã˛eˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛yí≈˛ˆÏÓyˆÏí≈˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xyÑë˛y !òˆÏÎ˚ ly¡∫yÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ !˛õ܉˛ã˛yÓ˚
ܲyí≈˛ ˆ˛õ!T˛Ç ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚– xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ x!Ë˛Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ !lˆÏÎ˚
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~•zÓ˚)˛õ ~ܲê˛y ˆ§ê˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ Îy xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ
x!Ë˛Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ !ã˛!eï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !ܲS%È Órô%ˆÏܲ
~•zܲyˆÏç !lÎ%=˛ ܲÓ˚– ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Órô%ˆÏòÓ˚ §yÙˆÏl ~•z ܲyí≈˛à%!°
~ܲê˛yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ê˛y xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ !ã˛eˆÏܲ
§ly=˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ !çˆÏK˛§ ܲÓ˚ñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yà%!° !°ˆÏá Ó˚yá
~ÓÇ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Órô%Ó˚y ~ܲ•z xyˆÏÓà §ly=˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ˆÏܲ
x˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ xy°yòy ï˛y °«˛ƒ ܲÓ˚– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~•z
!ã˛eà%!°ñ •z!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ ~ÓÇ ˆl!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ñ ï˛#Ó  ~ÓÇ «˛#îñ xyˆÏÓà
•zï˛ƒy!ò !Ó˲yˆÏà !Ó˲=˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚– Ùyl%£Ï ~ܲ•z
xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ x!Ë˛Óƒ!=˛ Óƒ=˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ !˲ߨ •Î˚ ï˛y
°«˛ƒ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚– ~•z !˲ߨï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚îà%!° !ܲ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚⁄
ˆ◊î#ܲˆÏ«˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚–
182 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
§ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õñ ~ê˛y Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎñ !ܲS%È Ù)° xyˆÏÓà xyˆÏSÈ Îy
ly!ܲ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ ~ÓÇ çy!ï˛àï˛ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ Ìyܲy §ˆÏ_¥G §Ùyl˲yˆÏÓ
x!Ë˛Óƒ!=˛ ~ÓÇ í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– xyÓyÓ˚ !ܲS%È xyˆÏÓà xyˆÏSÈ Îy
ly!ܲ ˆÜ˛yl §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ó˚ çlƒ !ӈϢ£Ï˲yˆÏÓ !l!ò≈T˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~SÈyí˛¸y
~ê˛yG ÙˆÏl Ó˚yáy ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ˆÎñ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ §ÙhflÏ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ xlƒï˛Ù Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚– xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ x!Ë˛Óƒ!=˛
~ÓÇ x!˲K˛ï˛y í˛z˲ˆÏÎ˚•z §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ó˚ !l!ò≈T˛ Ú!lÎ˚Ù ≤Ãò¢≈lÛ myÓ˚y
ÙôƒfiÌï˛y ~ÓÇ §ÇˆÏ¢y!ôï˛ •Î˚ xÌ≈yÍ ˆ§!ê˛ xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ ï˛#Ó ï˛y
~ÓÇ x!Ë˛Óƒ!=˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §#Ùyly ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §#ÙyÓÂô ܲˆÏÓ˚
ˆòÎ˚–
ˆl!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ xyˆÏÓà ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°lyܲÓ˚î
(Managing Negative Emotions)
~Ùl ~ܲê˛y !òl !lÓ≈y• ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚ ˆÎ!òl ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y
ˆÜ˛yl xyˆÏÓà xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛Ó˚!l– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ ˆÎ xyˆÏÓà
SÈyí˛¸y ç#Ólñ ~ܲ!òl ܲ“ly ܲÓ˚yG ܲT˛Ü˛Ó˚– xyˆÏÓà •° ˜òl!®l
ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xÇ¢ ~ÓÇ x!hflÏc– ï˛yÓ˚y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏl
˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ ÎÌyÎÌ Ó%lˆÏlÓ˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛ï˛y !ÓòƒÙyl ÌyˆÏܲ– xyÙÓ˚y
!Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ï˛#Ó ï˛y §¡õߨ ~ܲ!ê˛ xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ x!˲K˛ï˛y xç≈l
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y Ù•yí˛zÕ‘y§ xÌÓy fl∫“ í˛zÕ‘y§ñ §yÇây!ï˛Ü˛
ò%ıá xÌÓy ˆÜ˛Ó° !Ó£Ï]ï˛y xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚– Îy ˆ•yܲ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ x!ôܲyÇ¢Ó˚y §yôyÓ˚lï˛ı xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˲yÓ˚§yÙƒ ÓçyÎ˚
Ó˚yˆÏá–
Îál Óƒ!=˛ !ӈϢ£Ï mrôÙ)°Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ §¡ø%á#l •Î˚ñ
ï˛ál Óƒ!=˛ x!˲ˆÏÎyçlÙ)°Ü˛ ï˛sf (coping mechenism)
xÌÓy ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yô í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õlܲyÓ˚# ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ (defence
oriented reaction) §yˆÏÌ !§Âôyhs˝ @˝Ã•l ܲˆÏÓ˚ §Ùß∫Î˚ §yôl
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z x!˲ˆÏÎyçlÙ)°Ü˛ !lò¢≈là%%!° xfl∫y˲y!Óܲ
xyˆÏÓà#Î˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎÙlñ
í˛zˆÏmàñ !Ó£Ï]ï˛y •zï˛ƒy!ò– í˛zˆÏmà •° ~ܲ!ê˛ xÓfiÌy Îy Óƒ!=˛Ó˚
ÙˆÏôƒ ÎÌyÎÌ x•Ç Ó˚«˛y xÓ°¡∫l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ÓƒÌ≈ï˛yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° !Óܲ!¢ï˛
•Î˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚lfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ Î!ò Óƒ!=˛ !lˆÏçÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yl x˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ܲyÎ≈yÓ°#Ó˚
å≤Ãï˛yÓ˚îy Óy ã%˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ Ùï˛ä ˆÎÔ!=˛Ü˛Ó˚î ~Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚«˛y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏe ÓƒÌ≈ •Î˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆ§ ~•z ܲyˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚lyÙ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ï˛#Ó 
xy¢Çܲy@˝ÃhflÏ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚– ò%!Ÿã˛hs˝y@˝ÃhflÏ Óƒy!=˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà
ˆÜ˛w#Ë)˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚y ï˛Ìy ï%˛FSÈ !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !§Âôyhs˝ ˆlGÎ˚yG ܲ!ë˛l
•ˆÏÎ˚ òÑyí˛¸yÎ˚–
 !Ó£Ï]ï˛yÓ˚ !fiÌ!ï˛ñ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ Î%!=˛§¡øï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ !ã˛hs˝y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ñ
ÓyhflÏÓ xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ï˛Ìy §«˛Ù˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛yÎ≈ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §yÙˆÏÌ≈ƒÓ˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˲#£Ïî ≤Ã˲yÓ ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°– ~•z xÓfiÌy!ê˛ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˆÙçyçˆÏܲ
x§•yÎ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛yÓ˚ ò#â≈fiÌyÎ˚# ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏîñ !Ó£Ï]ï˛y ˆË˛yàܲyÓ˚#
Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õ§à≈ !Óܲ!¢ï˛ •Î˚ ˆÎÙl â%!ÙˆÏÎ˚
˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ x§%!Óôyñ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ܲyÎ≈ܲ°yˆÏ˛õ ã˛M˛°ï˛y Óy ≤Ã!ï˛Órôܲï˛y
!ã˛hs˝y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y •…y§ Óy ÙˆÏly!lˆÏÓ¢ ~ÓÇ Óƒ!=˛àï˛ Óy §yÙy!çܲ
!Ü ˛Î˚yܲ°y˛õà%!°ˆÏï˛ xy@˝ÃˆÏ•Ó˚ •…y§ •zï˛ƒy!ò–
˜òl!®l ç#ÓˆÏlñ xyÙÓ˚y ≤ÃyÎ˚•z mrôçlܲ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚
§¡ø%á#l ••z– ã˛y!•òy˛õ)î≈ ~ÓÇ ˛õ#í˛¸lÙ)°Ü˛ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛Ó˚
ÙˆÏôƒ xˆÏlܲ ˆl!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ xyˆÏÓà ˆÎÙl ˲Î˚ñ í˛zˆÏmàñ !Óï,˛£÷Ïy •zï˛ƒy!ò
~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏl !Óܲ!¢ï˛ •Î˚– ò#â≈!òl ôˆÏÓ˚ ~•z
ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆl!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ xyˆÏÓàà%!° Î!ò ã˛°ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛ˆÏÓ ~!ê˛
Ùyl!§Ü˛ G ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ fl∫yˆÏfĩÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚%˛õ ≤Ã˲yÓ ˆÊ˛°ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏl•z ˛õ#í˛¸l ÓƒÓfiÌy˛õly ܲÙ≈§)ã˛#Ó˚ ˆÓ¢#Ó˚˲yà•z
˛õ#í˛¸ l ÓƒÓfiÌy˛õlyÓ˚ x!ÓˆÏ F SÈ ò ƒ xAà !•ˆÏ § ˆÏ Ó xyˆÏ Ó ˆÏ à Ó˚
ÓƒÓfiÌy˛õlyˆÏܲ ˆçyÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚– xyˆÏÓà ÓƒÓfiÌy˛õlyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛Ô¢°à%!°Ó˚
Ù)° !Ó£ÏÎ˚ •° ˆl!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ xyˆÏÓà ܲÙyˆÏly ~ÓÇ •z!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛
xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ Ó,!Âô– Î!òG ˆÓ¢#Ó˚˲yà àˆÏÓ£ÏܲÓ˚y ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye
ˆl!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ xyˆÏÓà ˆÎÙl Ó˚yàñ ˲Î˚ñ í˛zˆÏmàñ •zï˛ƒy!òˆÏï˛ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà
!lˆÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚lñ ï˛ˆÏÓ •z!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛e!ê˛ xˆÏlܲ
!Ó!¢T˛ï˛y xç≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– lyˆÏÙÓ˚ §%˛õy!Ó˚¢ xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ •z!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛
ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl fl∫Î˚Ç ~Ùl !ܲS%È !ӈϢ£Ï §Ç!Ÿ’T˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ !lˆÏÎ˚ àˆÏÓ£Ïîy
ܲˆÏÓ˚ Îy ç#ÓlˆÏܲ §Ù,Âô ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°ñ ˆÎÙlÈüÈ xy¢yñ §%áñ
§,çl¢#°ï˛yñ §y•§ñ xy¢yÓyòñ ≤ÃÊ%˛Õ‘ï˛y •zï˛ƒy!ò– xyô%!lܲ ç#ÓˆÏl
§yÙy!çܲ !Ü ˛Î˚yܲ°yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ã˛y!Ó •° ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚ xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy˛õly
(effctive emotion management)–
Óy: 9É4 ˆ˛õyT˛ ê˛∆Ùy!ê˛Ü˛ ˆfiê˛∆§ !í˛§xí≈˛yÓ˚ (PTSD)
~ܲ!ê˛ ò)ˆÏÎ≈yà ÙylÓ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲ°yˆÏ˛õ à%Ó˚%ï˛Ó˚ Óyôy
§,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ê˛°◊%!ï˛ˆÏï˛ Óƒy˛õܲ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ Óy ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢àï˛ «˛!ï˛
•Î˚ñ Îy x!Ó°ˆÏ¡∫ !ÓòƒÙyl §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ˆÙyܲy!Ó°y ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚
ly– ò)ˆÏÎ≈yà ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ åˆÎÙl Ë)˛!Ùܲ¡õñ §y•zˆÏÜœ˛ylñ
§%ly!Ùä xÌÓy ÙylÓÈüȧ,!T˛ åˆÎÙl Î%Âôä– ~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛ ò)ˆÏÎ≈yˆÏàÓ˚
§ÙÎ˚ ˆÎ Ùyl!§Ü˛ xyâyï˛ xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ !lSÈܲ ˆ§•z âê˛ly!ê˛
≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛î ˆÌˆÏܲ ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÓyhflψÏÓ ~•zÓ˚)˛õ âê˛lyÓ˚ §¡ø%á#l •GÎ˚y
˛õÎ≈hs˝ƒ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ Îy ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ VÑ%˛!ܲ˛õ)î≈ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
!l¡¨!°!áï˛ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈à%!° xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚§yÙƒ xç≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛çlƒ
ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚# ≤ÃÙy!lï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
• xyd§ˆÏã˛ï˛lï˛y Ó,!ÂôÈ ı
ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ xyˆÏÓà ~ÓÇ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ §ˆÏã˛ï˛l
•ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– Ú!ܲ˲yˆÏÓÛ ~ÓÇ ÚˆÜ˛lÛñ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛Ó˚
xhs˝ò≈,!T˛ xç≈l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚–
• !lÓ˚ˆÏ˛õ«˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚l ܲÓ˚ ı
~ê˛y ≤ÃhflÏyÓ Ü˛Ó˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎñ xyˆÏÓˆÏà ˛õ)Ó≈Óï≈˛# âê˛lyÓ˚
Ù)°ƒyÎ˚l ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– Î!ò âê˛ly!ê˛Ó˚ x!˲K˛ï˛y í˛zˆÏmà˛õ)î≈
•Î˚ñ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §ÙˆÏÓò# fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf §!Ü ˛Î˚ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y
ã˛y˛õ xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛Ó˚– Î!ò âê˛ly!ê˛Ó˚ x!˲K˛ï˛y í˛zˆÏmà˛õ)î≈ ly
•Î˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛yl ã˛y˛õG ÌyˆÏܲ ly– xï˛~Óñ ~ê˛y ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y
ÎyÓ˚y ò%ıá#ï˛ ~ÓÇ ò%!Ÿã˛hs˝y@˝ÃhflÏ ~ÓÇ §%á# ~ÓÇ ¢yhs˝
xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ !§Âôyhs˝ lyG–
• !ܲS%È xyd ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛l ܲÓ˚È ı
È ~Ó˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ x!ÓÓ˚ï˛ xÌÓy §yÙ!Î˚ܲ xï˛#ï˛
x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏÓà#Î˚ ~ÓÇ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ xÓfiÌyÓ˚ ÓyhflÏÓ ~ÓÇ
≤Ã!ï˛!l!ô §¡∫rô#Î˚ x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚l ܲÓ˚y– ~ܲ!ê˛
•z!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚l ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xyd!ÓŸªy§ ~ÓÇ
§%fiÌï˛y G ï,˛!ÆÓ˚ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ Ó,!Âô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ≤Ãôyl Ë)˛!Ùܲy
˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
• !lˆÏçˆÏܲ Î%=˛ Ó˚yáy xydÙ)!ï≈˛ !lÙ≈yˆÏî ı
fl∫Î˚Ç !lˆÏçÓ˚ xyò¢≈ •G– ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xï˛#ˆÏï˛Ó˚ §¡õy!òï˛
ܲyˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ §ˆÏÓ≈y_Ù xÇ¢à%!°ˆÏܲ ÓyÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ ˛õ%lÓ˚yÓ,!_ ܲÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
˲!ӣσˆÏï˛ xyˆÏÓ˚yG ˲y° ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xl%ˆÏ≤ÃÓ˚îy
~ÓÇ ˆ≤ãÏîy !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚–
~Ó˚ ˆÎˆÏܲyl ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ PTSDÈüÈ~Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ !lˆÏÎ˚ ˆÏΈÏï˛ñ ˆÎáyˆÏl Óƒ!=˛
Êœ˛y¢ÓƒyˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ âê˛lyÓ˚ ˛õ%lı x!˲K˛ï˛y xç≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~ܲ!ê˛
í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ §ÙÎ˚§#ÙyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ âê˛ly!ê˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xË)˛ï˛˛õ)Ó≈ !ã˛hs˝y xy§yÓ˚
≤ÃÓîï˛y ÌyˆÏܲ– ~•z âê˛ly!ê˛ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ˲yˆÏÓ Óƒy!=˛ˆÏܲ x!fiÌÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚
ˆï˛yˆÏ° ~ÓÇ Óƒy!=˛ ˜òl!®l ܲyÎ≈ƒÜ ˛ˆÏÙ ÎÌyÎÌ §Çà!ï˛ §yôl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎyçlÙ)°Ü˛ ˆÜ˛Ô¢° xÓ°¡∫l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ x§ÙÌ≈ •Î˚– xyˆÏÓà
x!˲lÓ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ x§Çà!ï˛Ù)°Ü˛ xyã˛Ó˚î åÎÌyñ
!Ó£Ï]ï˛yä ~ÓÇ fl∫Î˚Ç!Ü ˛Î˚ í˛zˆÏ_çlyÓ˚ myÓ˚y §%flõT˛ •Î˚–
xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ9 • ˆ≤ãÏîy ~ÓÇ xyˆÏÓà 183
• ≤Ãï˛«˛ƒç ˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚ §Ç@˝Ã!•ï˛ ܲÓ˚ ~ÓÇ K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ ˛õ)î≈àë˛l
âê˛ly!ê˛ !˲ߨ ˲yˆÏ Ó ˆòáyÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ù% o yÓ˚
xlƒ!òܲ!ê˛G ë˛y•Ó˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚– •z!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ ~ÓÇ
xyŸªhflÏ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ Ó,!Âô ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ~ÓÇ ˆl!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ !ã˛hs˝y
Ù%ˆÏSÈ ˆÊ˛°yÓ˚ çlƒ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝y˲yÓlyÓ˚ ˛õ%l≈àë˛l ܲÓ˚–
• §,çl¢#° •G Èı
ˆáÑyç ~ÓÇ ~ܲ!ê˛ xy@˝Ã• Óy ~ܲ!ê˛ ¢á !Óܲ!¢ï˛ ܲÓ˚–
~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛yÎ≈ܲ°yˆÏ˛õ ç!í˛¸ï˛ •G Îy ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xy@˝Ã•
~ÓÇ xyl® ˆòˆÏÓ–
• ˲y° §¡õÜ≈˛à%!° !Óܲ!¢ï˛ ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ï˛˛õy°l ܲÓ˚ ı
ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Órô%ˆÏòÓ˚ §yÓôyˆÏl !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲÓ˚– §yôyÓ˚l˲yˆÏÓñ
Óy: 9É5 È È˛õÓ˚#«˛yÎ˚ í˛zˆÏmà !lÎ˚sfî ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛Ô¢°È (Management of Examination anxiety)È
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xˆÏlˆÏܲ•z ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ~à%ˆÏlyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆ˛õˆÏê˛ à%í˛¸à%!í˛¸ ï˛Ìy
í˛zˆÏmà xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– Ó›ï˛ı x!ôܲyÇ¢ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ çlƒ ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe•z ˆÜ˛yl
˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ ˆÎáyˆÏl ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛yˆÏçÓ˚ ≤Ãò¢≈l ~ÓÇ ˆ§•z ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚î
ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÓ ~•z §ˆÏã˛ï˛lï˛y ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zˆÏmà §M˛yÓ˚ܲyÓ˚# ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!Ó˚ §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ hflÏÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ƒ ò%!Ÿã˛hs˝y Óy í˛zˆÏmà •GÎ˚y ÓyN˛l#ΠܲyÓ˚î ~ê˛y
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚îy ˆòÎ˚ ÎyˆÏï˛ xyÙÓ˚y xyÓ˚G ˲y° ܲˆÏÓ˚ ܲyç §¡õy!òï˛
ܲ!Ó˚ñ !ܲvñ x!ï˛ÙyeyÎ˚ í˛zˆÏmÏà §ˆÏÓ≈y_Ù Ü˛Ù≈«˛Ùï˛y ~ÓÇ Ü,˛!ï˛ˆÏc ~ܲ!ê˛
Óyôy •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏ벖 ò%!Ÿã˛hs˝y@˝ÃhflÏ ~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚ ~ÓÇ xyˆÏÓà#Î˚
˲yˆÏÓ xï˛ƒhs˝ í˛zj#Æ ÌyˆÏܲñ ˆ§ ï˛yÓ˚ çlƒ !lˆÏçÓ˚ §ˆÏÓ≈y_Ù Ü˛Ù≈«˛Ùï˛y
xl%ÎyÎ˚# ܲÙ≈ §¡õyòl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly–
˛˛õÓ˚#«˛y ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ω˛yÓƒ ˛õ#í˛¸l §M˛yÓ˚ܲyÓ˚#˛ xÓfiÌy ï˛Ìy xlƒylƒ
˛õ#í˛¸lÙ)°Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ xl%ÎyÎ˚# ò%!ê˛ ˆÜ˛Ô¢° myÓ˚y §Çà!ï˛ §yôl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚ÈüÈ xÌ≈yÍ !lÎ˚!sfï˛ Óy ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚ !Ü ˛Î˚yܲ°y˛õ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚y ˛~ÓÇ
õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ~!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyGÎ˚y–
!lÎ˚sfˆÏlÓ˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˛õ#í˛¸lÙ)°Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ ˆÙyܲyˆÏÓ°y
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ ˛õòˆÏ«˛˛õ @˝Ã•l ܲÓ˚y– !lÎ˚sfˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛Ô¢°à%!°
ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ÈüÈ
• ˲y° ܲˆÏÓ˚ ≤Û!ï˛ lyG ı §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xyˆÏà ~ÓÇ Ë˛y°Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚
≤Û!ï˛ lyG– !lˆÏçˆÏܲ ≤Ãã%˛Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚ òyG– ≤ß¿˛õˆÏeÓ˚ ôÓ˚î ~ÓÇ ÓyÓ˚ÓyÓ˚
xy§y ≤ß¿à%!°Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ !lˆÏçˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚– ~ê˛y ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ)Ó≈yl%Ùyl
~ÓÇ !lÎ˚sfˆÏîÓ˚ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ §Ω˛yÓƒ ˛õ#í˛¸l •…y§
ܲˆÏÓ˚–
• ˛õ%lÓ˚yÓ,!_ Èı !lˆÏçˆÏܲ Ù܉˛ (Mock) ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˛õyÓ˚ò¢≈#
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛y°– ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Órô%ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ K˛yl Îyã˛y•z ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ Ó°–
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~ê˛y ÙˆÏl ÙˆÏl ˛õ%lÓ˚yÓ,!_ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚– !lˆÏçˆÏܲ ~•zÓ˚)˛õ ܲ“ly
ܲÓ˚ ˆÎ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ¢yhs˝Ë˛yˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ xyd!ÓŸªy§# •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y !òFSÈÈ ~ÓÇ
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˲y° Ê˛° ܲÓ˚SÈ –
184 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚yG §%á# ~ÓÇ xyl®òyÎ˚ܲ Órô%ˆÏòÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ xyl®
xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ–
• §•yl%Ë)˛!ï˛ Ó˚yáÈ ı
È xlƒˆÏòÓ˚ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛G ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚– ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚
§¡õÜ≈˛à%!° xÌ≈˛õ)î≈ ~ÓÇ Ù)°ƒÓyl˲yˆÏÓ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚–
˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ˲yˆÏÓ §ÙÌ≈l ã˛yG ~ÓÇ ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚–
• §Ùyç ˆ§ÓyÎ˚ xÇ¢@˝Ã•l ܲÓ˚ ı
xlƒˆÏòÓ˚ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏçˆÏܲ §y•y΃ ܲÓ˚– §Ùyç ˆ§ÓyÓ˚
ÙyôƒˆÏ Ù åí˛z ò y•Ó˚ l fl∫ Ó ˚ ) ˛ õñ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó!rô !¢¢% ˆ Ï Ü ˛
x!˲ˆÏÎyçlÙ)°Ü˛ ò«˛ï˛y !¢áˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲÓ˚ä ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y
!lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ !ӣψÏÎ˚ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ xhs˝ò,≈!T˛ °y˲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
• ˛õ#í˛¸ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yô ı !lˆÏçˆÏܲ ˛õ#í˛¸ˆÏlÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚%ˆÏÂô ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yô# ܲÓ˚–
˛õ%lÓ˚yÓ,!_ ~ÓÇ ˆÓ˚y° ˆ≤’ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ≤Ãò¢≈l ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ ~ÓÇ
Ùyl!§Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ Ë˛y°Ë˛yˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ xyd!ÓŸªyˆÏ§Ó˚
§yˆÏÌ §¡ø%á#l •ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
• •z!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ !ã˛hs˝y ÈıÈ !lˆÏçÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˲Ó˚§y Ó˚yáñ !lˆÏçÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝yà%!°ˆÏܲ ~ܲê˛yÓ˚
˛õÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y Ü ˛Ùyl%§yˆÏÓ˚ §yçyG ˆÎà%!° ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zˆÏmˆÏàÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚îñ ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚
Î%!=˛˛õ)Ó≈ܲ ~ܲê˛yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y §Ùyôyl ܲÓ˚–
ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ¢!=˛ ~ÓÇ «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆçyÓ˚ òyG– !lˆÏçˆÏܲ •z!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛
!ã˛hs˝y ~ÓÇ í˛zͧy!•ï˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚îy òyG–
• §ÙÌ≈l ã˛yG ı !lˆÏçÓ˚ Órô%ˆÏòÓ˚ !˛õï˛yÙyï˛yÓ˚ !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ xÌÓy !§!lÎ˚yÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚
ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ §y•y΃ ã˛y•zˆÏï˛ !môy ˆÓyô ܲˆÏÓ˚y ly– !lˆÏçÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yl !lÜ˛ê˛ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚
ܲyˆÏSÈ í˛zˆÏmàÙ)°Ü˛ xÓfiÌyÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° •yÕÒy xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ Îy ly!ܲ
ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xhs˝ıò,!T˛ !Óܲ!¢ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏܲ
Îï˛ê%˛Ü%˛ áyÓ˚y˛õ ӈϰ ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚ ï˛ï˛ê%˛Ü%˛ áyÓ˚y˛õ lyG •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
xlƒ!òˆÏܲñ !l!‹;Î˚ ˆÜ˛Ô¢°à%!° ˛õ#í˛¸lÙ)°Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ã˛y˛õ ~í˛¸yˆÏï˛
§y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ó›ï˛ı ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛ˆÏܲ ï˛ƒyà ܲÓ˚y ܲyÙƒG §Ω˛Ó˛õÓ˚
lÎ˚ñ !ܲv !l¡¨!°!áï˛ ˆÜ˛Ô¢°à%!° ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
• !Ó˚°ƒy:ˆÏç§yl ı !lÓ˚%ˆÏmà ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˆ¢á– !Ó˚°ƒ:ˆÏç§yl ˆÜ˛Ô¢° fl¨yÎ˚%ˆÏܲ
¢yhs˝ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛Ìy ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝yà%!°ˆÏܲ ˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚ ˛õ%lıà!ë≈˛ï˛
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ˛ˆòÎ˚– xˆÏlܲ !˲ߨ !˲ߨ !Ó˚°ƒy:ˆÏç§yl ˆÜ˛Ô¢° xyˆÏSÈ–
§yôyÓ˚l˲yˆÏÓñ ~ˆÏï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ¢yhs˝ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ xyÓ˚yÙòyÎ˚ܲ ˲Aà#ˆÏï˛ ÓˆÏ§ Óy
¢%ˆÎÏ ˚ ˆ˛õ!¢à%!°ˆÏܲ !lÓ%̊ˆmÏ à ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó!•Ó˚yàï˛ í˛zj#˛õly •…y§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢
!ã˛hs˝yÈüÈ≤ÃÓy•ˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛w#Ë)˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
•˛ ÓƒyÎ˚yÙ ı È~ܲ!ê˛ ã˛y˛õ˛õ)î≈ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ §ÙˆÏÓò# fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sfˆÏܲ x!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y¢#°
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~Ó˚myÓ˚y í˛zͲõߨ xï˛ƒ!ôܲ ¢!=˛ ÓƒyÎ˚yÙ myÓ˚y xlƒ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ã˛y!°ï˛ ܲÓ˚y
ÎyÎ˚– !ܲS%È §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ çlƒ •yÕÒy ÓƒyÎ˚yÙ Óy ˆá°y ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ôƒyl !lˆÏçÓ˚
˛õí˛¸y¢%lyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ÙˆÏly!lˆÏÓ¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚–

ܲyç ı 9É4È
§¡±!ï˛ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ myÓ˚y xl%Ë)˛ï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛#Ó  xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚
x!˲K˛ï˛y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !ã˛hs˝y ܲÓ˚– ï˛Ìy âê˛lyÜ ˛Ù Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚–
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ ~Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ˆÙyܲyˆÏÓ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚SÈ⁄ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚
Üœ˛yˆÏ§Ó˚ §•˛õyë˛#ˆÏòÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ~•zê˛y xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚–
!lˆÏçÓ˚ Ó˚yàˆÏܲ §!ë˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly ܲÓ˚yÈ
(Managing your Anger)
Ó˚yà •° ˆl!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ xyˆÏÓà– ~ê˛y ÙlˆÏܲ xlƒ!òˆÏܲ !lˆÏÎ˚
ÎyÎ˚ xÌÓy xlƒ ˲y£ÏyÎ˚ñ Óƒ!=˛ Ó˚yày!ß∫ï˛ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚
xyã˛Ó˚îàï˛ !Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lÎ˚sfî •yÓ˚yÎ˚– Ó˚yˆÏàÓ˚ Ù)° í˛zͧ •°
ˆ≤ãÏîyÓ˚ !ÓÊ˛°ï˛y– Î!òG Ó˚yà ˆÜ˛yl ≤Ã!ï˛Óï≈˛ !Ü ˛Î˚y lÎ˚ ÓÓ˚Ç ~!ê˛
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ Ê˛°◊%!ï˛– ly ~ê˛y fl∫Î˚Ç!Ü ˛Î˚ñ ly x!lÎ˚!sfï˛ ~ÓxÇ
xˆÏlƒÓ˚ myÓ˚y §,T˛ !ܲv ~!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ fl∫ÈüȈ≤Ã!Ó˚ï˛ ˛õSÈ® Îy ly!ܲ
Óƒ!=˛ !lˆÏç•z ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ Ê˛°◊%!ï˛ •° Ó˚yà
ï˛y•z ¢%ô%Ùye !lçfl∫ !ã˛hs˝y myÓ˚y•z ï˛y !lÎ˚sfî ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó– Ó˚yà
!lÎ˚sfˆÏîÓ˚ !ܲS%È Ù)° Ó=˛Óƒ !lˆÏ¡¨ Ó!î≈ï˛ •°ÈüÈ
• !lˆÏçÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛yˆÏܲ í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚–
• xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛Ó˚ ˆÎñ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~ܲy•z ~ê˛yˆÏܲ !lÎ˚sfî ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
• ÎsfîyòyÎ˚ܲ xydÈüÈÜ˛ÌˆÏlÛ ÓƒhflÏ ˆÌˆÏܲy lyñ ˆl!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛
xl%Ë)˛!ï˛à%!°ˆÏܲ x!ï˛Ó˚!Oï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y ly–
Óy: 9É6 xyˆÏÓàÙ)°Ü˛ Ó%!Âô (Emotional Intelligence)
xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ x!Ë˛Óƒ!=˛ñ fl∫Î˚ÇÈüÈ ï˛Ìy x˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çlƒ xyˆÏÓà
!lÎ˚sfˆÏîÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎ Óƒy!=˛ !lˆÏçÓ˚ ï˛Ìy xˆÏlƒÓ˚
xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ çyàÓ˚%ܲ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ˆ§ xl%ÎyÎ˚# !lÎ˚sfî ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ
xyˆÏÓàÙ)°Ü˛ Ó%!ÂôÙyl ӈϰ– ÎyÓ˚y ~Ùl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ x!Ë˛Óƒ!=˛ x˛õ§Çà!ï˛Ù)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛
•Î˚ ~ÓÇ !l!ò≈T ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ x§Çà!ï˛ í˛zͲõ!_ •Î˚–
xyˆÏÓàÙ)°Ü˛ Ó%!Âô Ó°ˆÏï˛ xyÙÓ˚y Ó%!V˛ !lˆÏçÓ˚ ï˛Ìy xˆÏlƒÓ˚
xyˆÏÓàˆÏܲ !lÎ˚sfî ܲÓ˚yñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õ,Ìܲ#ܲÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ !lˆÏçÓ˚
!ã˛hs˝y G !Ü ˛Î˚yܲ°yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ï˛Ìƒ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
§yÙÌ≈ƒˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ (Mayer ~ÓÇ Salovey, 1999)–
• xlƒˆÏòÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !˛õSȈÏl í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ ~ÓÇ ≤ÃFSÈߨ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ
xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚y ly–
• Óƒ!=˛ ~ÓÇ âê˛lyÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xˆÏÎÔ!=˛Ü˛ !ÓŸªy§ ≤Ã!ï˛•ï˛
ܲÓ˚–
• ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏàÓ˚ x!Ë˛Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ àë˛lÙ)°Ü˛ í˛z˛õyÎ˚ á%ÑçˆÏï˛
ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚– !lˆÏçÓ˚ ˆÜ ˛yˆÏôÓ˚ x!Ë˛Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ Ùyey ï˛Ìy §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lÎ˚sfî Ó˚yá–
• ˆÏÜ ˛yô !lÎ˚sfî ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ly ˆòˆÏá !lˆÏçÓ˚ xhs˝ˆÏÓ˚
ˆòá–
• ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ !lˆÏçˆÏܲ §ÙÎ˚ òyG– ~ܲ!ê˛ x˲ƒy§
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ §ÙÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ≤ÈÏã˛T˛yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl–
•z!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î
(Enhancing Positive Emotions)
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ xyˆÏSÈ– ï˛yÓ˚y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚Óï˛≈l¢#° ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ Ùy!lˆÏÎ˚ !lˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛y
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÓÑyã˛y ~ÓÇ Ë˛y° ÌyܲyÓ˚ çlƒ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈– ˆl!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛
xyˆÏÓà ˆÎÙl ˲Î˚ñ ˆÜ ˛yô xÌÓy !Ó£Ï]ï˛y ˲Î˚≤Ãò¢≈ܲ í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚
!ÓÓ˚%ˆÏÂô x!ï˛§cÓ˚ !Ü ˛Î˚y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ Ùyl!§Ü˛ G ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ˲yˆÏÓ
≤Ã›ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚lfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ Î!ò ˲Î˚ ly ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ~ܲ!ê˛
!Ó£Ïy=˛ §y˛õˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y •yˆÏï˛ ôÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚Ó– Î!òG ˆl!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛
xyˆÏÓàà%!° ~•z xÓfiÌyÎ˚˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §%Ó˚!«˛ï˛ Ó˚yˆÏá !ܲv ~•z
xyˆÏÓàà%!°Ó˚ xï˛ƒ!ôܲ Óy xl%˛õÎ%=˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚
çlƒ VÑ%˛!ܲ˛õ)î≈ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ~ê˛y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓ˚yà
≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yôܲ ÓƒÓfiÌyˆÏܲ «˛!ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ fl∫yˆÏfĩÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
ÙyÓ˚ydܲ «˛!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
xyˆÏ Ó àÙ) ° ܲ Ó% ! ÂôÙ_yÓ˚ ôyÓ˚ î y xyhs˝ ı Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ~ÓÇ
xyhs˝ıÓƒ!=˛àï˛ ~•z ò%•z≤ÃܲyÓ˚ í˛z˛õyòyˆÏlÓ˚ xhs˝ıË%≈˛=˛– xhs˝Ó˚Óƒ!=˛àï˛
~Ó˚ !ܲS%È í˛z˛õyòyl xyˆÏSÈ– ˆÎÙlÈüÈ xyd §ˆÏã˛ï˛lï˛y å!lˆÏçÓ˚ ˆl!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛
xyˆÏÓà ï˛Ìy ≤ÃÓ,!_à%!°ˆÏܲ !lÎ˚sfî ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛yä ~ÓÇ xydÈüȈ≤ÃÓ˚îy
å!Ó˛õ!_Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒG !ܲS%È °«˛ƒ xç≈l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ò«˛ï˛yÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ ~ÓÇ
§%ˆÏÎyà ܲyˆÏç °yàyÓyÓ˚ í˛zˆÏòƒyà @˝Ã•l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ï˛yí˛¸lyä– xyhs˝ıÓƒy!=˛àï˛
xyˆÏÓàÙ)°Ü˛ Ó%!ÂôÓ˚ xhs˝ıà≈ï ò%!ê˛ í˛z˛õyòyl §yÙy!çܲ ˆã˛ï˛ly xˆÏlƒÓ˚
xl%Ë)˛!ï˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ §ˆÏã˛ï˛lï˛y ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤âǧy ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛y ~ÓÇ
§yÙy!çܲ ò«˛ï˛y å§yÙy!çܲ ò«˛ï˛y Îy ly!ܲ x˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §Çà!ï˛
§yôl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆÎÙl ò° àë˛lñ mˆÏrôÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy˛õlyñ
ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ ˆÜ˛Ô¢° •zï˛ƒy!òä–
xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ9 • ˆ≤ãÏîy ~ÓÇ xyˆÏÓà 185
 •z!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ xyˆÏÓà ˆÎÙl ≤Ãï˛ƒy¢yñ xyl®ñ xy¢yÓyòñ ï,˛!Æ • Óƒ!=˛ˆÏcÓ˚ §Ç°«˛î ˆÎÙl xy¢yÓyòñ xy¢y˛õ)î≈ï˛yñ §%á
~ÓÇ Ü,˛ï˛K˛ï˛y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ¢!=˛ ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ùyl!§Ü˛ §%fiÌï˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ •z!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ xyd◊Âôy–
xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ Óyí˛¸yÎ˚– Îál xyÙÓ˚y •z!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ ≤Ã˲yˆÏÓÓ˚ x!˲K˛ï˛y • ˆ¢yã˛l#Î˚ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ •z!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ xÌ≈ ˆáÑyçy–
°y˲ ܲ!Ó˚ ï˛ál xyÙÓ˚y !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲÙ≈ ~ÓÇ ôyÓ˚îyà%!°Ó˚ • xlƒˆÏòÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ í˛zÍÜ,˛T˛ §¡∫rô ï˛Ìy !lÜ˛ê˛ §¡∫rôà%!°Ó˚
çlƒ !Ó¢ò ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Ü ˛Î˚yܲ°y˛õ ~ÓÇ !ã˛hs˝yôyÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ x@˝Ãy!ôܲyÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §•yÎ˚ܲ §ÇˆÏÎyà ˜Ïï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚y–
≤Ãò¢≈l ܲ!Ó˚– xyÙÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏܲyl §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ §Ùyôyl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ xyÓ˚G • ܲyˆÏç ˛ç!í˛¸ï˛ Ìyܲy ~ÓÇ ò«˛ï˛y xç≈l ܲÓ˚y–
§Ω˛yÓly ~ÓÇ !Óܲ“à%!° !lˆÏÎ˚ ˲yÓˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z˲yˆÏÓ xyÙÓ˚y • !ÓŸªy§ ÎyÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ §yÙy!çܲ §ÙÌ≈l í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ ~ÓÇ xy¢y
§!Ü ˛Î˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛z!벖 §Çà!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚ ï˛y í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ˛õ)î≈ ç#ÓlÎyeyÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ x@˝Ã§Ó˚
ÙˆÏly!Óò‰àî ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl ˆÎñ ˆÎ ˆ°yܲà%!°ˆÏܲ ˲Î˚ G ˆÜ ˛yˆÏôÓ˚ •ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ã˛°!Fãe ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ÎyÓ˚y xyl®òyÎ˚ܲ G • x!ôܲyÇ¢ ˜òl!®l âê˛lyÓ˚ •z!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚–
ï,˛!ÆòyÎ˚ܲ ã˛°!Fãe ˆòˆÏá!SÈ° ï˛yÓ˚y Îy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚ ï˛y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛
xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ¢# !ã˛hs˝yôyÓ˚y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°– •z!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ xyˆÏÓà xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Ù%რ˛õò È
≤Ã!ï˛Ü)˛° ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ §¡ø%á#l •ˆÏï˛ ï˛Ìy x!ï˛ §_¥Ó˚ §yÙylƒ ~!Ùàí˛y°yñ í˛zˆÏmàñ í˛zˆÏ_çlyñ fl∫Î˚Ç!Ü ˛Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sfñ
˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ xy§ˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛ˆÏ°– ï˛yÓ˚y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ xyˆÏÓàñ ˜ç!Óܲ ã˛y!•òyñ «%˛ôyñ ï,˛£÷Ïyñ ˆÎÔlï˛yñ
ò#â≈ˆÏÙÎ˚yò# ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly ~ÓÇ °«˛ƒ fiÌy˛õl ~ÓÇ lï%˛l §¡õÜ≈˛ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sfñ m®µñ xyˆÏÓà≤ÃÓî Ó%!ÂôÙ_yñ fl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛Ó˚
