As a country prone to natural disasters, the Philippines is frequently

struck by typhoons that cause so much damage to buildings, transportation

systems, land, people, and finances that it causes business operations to

cease (Wilson, 2016). With this, tourism and hospitality are exposed to

vulnerability to natural disasters (Chen, 2011; Chen, 2011) and economic

volatility (Qu et al., 2002; Naidoo et al., 2011). According to McKinsey &

Company (2020), the hospitality sector remained severely impacted relative

to other industries, as international and domestic travel decreased due to

mandatory lockdowns. Globally, 62 million (18.5%) jobs were lost in this

sector in 2020, compared to 2019 when it contributed 334 million jobs

worldwide. Small and medium-sized hospitality and tourism businesses

accounted for 80% of job losses. Women, young people, and minorities, who

make up most of the service industry's workforce, were most affected

(World Travel and Tourism Council, 2021).