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University of Namibia
Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology
Department of Mechanical & Metallurgical Engineering
Email: ashikongo@unam.na
Phone: +264652324238
Intersection of lines.
Intersection of planes.
(d) Set t1 = 21 , & t2 = 14 . Then the two distinct points on the line are
P1 = ⟨2, 3, 4⟩ + 12 ⟨4, −1, 6⟩, & P2 = ⟨2, 3, 4⟩ + 41 ⟨4, −1, 6⟩.
⃗
Figure: Point P and line AB.
Dr. Albert Shikongo (UNAM) I3511IM1 March 10, 2023 13 / 30
Distance between a point and a line
⃗
Figure: Point P and line AB.
⃗ is
Then, in Figure 4 presents that the shortest line segment from P to AB
⃗ ⃗
PD. Any other line segment, such as PC , are longer.
Proof.
Let u = ⟨u1 , u2 , u3 ⟩, & v = ⟨v1 , v2 , v3 ⟩ denotes two vectors such that θ
denotes the angle between them. Then
Proof.
Lemma
Let u, & v denotes two vectors, such that θ denotes the angle between
them. If d denotes the opposite side of θ, then, d = ∥u×v∥
∥v∥ .
Proof.
The prove follows is trivial to show.
Dr. Albert Shikongo (UNAM) I3511IM1 March 10, 2023 16 / 30
Distance between a point and a line
But
∥u × v∥
q
∥v∥ = 72 + 32 + (−2)2 = 7.87. ∴ d = = 5.98.
∥v∥
Dr. Albert Shikongo (UNAM) I3511IM1 March 10, 2023 17 / 30
Distance between a point and a line
Theorem
Let ⟨a, b, c⟩ denotes normal to a plane containing the point (v1 , v2 , v3 ).
Then (x, y , z) lies in the plane if and only if ⟨a, b, c⟩ is perpendicular to
⟨x–v1 , y –v2 , z–v3 ⟩. This implies that ⟨a, b, c⟩ · ⟨x–v1 , y –v2 , z–v3 ⟩ = 0.
Dr. Albert Shikongo (UNAM) I3511IM1 March 10, 2023 23 / 30
Equation of the plane
Proof.
It follows easily that
⟨a, b, c⟩ · ⟨x − v1 , y − v2 , z − v3 ⟩ = 0
a(x − v1 ) + b(y − v2 ) + c(z − v3 ) = 0
ax + by + cz − av1 − bv2 − cv3 = 0
ax + by + cz = av1 + bv2 + cv3 .
But ax + by + cz = d, then
ax + by + cz − d = 0
a(x − d/a) + b(y − 0) + c(z − 0) = 0
⟨a, b, c⟩ · ⟨x − d/a, y , z⟩ = 0.
Remark:
This doesn’t work if a = 0, but in that case one uses b or c in the
role of a. That is, either a(x–0) + b y – db + c(z–0) = 0 or
a(x–0) + b(y –0) + c z– dc = 0]
Thus, given a vector ⟨a, b, c⟩, one knows that all planes perpendicular
to this vector have the form ax + by + cz = d, and any surface of this
form is a plane perpendicular to ⟨a, b, c⟩.
Answer: Since the normal vector is n = ⟨2, –3, 1⟩, then any vector parallel
or anti-parallel for instance –2⟨2, –3, 1⟩ = ⟨–4, 6, –2⟩ is also normal to the
plane.
Example (Equation of the plane)
Determine the equation of the plane containing the point (2, 1, 3),
Q(1, −1, 2) and R(3, 2, 1).
Answer: Then PQ = (−1, −2, −1), & PR = (1, 1, −2). Since, The given
points are on the plane, then it follows easily, that
n = PQ × PR = (−1, −2, −1) × (1, 1, −2) = ⟨5, −3, 1⟩.
Thus, the equation of the plane is
⟨5, −3, 1⟩ · ⟨x − 2, y − 1, z − 3⟩ = 5x − 3y + z = 10.
Dr. Albert Shikongo (UNAM) I3511IM1 March 10, 2023 26 / 30
Distance between a point and plane
|ax + by + cz + d|
D= √ .
a2 + b 2 + c 2
Answer: Let the point (3, 0, 0) be a point on the first plane. Then, the
distance from the first plane to the second plane is