àë˛l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– •z!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ xyˆÏÓà Óyí˛¸yˆÏlyÓ˚ í˛z˛õyÎ˚ ã˛y!•òyñ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚˝ í˛zˆÏmàñ xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ x!Ë˛Óƒ!=˛ñ •ï˛y¢yñ
l#ˆÏã˛ ˆòGÎ˚y •°ÈüÈ ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ Ü ˛ˆÏÙyߨ!ï˛Ó˚ ï˛_¥ñ ˆ≤ãÏîyñ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚îyñ ã˛y!•òyñ «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚
ˆ≤Ã£Ï î yñ ÙˆÏ l y§yÙy!çܲ ˆ≤Ã£Ï î yñ xyˆÏ d y˛õ°!kôñ
§yÓ˚yÇ¢ xydfl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛–
• ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ °ˆÏ«˛ƒÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ xôƒyÓ§yÎ˚# xyã˛Ó˚î Îy ˆÜ˛yl !Ó!˲ߨ ï˛yí˛¸lyÓ˚ Ê˛°yÊ˛° ï˛yˆÏܲ ˆ≤ãÏîy ӈϰ–
• ˆ≤ãÏîy ò%•z ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ñ ˆÎÙl ˜ç!Óܲ ~ÓÇ ÙˆÏly§yÙy!çܲ–
• ˜ç!Óܲ ˆ≤ãÏîy ò,!T˛ !lÓÂô ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ≤ãÏîy §•çyï˛ ˜ç!Óܲ ܲyÓ˚î ˆÎÙlÈüÈ •ˆÏÙ≈ylñ !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yê˛∆y™!Ùê˛yÓ˚ñ
Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ àë˛l å•y•zˆÏ˛õỹy°yÙy§ñ !°!¡∫ܲ !§ˆÏfiê˛Ùä •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚– ˜ç!Óܲ ˆ≤ãÏîyÓ˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚l •° «%˛ôyñ
ï,˛£÷Ïy ~ÓÇ ˆÎÔlï˛y–
• ÙˆÏly§yÙy!çܲ ˆ≤ãÏîy Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§•z ˆ≤ãÏîyà%!°ˆÏܲ Îy Ù)°ï˛ı Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ §yÙy!çܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ !ÙÌ!fl;Î˚yÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚Ùylfl∫Ó˚)˛õ !Óܲ!¢ï˛ •Î˚– ÙˆÏly§yÙy!çܲ ˆ≤ãÏîyÓ˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚l •° xl%ˆÏÙyòˆÏlÓ˚ ã˛y!•òyñ Ü,˛!ï˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ã˛y!•òyñ
ˆÜ˛Ôï)˛•° ~ÓÇ xˆÏß∫£Ïî ~ÓÇ «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ ã˛y!•òy–
• Ùy§ˆÏ°y !Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ÙylÓ ã˛y!•òyà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ í˛zÂô≈àyÙ# Ü ˛ˆÏÙ §y!çˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈlñ ÎyÓ˚ ¢%Ó˚% •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛
¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚ ã˛y!•òy !òˆÏÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ !lÓ˚y˛õ_yÓ˚ ã˛y!•òyñ ˲yˆÏ°yÓy§y ~ÓÇ ~ܲydï˛yÓ˚ ã˛y!•òyñ fl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛Ó˚
ã˛y!•òy ~ÓÇ §ÓˆÏ¢ˆÏ£Ï Ü ˛ˆÏÙyߨ!ï˛Ó˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ •ˆÏ°y xyˆÏdyí˛z˛õ°!kôÓ˚ çlƒ ã˛y!•òy–
• ˆ≤ãÏîyÓ˚ xlƒylƒ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xyˆÏSÈ •ï˛y¢y ~ÓÇ m®µ–
• xyˆÏÓà •° ~ܲ!ê˛ ç!ê˛° í˛zˆÏ_çlyÙÎ˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y Îy ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚ §!Ü ˛Î˚ï˛y ó xl%Ë)˛!ï˛Ó˚ §ˆÏã˛ï˛lï˛yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ
ç!í˛¸ï˛ ~ÓÇ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ xyáƒyl Îy ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y!ê˛ˆÏܲ Óî≈ly ܲˆÏÓ˚–
• !ܲS%È ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ xyˆÏÓà˛ •° ˆÎÙl xyl®ñ Ó˚yàñ ò%ıáñ !ÓfløÎ˚ñ ˲Î˚ •zï˛ƒy!ò– ~•z §Ü˛° xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ §Ç!Ù◊ˆÏî
xlƒylƒ xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ x!˲K˛ï˛y àˆÏí˛¸ í˛zˆÏ벖
• xyˆÏÓà !lÎ˚sfˆÏî ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf ~ÓÇ fl∫Î˚Ç!Ü ˛Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
• xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ x!Ë˛Óƒ!=˛ ~ÓÇ ÓƒyáƒyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ ≤ÃӰ˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ã˲yÓ ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°–
• xyˆÏÓà ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •Î˚ ˲y£ÏyÙ)°Ü˛ ~ÓÇ Ë˛y£Ïy!Ó•#l x!Ë˛Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ–
• ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ ~ÓÇ Ùyl!§Ü˛ §%fiÌï˛y !l!Ÿã˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ xyˆÏÓàˆÏܲ ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚˲yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly ܲÓ˚y à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈–

186 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
˛õÎ≈yˆÏ°yã˛lyÙ)°Ü˛ ≤ß¿
1ä ˆ≤ãÏîyÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚–
2ä ˆ≤ãÏîyÓ˚ ˜ç!Óܲ !˲!_ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ «%˛ôy ~ÓÇ ï,˛£÷ÏyÓ˚ ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ !˲!_ !ܲ !°á–
3ä Ü,˛!ï˛c xç≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ã˛y!•òyñ xl%ˆÏÙyòˆÏlÓ˚ ã˛y!•òy ~ÓÇ «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ ã˛y!•òy !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ !ܲˆÏ¢yÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ
≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚l §•ˆÏÎyˆÏà Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚–
4ä Ùy§ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ Ü ˛ˆÏÙyߨ!ï˛ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ Ù)° ôyÓ˚îy !ܲ⁄ í˛zòy•Ó˚l §•ˆÏÎyˆÏà !°á–
5ä ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚ í˛zˆÏ_çly xyˆÏÓà xl%Ë)˛ï˛ •ÓyÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ ly ˛õŸã˛yˆÏï˛ xl%Ë)˛ï˛ •Î˚ñ !°á–
6ä xyˆÏÓàà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ çlƒ ܲ# ~Ó˚ §ˆÏã˛ï˛l Óƒyáƒy ~ÓÇ xyáƒyl ܲÓ˚y á%Ó à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈⁄
7ä §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ x!Ë˛Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚⁄
8ä ˆl!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ xyˆÏÓàà%!° !lÎ˚sfî ܲÓ˚y ˆÜ˛l ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl⁄ ˆl!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ xyˆÏÓà !lÎ˚sfî ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛Ô¢°à%!°
§¡∫ˆÏrô !°á–

≤ÃܲˆÏ“Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îy
1ä Ùy§ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ Ü ˛ˆÏÙyߨ!ï˛ ï˛_¥ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲÓ˚ ˆÎ Ù•yl à!îï˛K˛ ~§É~É
Ó˚yÙyl%çl ~ÓÇ Ù•yl §yly•zÓyòܲ GhflÏyò !Ó§!ÙÕ‘y• áyl å˲yÓ˚ï˛Ó˚bä ˆÜ˛yl ˆ≤ÃÓ˚îyÎ˚
ˆ≤Ã!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ !lç !lç ˆ«˛ˆÏe Óƒ!ï˛Ü ˛ÙôÙ≈# ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ~ál !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ~ÓÇ xyÓ˚G
˛õÑyã˛çl ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ï,˛!Æ ¢ï˛≈yÓ°#ˆÏï˛ Ó˚yáñ xl%ôyÓl ~ÓÇ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚–
2ä xˆÏlܲ Óyí˛¸#ˆÏï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ò§ƒÓ˚y fl¨yl ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆË˛yçl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly ï˛Ìy ôy!Ù≈ܲ Ó ï˛G
Ó˚yˆÏá– !Ó!˲ߨ §yÙy!çܲ Ó˚#!ï˛l#!ï˛à%!° ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ «%˛ôy ~ÓÇ ï,˛£÷ÏyÓ˚ x!Ë˛Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚– !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õyÓ˚˛õy!Ÿª≈ܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õÑyã˛çlˆÏܲ !lˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ù#«˛y ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly ܲÓ˚
~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓòl ≤Ã›ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚–

xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ9 • ˆ≤ãÏîy ~ÓÇ xyˆÏÓà 187

 ¢∑ˆÏܲy¢
!l!Ÿã˛ï˛ §#Ùy (Absolute threshold): ˆÜ˛yl í˛zj#˛õܲˆÏܲ
§ly=˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ l)ƒlï˛Ù ï˛#Ó ï˛y–
í˛z˛õˆÏÎyçl (Accommodation): ˆ°ˆÏ™Ó˚ xyÜ,˛!ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !§!°Î˚yÓ˚# ˆ˛õ!¢Ó˚ ã˛y«%˛£Ï !Ü ˛Î˚y–
§yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ x!˲ˆÏÎyçl (Acculturation) : §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ G
ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l§Ù)• Îy ò%!ê˛ fl∫ï˛sf §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛
ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ü ˛Ùyàï˛ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà fiÌy˛õˆÏlÓ˚
Ê˛°fl∫Ó˚)˛õ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
Ü,˛!ï˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ã˛y!•òy (Achievement need/motive) :
§Ê˛°ï˛y ≤Ãy!ÆÓ˚ñ xlƒˆÏòÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ˲y° ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ñ
í˛zÍÜ,˛T˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ flõô≈yÙ)°Ü˛ ܲyÎ≈ܲ°y˛õ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
ã˛y!•òy Îy Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ «˛Ùï˛yˆÏܲ ≤ÃÜ˛ê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚–
ÓÎ˚ı§!rôܲy° (Adolescence): ~ê˛y •ˆÏFSÈ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆ§•z
hflÏÓ˚ Îy ˜¢¢Ó ˆÌˆÏܲ ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃyÆ ÓÎ˚flÒ ˛hflÏÓ˚ õÎ≈hs˝ xÌ≈yÍ
11 ˆÌˆÏܲ 12 ÓSÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚§ ˆÌˆÏܲ 18 ˆÌˆÏܲ 20 ÓSÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚§
ˆ¢£Ï •GÎ˚y ˛õÎ≈hs˝ !Óhfl,Ïï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
~!í»˛ly!°l (Adrenaline): ~ê˛y ÙylÓ ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ á%Ó
à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl Îy Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ Î%ÏÂôñ ˛õ°yÎ˚l G ˲#!ï˛Ù)°Ü˛
≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ≤Ã›ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚–
~!í»˛ˆÏlyܲ!ê≈˛ˆÏܲyê˛∆!˛õܲ •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl (Adrenocorticotropic
hormone) (ACTH): x@˝Ã !˛õê%˛•zê˛yÓ˚# @˝Ã!rÌ ˆÌˆÏܲ
!lÈı§,ï˛ ~ܲ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl Îy ~!í»˛ly°ˆÏܲ í˛zj#!˛õï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚
ܲÓ˚!ê˛Ü˛ˆÏÎ˚í˛ •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl !lı§,ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛–
ÓyÎ˚!ÓÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤ë˛ï˛y (Aerial perspective): à˲#Ó˚ï˛y
≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ˆÏ î Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ~ܲ ã˛«% ˛ Ù) ° ܲ §ÇˆÏ Ü ˛ï˛ Îy ˛õ, Ì Ü˛
˛ÓyÎ˚%Ù[˛°#Î˚ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ Ó›Ó˚ xyˆÏ˛õ!«˛Ü˛ flõT˛ï˛y•z
!l!•ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– !lܲê˛Óï˛#≈ Ó›à%ˆÏ°y §yôyÓ˚îï˛ xyl%˛õ!«˛Ü˛
!Ó£ÏÎÓ˚ › ~ÓÇ Ó˚ˆ.Ï Ó˚ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ x!ôܲ §%flõT˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ˆÎáyˆÏl
ò)Ó˚Óï≈˛# Ó›à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ Ü˛Ù flõT˛ ӈϰ ≤Ã!ï˛Ë˛yï˛ •Î˚–
xhs˝Ó≈y•# fl¨yÎ˚% (Afferent neurons): ï˛Ìƒ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÎ˚ ç!í˛¸ï˛ !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yl
í˛z_Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õ (After images): ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zj#˛õܲˆÏܲ x˛õ§y!Ó˚ï˛
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ò,!T˛àï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õ !l!ò≈T˛ §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ çlƒ fiÌyÎ˚#˲yˆÏÓ
xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚–
§ÙhflÏ Óy ¢)lƒï˛yÓ˚ §)e (All-or–none law): ~•z !lÎ˚Ù xl%ÎyÎ˚#
í˛z!j˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ ï˛#Ó ï˛yÓ˚ Ùyey !l!Ó≈ˆÏ¢ˆÏ£Ï ~ܲ!ê˛ !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yl ˆÜ˛yl
í˛zj#˛õlyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ §¡õ)î≈ ¢!=˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ xÌÓy
ˆÜ˛yl ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ ly–
188 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
!ÓhflÏyÓ˚ (Amplitude): ¢∑ ï˛Ó˚ˆÏAà xl%˲) !Ùܲ ï˛° ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛
§y•zˆÏlyˆÏ§y•zí˛y° ï˛Ó˚ˆÏAàÓ˚ ¢#ˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ ò)Ó˚cˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚– EEG
˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏ˛õ EEG !°!˛õÓÂôܲÓ˚ˆÏî §ˆÏÓ≈yFã˛ ~ÓÇ §Ó≈!l¡¨
ˆË˛yˆÏŒê˛ˆÏçÓ˚ ò)Ó˚cˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ xlƒË˛yˆÏÓ ~!ê˛ §yôyÓ˚îï˛
ï˛#Ó ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ !•§yˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚–
~!Ùàí˛y°y (Amygdala): ò%•z ÓyòyÙ xyÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ fl¨yÎ%̊ à%FSÈ Îy xAà
!Ólƒy§ !§ˆÏfiê˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ í˛z˛õyòyl ~ÓÇ xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §ÇÎ%=˛–
§Ó≈≤ÃyîÓyò (Animism): ≤Ãyܲ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yààï˛ !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xÇ¢ñ
~•z !ÓŸªy§ ˆÎ !lç#≈Ó Ó›ˆÏï˛ ç#Óhs˝ ӈϰ ≤Ãï˛#Î˚Ùyl •GÎ˚yÓ˚
à%î Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ !Ü ˛Î˚y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛G §ÙÌ≈–
í˛zˆÏmà (Anxiety): ≤Ãï˛ƒy!¢ï˛ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ myÓ˚y
xyï˛Aܲ Óy ˲ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §yÙylƒ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛–
xyܲ£Ï≈îÈüÈxyܲ£Ï≈î m®µ (Approach-approach conflict):
~Ó˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ •ˆÏ°y ò%!ê˛ §Ùyl xyl®òyÎ˚ܲ Óy ˛õSÈ® °ˆÏ«˛ƒÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ ˛m®µ–
xyܲ£Ï≈î !Óܲ£Ï≈î m®µ (Approach-avoidance conflict):
m®µ •° ~Ùl ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ ÎyÓ˚ •z!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ ~ÓÇ ˆl!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛
í˛z˲Î˚ !òܲ•z xyˆÏSÈ– Óƒ!=˛ §Ùyl °«˛ƒ myÓ˚y !Óܲ!£Ï≈ï˛ ~ÓÇ
xyܲ!£Ï≈ï˛ •Î˚ñ ˜Ó§yò,ˆÏ¢ƒÓ˚ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
í˛zˆÏ_çly (Arousal): ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚ xÓfiÌyl –
Ü,˛!eÙ Ó%!ÂôÙ_y (Artificial intelligence) (AI): ~•z ¢yáy
Îsf åÎÌy ܲ!¡õí˛zê˛yÓ˚ä ˜ï˛!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ Îy ç!ê˛° ܲyç
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §«˛Ùñ ÎyÓ˚ çlƒ ≤Ã̈ÏÙ ÙylÓ Ó%!ÂôÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y
!ܲ çylˆÏï˛ •Î˚–
xl%£ÏAàÙ)°Ü˛ !¢ál (Associative learning): ~•z !¢áˆÏl
!ܲS%È âê˛ly ~ܲ§yˆÏÌ âê˛ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– âê˛ly!ê˛ ò%!ê˛ í˛zj#˛õܲ
å≤Ãyã˛#l xl%Óï≈˛lä xÌÓy ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚
Ê˛°yÊ˛°G •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
xl%Ó˚yà (Attachment): !¢¢% ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ !˛õï˛yÙyï˛y xÌÓy
≤Ã!ï˛˛õy!°Ü˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲê˛y à˲#Ó˚ xyˆÏÓà˛õ)î≈ §¡∫rô–
à%î (Attribution): ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ Óy!•ƒÜ˛ í˛z˛õyòyˆÏlÓ˚ åܲyÓ˚îä
≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ àˆÏí˛¸ í˛zë˛y x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î xÓfiÌyÓ˚ xl%Ùyl
ܲÓ˚y–
ܲï,≈˛cÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!ï˛˛õy°l (Authoritative parenting):
!¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ °y°l ˛õy°l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛Ô¢° ˆÎáyˆÏl !˛õï˛yÙyï˛y
!¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫!lË≈˛Ó˚ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ í˛zͧy• ˆòÎ˚ !ܲv ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
ܲyˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ §#ÙyˆÏÓ˚áy ˆê˛ˆÏl ˆòÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛y !lÎ˚sfî ܲˆÏÓ˚–
fl∫Î˚Ç!Ü ˛Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf (Autonomic nervous system):
≤Ãyhs˝Óï˛#≈ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ë˛yà Îy lÓ˚Ù ˆ˛õ¢#ñ xÌ≈yÍ
xAà≤Ãï˛ƒˆÏAàÓ˚ ~ÓÇ @˝Ã!ŗÙ)ˆÏ•Ó˚ ܲyçˆÏܲ !lÎ˚sfî ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ÎyÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ §ÙˆÏÓò# ~ÓÇ ˛õÓ˚y§ÙˆÏÓò# fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ
Îy ≤Èϫ˛y˲Ù)°Ü˛ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈–
!Óܲ£Ï ≈ î !Óܲ£Ï ≈ î m®µ (Avoidance-avoidance
conflict): ò%!ê˛ §Ùyl xÓy!N˛ï˛ xÌÓy ˲Î˚ í˛zͲõyòlܲyÓ˚#
°ˆÏ«˛ƒÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ m®µñ §Ùyôyl ≤ÃyÎ˚•z •Î˚ ly–
~:l (Axon): ~ê˛y •ˆÏFSÈ !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y xÇ¢ Îy ˆÜ˛y£ÏˆÏò•
ˆÌˆÏܲ xlƒ !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏl ï˛Ìƒ Ó•l ܲˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚–
ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ xyˆÏÓà (Basic emotions): ÙylÓ ≤Ãçy!ï˛Ó˚
xl%Ë)˛!ï˛Ó˚ §yôyÓ˚î xÓfiÌy ÎyÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xlƒylƒ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛Ù)°Ü˛
xÓfiÌyÓ˚ í˛zqÓ˛ •Î˚–
xyã˛Ó˚îÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ãçll!Óòƒy (Behaviour genetics):
ÓÇ¢à!ï˛ G ˛õ!Ó˚ ˆ Ï Ó ˆÏ ¢ Ó˚ «˛Ùï˛y G §#ÙyÓÂôï˛y ~ÓÇ
xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yˆÏÓÓ˚ xôƒÎ˚î–
xyã˛Ó˚î (Behaviour): ~ܲ!ê˛ Óƒ!=˛ Óy ≤Ãy!îÓ˚ x≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ Óy
≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ !Ü ˛Î˚y ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y Îy !ܲS%È ˛õrÌy myÓ˚y ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲÓ˚y
ÎyÎ˚ –
xyã˛Ó˚îÓyò ( Behaviourism ): ~ܲ!ê˛ !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ ¢yáy Îy
Ó›!l¤˛ï˛yñ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛îˆÏÎyàƒ xyã˛Ó˚îàï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yñ !¢ál
~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢àï˛ !lô≈yÓ˚ܲà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ à%Ó˚%cyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
!m˲y£ÏyÓyò (Bilingualism): ò%!ê˛ Ë˛y£ÏyÓ˚ ˛x!ô@˝Ã•î ÎyˆÏï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ
Óy܉˛ôÁ!lñ ¢∑ˆÏܲy¢ ~ÓÇ ÓƒyܲÓ˚îàï˛ !lÎ˚Ùà%ˆÏ°y ÓƒÓ•,ï˛
•Î˚–
!mã˛«%˛Ù)°Ü˛ §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ (Binocular cues): ~•z!ê˛ à˲#Ó˚ï˛yÓ˚
§)eñ ˆÎÙl ˆÓ˚!ê˛lyÓ˚ ˜Ó£ÏÙƒ ~ÓÇ x!˲§Ó˚îñ Îy ò%!ê˛ ˆã˛yá
ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ÓyˆÏÎ˚y!Ê˛í˛Óƒyܲ (Biofeedback): ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ Îy Óƒ!=˛ˆÏòÓ˚
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !lçfl∫ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,!_Î˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yà%ˆÏ°y ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
xl%Ù!ï˛ ˆòÎ˚ åí˛zòy•Ó˚îñ •,òܲ¡õîñ Ó˚=˛ã˛y˛õä ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y
§¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ï˛yÓ˚y §yôyÓ˚îï˛ xˆÏã˛ï˛l ÌyˆÏܲñ ï˛yÓ˚y ï˛y !lÎ˚sfî
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆ¢ˆÏá–
xrô!Ó®% (Blind spot): ˆÎ !Ó®%ˆÏï˛ x˛õ!ê˛Ü˛ fl¨yÎ˚% ˆã˛yá ˆÌˆÏܲ
Ó!•≈àï˛ •Î˚ñ Îy ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛xrô!Ó®%Ó˚ §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î ˆÜ˛yl
@˝Ãy•Ü˛ ˆÜ˛y£Ï ~áyˆÏl xÓ!fiÌï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ly–
!l¡¨ÈüÈí˛zôÁ≈àyÙ# ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y (Bottom-up processing): xÓÎ˚Ó
≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ˆÏî ~ܲܲ í˛z˛õyòyl ˆÌˆÏܲ §Ù@˝Ã í˛z˛õyòyˆÏlÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ
x@˝Ãà!ï˛–
Ù!hflÏ‹Ò Ü˛y[˛ (Brainstem): Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ ≤Ãyã˛#l ~ÓÇ Ùôƒ xÇ¢ñ
ˆÎáyˆÏl §%£Ï%ß√yܲy[˛ fl≥˛#ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ~!ê˛
fl∫Î˚Ç!Ü ˛Î˚ í˛zòÓï≈˛l !Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ çlƒ òyÎ˚#–
ˆÓ •zlfiê˛∆!Ù≈Ç (Brainstorming): ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ù§ƒy §ÙyôylÙ)°Ü˛
ˆÜ˛Ô¢°ñ ˆÎáyˆÏl ~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛ Óy ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆày¤˛# §Ó §Ω˛yÓƒ
ôyÓ˚îy §Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚î ¢%ô%Ùye §Ó ôyÓ˚îy
§Ç@˝ÃˆÏ•Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
í˛zIµ°ï˛y (Brightness): ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ x!˲K˛ï˛y Îy ~ܲ!ê˛
xyˆÏ°yÓ˚ ï˛#Ó ï˛y xÌÓy ï˛Ó˚Aà !ÓhflÏyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏAà §¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛–
ܲƒyll Óyí≈˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ï˛_¥ (Cannon-Bard theory): ~ê˛y •ˆÏFSÈ
xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y ï˛_¥ ÎyˆÏï˛ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ~ÓÇ
xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ x!˲K˛ï˛y ~ܲ §yˆÏÌ §Çà!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚–
ˆÜ˛•z§ fiê˛y!í˛ (Case study): ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÜ˛Ô¢° Îy ~ܲ!ê˛ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ
à˲#Ó˚˲yˆÏÓ xôƒÎ˚î ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
ˆÜ˛y¢ (Cell): ~ܲ!ê˛ ç#!Óï˛ ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ~ܲܲ–
ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf (Central nervous system) : Ù!hflÏ‹Ò G
§%‹ølyܲy[˛ myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ í˛z˛õï˛sf˛–
ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ܲÓ˚î (Centration): xlƒ§Ü˛° !ܲS%ȈÏܲ Óç≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ
~ܲ!ê˛ ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ò,!T˛ !lˆÏ«˛˛õ Óy ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyàˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛w#Ë)˛ï˛
ܲÓ˚y–
ˆ§Ê˛yˆÏ°yܲí˛y° ˛õƒyê˛yl≈ (Cephalocaudal pattern:) ˆÎ
Ü ˛ˆÏÙ §Ó≈y!ôܲ Ó,!Âô ÈüüüÈ í˛z˛õÓ˚ xÌ≈yÍ ÙyÌyÎ˚ §Çâ!ê˛ï˛ •Î˚ñ
xyܲyÓ˚ñ GçˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ ~ÓÇ
˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ ˛õ,Ìܲï˛y ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ l#ã˛ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ܲyç
ܲˆÏÓ˚–
°â%Ù!hflÏ‹Ò (Cerebellum): ܲˆÏÓ˚y!ê˛Ó˚ l#ˆÏã˛ Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ xÇ¢ Îy
˜ò!•Ü˛ §M˛y°lñ ˲!Aà ~ÓÇ Ë˛yÓ˚§yÙƒ §ÇâÓÂô˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ˆ§!Ó˚Ó y° ܲˆÏê≈˛: (Cerebral cortex): ~ê˛y •ˆÏFSÈ Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚
~ܲê˛y ˆ«˛e Îy Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ ~ÓÇ ≤Èϫ˛y˲Ù)°Ü˛
!Ü ˛Î˚yà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ !lÎ˚sfî ܲˆÏÓ˚–
à%Ó%̊Ù!hflÏ‹Ò#Î˚ ˆày°yô≈ (Cerebral hemispheres): ˆ§!Ó˚Ó y°
ܲˆÏê≈˛ˆÏ:Ó˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ò%!ê˛ §Ùyhs˝Ó˚y° ˲yà–
ˆÜ ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyÙ (Chromosomes): §%ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y xÇ¢ Îy 23
ˆçyí˛¸y ÌyˆÏܲñ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ ˆçyí˛¸y ~ܲ!ê˛ xÇ¢ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ !˛õï˛y Ùyï˛y
ˆÌˆÏܲ xyˆÏ§– ˆÜ ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyˆÏÙ ÓÇ¢à!ï˛ x§yôyÓ˚î ˛õòyÌ≈
!í˛x!:Ó˚y•zˆÏÓy !lí˛z!Üœ˛Ü˛ xƒy!§í˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ ÓÎ˚§ (Chronological age): ÓͧˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §Çáƒy Îy
Óƒ!=˛ çˆÏß√Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ x!ï˛Ü ˛yhs˝ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈñ ÎyˆÏܲ §yôyÓ˚î
xˆÏÌ≈ ÓÎ˚§ Ó°y •Î˚–
ã˛yÇ!Ü˛Ç (Chunking): ~ܲ!ê˛ Ùye ~ܲܲ !•§yˆÏÓ §ÇÓ˚!«˛ï˛
˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y §Ù!T˛–
¢∑ˆÏܲy¢ 189
≤Ãyã˛#l xî%Óï≈˛l (Classical conditioning): ~ܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
!¢ál ˆÎáyˆÏl ç#Ó í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ §ˆÏAà xl%£ÏAà ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆ¢ˆÏá–
~Ó˚ ≤Ãôyl ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ •ˆÏ°y ˆÎ Ù)° !lÓ˚ˆÏ˛õ«˛ xl%Óï˛#≈ï˛
í˛zj#˛õܲ (CS)– xlyl%Óï˛≈#ï˛ í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ (US) §yˆÏÌ
ÓyÓ˚ ÓyÓ˚ ˆçyí˛¸ ÓÑyôyˆÏlyÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ xlyl%Óï˛#≈ï˛ í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚
≤Ã!ï˛ §Çâ!ê˛ï˛ Ù)° ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y!ê˛ xç≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
˲@¿ï˛y˛õ)Ó˚î (Closure): §Çàë˛lÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y Îy ˲@¿ Óy x§¡õ)î≈
xyÜ,˛!ï˛ˆÏܲ ˛õ)Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ !lˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚–
ܲܲ!°Î˚y (Cochlea): xhs˝ıܲˆÏî≈Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ï˛Ó˚° ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈ ˛õ)î≈
Ü%˛[˛!°ï˛ §%í˛¸Aà ÌyˆÏܲ Îy ◊ÓˆÏîÓ˚ @˝Ãy•Ü˛ !•§yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚–
K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ «˛Ùï˛y (Cognition): K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ §ˆÏAà Î%=˛ §Ü˛° ≤ÃܲyÓ˚
Ùyl!§Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y ÎÌy çyly ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îñ !ã˛hs˝l ~ÓÇ flø,!ï˛ã˛yÓ˚î
ܲÓ˚y •zï˛ƒy!ò ~à%ˆÏ°y ï˛Ìƒ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yܲÓ˚îñ í˛z˛õ°!kô ~ÓÇ
ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ §ˆÏAà Î%=˛–
K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aà (Cognitive approach): ~•z ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aà
ÙylÓ !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÓ˚ xôƒÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÜ˛ˆÏw xÓ!fiÌï˛
§ÙhflÏ çylyÓ˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆçyÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚–
K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ !Ùï˛Óƒ!Î˚ï˛y (Cognitive economy): ~ܲ!ê˛ ¢∑
Îy ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ Ü ˛ˆÏÙyߨ!ï˛Ù)°Ü˛ xyhs˝ç≈y°#Î˚ §Çàë˛l myÓ˚y
ò#â≈fiÌyÎ˚# flø,!ï˛Ó˚ «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ §Ó≈y!ôܲ ~ÓÇ Ê˛°≤ç% ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ˆÏܲ
§)!ã˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ !¢ál (Cognitive learning): !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ §ˆÏAà
Î%=˛ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îñ K˛yl ~ÓÇ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ ˛õ%î≈àë˛l–
K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ !ã˛e (Cognitive map): ~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚
Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áyÓ˚ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õ–
K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y (Cognitive processes): Óƒ!=˛Ó˚
!ã˛hs˝yôyÓ˚yñ Ó%!ÂôÙ_y ~ÓÇ Ë˛y£ÏyÓ˚ §ˆÏAà Î%=˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y–
Óî≈yrô (Colour blindness): Ó˚Ç ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !ܲS%È
ÙyeyÎ˚ x«˛Ùï˛y–
Óî≈ fiÌy!Î˚c (Colour constancy): ~!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ §%˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛
~ܲ Óî#≈ Ó›ˆÏܲ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛yñ Î!òG xy§° Óî≈!ê˛
xyˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏl ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •Î˚–
ôyÓ˚îy (Concept): ôyÓ˚îyñ Ó› Óƒ!=˛ xÌÓy x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ §yôyÓ˚î
ˆ◊!î ÎyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !ܲS%È !ӈϢ£Ï à%î ÌyˆÏܲ–
Ù)ï≈˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yààï˛ hflÏÓ˚ (Concrete operational stage):
!˛õÑÎ˚yˆÏçÓ˚ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ hflÏÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ §yï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~àyÓ˚ ÓSÈÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈hs˝
fiÌyÎ˚# •Î˚– ~•z hflψÏÓ˚ !¢¢%Ó˚y ï˛y!Ü≈˛Ü˛ ˛≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ~ÓÇ Ù)ï≈˛
í˛zòy•Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÎÔ!=˛Ü˛Ü˛Ó˚î ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ܲv !ÓÙ)ï≈˛ Ó›Ó˚
§ˆÏAà ~Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yl §¡õÜ≈˛ ˆl•z–
xl%Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y (Conditioned response) : ≤Ãyã˛#l
190 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
xl%Óï≈˛ˆÏl ~ܲ xl%Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ í˛zj#˛õܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ x!ôÜ,˛ï˛ Óy x!ç≈ï˛
≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y –
xl%Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ í˛zj#˛õܲ (Conditioned stimulus): !lÓ˚ˆÏ˛õ«˛
í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ §ˆÏAà xlyl%Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ í˛zj#˛õܲ ÓyÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ xl%£ÏAàÓÂô
ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏ° ~!ê˛ xl%Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y í˛zͲõߨ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §ÙÌ≈
•Î˚–
xl%Óï≈˛l (Conditioning): ~ܲ!ê˛ §%¢,C° ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y ÎyÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ
í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ lï%˛l ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !¢ál •Î˚–
ˆÜ˛yl§ (Cones): !ӈϢ£Ï ã˛y«%˛£Ï @˝Ãy•Ü˛ Îy !òÓyˆÏ°yܲ ò,!T˛ ~ÓÇ
Ó˚. ò,!T˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ˆày˛õl#Î˚ï˛y (Confidentiality): àˆÏÓ£ÏܲÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ myÓ˚y
§Çà,•#ï˛ §ÙhflÏ í˛z˛õyï˛ƒà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ §¡õ)î≈Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ xK˛yï˛ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛
òyÎ˚ÓÂô–
m®µ (Conflict): !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚îyñ ï˛yí˛¸ly ã˛y!•òy Óy °«˛ƒ §Ù)•
ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zq(ï˛˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó¢,C° ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ Óy ò%ı!Ÿã˛hs˝y–
!Ù◊î (Confounding): ~ܲ!ê˛ ¢∑ Îy ˆÜ˛yl ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛ˆÏîÓ˚
ã˛°ˆÏܲ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚ Îy ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õyˆÏ_ƒÓ˚
ÓƒyáƒyˆÏܲ !Óºyhs˝ ܲˆÏÓ˚– Î!ò fl∫ï˛sf ã˛° ˆÜ˛yl ~ܲ!ê˛ x!lÎ˚!sfï˛
≤Ãy§!Aàܲ ã˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ !Ù!◊ï˛ •Î˚ñ ï˛ál ˛õÓ˚#«˛Ü˛ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#°
˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ ã˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤Ã˲yÓˆÏܲ xy°yòy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly–
ˆã˛ï˛ly (Consciousness): Óy!•ƒÜ˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l Ùyl!§Ü˛ xÓfiÌy
§¡õˆÏ Ü ≈ ˛ §ˆÏ ã ˛ï˛lyñ !ÓˆÏ ¢ £Ï Ùyl!§Ü˛ §v!T˛ xÌÓy
fl∫§ˆÏã˛ï˛lï˛y–
§ÇÓ˚«˛î (Conservation): ˛õ,¤˛fiÌ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l Ìyܲy §ˆÏcG
ˆÜ˛yl ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ xÌÓy Ó›Ó˚ à%ˆÏîÓ˚ fiÌy!Î˚c §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛
!ÓŸªy§–
!Ó£ÏÎ˚ !ӈϟ’£Ïî (Content analysis): !l!ò≈T˛ ˲yÓlyñ ôyÓ˚îyñ
˛õò xÌÓy ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ ˛õ%îÓ˚Ó,!_Ó˚ !lô≈yÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ myÓ˚y
à%îàï˛ ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ !ӈϟ’£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ –
!lÎ˚!sfï˛ ò° (Control group): ˆÜ˛yl ~ܲ!ê˛ xôƒÎ˚ˆÏî ˛õÓ˚#«˛î
˛õye ÎyÓ˚y ˛õÓ˚#«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ òˆÏ°Ó˚ Ùï˛ !ӈϢ£Ï ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ˛õyÎ˚ ly–
!lÎ˚!sfï˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y (Control processes): ˆÏ§•z ï˛sf Îy ~ܲ!ê˛
§ÇÓ˚«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ xlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛Ìƒ fiÌylyhs˝Ó˚ˆÏܲ
!lÎ˚!sfï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚–
x!˲§yÓ˚# !ã˛hs˝l (Convergent thinking): !ã˛hs˝l Îy ~ܲ!ê˛
§Ù§ƒyÓ˚ §!ë˛Ü˛ §Ùyôyl !lˆÏò≈¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ܲÓ˚˛õy§ ܲƒyˆÏ°y§yÙ (Corpus callosum): ò%!ê˛ Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚
ˆày°yô≈ §ÇˆÏÎyàܲyÓ˚# ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Óyï≈˛y Ó•lܲyÓ˚#
ly˲#≈Î˚ ï˛sf–
§•à!ï˛ àˆÏÓ£Ïîy (Correlational research): ò%•z Óy ï˛yÓ˚
ˆÓ!¢ âê˛ly xÌÓy ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ¢#° xÌÓy ã˛°à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
 §¡õÜ≈˛ Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒ §Çâ!ê˛ï˛ àˆÏÓ£Ïîy–
ܲˆÏê≈˛: (Cortex): Ù!hflÏˆÏ‹Ò ô)§Ó˚y˲ ˛õyï˛°y ÙyˆÏÎ˚!°l!Ó•#l
xyFSÈyòl–
§,çl¢#°ï˛y (Creativity): xllƒ §Ù§ƒy §ÙyôyˆÏl xy§y ˛õÎ≈hs˝
x!˲lÓ ~ÓÇ x§yôyÓ˚î˲yˆÏÓ !ã˛hs˝y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y–
§Çfl,Ò!ï˛ (Culture): Óƒy˛õܲ˲yˆÏÓ Ë˛yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆlGÎ˚y ≤ÃÌyñ !ÓŸªy§ñ
Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyôñ xyò¢≈ñ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yl xÌÓy ~ܲ!ê˛ §¡±òyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xlƒylƒ
§,T˛ ôyÓ˚îy Îy ≤Ãçß√ ôˆÏÓ˚ §yÙy!çܲ ˲yˆÏÓ §M˛y!°ï˛ •Î˚–
xrôܲyÓ˚ x!˲ˆÏÎyçl (Dark adaptation): ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y
ˆÎáyˆÏl Ü˛Ù xyˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ ˆã˛yá ˆÓ!¢ §ÇˆÏÓòl¢#° •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏ벖
í˛z˛õy_ (Data): Óƒ!=˛ˆÏòÓ˚ È ˆÌˆÏܲ §Ç@˝Ã•#ï˛ à%îàï˛ G ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyîàï˛
ï˛Ìƒ Îy Ùyl!§Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y ~ÓÇ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §ˆÏAà Î%=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
!í˛!Ó !Ê˛Ç (Debriefing): ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ §Ê˛° §Ùy!ÆÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚
~ܲçl xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#ˆÏܲ ˆ§•z ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ
§¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xÓàï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛– Î!ò ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚
xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#ˆÏܲ à%Ó˚%ï˛Ó˚˲yˆÏÓ !Óºyhs˝ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ï˛ál ~!ê˛
!ӈϢ£Ï˲yˆÏÓ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl–
!§Âôyhs˝Ü˛Ó˚î (Decision-making): !ÓܲˆÏ“Ó˚ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚î ~ÓÇ
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õSÈ® ˜ï˛Ó˚# ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y–
xÓˆÏÓ˚y•# ˆÎÔ!=˛Ü˛Ó˚î (Deductive reasoning): ~ܲ!ê˛
Î%!=˛Ó˚ ˛õ)Ó≈yl%Ùyl @˝Ã•î ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ !Ó!ôÓÂô˛ ï˛y!Ü≈˛Ü˛
l#!ï˛à%ˆÏ°y xl%§Ó˚î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !§ÂôyˆÏhs˝ ˆ˛õÔÑSÈyˆÏly–
!í˛x!:Ó˚y•zˆÓÏ y !lí˛z!Üœ˛Ü˛ xƒy!§í˛ (DNA): ˆÏܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ç#làï˛ í˛z˛õyòyl
Îy !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚yˆÏ§Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xÓ!fiÌï˛–
˛õÓ˚yô#l ã˛° (Dependent variable): ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛z˛õyòyl Îy
˛õÓ˚#«˛yÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ñ ~!ê˛ fl∫ï˛sf ã˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ !l˛õ%î˲yˆÏÓ
˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°lyÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •Î˚–
à˲#Ó˚ï˛y ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛î (Depth perception): ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲySÈ
ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó›Ó˚ ò)Ó˚c Óy ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛!ë˛l Ó›Ó˚ §yÙˆÏl ˆÌˆÏܲ
!˛õSȈÏlÓ˚ ò)Ó˚c ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛î ܲÓ˚y–
!Óܲy¢ (Development): ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ãà!ï˛¢#°ñ §%¢,C° ~ÓÇ
§Ω˛yÓƒÙ)°Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ôÓ˚l Îy àË≈˛ôyÓ˚l ˆÌˆÏܲ ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚
§yÓ˚yç#Ól Óƒy!˛õ ã˛°ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
≤ÈÏ˲òç!lï˛ §#Ùy (Difference threshold): ~ܲˆÏçyí˛¸y
í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ l)ƒlï˛Ù ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ Îy §•ˆÏç•z °«˛ƒ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
˜Ó£ÏÙƒ (Discrimination): ≤Ãyã˛#l xl%Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ܲ!ê˛
xl%Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ í˛zj#˛õܲ ~ÓÇ xlƒ í˛zj#˛õܲ Îy ˆÜ˛yl xl%Ó!ï≈˛ï˛
í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲ §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ ˆòÎ˚ ly ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y–
§!Ü ˛Î˚ xl%Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zj#˛õܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ ˆòÎ˚
!˲ߨ˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ Îy ˛õ%lı¢!=˛ ≤ÃyÆ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚
Óy lyG •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
x˛õ§yÓ˚# !ã˛hs˝l (Divergent thinking): ˆÏÎ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝l
ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ï˛yñ í˛zqyÓl#Î˚ï˛y ~ÓÇ lÙl#Î˚ï˛yÓ˚ Ùyîò[˛ Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ܲyç
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ê˛y •° !Ó!˲ߨ !ò¢yÎ˚ !ã˛hs˝l ˆÎ•z ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ x§Çრí˛z_Ó˚
xyˆÏSÈ ï˛yÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ í˛z_ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §rôyl ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ
§,çl¢#°ï˛yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ–
!Ó˲=˛ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà (Divided attention): ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y Îy
ò%•z Óy ï˛ˆÏï˛y!ôܲ í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆ§ˆÏê˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà !Ó˲=˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚–
˜mï˛ §yLjÏܲ!ï˛Ü˛ ï˛_¥ (Dual-coding theory): ˛õy•z!˲G
~Ó˚ ~•z ï˛_¥ xl%ÎyÎ˚# ¢∑yÌ≈àï˛ ~ÓÇ ò,!T˛àï˛ §ÇˆÏܲˆÏï˛
flø,!ï˛ˆÏܲ í˛zß¨ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yl ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ%lÓ˚%ˆÏoˆÏܲÓ˚
!òˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
!í˛§ˆÏ°!:Î˚y (Dyslexia): ~ܲ!ê˛ §yôyÓ˚î ôyÓ˚îy Îy ˛õí˛¸yÓ˚
x§%!ÓôyÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛–
≤Ã!ï˛ôÁ!lï˛ flø,!ï˛ (Echoic memory): ◊Óîàï˛ í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚
~ܲ!ê˛ «˛îfiÌyÎ˚# §ÇˆÏÓòl¢#° flø,!ï˛ñ Î!ò ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà xlƒe
ÌyˆÏܲñ ï˛Ìy!˛õ xyGÎ˚yç Óy ¢∑ !ï˛l Óy ã˛yÓ˚ ˆ§ˆÏܲˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
˛õ%lÓ˚%ˆÏoܲ ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
Ó!•≈Ù%á# !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yî (Efferent neurons): ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf
ˆÌˆÏܲ fl¨yÎ˚% í˛zj#˛õly ÙyǧˆÏ˛õ!¢ xÌÓy @˝Ã!rÌ §Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ
§M˛y!°ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Óy Ó•l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
xydˆÏܲ!wܲï˛yÓyò˛ (Egocentrism): ≤Ãyܲ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yààï˛ !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚
~ܲ!ê˛ °«˛î#Î˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ Îy !lˆÏçÓ˚ ò,!T˛ˆÏܲyî ~ÓÇ xˆÏlƒÓ˚
ò,!T˛ˆÏܲyˆÏîÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ !lî≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ x«˛Ùï˛yˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚–
Óî≈lyÙ)°Ü˛ ˛õ%îÓ˚yÓ,!_ (Elaborative rehearsals):
ò#â≈ fi ÌyÎ˚ # flø, ! ï˛Ó˚ ˲y[˛yˆÏ Ó ˚ §!M˛ï˛ flø, ! ï˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ ! ã˛ï˛
í˛z˛õyòyˆÏlÓ˚ §ˆÏAà «˛îfiÌyÎ˚# flø,!ï˛Ó˚ ˲y[˛yˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃyÆ lï%˛l
ï˛Ìƒ í˛z˛õyòyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÎyà§)e fiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚y–
xyˆÏÓà (Emotion): Óƒ!=˛àï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ !•§yˆÏÓ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛
ܲÓ˚y ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ç!ê˛° ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l §¡õߨ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y
~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ç!í˛¸ï˛ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚ í˛zˆÏ_çlyñ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ñ
!ã˛hs˝l ï˛Ìy xyã˛Ó˚î–
xyˆÏÓààï˛ Ó%!Âô (Emotional intelligence): ~Ùl ò«˛ï˛yÓ˚
ˆ§ê˛ Îy xyˆÏÓàà%ˆ° Ï yˆÏܲ §!ë˛Ü˛ ˲yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚îñ ≤Ãܲy¢
~ÓÇ !lÎ˚sfî ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
~lˆÏ§Ê˛y°y•zˆÏç¢yl (Encephalisation): fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ Ó,•Í
Óî≈ly Îy !ÓÓï≈˛lÙ)°Ü˛ !Óܲy¢ !òˆÏÎ˚ ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ ˆ¢£Ï
≤ÃyˆÏhs˝ !lˆÏò≈!¢ï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛y–
~lˆÏܲy!í˛Ç (Encoding): flø,!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ï˛Ìƒ !°!˛õÓÂô ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §Ó≈≤ÃÌÙ
˛õÂô!ï˛–
¢∑ˆÏܲy¢ 191
xhs˝ı«˛Ó˚y @˝Ã!rÌ (Endocrine glands): Ó˚=˛≤ÃÓyˆÏ• §Ó˚y§!Ó˚
•Ó˚ˆÏÙyîà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ !lÈı§,ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ @˝Ã!ŗÙ)•–
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ (Environment): ˆË˛Ô!ï˛Ü˛ñ ˜ç!Óܲñ §yÙy!çܲ ~ÓÇ
§yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ §Ù!T˛àï˛ Óy!•ƒÜ˛ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ Îy ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ !Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏܲ
≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚–
≤Ãy§!Aàܲ flø,!ï˛ (Episodic memory): ò#â≈fiÌyÎ˚# flø,!ï˛Ó˚
í˛z˛õyòyl Îy ˛õ)Ó≈ âê˛lyÜ ˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ §ÙÎ˚§#ÙyÓ˚
ÙˆÏ ô ƒ §¡õÜ≈ ˛ fiÌy˛õl ܲˆÏ Ó ˚ xydç#Ól#Ù) ° ܲ ï˛_¥ ˆ Ï Ü ˛
§Çܲ°lË)˛=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ §ÇÓ˚«˛î ܲˆÏÓ˚–
fl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ã˛y!•òy (Esteem needs): Ùƒy§ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ï˛_¥ xl%ÎyÎ˚#
áƒy!ï˛ñ §yÊ˛°ƒ ~ÓÇ xyd§¡øyˆÏlÓ˚ ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ ܲÌy Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
~ܲydï˛y ~ÓÇ Ë˛yˆÏ°yÓy§yÓ˚ ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ï,˛!ÆÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
˛õ)Ó˚î ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó–
•zí˛zˆÏfiê˛!¢Î˚yÓ˚ !ê˛í˛zÓ (Eustachian tube): ÙôƒÜ˛î≈ˆÏܲ ܲˆÏZ˛Ó˚
§yˆÏÌ §ÇÎ%=˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÌ ~ÓÇ Îy ã˛y˛õ !l‹,Ò!ï˛ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
Ù)°ƒyÎ˚î (Evolution): ã˛y°≈§ í˛yÓ˚•zí˛zˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃhflÏy!Óï˛ ï_¥ xl%ÎyÎ˚#
§ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ç#Ó§Ù)• í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ !lˆÏçÓ˚ xllƒ
˛õ!Ó˚ ˆ Ï Ó ˆÏ ¢ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü  ˛ Î˚ y ˛õ!Ó˚ Ó ï≈ ˛ l ܲˆÏ Ó ˚ x!˲ˆÏ Î yçˆÏ l Ó˚
òyÓ#à%ˆÏ°y˛ õ)Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚–
˛õÓ˚#«˛î (Experiment): !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ ã˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˜l!Ù≈!_ܲ §¡õÜ≈˛
ï˛òˆÏhs˝Ó˚ çlƒ !lÎ˚!sfï˛ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛îà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚
~ܲ!ê˛ Ü ˛Ù–
˛õÓ˚#«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ ò° (Experimental group): xôƒÎ˚ˆÏî ç!í˛¸ï˛
~ܲò° x!˲«˛yÌ#≈ ÎyÓ˚y fl∫yô#l ã˛° §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !ܲS%È !ӈϢ£Ï
ÓƒÓfiÌy @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
§%Óƒ=˛ flø,!ï˛ (Explicit memory): âê˛ly ~ÓÇ x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚
flø,!ï˛ Îy ~ܲçl §ˆÏã˛ï˛l˲yˆÏÓ çylˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ ˆây£Ïîy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
!Ó°%!Æ (Extinction): ˆÜ˛yl ~ܲ!ê˛ xl%Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ •…y§ñ
Îy ≤Ãyã˛#l xl%Óï≈˛ˆÏl ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ Îál xlyl%Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ í˛zj#˛õܲ
xl%Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ í˛zj#˛õܲˆÏܲ xl%§Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ lyñ §!Ü ˛Î˚ xl%Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏe ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y xyÓ˚ ˛õ%lı¢!=˛ ≤ÃyÆ •Î˚ ly–
!Ê˛í˛Óƒyܲ (Feedback): ~ܲ!ê˛ !¢ál ܲyˆÏÎ≈ ܲÙ≈«˛Ùï˛y §ÇÜ ˛yhs˝
ï˛Ìƒ ÎyˆÏܲ Ê˛°yÊ˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ K˛ylG Ó°y •Î˚–
!Ê˛”˛ ~:ˆÏ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÙrê˛ (Field experiment): ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y
Îy ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ñ ÓyhflÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ §¡õߨ •Î˚– !ܲS%È ˛˛õrÌy
xÓ°¡∫l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ã˛°à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ !l˛õ%î˲yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly ܲÓ˚y •Î˚
~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲÓ˚y–
xy˛õyï˛Ü˛y°#l °«˛î (Fight or flight syndrome): ~ê˛y
•ˆÏFSÈ ˛õ#í˛¸ˆÏîÓ˚ à˲#Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ˆÎáyˆÏl Óƒ!=˛ ˛õ#í˛¸ˆÏlÓ˚
192 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
!ÓÓ˚%ˆÏÂô °í˛¸y•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚
xÌÓy ˛õ#í˛¸îÙ)°Ü˛ í˛zj#˛õܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õy!°ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚–
§) - §M˛y°lÙ) ° ܲ ò«˛ï˛y (Fine motor skills):
§M˛y°lÙ)°Ü˛ ò«˛ï˛y ÎyˆÏï˛ x!ôܲ §)-˲yˆÏÓ §Ùß∫Î˚Ù)°Ü˛
§M˛y°l xhs˝!l!•≈ï˛ ÌyˆÏÜ˛È ˆÎÙl xyAà%ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˜l˛õ%îƒï˛y–
≤ÃÌyàï˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÙ)°Ü˛ hflÏÓ˚ (Formal operational stage):
!˛õÑÎ˚yˆÏçÓ˚ ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ hflÏÓ˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl Óƒ!=˛Ó˚y ÓyhflÏ!Óܲ ç#Ól xÌÓy
Ù)ï≈˛ x!˲K˛ï˛yà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ã˛ˆÏ° ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ Ù)ï≈˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ G
á%Ó Î%!=˛§Aàï˛ Ë˛yˆÏÓ !ã˛hs˝y ܲˆÏÓ˚–
Ù% = ˛ ˛õ% î Ó˚ % ˆ Ï o ܲ (Free recall): flø, ! ï˛Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ # «˛yÎ˚
xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yl Ü ˛ˆÏÙ §ÇÓ˚!«˛ï˛ ˛õˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ%lÓ˚%ˆÏoܲ
ܲÓ˚y–
Ê ˛rê˛y° ˆ°yÓ (Frontal lobe): ˆ§!Ó˚Ó y° ܲˆÏê≈˛ˆÏ:Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xÇ¢
ܲ˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ !˛õSȈÏl xÓ!fiÌï˛ Îy ܲÌyÓ°y ~ÓÇ ˆ˛õ!¢ §M˛y°ˆÏl
~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly ~ÓÇ !ÓˆÏÓã˛lyÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ç!í˛¸ï˛–
•ï˛y¢y (Frustration): ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õrÌyÓ˚ myÓ˚y í˛zˆÏj¢ƒÙ)°Ü˛
ܲyçà%ˆÏ°y xÓÓ˚%Âô •GÎ˚yÓ˚ xÓfiÌy–
!Ê˛í˛zà ˆfiê˛•zê˛ (Fugue state): ~ÙˆÏl!§Î˚y Îy ÓyhflÏ!Óܲ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ
˛õ°yÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §ˆÏAà Î%=˛ ˆÎáyˆÏl Óƒ!=˛ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ ârê˛y â%ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓí˛¸yÎ˚
xÌÓy xlƒ fiÌyˆÏl ã˛ˆÏ° ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ lï%˛l ç#Ól ˜ï˛Ó˚# ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ܲyÎ≈àï˛ !fiÌÓ˚ï˛y (Functional fixedness): fl∫y˲y!Óܲ
ܲyˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ ¢ï≈˛yÓ°# xl%ÎyÎ˚# §Ù§ƒy §ÙyôyˆÏlÓ˚ Óyôy !•§yˆÏÓ
ˆÜ˛yl !ç!l§ˆÏܲ !ã˛hs˝y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛y–
!Ü ˛Î˚yÓyò (Functionalism): ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ fl%Ò° Îy
Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ Ùl Óy ˆã˛ï˛lyÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÎy!àï˛yÓ˚ x!˲ˆÏÎyçlÙ)°Ü˛
!Ü ˛Î˚yܲ°yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ˆà°Ë˛y!lܲ cˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y (Galvanic skin response):
cˆÏܲÓ˚ ˜Óò%ƒ!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óy!•ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l xÌÓy ܲyÎ≈ܲ°y˛õ
Îy xl%Ë)˛!ï˛¢#° ˆà°Ë˛yˆÏly!Ùê˛yÓ˚ myÓ˚y §ly=˛ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
!°Aà (Gender): ˛õ%Ó˚%£Ï xÌÓy Ù!•°y •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §yÙy!çܲ
Ùylò[˛–
!°Aà fl∫Ó˚)˛õc (Gender identity): ˛õ%Ó˚%£Ï Óy Ù!•°y •GÎ˚yÓ˚
xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ Îy ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà !¢¢% !ï˛l ÓSÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚§Ü˛yˆÏ° xç≈l
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
!°Aààï˛ Ë)˛!Ùܲy (Gender role): ≤Ãï˛ƒy¢yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ólƒy§ Îy
!lˆÏò≈¢ ˆòÎ˚ !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ ˛õ%Ó˚%£Ï ~ÓÇ Ù!•°yˆÏòÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝yñ ܲyÎ≈§yôl
~ÓÇ xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛Ó˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛–
§yôyÓ˚î#ܲÓ˚î (Generalisation): ~ܲÓyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y
xl%Óï˛#≈ï˛ •ˆÏ°ñ xl%Óï˛#≈ï˛ í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ~ܲ•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ~ܲ•z ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛y–
!çl (Genes): ÓÇ¢yl%Ü ˛!Ùܲ ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ ~ܲܲñ «%˛o ˆÜ ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyˆÏÙÓ˚
xÇ¢ !Èí˛ ~l ~ myÓ˚y Ó˚!ã˛ï˛– !çl ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ Óœ%!≤Ãrê˛ ÙˆÏï˛y ܲyç
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãçll ܲÓ˚yÓ˚çlƒ ~ÓÇ ç#Ól Ó˚«˛yˆÏÌ≈ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l
˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ˆàfiê˛yŒê˛ (Gestalt): ~ܲ!ê˛ §Çà!ë˛ï˛ §Ù@˝Ãñ ˆàfiê˛yŒê˛ ÙˆÏly!ÓòÓ˚y
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ xLjϢ˛ xÌ≈˛õ)î≈ §Ù@˝Ã !•§yˆÏÓ ~ܲ!eï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆçyÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl–
ˆàfiê˛yŒê˛ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl (Gestalt psychology): ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÓ˚
~ܲ!ê˛ ¢yáy ˆÎáyˆÏl xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ xá[˛ §Ù@˝ÃÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ ˆòáy •Î˚
Îy ~!ê˛Ó˚ xLjϢÓ˚ §Ù!T˛Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲG ˆÓ!¢–
ÓƒyܲÓ˚î (Grammar): l#!ï˛Ó˚ !Ólƒy§ Îy !lˆÏò≈¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ
Ó%!ÂôàÙƒ Óyܲƒ ˜ï˛!Ó˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ Ë˛y£ÏyÓ˚ í˛z˛õyòylˆÏܲ
~ܲ!eï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
fiÌ) ° §M˛y°lÙ) ° ܲ ò«˛ï˛y (Gross motor skills):
§M˛y°lÙ)°Ü˛ ò«˛ï˛y ÎyˆÏï˛ Ó,•Í ˆ˛õ!¢àï˛ Ü˛yÎ≈yÓ°#
xhs˝!l≈!•ï˛ xyˆÏSÈñ ÎÌyÈüÈ•Ñyê˛y–
ò°àï˛ x˲#«˛y (Group Test) : ˆÓ¢!ܲS%È §ÇáƒÜ˛ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏòÓ˚
!lˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ•z §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲçl x˲#«˛Ü˛ myÓ˚y ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛
x˲#«˛y–
ˆày°yô≈ (Hemispheres): à%Ó˚%Ù!hflÏ‹Ò Óy ˆ§!Ó˚ˆÏÓ°yˆÏÙÓ˚ §Ùyl
xô≈–
ˆày°y!ô≈ܲ ܲï,≈˛c (Hemispheric dominance): §yôyÓ˚îï˛
ÓyÙ ˆày°yô≈ myÓ˚y Ù)° §M˛y°îÙ)°Ü˛ ~ÓÇ K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛
ܲyÎ≈yÓ°#Ó˚ !lÎ˚sfî ܲÓ˚yˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚–
ÓÇ¢à!ï˛ (Heredity): !˛õï˛yÙyï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ §hs˝yˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
§Ç°«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ç#Ó!ÓK˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ •hflÏyhs˝Ó˚ܲÓ˚î–
ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ Ü ˛ˆÏÙyߨ!ï˛ (Hierarchy of needs): Ùy§ˆÏ°yÓ˚
!˛õÓ˚y!Ùí˛ ˆ≤ãÏîyÙ)°Ü˛ ã˛y!•òyˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü ˛ˆÏÙyߨ!ï˛Ó˚ myÓ˚y
í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ܲòÙ l#ˆÏã˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ x!ï˛ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ã˛y!•òyñ
ÎÌyÈüÈ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚ ~ÓÇ !lÓ˚y˛õ_y ã˛y!•òyñ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ í˛zFã˛hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ ã˛y!•òyà%ˆÏ°y– ÎÌyÈüÈ Ë˛yˆÏ°yÓy§y ~ÓÇ
fl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛ ~ÓÇ xydˆÏ°y˛õ!ÂôˆÏܲ xl%§Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ü ˛ˆÏÙyߨ!ï˛Ó˚
í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ°ñ xÓ¢ƒ•z ~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛
¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚ ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ï,˛!Æ •GÎ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ –
ˆ•y!ÙGˆÏfiê˛!§§ (Homeostasis): xy˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#îñ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ
xÓfiÌyÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚§yÙƒ Ó˚«˛y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ñ áyòƒñ ç°ñ ÓyÎ˚%ñ â%Ù ~ÓÇ
ï˛y˛õÙyeyˆÏܲ ≤Ã!ï˛˛õy°l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛y–
ˆ•yˆÏÙyˆÏ§!˛õÎ˚y§ (Homo sapiens): xyô%!lܲ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚
!ÓK˛yl§¡øï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚˲y£Ïy–
•Ó˚ˆÏÙyl (Hormones): @˝Ã!rÌ myÓ˚y Ó˚=˛ly!°Ü˛yÎ˚ !lı§,ï˛
Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ˛õòyÌ≈–
Óî≈ (Hue): Ó˚Ç–
ÙylÓï˛yÓyò# ÙˆÏly!Óòƒy (Humanistic psychology):
ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÓ˚ ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aà Îy Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ Óy fl∫Î˚Ç Óƒ!=˛àï˛ Ó,!Âô ~ÓÇ
!ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆçyÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚–
•y•zˆÏ˛õỹy°yÙy§ (Hypothalamus): ̃y°yÙyˆÏ§Ó˚ !ë˛Ü˛ !lˆÏã˛
xÓ!fiÌï˛ñ ~ܲ!ê˛ fl¨yÎ˚%!Óܲ àë˛l ~ˆÏï˛ xhs≈˝àï˛ ˆÜ˛wà%ˆÏ°y
Óy ˆ≤Ã!£Ïï˛ xyã˛Ó˚î ÎÌyñ áyGÎ˚yñ ˛õyl ܲÓ˚yñ ˆÎÔlï˛y ~ÓÇ
xyˆÏ Ó à§Ù) • ˆÏ Ü ˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ ã ˛y!°ï˛ ܲˆÏ Ó ˚ – ~!ê˛ xhs˝ ı «˛Ó˚ y Ó˚
ܲyÎ≈yÓ°#ˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˲yÓ˚§yÙƒ Ó˚«˛yˆÏܲ !lÎ˚sfî ܲˆÏÓ˚–
xl%Ùyl (Hypothesis): ã˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒÜ˛yÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚
≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚ !•§yˆÏÓ ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ω˛yÓƒ !ÓÓ,!ï˛–
!ã˛!•´ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î (Identification): Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ fl∫Î˚LjÏÎ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ xlƒ
Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ â!l¤˛ xl%£ÏAà fiÌy˛õl ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ Óy
ò,!T˛Ë˛!AàÓ˚ xl%ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y–
xydˆÏÓyô ÓlyÙ Ë)˛!Ùܲy §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ m®µ (Identity vs role
confusion): ~!Ó˚ܲ§ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏly§yÙy!çܲ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ hflˆÏ ÓÏ ˚
ˆÎáyˆÏl !ܲˆÏ¢yÓ˚Ó˚y ï˛yÓ˚y ܲyÓ˚yñ ܲ#ˆÏ§Ó˚ çlƒ ï˛yÓ˚y xyˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ
ç#ÓˆÏl ï˛yÓ˚y ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ ÎyˆÏFSÈ⁄ ~•z m®µ §Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ §¡ø%á#l •Î˚–
~•zà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §Ùyôyl fl∫Ó˚)˛õˆÏcÓ˚ àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ã˛y!°ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
≤Ãò#!Æ (Illumination): §,çîydܲ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ôy˛õ– ˲yÓlyñ
§Ùyôyl Óy lï%˛l §¡õÜ≈˛ í˛zq(ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ §ÙhflÏ âê˛ly !lçfl∫
xÓfiÌyl @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚–
âê˛lyÙ)°Ü˛ !¢ál (Incidental learning): ˆÎ !¢ál •zFSÈyÜ,˛ï˛
~ÓÇ x!˲ˆÏ≤Ãï˛ lÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÎ!ê˛ §Ω˛Óï˛ x§¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ !ܲS%È
ܲyÎ≈ܲ°yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° x!ç≈ï˛ •Î˚–
í˛zòˉ ˛Ól (Incubation): §,çîydܲ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ hflÓÏ –˚ ~•z í˛zß!¨ ï˛
ˆã˛ï˛l hflψÏÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛#Î˚Ùyl lÎ˚ñ xÓˆÏã˛ï˛l Ùl!ê˛ ˆÜ˛yl ˲yÓly Óy
§ÙyôyˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ܲyç ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
fl∫ï˛sf ã˛° (Independent variable): ~ܲ!ê˛ âê˛ly Óy
˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ xlƒ âê˛ly Óy ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §Ω˛yÓƒ
≤Ã˲yÓ xyˆÏSÈ !ܲly ˆ§ê˛y ˆòáyÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õÓ˚#«˛Ü˛ myÓ˚y ˆ§ âê˛ly
Óy ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏܲ !lá%Ñï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ ܲÓ˚y–
Óƒ!=˛àï˛ x˲#«˛y (Individual test): ~ܲ!ê˛ x˲#«˛y ˆÎ!ê˛
~ܲ•z §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
fiê˛ƒylˆÏÊ˛yí≈˛ÈüÈ!ÓˆÏl ~ÓÇ ˆË˛:°yÓ˚ Ó%!Âô x˲#«˛y ~Ó˚
í˛zòy•Ó˚î–
xyˆÏÓ˚y•# ˆÎÔ!=˛Ü˛Ü˛Ó˚î (Inductive reasoning): ï˛y!Ü≈˛Ü˛
≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y ÎyÓ˚ §yôyÓ˚î l#!ï˛ !ӈϢ£Ï í˛z˛õÙy ˆÌˆÏܲ xl%!Ùï˛ •Î˚–
˜¢¢Ó (Infancy): !Óܲy¢Ù)°Ü˛ hflÏÓ˚ Îy çß√ ˆÌˆÏܲ 24 Ùy§ ˛õÎ≈hs˝
!Óhfl,Ïï˛–
¢∑ˆÏܲy¢ 193
ï˛Ìƒ˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yܲÓ˚î ï˛_¥ (Information-processing
approach): ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛_¥ Îy Óƒ!=˛ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ Ó!•≈çàï˛
§¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ï˛Ìƒ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ï˛Ìƒ ÙˆÏl ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ
ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ~!ê˛ §ÇÓ˚!«˛ï˛ ~ÓÇ Ó˚)˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ ~ÓÇ Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ ~!ê˛
˛õ%îÓ˚%ˆÏoܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §Ù§ƒy §Ùyôyl ~ÓÇ ˆÎÔ!=˛Ü˛Ü˛Ó˚î
ܲˆÏÓ˚˛ ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛–
xÓàï˛ ˛§¡ø!ï˛ (Informed consent): ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛î Óy
ˆÌÓ˚y!˛õ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ã%˛!=˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛î ˛õyˆÏeÓ˚ Óy ˆÓ˚yà#Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛ˆÏîÓ˚
fl∫Ó˚)˛õ ~ÓÇ §Ω˛yÓƒ V%˛!ܲ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ í˛z˛õ°!kôÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚
ˆÎ ã%˛!=˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •Î˚–
í˛zˆÏòƒyà ÓlyÙ x˛õÓ˚yôˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ m®µ (Initiative vs guilt):
!Óܲy¢hflÏÓ˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl ≤Ãyܲ !Óòƒy°Î˚ hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ !¢¢%Ó˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ !Óhfl,Ïï˛
§yÙy!çܲ çàˆÏ ï ˛Ó˚ Ù% ˆ Ï á yÙ% ! á •Î˚ ~ÓÇ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚
x!˲ˆÏÎyçlÙ)°Ü˛ ˆÙyܲy!Ó°yÓ˚ çlƒ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒÙ)°Ü˛ xyã˛Ó˚î
˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ã˛ƒyˆÏ°ˆÏOÓ˚ §yÙˆÏl í˛z˛õ!lï˛ •Î˚– x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲ ~•z
ã˛ƒyˆÏ°ˆÏOÓ˚ §yÌ≈ܲ ˆÙyܲy!Ó°yÓ˚ ÓƒÌ≈ï˛y x˛õÓ˚yô ˆÓyô G
°IyÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ˆë˛ˆÏ° ˆòÎ˚–
xhs≈˝ò,!T˛ (Insight): x!˲lÓ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ Ê˛°≤ç)˲yˆÏÓ ã˛ã≈˛y
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y–
§•çyï˛ ≤ÃÓ,!_ (Instinct): ~ܲ!ê˛ ç!ê˛° §yÓ≈çl#l xyã˛Ó˚î Îy
~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ãçy!ï˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xlÙl#Î˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õƒyê˛yl≈ xl%§Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚
ã˛°ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ Îy xly!ç≈ï˛–
§yÙO§ƒï˛y ÓlyÙ •ï˛y¢yÓ˚ m®µ (Integrity vs despair):
~!Ó˚ܲ§ˆÏlÓ˚ xT˛Ù ~ÓÇ ˆ¢ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ hflÏÓ˚!ê˛ Îy ã˛°yܲy°#l Óƒ!=˛
ˆ˛õSȈÏl ˆòˆÏá ~!ê˛ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÎ ï˛yÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ç#Ól
!lˆÏÎ˚ !ܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈñ ï,˛!Æ lƒyÎ˚˛õÓ˚yÎ˚îï˛yÓ˚ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ !lˆÏÎ˚
ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ xï,˛!Æ •ï˛y¢yÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ–
Óyôyòyl (Interference): !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ï˛ˆÏ_¥ñ !¢«˛yÌ#≈Ó˚ ܲyÎ≈yÓ°#
•Î˚ xyˆÏàñ ˛lÎ˚ õˆÏÓ˚ xÌÓy !¢ál ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y ã˛°yܲy°#l x!ôàï˛
!¢ál §yÙ@˝Ã#Ó˚ myÓ˚y Óyôy≤ÃyÆ •Î˚–˛ÎyÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî !ÓfløÓ˚î •Î˚–
~ܲ!ê˛ Ó›Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ!ê˛ Ó› (Interposition): à˲#Ó˚ï˛y
≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î ~•z l#!ï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎñ
Î!ò ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó› xlƒ Ó› myÓ˚y xyFSÈy!òï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÙˆÏl •Î˚ñ
ï˛y•ˆÏ° ~!ê˛ !lܲˆÏê˛ ≤Ãï˛ƒ!«˛ï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
§y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚ (Interview): Ù%ˆÏáyÙ%!á ܲÌyÓyï≈˛y ÎyÓ˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ ï˛Ìƒ
§Ç@˝Ã•ñ ˆÓ˚yà !lî≈Î˚ñ xyhs˝Óƒ!=˛c xyã˛Ó˚î xl%Ùyl ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ
Óƒ!=˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ Óy Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈ ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚–
§•çyï˛ ˆ≤ãÏîy (Intrinsic motivation): §%ò«˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
¢%ô%Ùye ܲyç!ê˛Ó˚ fl∫yˆÏÌ≈•z §%¤%˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly!ܲS%È Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚
xy˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î ܲyÙly–
xhs˝≈ò¢≈l (Introspection): ܲyˆÏÓ˚y !lçfl∫ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ G ˆã˛ï˛l
194 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ x˲ƒhs˝ˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚•z ò,!T˛ !lˆÏ«˛˛õ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y–
ˆçÙ§‰ÈüÈ°ƒy. ï˛_¥ (James-Lange theory): ˆ≤ãÏîyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
ï˛_¥ Îy ï%˛ˆÏ° ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y
ˆ≤ãÏîyÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛zͲõyòl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆ≤ãÏîyÎ˚ ≤Ãܲy¢ƒ
xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛°yÊ˛°–
!Óã˛yÓ˚ܲÓ˚î (Judgment): Ùï˛yÙï˛ àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y !§ÂôyˆÏhs˝
ˆ˛õÔÑSÈyˆÏly ~ÓÇ ≤ÃyÆ !ç!lˆÏ§Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚î
ܲÓ˚yñ Îy Ù)°ƒyÎ˚î ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ Ê˛°yÊ˛°–
˜Ü˛ˆÏ¢yÓ˚§%°Ë˛ ˛x˛õÓ˚yô (Juvenile delinquency):
˜Ü˛ˆÏ¢yÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ §yÙy!çܲ x@˝Ã•î#Î˚
xyã˛Ó˚î ˆÌˆÏܲ ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚ §yÙy!çܲ ÙÎ≈yòyÓ˚ x˛õÓ˚yô åÎÌy
˛õy!°ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyGÎ˚yä ˆÌˆÏܲ x˛õÓ˚yôÙ)°Ü˛ ˆòy£Ï åÎÌyñ ã%˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚yä–
˲y£Ïy (Language): ~ܲ!ê˛ à%FSÈ !ã˛•´ñ ≤Ãï˛#ܲ Îy xÌ≈ Ó•l ܲˆÏÓ˚
~ÓÇ ˆ§•z §ÙhflÏ !ã˛•´à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ~ܲ!eË)˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ !lÎ˚Ù Îy
x§#Ù ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óyï≈˛y í˛zq(ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
˜lܲˆÏê˛ƒÓ˚ §)e (Law of proximity): ò°ÓÂôï˛yÓ˚ §)e Îy
≤ÃÙyî ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ !lܲê˛Óï˛#≈ í˛zj#˛õܲà%ˆÏ°y §Ó≈òy•z ~ܲ§ˆÏAà
ò°ÓÂô •Î˚–
§yò,ˆÏ¢ƒÓ˚ §)e (Law of similarity): §yò,ˆÏ¢ƒÓ˚ §)e Îy ≤ÃÙyî
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ §yôyÓ˚î í˛z˛õyòyˆÏlÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ í˛zj#˛õܲ§Ù)• ò°ÓÂô
•Î˚–
!¢áˆÏl x«˛Ùï˛y (Learning disabilities): ˆÎ§Ó !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚
!¢áˆÏl x«˛Ùï˛y ÌyˆÏܲ å1ä ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ Óy í˛zß¨ï˛ Ó%!Âô
ÌyˆÏܲñ å2ä !Ó!˲ߨ !Óòƒy°Î˚ §ÇÜ ˛yhs˝ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ç!ê˛°ï˛y ÌyˆÏܲ
!ܲv §yôyÓ˚îï˛ xlƒ !ܲS%ȈÏï˛ âyê˛!ï˛ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ly ~ÓÇ å3ä
xlƒ ˆÜ˛yl ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ Óy ˆÓ˚yˆÏà ˆË˛yˆÏà ly Îy ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
!¢álÙ)°Ü˛ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
!¢ál (Learning): x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ~ܲ!ê˛ ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏî
xyˆÏ˛õ!«˛Ü˛ fiÌyÎ˚# ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l–
!Ù̃y ¢îy=˛Ü˛Ó˚î (Lie detector): ~ܲ!ê˛ Îsf ÎyÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
!˲!_ •ˆÏ°y ~•z ˲yÓly!ê˛ ˆÎ !Ù̃y xˆÏlܲ §ÙÎ˚ ˲Î˚ Óy
í˛zˆÏ_çlyÓ˚ xyhs˝Ó˚Îsf#Î˚ í˛z˛õyòyˆÏlÓ˚ xl%£ÏAà# •Î˚– Î!ò Óƒ!=˛Ó˚
í˛z_ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏAà xyˆÏÓà#Î˚ í˛zˆÏ_çly §ÇÎ%=˛ •Î˚ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ~•z
¢îy=˛Ü˛Ó˚î Îsf!ê˛ §)ã˛ly !òˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
xyˆÏ°yܲ x!˲ˆÏÎyçl (Light adaptation): xyˆÏ°yÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ˆã˛yˆÏá Ó˚í˛ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛yî ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚
x!˲ˆÏÎyçl–
!°!¡∫ܲ ï˛sf (Limbic system): Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ ï˛sf Îy ˆ≤Ã!£Ïï˛
xyã˛Ó˚îñ xyˆÏÓàç!lï˛ xÓfiÌy ~ÓÇ !ӈϢ£Ï ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ flø,!ï˛ˆÏܲ˛
≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yܲÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚–
˜Ó˚!áܲ !ã˛eyl%˛õyï˛ (Linear perspective): ò)Ó˚c ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚
~ܲ!ê˛ ~Ü˛ã˛«%˛ Ù)°Ü˛ §)e – ò%ˆÏê˛y §Ùyhs˝Ó˚y° ˆÓ˚áyˆÏܲ
§ÙˆÏܲ!wܲ !•§yˆÏÓ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ܲÓ˚yˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y ò)Ó˚c Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ §)ã˛Ü˛
!•§yˆÏÓ ˆòˆÏá Ìy!ܲ–
í˛zFã˛fl∫Ó˚ (Loudness): ~ܲ!ê˛ ¢∑ ï˛Ó˚ˆÏAàÓ˚ !ÓhflÏyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛î–
Ó•y° Ó˚yáyÓ˚ ˛õ%îÓ˚yÓ,!_ (Maintenance rehearsal):
˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ˆÏܲ í˛zß¨ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ §!Ü ˛Î˚
˛õ%îÓ˚yÓ,!_–
˛õ!Ó˚îÙl (Maturation): ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §%¢,C° Ü ˛Ù Îy ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛
Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÓÇ¢àï˛ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy myÓ˚y !lˆÏò≈!¢ï˛ •Î˚ –
ˆÙí%˛°y (Medulla): Ù!hflÏ‹Ò Ü˛yˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ï˛°ˆÏò¢ Îyñ •,òflõ®l ~ÓÇ
Ÿªy§ ≤ߪy§ñ •Ñyê˛y â%ÙyˆÏlyñ !lÎ˚sfî ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ù!hflÏ‹Ò ~ÓÇ ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
ÙˆÏôƒ §ÇˆÏÎyçl Ó˚«˛yܲyÓ˚#˛ fl¨yÎ˚% Ó˚I% ˆÙí%˛°yÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚
x!ï˛Ü ˛Ù ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ˆÙˆÏÙ§ (Memes): ÙylÓ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ !í˛ ~l ~ñ Îy Ùlñ xyã˛Ó˚î
~ÓÇ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ ò,!T˛Ë˛!AàˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚–
xyòƒ}ï%˛ (Menarche): ≤ÃÌÙÓyÓ˚ }ï%˛ã˛Ü ˛ •GÎ˚y–
Ùyl!§Ü˛ í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õly (Mental representation): ~ܲ!ê˛
í˛zj#˛õܲ Óy í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆ◊!îܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ÙˆÏí˛°–
Ùyl!§Ü˛ xÓfiÌy (Mental set): ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õrÌyÓ˚
lï˛%l ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §Ù§ƒy Óy ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏܲ
ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚–
ˆÏÙê˛yܲà‰!l¢yl (Metacognition): ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲçˆÏlÓ˚ !lçfl∫
Ùyl!§Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ K˛yl ~ÓÇ í˛z˛õ°!kô––
Ùl (Mind): Ùl •ˆÏ°y ~ܲ!ê˛ ôyÓ˚îyñ Îy Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ §ÇˆÏÓòlñ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îñ
flø,!ï˛ñ !ã˛hs˝lñ fl∫≤¿ñ ˆ≤ãÏîy ~ÓÇ xyˆÏÓàÙ)°Ü˛ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛Ó˚
x!˲lÓ !Ólƒy§ˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚–
flø,!ï˛Óô≈l !Óòƒy (Mnemonics): ~Ùl ˆÜ˛Ô¢° Óy ˛õrÌy§Ù)•
ÎyˆÏï˛ lï%˛l ï˛Ìƒ §ÇÓ˚«˛î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ §yò,¢ƒ xl%£ÏAàˆÏܲ
ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ÎyˆÏï˛ á%Ó §•ˆÏç ˛õ%îÓ˚%ˆÏoܲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚y
ÎyˆÏÓ–
ÙˆÏí˛!°Ç (Modeling): §Ùyç !¢ál ï˛ˆÏ_¥ñ ˆÎ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ myÓ˚y
~ܲçl !¢¢% §Ùyç ~ÓÇ K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ xyã˛Ó˚î ˆ¢ˆÏá xlƒˆÏòÓ˚
˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ~ÓÇ xl%ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙyôƒÙ–
~Ü˛ã˛«%˛ Ù)°Ü˛ §)e (Monocular cues): ¢%ô%Ùye ~Ü˛ã˛«%˛ !òˆÏÎ˚
ò¢≈làï˛ §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛–
˜l!ï˛Ü˛ !Óܲy¢ (Moral development): ˆÎ !Óܲy¢ !lÎ˚Ù
~ÓÇ Ó˚#!ï˛l#!ï˛ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ •Î˚ Îy Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ xlƒ Óƒ!=˛
Óy ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ !ÙˆÏÌy!‹;Î˚y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ xÓ¢ƒ•z !lÓ≈y•
ܲÓ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛–
ˆÙyÓ˚!Ê˛Ù (Morphemes): ~ܲ!ê˛ Ë˛y£ÏyÎ˚ xˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ «%˛oï˛Ù ~ܲܲ
§Ù)•–
ˆ≤ãÏîy (Motivation): ~ܲ!ê˛ ã˛y!•òy Óy xyܲyA«˛y Îy xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ
¢!=˛ §M˛yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ x!˲Ù%!áï˛# ˆòÎ˚–
ˆ≤ÃÓ˚îy (Motives): xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ x!˲Ù%á ≤ÃòylܲyÓ˚# ~ÓÇ ¢!=˛
§M˛yÓ˚ܲyÓ˚# í˛z˛õyòyl§Ù)•–
§M˛y°lÙ)°Ü˛ !Óܲy¢ (Motor development): ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ
ܲyÎ≈ Ü ˛°yˆÏ ˛ õÓ˚ çlƒ ≤ÃˆÏ Î ˚ y çl#Î˚ ˆ˛õ!¢àï˛ §Ùß∫ ˆ Ï Î ˚ Ó ˚
Ü ˛Ù!Óܲy¢–
§M˛y°lÙ)°Ü˛ fl¨yÎ˚%ˆÏܲy£Ï (Motor neurons): ˆÏΕz fl¨yÎ˚%ˆÏܲy£Ï
ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ fl¨ y Î˚ % ï ˛sf ˆÌˆÏ Ü ˛ fl¨ y Î˚ ! ÓÜ flõ®l ˆ˛õ!¢ ~ÓÇ
@˝Ã!rÌà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ Ó•l ܲˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚–
≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ !lÓ≈yã˛l (Natural selection): ~ܲ!ê˛ !ÓÓ≈ï˛lÙ)°Ü˛
≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y Îy ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ãçy!ï˛Ó˚ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ á%Ó Ë˛yˆÏ°y˲yˆÏÓ ÓÑyã˛yÓ˚
~ÓÇ ≤ÃçlˆÏlÓ˚ x!˲ˆÏÎyçˆÏl §%!Óôy ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ã˛y!•òy (Need): ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ åx˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#îä Óy ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢àï˛ åÓy!•ƒÜ˛ä
˲yÓ˚§yÙƒ•#lï˛y Óy âyê˛!ï˛ Îy ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆlyòlyÓ˚ í˛zˆÏoܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
}îydܲ §•à!ï˛Ó˚ §¡õÜ≈˛ (Negative correlation): ò%!ê˛
ã˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §¡õÜ≈˛ ÎyˆÏï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ã˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ Ó,!Âô •ˆÏ°ñ xlƒ!ê˛
•…y§ ˛õyÎ˚–
}îydܲ ˛õ% î ı¢!=˛ §M˛y°lܲyÓ˚ # í˛z j #˛õܲ (Negative
reinforcer) : ~ܲ!ê˛ x≤Ã#!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚ í˛zj#˛õܲ ÎyÓ˚ x˛õ§yÓ˚î
˛õ)Ó≈Óï˛#≈ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ˲!ӣσˆÏï˛ xyÓyÓ˚ âê˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛yˆÏܲ Ó,!Âô
ܲˆÏÓ˚–
fl¨yÎ˚% flõ®l (Nerve impulse): ~!ê˛ ~ܲ fiÌyl ˆÌˆÏܲ xlƒ
fiÌyˆÏl fl¨yÎ%̊ §ÇˆÏÓòl Ó•lܲyÓ˚# ˛õÌ Îy fl¨yÎ%̊Ó˚ ï˛!í˛¸Í Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ
§ÇˆÏÎyçlÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚–
fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf (Nervous system): fl¨yÎ˚%ˆÏܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ¢!=˛¢y°#
çy°Ü˛ Îy Ù!hflÏ‹ÒˆÏï˛ ï˛Ìy Ù!hflÏ‹Ò ˆÌˆÏܲ Óyï≈˛y ˆ≤ÃÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚–
fl¨yÎ˚% ÙˆÏly!Óòƒy (Neuro psychology): ~!ê˛ Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚
ܲyÎ≈ܲ°y˛õ Óy fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ !Ü ˛Î˚y !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ xyã˛Ó˚î ~ÓÇ Ùyl!§Ü˛
≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ !ÓK˛yl§¡øï˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚–
fl¨yÎ˚%ˆÏܲy¢ (Neuron): ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xlƒylƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ ï˛Ìƒ @˝Ã•îñ
≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yܲÓ˚î ~ÓÇ ˆÏ≤ÃÓ˚î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ !ӈϢ£Ï fl¨yÎ˚%ˆÏܲy¢–
fl¨yÎ˚!Óܲ !ÓܲyÓ˚ (Neurotic disorder): ~ܲ!ê˛ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ
!ÓܲyÓ˚ Îy §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ˛õ#í˛¸yòyÎ˚ܲ !ܲv ï˛Ó%G ~!ê˛ ~ܲçl
Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ Î%!=˛§Çàï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ !ã˛hs˝y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ §yÙy!çܲ˲yˆÏÓ
ܲyÎ≈ܲ°y˛õ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ xl%Ù!ï˛ ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚í˛ ~•z fl¨yÎ˚!Óܲ
!ÓܲyÓ˚ˆÏܲ í˛zˆÏmˆÏàÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ˆÙyܲy!Ó°y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õrÌy !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ
ˆòˆÏáˆÏSÈl–
¢∑ˆÏܲy¢ 195
!lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yê˛∆y™!Ùê˛yÓ˚ (Neurotransmitters): Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ
Óyï≈˛yÓy•Ü˛ Îy Ù!hflÏ‹ÒˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ Ù!hflÏ‹Ò ˆÌˆÏܲ Óyï≈˛y Ó•l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
lÙ≈ ‡ xyò¢≈ (Norm): xyò¢≈ Óy Ùyl Îy ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó,•Í çlˆÏày¤˛#Ó˚
˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ x˲#«˛yÎ˚
ˆflÒyÓ˚ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚ñ §Ùyç ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÎ˚
xl%ˆÏÙy!òï˛ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆày¤˛#àï˛ xyò¢≈–
!lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§ (Nucleus): ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛ˆÏsfñ fl¨yÎ˚%ˆÏܲyˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
fl¨yÎ˚%ˆÏܲw Óy Üœ˛y¡õ–
}îydܲ xl%Ùyl (Null hypothesis): ~ܲ!ê˛ xl%Ùyl ˆÎáyˆÏl
~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛ˆÏî ò%!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Óy ã˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚
ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly–
Ó›Ó˚ fiÌy!Î˚c (Object permanence): Ó› Óy âê˛lyÓ˚
x!hflÏcˆÏܲ Ü ˛Ù¢ í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚yñ Îál ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ ˆòáˆÏï˛ñ
¢%lˆÏï˛ Óy flõ¢≈ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly–
˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î (Observation): ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó› Óy ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y ˆÎ˲yˆÏÓ âê˛ˆÏSÈ
ˆ§!ê˛Ó˚ •zFSÈyÜ,˛ï˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛î ~ÓÇ !°!˛õÓÂôܲÓ˚î–
§!Ü ˛Î˚ xl%Óï≈˛l (Operant conditioning): !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ÎyˆÏï˛ ˙!FSÈܲ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yà%ˆÏ°y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛ myÓ˚y
!lÎ˚!sfï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ§–
≤ÈÏÎ˚yààï˛Óyò (Operationism): ~Ùl ~ܲ ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aà Îy ÙˆÏl
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ ôyÓ˚îy•z ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛îˆÏÎyàƒ Óy ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ ˆÎyàƒ
§!Ü ˛Î˚ï˛y myÓ˚y xÌ≈ ˛õ!Ó˚@˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
≤ÈÏÎ˚yà (Operations): ~ܲ!ê˛ x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î !Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ !Ólƒy§ Îy
!¢¢%ˆÏܲ Ùyl!§Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ xl%ˆÏÙyòl ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ!ê˛
ly!ܲ ˆ§ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ˲yˆÏÓ xyˆÏà §¡õߨ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°–
ܲ!ê≈˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚ xAà (Organ of corti): Óƒy!§°yÓ˚ ˛õò≈yÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
~ܲ!ê˛ xÇ¢ ÎyˆÏï˛ ◊ÓˆÏîÓ˚ §Ç@˝Ãy•Ü˛ ˆÜ˛y¢ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
x@¿ƒy¢Î˚ (Pancreas): ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ @˝Ã!rÌ Îy ˛õyã˛l ~ÓÇ
!Ó˛õyܲ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ç!í˛¸ï˛ •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl !lı§,ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚–
•zl§%!°l •ˆÏ° x@¿y¢ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !lı§,ï˛ •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl–
ò,T˛yhs˝ (Paradigm): ~ܲ!ê˛ xyò¢≈ Óy x@˝Ã§Ó˚ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÌ Óy
~ܲ!ê˛ âê˛lyÓ˚ !ÓlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ xôƒÎ˚î–
˛õÓ˚y§ÙˆÏÓò#Î˚ !Ó˲yà (Parasympathetic division):
fl∫ Î ˚ Ç !Ü  ˛ Î˚ fl¨ y Î˚ % ï ˛ˆÏ s f Ó ˚ !Ó˲yà Îy ˆòˆÏ • Ó˚ x˲ƒhs˝ Ó ˚ # î
ܲyÎ≈ܲ°yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ≤Ãyï˛ƒ!•Ü˛ §!Ü ˛Î˚ï˛yˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
§ÙˆÏÓò#Î˚ çyàˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ !fiÌÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈Ó°#ˆÏï˛ !Ê˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚
xyˆÏ§–
§•˛õyë˛# (Peers): ≤ÃyÎ˚ ~ܲ•z ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ Óy ˛õ!Ó˚îÙˆÏlÓ˚ hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚
!¢¢%Ó˚y–
≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛î (Perception): ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y§Ù)• Îy §ÇˆÏÓò#Î˚ ï˛ÌƒˆÏܲ
196 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
§Çà!ë˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ~!ê˛Ó˚ ˛õy!Ó˚˛õy!Ÿª≈ܲ x!hflcÏ xl%ÎyÎ˚# ~!ê˛ˆÏܲ
Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚–
≤È«Ï ˛y˲Ù)°Ü˛ !fiÌÓ˚ï˛y (Perceptual constancy): ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ˆÏî
!Ó!˲ߨ §ÇˆÏ Ó ò#Î˚ ܲyÎ≈ Ü ˛°y˛õ ˆÌˆÏ Ü ˛ çàï˛ §¡õˆÏ Ü ≈ ˛
§Ù§yÙ!Î˚ܲ !§Âôyhs˝ ˜ï˛Ó˚# ܲÓ˚y åí˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ ~ܲ!ê˛
Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆÜ˛yî ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆòáˆÏ°G Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ !ë˛Ü˛ ~ܲ•zÓ˚ˆ) Ï˛õ
≤Ãï˛ƒ!«˛ï˛ •Î˚ä–
§¡õyòl# x˲#«˛y§Ù)• (Performance tests): x˲#«˛y
ÎyˆÏï˛ Ë˛y£Ïy xhs≈˝Ë%˛=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ly–
ˆÊ˛ˆÏlyê˛y•z˛õ (Phenotype): ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ ÎyÓ˚ myÓ˚y
Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ ˆã˛ly ÎyÎ˚–
Ê˛y•zÈüÈâê˛ly (Phi phenomenon): à!ï˛ÙÎ˚ xôƒy§ Îy ã˛y«%˛£Ï
í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛ í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õlyÎ˚ §,!T˛ •Î˚–
ˆÊ˛y!lÙ (Phonemes): ~ܲ!ê˛ Ë˛y£ÏyÎ˚ ôÁ!lÓ˚ «%˛oï˛Ù xÌ≈˛õ)î≈
~ܲܲ §Ù)•–
§yˆÏ°yܲ §Ç@˝Ãy•Ü˛ (Photoreceptor): ~ܲ!ê˛ ã˛y«%˛£Ï §Ç@˝Ãy•Ü˛ñ
Ó˚í˛ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛yî ˆÜ˛y¢ §Ù)•–
¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚ ÙˆÏly!Óòƒy (Physiological psychology):
ÙylÓ G ˛õ¢%Ó˚ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ÓK˛yl§¡øï˛ xyã˛Ó˚î Îy
¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y ÎÌy fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sfñ •Ó˚ˆÏÙylñ K˛yˆÏlw#Î˚ ~ÓÇ
xyã˛Ó˚îàï˛ !fiÌ!ï˛ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚
xyˆÏSÈ–
fl∫Ó˚@˝ÃyÙ (Pitch): ~ܲ!ê˛ ôÁ!lÓ˚ ܲ¡õyˆÏAܲÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ Óƒyáƒy–
!˛õê%˛•zê˛y!Ó˚ @˝Ã!rÌ (Pituitary gland): @˝Ã!rÌ Îy ˆ§•z •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl
!lı§,ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ Îy xlƒylƒ §ÙhflÏ xly°# @˝Ã!rÌÓ˚ !lı§Ó˚îñ ï˛yÓ˚
§yˆÏÌ Ó,!ÂôˆÏï˛ ≤Ã˲yÓ!ÓhflÏyÓ˚ܲyÓ˚# •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl !lı§Ó˚îˆÏܲ
≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚–
§%£Ï%¡¨y¢#£Ï≈ܲ (Pons): â%ˆÏÙ fl∫≤¿ ˆòáyˆÏly ~ÓÇ •yê˛yˆÏlyˆÏï˛ xhs≈˝Ë%˛=˛
Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ xÇ¢–
ôlydܲ ˛õ% l ı¢!=˛òyÎ˚ Ü ˛ í˛z j #˛õܲ (Positive
reinforcement): ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zj#˛õܲ Óy âê˛ly ˆÎ!ê˛ñ Îál
~!ê˛Ó˚ §)e˛õyï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y í˛z˛õÓ˚ §yˆÏ˛õ«˛ï˛y
˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ~•z ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yÎ˚ §Ω˛yÓlyˆÏܲ Ó,!Âô ܲˆÏÓ˚–
«˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ ˛ˆ≤ÃÓ˚îy (Power motive): xlƒˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ
!ÓhflÏyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ xyܲyA«˛yñ «˛Ùï˛yÎ˚ ÌyܲyÓ˚ çlƒ ~ÓÇ ˛õòÙÎ≈yòy
~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ï˛˛õ!_ ˛õyGÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ xyܲyA«˛y–
˲yÓ#ܲÌl (Prediction): !ÓK˛yl§¡øï˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛z˛õyòyl
Îy ˛õ)Ó≈àyÙ# ã˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ~ÓÇ xl%Óï˛#≈ âê˛lyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒÜ˛yÓ˚ §¡õÜ≈˛
Óî≈ly ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˲yÓ#ܲÌl §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ x@˝ÃÓï˛#≈ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ˛õ)Ó≈àyÙ#
ã˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ !òˆÏÎ˚ ¢%Ó˚% •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ xl%Óï˛#≈ âê˛lyÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ xˆÏ˛õ«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚–
≤Ãy܉˛ çß√hflÏÓ˚ (Prenatal period): àË≈˛§M˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ çß√
˛õÎ≈hs˝ §ÙÎ˚ܲy°–
≤ÃyܲÈüȉ≤ÈÏÎ˚yààï˛ hflÏÓ˚ (Pre-operational stage): !˛õÑÎ˚yˆÏç
Ó!î≈ï˛ hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ !mï˛#Î˚ ôy˛õ ˆÎáyˆÏl !¢¢%Ó˚y ~•z çà͈Ïܲ ¢∑ñ
≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õ ~ÓÇ SÈ!ÓÓ˚ myÓ˚y í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ܲv Î%!=˛§Çàï˛
˛˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yl ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly–
ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ Ó˚Ç (Primary colours): !ï˛l ÓˆÏî≈Ó˚ !Ólƒy§ ÎÌyñ
°y°ñ §Ó%ç ~ÓÇ l#°– Îál ~à%ˆ° Ï y x§Ù ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî ˆÙ¢yˆÏly
•Î˚ ï˛ál ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óî≈ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
Ù% á ƒ ˆÎÔl ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ§Ù) • (Primary sex
characteristics): ≤ÃçlˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ˆÎÔl
xÇ¢§Ù)•–
§Ù§ƒy §Ùyôyl (Problem solving): í˛zß¨ï˛ !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ xyàyÙ
hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏAà §ÇÎ%=˛ xyã˛Ó˚îñ ÎyˆÏܲ ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ hflψÏÓ˚ ˲yà ܲÓ˚y
ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– í˛zò˲Ólñ ≤Ãò#!Æñ ≤Û!ï˛ ~ÓÇ §ï˛ƒyáƒyl–
˜lÜ˛ê˛ƒï˛yÓ˚ l#!ï˛ (Proximity principle): ~•z ˆàfiê˛yˆÏŒê˛Ó˚
l#!ï˛ñ ÎyˆÏï˛ !ÓÓ,ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yl Ó› Óy í˛zj#˛õܲ
~ˆÏܲ x˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲySÈyܲy!SÈ ÌyܲˆÏ° ~ܲܲ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ≤Ãï˛ƒ!«˛ï˛
•ˆÏÓ– ~ˆÏܲ ˜lܲˆÏê˛ƒÓ˚ §)eG Ó°y •Î˚–
ˆ≤Ãy!:GˆÏÙy!í˛fiê˛y° ≤ÃÓîï˛y (Proximodistal trend):
ˆ˛õ!¢àï˛ §M˛y°lÙ)°Ü˛ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆÜ˛w ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó!•≈Ù)ˆÏá
x!˲Ù%á#ï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛y–
ÙˆÏly§Ù#«˛î (Psychoanalysis) : ~ܲ!ê˛ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ
ˆÌÓ˚y!˛õÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ÎyˆÏï˛ ˆÌÓ˚y!˛õfiê˛ xÓò!Ùï˛ xÓˆÏã˛ï˛l ÙˆÏlÓ˚
!Ó£ÏÎ˚à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˆã˛ï˛ˆÏl !lˆÏÎ˚ xy§yÓ˚ ≤ÃÎ˚y§ ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚îy (Psychological motives):
Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ~ÓÇ xyhs˝Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ˆ≤ãÏîy Îy Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ §Ç@˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚
!òˆÏܲ !lˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ ÎyÓ˚ ˆ¢£Ï •Î˚ xlƒ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ «˛Ùï˛y
xydfl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛ñ xl%ˆÏÙyòl ~ÓÇ xyhs˝!Ó˚ܲï˛yÓ˚ myÓ˚y–
ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ x˲#«˛y (Psychological test): ~ܲ!ê˛ lÙ%ly
òˆÏ°Ó˚ xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏòÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ~ܲ xyò¢≈y!Î˚ï˛
˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ–
ÙˆÏlyˆÏ˲Ôï˛ (Psychophysics): Ùyl!§Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y ~ÓÇ ˆË˛Ô!ï˛Ü˛
çàˆÏï˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xôƒÎ˚l –
ÓÎ˚ı§!rôܲy° (Puberty): ܲAܲy°ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚˛ ~ÓÇ ˆÎÔlï˛yÓ˚ o%ï˛
˛õ!Ó˚îÙlܲy° Îy !ӈϢ£Ïï˛ ≤ÃyÓ˚!Ω˛Ü˛ ˜Ü˛ˆÏ¢yÓ˚ܲyˆÏ° âˆÏê˛
ÌyˆÏܲ–
¢y!hflÏ (Punishment): ˆÜ˛yˆÏly xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ òÙl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒ
~ܲ!ê˛ x≤Ã#!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚ Óy !Óly¢§yôܲ í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà–
Îò,FSÈܲÓ˚î (Randomisation): ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ÎyÓ˚ myÓ˚y ã˛°ˆÏܲ
!lÓ≈yã˛lñ !lÎ%=˛ Óy ï˛y!°Ü˛yË)˛=˛ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ §¡õ)î≈ !lÓ˚ˆÏ˛õ«˛
˛õrÌyÎ˚– Îò,FSÈܲÓ˚ˆÏî xhs≈˝Ë%˛=˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ˆÏ°yˆÏوϰy §ÇáƒyÓ˚
ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ÎyˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §Ω˛yÓlyÙ)°Ü˛ Ü ˛Ù ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚y
ÎyÎ˚ ly–
ˆÎÔ!=˛Ü˛Ü˛Ó˚î (Reasoning): ÓyhflÏ!Óܲ !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y Îy ~ܲ!ê˛
âê˛lyÓ˚ !Ólƒy§ ˆÌˆÏܲ !§Âôyhs˝ ê˛yˆÏl–
≤Ã!ï˛ÓˆÏï≈˛Ó˚ Ó,_ (Reflex arc): ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ç@˝Ãy•Ü˛ !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yî ~ÓÇ
~ܲ!ê˛ Ó!•≈Óy•# fl¨yÎ˚% Îy ~ܲ!ê˛ S-R Ü ˛ˆÏÙ ÙôƒfiÌï˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
§«˛Ù–
˛õ%lı¢!=˛òyÎ˚ܲ §_y (Reinforcement): ~ܲ!ê˛ âê˛ly Îy
≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÜ˛ xl%§Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ Îy ˆ§•z ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
≤ÃÓ,!_!ê˛ˆÏܲ ¢!=˛¢y°# ܲˆÏÓ˚–
!ÓŸªy§ˆÏÎyàƒï˛y (Reliability): ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õܲ ˛õrÌyÓ˚
fiÌy!Î˚ˆÏcÓ˚ Ùyey §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ÓÓ,!ï˛– !ÓŸªy§ˆÏÎyàƒ ˛õrÌy
˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ˛õ%îÓ˚yÓ,!_ˆÏï˛ ~ܲ•z ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ~ܲ•z ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ
≤ÃyÆ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚–
çy°Ü˛§!Ü ˛Î˚ ï˛sf (Reticular activating system): ~ܲ!ê˛
ï˛vÓ˚ çy!°Ü˛y ÎyÓ˚ ¢%Ó˚% •Î˚ §%£Ï%¡¨yܲy[˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ
ÙôƒÙ!hflψϋÒÓ˚ !˲ï˛Ó˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ í˛zFã˛ ˆÜ˛ˆÏwÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ !Óhfl,Ïï˛ •Î˚ñ
ÎyÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà ~ÓÇ çyàÓ˚ˆÏî Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
x!«˛˛õê˛° (Retina): ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ ˆ˛õSȈÏl ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ xyÓÓ˚î
ÎyˆÏï˛ xyˆÏ°yܲ §Ç@˝Ãy•Ü˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
˛õ%îÓ˚%ˆÏoˆÏܲÓ˚ §)e (Retrieval cues): flø,!ï˛Ó˚ ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ §ÇÓ˚«˛î
ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛Ìƒ ˛õ%lı≤Ãy!ƈÏï˛ §y•y΃ °Ë˛ƒ xy˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î Óy Óy!•ƒÜ˛
í˛zj#˛õܲ–
˛õŸã˛yòÙ%á#Óyò (Retroactive interference): flø,!ï˛≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y
ˆÎáyˆÏl lï%˛l ˲yˆÏÓ ˆ¢áy §ÇÓ˚!«˛ï˛ñ ~ܲ•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
!ç!lˆÏ§Ó˚ ˛õ%lÓ˚%ˆÏoˆÏܲ Óyôy ˆòÎ˚–
Ó˚í˛ ˆÜ˛y£Ï§Ù)• (Rods): !ӈϢ£Ï ã˛y«%˛£Ï §Ç@˝Ãy•Ü˛ Îy Ó˚y!eܲy!°l
ò¢≈ˆÏl ~ÓÇ ≤Ãyhs˝#Î˚ ò¢≈ˆÏl ~ܲ!ê˛ Ù%რË)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
!flÒÙy (Schema): ~ܲ!ê˛ K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ àë˛l Óy xl%£ÏˆÏAàÓ˚ çy!°Ü˛y
Îy ~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îˆÏܲ §Çà!ë˛ï˛ ~ÓÇ !lˆÏò≈!¢ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
!fl;≤Wz (Script): ˛õÂô!ï˛àï˛ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ flø,!ï˛Ù)°Ü˛ í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl åÎÌyñ
ˆÓ˚›Ó˚yˆÏï˛ áyGÎ˚yä–
ˆàÔl ˆÎÔl ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ (Secondary sex
characteristics): ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ Îy !°ˆÏAàÓ˚
§yˆÏÌ ç!í˛¸ï˛ !ܲv §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ ≤ÃçlˆÏlÓ˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛ lÎ˚–
!lÓ≈yã˛lÙ)°Ü˛ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà (Selective attention): ~ܲ!ê˛
!ӈϢ£Ï í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ §ˆÏã˛ï˛l˲yˆÏÓ ò,!T˛ !lˆÏ«˛˛õ–
fl∫Î˚Ç Óy xyd (Self): !lˆÏçÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ÈüüüÈ !lˆÏçÓ˚ ˆò•ñ ò«˛ï˛yñ
¢∑ˆÏܲy¢ 197
 Óƒ!=˛ˆÏcÓ˚ §Ç°«˛î ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ܲS%È Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛
Óƒ!=˛ !lçfl∫ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛î Óy §ˆÏã˛ï˛lï˛y–
xydÈüÈí˛z˛õ°!kô (Self-actualisation): ~!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ xyd
§Ù,Âôï˛yÓ˚ xÓfiÌy ˆÎáyˆÏl Óƒ!=˛ !lˆÏçÓ˚ x!˲lÓ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛
!lˆÏçÓ˚ §ˆÏÓ≈yFã˛ §Ω˛yÓlyà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
xydÈüȧ¡øyl (Self-esteem): fl∫Î˚LjÏܲ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §yÓ≈çl#l
Ùyey–
¢∑y!Ì≈ܲ flø,!ï˛ (Semantic memory): ò#â≈fiÌyÎ˚# flø,!ï˛Ó˚
í˛z˛õyòyl Óy ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ xˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ flø,!ï˛ˆÏܲ
§ÇÓ˚«˛î ܲˆÏÓ˚–
§ÇˆÏÓòl (Sensation): ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆË˛Ô!ï˛Ü˛ í˛zj#˛õlyÓ˚ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛–
§ÇˆÏÓò#Î˚ §M˛y°ˆÏlÓ˚ hflÏÓ˚ (Sensorimotor stage): ≤ÃÌÙ
!˛õÑÎ˚y!çÎ˚˛ hflÏÓ˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl lÓçyï˛Ü˛Ó˚y ~•z çàï˛ˆÏܲ í˛z˛õ°!kô
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ §ÇˆÏÓò#Î˚ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ˆÏܲ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ ~ÓÇ §M˛y°l
Ù)°Ü˛ !Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §Ùß∫Î˚ §yôl ܲˆÏÓ˚–
§ÇˆÏÓò#Î˚ x!˲ˆÏÎyçl˛ (Sensory adaptation): í˛zj#˛õlyÓ˚
≤ÈÏÎ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ x˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l#Î˚ï˛y §ˆÏcG @˝Ãy•Ü˛ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚
≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛–
§ÇˆÏÓò# flø,!ï˛ (Sensory memory): ≤ÃyÓ˚!Ω˛Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y Îy
§Ç!«˛Æ í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ SÈy˛õˆÏܲ §ÇÓ˚!«˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ~ˆÏܲ˛ §ÇˆÏÓò#
ˆÓ˚!çfiê˛yÓ˚G Ó°y •Î˚–
§ÇˆÏÓò# fl¨yÎ˚% (Sensory neurons): ~ˆÏܲ xhs≈˝Ù%á# fl¨yÎ˚%G
Ó°y •Î˚– fl¨yÎ˚%ˆÏܲy¢à%ˆÏ°y @˝Ãy•Ü˛ ˆÜ˛y¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ Óyï≈˛y Ó•l ܲˆÏÓ˚
ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛ˆÏsf ˆ˛õÔÑSÈyÎ˚–
§y!Ó˚ÓÂô !¢ál (Serial learning): í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ ÎÌyÎÌ
Ü ˛Ù xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü ˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ !¢ál –
ˆÎÔl •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl (Sex hormones): ˆàylyí˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÎ •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl
!lı§,ï˛ •Î˚ ï˛y ˛≤ÃçlˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç ~ÓÇ ˆàÔl !°Aà ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚
§ly=˛Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏî ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆÎÙlñ ˆÙˆÏÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe •zˆÏfiê˛∆yˆÏçl
~ÓÇ ˛õ%Ó˚%£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆê˛ˆÏfiê˛yˆÏfiê˛Ó˚î–
xyܲyÓ˚àï˛ fiÌy!Î˚c (Shape constancy): ~ܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ K˛yl
ˆÎáyˆÏl ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó›ˆÏܲ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆÜ˛yî ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆòáˆÏ°Gñ ~!ê˛Ó˚
xyܲyÓ˚ x˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l#Î˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
§yò,¢Ü˛Ó˚î (Similarity): ˆàfiê˛yˆÏŒê˛Ó˚ l#!ï˛ñ Îy !ÓÓ,ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎñ
Ó› xÌÓy í˛zj#˛õܲ ˆÎà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ xyܲyÓ˚ñ xyÎ˚ï˛l xÌÓy
ï˛#Ó ï˛y ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ ~ܲñ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y ~ܲ!ê˛ ~ܲܲ !•§yˆÏÓ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛
ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
xyÜ,˛!ï˛àï˛ fiÌy!Î˚c (Size constancy): Óƒ!=˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó›Ó˚
ò)Ó˚ˆÏcÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî !˲ߨ xyÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õ ˆÓ˚!ê˛lyˆÏï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛!°ï˛
•GÎ˚y §ˆÏcG §%˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ˛Ó›ˆÏܲ ~ܲ•z xyÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ӈϰ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛y–
198 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
ܲAܲy°ÓÍ ˆ˛õ!¢ (Skeletal muscles): ˆ˛õ!¢ ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y
•yˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ §ˆÏAà Î%=˛ñ Îy ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ §M˛y°l ˆÎÙl
ï˛Ó˚%îy!fiÌÓ˚ §M˛y°lˆÏܲ §M˛y!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚–
§yÙy!çܲ#ܲÓ˚î (Socialisation): §Ùyçàï˛ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛
ÎyÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ~ܲ!ê˛ !¢¢% xyò¢≈ñ ÙˆÏly˲yÓñ !ÓŸªy§ ~ÓÇ
xyã˛Ó˚î xç≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚– §yÙy!çܲ#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙyôƒÙà%ˆÏ°y •°
˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ñ fl%Ò° ~ÓÇ §ÙÓÎ˚§#ˆÏòÓ˚ ò°–
§Ùyç ç#Ó!Óòƒy (Sociobiology): §yÙy!çܲ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚
ç#Ó!ÓK˛yl§¡øï˛ !˲!_Ó˚ ≤Ãîy°#°kô xôƒÎ˚î ܲÓ˚y–
§Ùyçï˛_¥ (Sociology): ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ xôƒÎ˚lñ ˆày¤˛#
ˆÌˆÏܲ ÓÓ˚Ç Óƒ!=˛ •° ~•z xôƒÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲܲ–
¢Ó˚#Ó˚ (Soma): ˆÎˆÏܲyl ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ˆò•ˆÏܲy¢ xÌÓy §yôyÓ˚îï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ
ˆÎˆÏܲyˆÏly ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ àë˛l ˆÎÙl Ùyl%£Ï ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ ≤Ãyî#Ó˚ Ùï˛–
ˆò•àï˛ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ àë˛l (Somatic nervous system):
≤Ãyhs˝#Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ xÇ¢ Îy ˙!FSÈܲ ˆ˛õ!¢à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ !lÎ˚sfî
ܲˆÏÓ˚–
≤Ãçy!ï˛ (Species): !Ó!˲ߨ ç#!Óï˛ ç#ˆÏ Ó Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
ç#Ó!ÓK˛yl§ÇÜ ˛yhs˝ ˆ◊!îܲÓ˚î–
fl∫ï˛ıfl≥%˛ï≈˛ ≤Ãï˛ƒyÓï≈˛l (Spontaneous recovery): ≤Ãyã˛#l
xl%Óï≈˛ˆÏl xl%Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲ !ܲS%È x≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ ˛õˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚
Îál !Ó°%Æ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ%lÓ˚y!Ó≈˲yÓ âˆÏê˛–
xyò¢≈ Ùyl (Standardisation): xyò¢≈ xÌÓy Ùyl ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ~ÓÇ ~ܲ!ê˛ x˲#«˛yÓ˚ çlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó,•Í òˆÏ°Ó˚
≤Ã!ï˛!l!ôÙ)°Ü˛ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ x˲#«˛y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ x!˲ߨ
≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y–
í˛zj#˛õܲ (Stimulus): ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ ˆÎˆÏܲyl §%§ÇK˛y!Î˚ï˛
í˛z˛õyòylà%ˆÏ°y ç#ÓÜ)˛°ˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ Îy ≤ÃܲyˆÏ¢ƒ xÌÓy
ˆày˛õl ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y myÓ˚y ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ •Î˚–
xÓÎ˚ÓÓyò (Structuralism): ~•z Ùï˛Óyò í˛z•z°ˆÏ•Õ√ Ë%˛ˆÏ[˛Ó˚
§yˆÏÌ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ñ ~•z ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aà ˆã˛ï˛lyÓ˚ àë˛l ~ÓÇ
!Ü ˛Î˚yܲ°y˛õ Óy ÙylÓ Ùl §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xl%ôyÓl ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ç!Ó˚˛õ (Survey): ~ܲ!ê˛ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÙ)°Ü˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ Îy !°!áï˛ ≤ß¿yÓ°#
xÌÓy Óƒ!=˛àï˛ §y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏ ï ˛ ÓƒÓ•, ï ˛ •Î˚
çl§Ù!T˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛z˛õy_ xç≈l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ–
§ÙˆÏÓò# fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf (Sympathetic nervous system):
fl∫Î˚Ç!Ü ˛Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ˛õÓ≈ Îy ¢Ó˚#Ó˚ˆÏܲ §!Ü ˛Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ° ~ÓÇ
˛õ#í˛¸lÙ)°Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ Ü˛Ù≈¢!=˛ˆÏܲ §ã˛° ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°–
≤Ãyhs˝#Î˚ §!ߨܲ£Ï≈ (Synapse): Óyï≈˛yÓ• !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏlÓ˚ xƒy:ˆÏlÓ˚
≤Ãyhs˝ ~ÓÇ ˛@˝Ãy•Ü˛ !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏlÓ˚ ˆí˛lí»˛y•zê˛ ï˛Ìy ˆÜ˛y¢ˆÏòˆÏ•Ó˚
ÙˆÏôƒÜ˛yÓ˚ §ÇˆÏÎyàfiÌ°– ~•z §ÇˆÏÎyàfiÌ° §)- ÓƒÓôylˆÏܲ
§!ߨܲ£Ï#≈Î˚ ÊÑ˛yܲ Óy ÓƒÓôyl Ó°y •Î˚–
§!ߨܲ£Ï#≈Î˚ Ó%ò‰Ó%ò (Synaptic vesicle): §!ߨܲ£Ï#≈Î˚ àÑyˆÏê˛
ˆÎáyˆÏl !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yê˛∆y™!Ùê˛yÓ˚ §!ߨܲ£Ï#≈Î˚ ÓƒÓôyˆÏl «˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈
çÙy ÌyˆÏܲ ˆ§•z xÇ¢!ê˛–
˛õò!Ólƒy§ (Syntax): ~Ùl !lÎ˚Ù Îy ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ !Ù◊î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ¢∑
§Ù!T˛ ~ÓÇ ÓyܲƒˆÏܲ @˝Ã•îˆÏÎyàƒ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°–
ˆÙçyç (Temperament): ~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ xyã˛Ó˚îàï˛ Ë˛!Aà
~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒÙ)°Ü˛ ôÓ˚l–
ˆê˛ˆÏ¡õyÓ˚y° ˆ°yÓ (Temporal lobe): ˆ§!Ó˚Ó y° ܲˆÏê≈˛ˆÏ:Ó˚
xÇ¢ Îy ≤ÃyÎ˚ ܲyˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!Ó˚˲yˆÏà xÓ!fiÌï˛ñ ~!ê˛ ◊Óî§ÇÜ ˛yhs˝
xM˛°ˆÏܲ xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ÎyÓ˚ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ ◊Óîàï˛ ï˛Ìƒ Ù)°ï˛
!Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ Ü˛yl ˆÌˆÏܲ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
Ë)˛!Ùï˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ Ù§,î !Ólƒy§ (Texture gradient): ò)Ó˚ˆÏcÓ˚ §)ˆÏeÓ˚
~•z âê˛lyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ Îï˛•z ò)Ó˚Óï˛#≈ •Î˚ ˆ§ ï˛yÓ˚
ÎÌyÎÌ ~ÓÇ !Ó¢ò Óî≈ly •yÓ˚yÎ˚ –
̃y°yÙy§ (Thalamus): Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ §ÇˆÏÓò# §%•zã˛ˆÏÓyí≈˛ñ Îy
Ù!hflÏ‹ÒܲyˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ~Ó˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ xÓ!fiÌï˛ñ ~!ê˛ Ü˛ˆÏê≈˛ˆÏ:Ó˚ §ÇˆÏÓò#
Óyï˛≈ y à% ˆ Ï ° yˆÏ Ü ˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ ã ˛y!°ï˛ ܲˆÏ Ó ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÙí% ˛ °y ~ÓÇ
ˆ§!Ó˚ˆÏÓ°yˆÏÙ §yí˛¸y ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚–
!ã˛hs˝l (Thinking): ò#â≈fiÌy!Î˚ flø,!ï˛ˆÏï˛ §!M˛ï˛ Ùyl!§Ü˛ xÌÓy
K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ ï˛Ìƒ Îy ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ~ÓÇ !ã˛•´ ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤ÃyÆñ ï˛yÓ˚
˛õ)l≈!Ólƒy§ G !l˛õ%î ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°lñ ˲y£Ïyñ !ã˛•´ñ ôyÓ˚îy ~ÓÇ
≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ !ã˛hs˝l í˛zj#˛õܲ G ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
ÙôƒfiÌï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ӈϰ ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
í˛z˛õfl∫l (Timbre): !Ó¢%Âô fl∫ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ˆ¢yly x!ï˛fl∫ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §Ç!Ù◊î
myÓ˚y í˛zͲõy!òï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ fl∫Ó˚ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ–
í˛zôÁ≈Ù%á# ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y (Top-down processing): xyܲyÓ˚àï˛
≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ˆÏîñ §Ù@˝Ã ˆÌˆÏܲ xÇ¢§Ù)ˆÏ• ~ܲ!ê˛ x@˝ÃàÙl–
ˆê˛∆§!í˛ˆÏܲ ï˛_¥ ‡ !ã˛•´«˛!Î˚ï˛ ï˛_¥ (Trace decay theory):
x!ôàï˛ Ó› Ù!hflÏˆÏ‹Ò ~ܲ!ê˛ !ã˛•´ Óy SÈy˛õ ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°ñ Îy xӈϢˆÏ£Ï
~!ê˛ xò,¢ƒ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ Î!ò ly xl%¢#°l Óy ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ñ
~•z ôyÓ˚îyˆÏܲ !ã˛•´«˛!Î˚ï˛ ï˛_¥ ӈϰ–
!¢ál §M˛y°l (Transfer of learning): ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ ˆ¢áyÓ˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˛õ)Ó≈Óï˛#≈ ˆ¢áyÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ •z!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ §M˛y°lñ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈
!¢álˆÏܲ Ó!ô≈ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ !ܲv ˆl!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ §M˛y°l ~ˆÏܲ Óƒy•ï˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚–
xyâyï˛Ù)°Ü˛ x!˲K˛ï˛y (Traumatic experience): ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ
xÌÓy Ùyl!§Ü˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ xyâyï˛– Ùyl!§Ü˛ xyâyˆÏï˛Ó˚ §ˆÏAà
≤ÃyˆÏ«˛y!˲ܲ ¢Ü‰˛ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ñ ÎyÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏcÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ x“!ÓhflÏÓ˚
fiÌyÎ˚# ≤Ã˲yÓ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆÎÙlÈüÈ≤Ãï˛ƒyáylñ !ÓÓy•!ÓˆÏFSÈòñ Î%Âôñ
x!˲K˛ï˛yñ x§yÙ!Ó˚ܲ !Ó˛õÎ≈Î˚ ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛–
!ÓŸªy§ G x!ÓŸªy§ (Trust vs mistrust): ~!Ó˚ܲ§l ~Ó˚
≤ÃÌÙ ÙˆÏly§yÙy!çܲ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ hflÏÓ˚ñ ˆ§•z !ÓŸªyˆÏ§Ó˚ hflÏÓ˚ ÎyˆÏï˛
¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ fl∫!hflÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ fl∫“ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏîÓ˚ ˲Î˚ ~ÓÇ Ë˛!ӣσÍ
§¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xy¢Aܲy ÌyˆÏܲ–
xlyÓ!ï≈˛ï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y (Unconditioned response) (UR):
~ܲ!ê˛ !lı¢ï≈˛ í˛zj#˛õlyÓ˚ xl!ôàï˛˛ Óy x˜Ïl!FSÈܲ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y–
!Óã˛«˛î ˛õ!Ó˚ Ù y˛õl (Unobtrusive measures):
!ӈϢ£Ï˲yˆÏÓ !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ ˛õÂô!ï˛ Îy
≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏî •hflψϫ˛˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly xÌÓy !ӣψÏÎ˚ ˆã˛ï˛l
§ˆÏã˛ï˛lï˛yÎ˚ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly–
!lË≈˛Ó˚ˆÏÎyàƒï˛y (Validity): ~ܲ!ê˛ x˲#«˛y ˛Îy ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
çlƒ l܉˛¢y ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ï˛y ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y–
ã˛° (Variable): ˆÎÈüÈ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õˆÏÎyàƒ xÓfiÌyñ âê˛lyÓ°#ñ
˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ xÌÓy xyã˛Ó˚î Îy !lÎ˚!sfï˛ •Î˚ xÌÓy ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
xôƒÎ˚ˆÏl ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
Óyã˛!lܲ !¢ál (Verbal learning): Óyã˛!lܲ í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛
Óyã˛!lܲ˲yˆÏÓ §yí˛¸y ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆ¢áy ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yñ ÎyÓ˚ xhs≈˝Ë)˛=˛
•° ≤Ãï˛#ܲñ xÌ≈•#l x«˛Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛y!°Ü˛y xÌÓy ¢∑–
˲y£ÏyÙ)°Ü˛ x˲#«˛y Verbal test: x˲#«˛y ÎyˆÏï˛ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛
≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ x˲#«˛yÌ#≈Ó˚ í˛z˛õ°!kôÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛yñ ¢∑
G ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈–˛
ò¢≈làï˛ xôƒy§ (Visual illusions): ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ í˛zj#˛õly Îy
ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ˆÏî ºy!hs˝ í˛zͲõyòl ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ï˛Ó˚Aà ˜òâ≈ƒ (Wavelength): xyˆÏ°yÓ˚ Óy ¢∑ ï˛Ó˚ˆÏAàÓ˚ !¢áÓ˚
ˆÌˆÏܲ xÌÓy ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ xyˆÏ°y Óy ¢∑ ï˛Ó˚ˆÏAàÓ˚ !¢áˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ò)Ó˚c–
ï˛!í˛¸Í ã%˛¡∫ܲ#Î˚ ï˛Ó˚Aà˜Ïòâƒà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ fl∫“fiÌyÎ˚# xyGÎ˚yˆÏçÓ˚
§ˆÏAà Ù•yçyà!ï˛Ü˛ Ó˚!Ÿ¬Ó˚ ò#â≈flõ®l ˆÓï˛yÓ˚ §¡±§yÓ˚ˆÏî
˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ÌyˆÏܲ–
¢∑ xl%£AÏ à (Word associations): Óƒ!=˛c !lô≈yÓ˚î ˆÜ˛Ô¢°
ˆÎáyˆÏl Óƒ!=˛ §yôyÓ˚î ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yí˛¸l
§,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# flø,!ï˛ (Working memory): flø,!ï˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y§Ù)• Îy
§y¡±!ï˛Ü˛Ü˛yˆÏ ° Ó˚ âê˛lyÓ°# xÌÓy x!˲K˛ï˛yà% ˆ Ï ° yÓ˚
§ÇÓ˚«˛î ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ~ˆÏܲ˛ fl∫“fiÌyÎ˚# flø,!ï˛G Ó°y •Î˚–
¢∑ˆÏܲy¢ 199
 SUGGESTED READINGS
For developing further understanding on the topics, you may like to
read the following books :
• Baron, R.A. (2001/Indian reprint 2002). Psychology (5th ed.). Allyn &
Bacon.
• Das, J.P. (1998). The Working Mind : An Introduction to Psychology.
Sage Publications.
• Davis, S.F., & Palladino, J.H. (1997). Psychology. Prentice Hall, Inc.
• Gerow, J.R. (1997). Psychology : An Introduction. Addison Wesley
Longman, Inc.
• Gleitman, H. (1996). Basic Psychology. W.W. Norton & Company.
• Khandwalla, P.N. (1984). Fourth Eye : Excellence through Creativity.
A.H. Wheeler and Co.
• Malim, T., & Birch, A. (1998). Introductory Psychology. Macmillan Press
Ltd.
• Morgan, C.T., King, R.A., Weisz, J.R., & Schopler, J. (1986).
Introduction to Psychology (7th ed.). McGraw-Hill Book Company.
• Weiten, W. (2001). Psychology : Themes and Variations. Wadsworth.
• Zimbardo, P.G., & Weber, A.L. (1997). Psychology. New York: Longman.
• Zimbardo, P.G. (1985). Psychology and Life. Harper Collins Publishers.

SOURCE BOOKS

• Dash, U.N., Mohanty, P.K., Mohanty, S.C., Pattanaik, L.K., Nanda,

G.K., Misra, G., & Kar, C. (2004). Psychology - Part I. Orissa State
Bureau of Textbook Preparation and Production. Pustak Bhawan,
Bhubaneswar.
• Gleitman, H., Fridlund, A.J., & Reisberg, D. (2004). Basic Psychology
(5th ed.). W.W. Norton & Company.
• Mandal, M.K. (2004). Emotion : Basic Issues and Current Trends.
Affiliated East-West Press.
• Santrock, J.W. (1999). Life-Span Development (7th ed.). Boston:
McGraw-Hill College.

200 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl