AR 906 HOUSING

SLUM Module 2
 INTRODUCTION
A slum is an overcrowded poverty- area having lack of open spaces and presence of
unhealthy residential structure.
The formation of slum converts the and into a place of vices and miseries and more
or less it results into the state hell on the surface of earth.
A slum is an area that combines to various extents the following characteristics
 Inadequate access to safe water
 Inadequate access to sanitation and other infrastructure
 Poor structural quality of housing
 Overcrowding
 Insecure residential status
THE INDIAN SLUM…
Why do slums proliferate in India?

Lack of economic
Income equality In-migration
growth

Lack of affordable
Poverty
housing

Slum formation
 CAUSES OF SLUMS
1. DECENTRALIZATION
 High and middle class households move out to the extended portions of the town and thus, the poor people are left
unattended in the overcrowded central area of the town.

2. ECONOMIC CONDITIONS
 Most important and universal characteristic of slums is poverty,
 Unemployment & growth of population may force the affected persons to stay in unhealthy conditions

3. EDUCATION
 Lack of education drags the inhabitants into social evils
 Lack of attention to improve the living conditions

4. IMPROPER USE OF LAND

 If land fit for any particular purpose, is used for another purpose, the slums may be formed.

5. INDUSTRIALIZATION
 The slums may be said to be the direct result evil result from industrialization which in the early stages never took
care of panning houses for laborers.
 CAUSES OF SLUMS Lack of
zoning
6. LACK OF ZONING
 If the town is not divided into suitable zones & development Repairs &
is allowed to place at random, the slums may be created. maintenanc Migrants
e
7. REPAIRS AD MAINTENANCE
 cheap houses made for collecting rents are not maintained
properly, slum favoring conditions may develop. Powers &
Industrializ
local
8. MIGRANTS ation
authority
 Squatter is a person who illegally occupy the land without
title. The colonies of squatters may result into slums.
 Flow of migrants per day increases in metropolitan cities.
Decentraliz Improper
 About one- third of the population live in ramshackle huts
with no civic amenities. ation use of land

9. POWERS AND LOCAL AUTHORITY

 if local authority does not have adequate powers to control Economic
the development of town, the slums may be formed. Education
conditions
 CHARACTERISTICS OF SLUMS
1. APPEARANCE Appearance
 slum and its unpleasant appearance is offending
 Structures appear to be deteriorated and to be of over – age.
 Slum looks neglected with disorderly buildings, roads and yards. Fire Income
Hazards Criteria
2. FIRE HAZARDS
 Fire is the biggest enemy of slum dwellers
 Slum area is often exposed to fire hazards & consequent
damages
Health & Overcrowdi
3. HEALTH AND SANITATION
 Slums are the areas of high sickness and death rates, Sanitation ng
 Characterized by low standards of sanitation
 Lack of public services for sanitation

4. INCOME CRITERIA Population

 Slum areas are occupied by the lowest income group of the Morals
society. origin of
crime
5. MORALS
 lack of education drags the inhabitants into social evils
 Lack of attention to improve the living conditions
 Sum may prove to be an area of crime and vice, Social
Way of life
isolation
 CHARACTERISTICS OF SLUMS
6. OVERCROWDING
 Slum is overcrowded with buildings or the buildings are overcrowded with people or in the worst condition, both the
conditions prevail in the slum.

7. POPULATION ORIGIN OF CRIME

 If the slum population Is racial or cultural, it grants a degree of social organization.
 For heterogeneous occupancy, the inhabitants are of different categories which are not welcome in other localities.

8. SOCIAL ISOLATION
 The slum area is of the lowest social status and is linked up with the rest of the community through its labour force.

9. WAY OF LIFE
 In a democratic society, slum dwellers can identify them with certain political groups because of their equality of
voting and other legal rights.
 The way of life of the inhabitants may be such that they are strangers to one another or they form a family slum with
thick acquaintance with one another.
 EFFECTS OF SLUM
Absence of
1. ABSENCE OF AMENITIES Amenities
due to overcrowding, essential amenities are lacking in required proportion in
slum areas.

2. HEALTH
Climate of slums leads to unhealthy conditions of living,
Surrounding
Inhabitants are easily attacked by various types of diseases. Health
Locality

3. SURROUNDING LOCALITY
Working of nearby hospitals, institutes, schools is seriously affected by slums.

4. UNDESIRABLE SPOTS
Slums are the undesirable spots on a city plan,
Undesirable
it disturbs the appearance of good features of a city plan. Working
Spots
Conditions
5. WORKING CONDITIONS
due to noise, traffic, congestion, smoke, dust and all, it is not possible to work
peacefully in slum areas.
SLUM CLEARANCE

Slum clearance is the process of improving the existing conditions of sums.

MAIN OBJECTIVES
1. Bring down the difference between various classes (low class, high class, etc.)

2. Prevention of occurrence of epidemics in the town

3. Providing essential amenities for healthy living

4. Removal of ugly spots of slums from the map

METHODS OF SLUM CLEARANCE
1. IMPROVEMENT METHOD
1. If the sum is due to poor drainage
arrangement or insanitary, houses are not
demolished.
2. Certain steps may be taken up to
improve the conditions.
3. This method includes Improvement of
street systems, removal of obstructing
structures, modification of drainage
systems, etc.
2. COMPLETE REMOVAL
1. Houses are demolished, only good
houses are retained.
2. Open spaces left are used for widening
of roads, recreational grounds or
building new houses.
3. This method is costly as the people who
are dishoused are to be provided with
alternative housing facilities.
1. IMPROVEMENT METHOD
Some of the possible works of improvements are as follows:
1. Construction of open or covered drains,
2. Necessary repairs
3. Opening up or paving of courtyards,
4. Provision of additional or improved fixtures or fittings
5. Provision of bathing places, water taps and light points
6. Provision of latrines including conversion of dry latrines into flush latrines
7. Realignment of replotting of streets
8. Removal of rubbish and debris Structural additions and alterations
9. Miscellaneous including the demolition of any building or any part of the building for
executing any of the works mentioned above.
2. COMPLETE REMOVAL & REHOUING

The complete removal of slum has been recognized as the ultimate objective and slum
improvement has been considered as an immediate alternative to give relief to the slum
dwellers.
The main difficulties to be encountered while pursuing the slum clearance programes are as
follows:
1. Constraint of resources;
2. High cost of alternative sites near place of work;
3. Lengthy and time consuming procedures of the acquisition of slum area;
4. Low rent paying capacity of the slum dwellers;
5. Unwillingness of the slum dwellers to move from the areas selected for clearance.
2. COMPLETE REMOVAL & REHOUING

Following are some of the measures which may be adopted to make the slum
clearance and rehousing schemes successful:
1. In the surrounding areas of the metropolitan city, a chain of growth canters,
known as satellite towns, should be formed.
2. The slum rehabilitation scheme may be combined with some commercial
schemes so as to make it self- supporting in finance.
3. The minimum carpet area including sanitary convenience may be decided for a
family.
4. The potentialities of the open plot scheme combined with self-help housing on
the part of the slum community should be fully exploited.
5. The state government should make enough provision in the budget every year for
the construction of minimum houses for the slum population.
PREVENTION OF SLUM FORMATION

The formation of slum is very slow process and extreme care should be exercised by
the authorities concerned to exercised by the authorities concerned to prevent the
springing up of new slums in the town.
Some of the important measures which which can be taken to prevent slum formation
are as follows:
1. Cheap housing
2. Construction of buildings
3. Maintenance and repair
4. Rent restrictions
5. Social education
OPEN PLOT SCHEME

In this scheme, the available open land is suitably subdivided and allotted to slum dwellers.
Constant watch should be kept on the area developed under this scheme so that the open plot scheme
areas do not deteriorate into the worst slums.
Some of the precautionary measures to be adopted for the successful implementation of the scheme are
as follows:
1. The area of the plot should not exceed 20 sq.mt. to 25 sq.mt, so that the scheme may not
attract the better off classes.
2. The individual lessees may be provided with the possible alternative designs for the
construction of small houses.
3. The plots should be given on long – term lease with necessary conditions for cancellation and
re – entry in case of breach of terms of the lease document.
4. The self – help combined with the use of locally available materials and methods of
construction should be encouraged.
RESOURCES FOR SLUM CLEARANCE
PROGRAM
National Agenda of Governance and ‘Housing for All’ Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY)
 Improving existing slums
National Agenda of Governance (NAG) has identified
‘Housing for All’, both in urban and rural sectors, as a  Relocating/ upgrading/ redeveloping
priority area with particular emphasis on the needs of the  Preventing future slum formation
vulnerable groups. Although, shelters or housing for the  Lifting regulatory barriers
Economically Weaker Sections (EWSs), Low Income
Groups (LIGs), slum dwellers and shelter less may be a  Subsidizing mortgages for the poor
common concern in both these sectors alike, the problems of  Improving governance
the homeless are more acutely pronounced in the urban  Decentralizing
sector, particularly in the wake of large scale migration and
the phenomena of rural-urban transition.  Information based (slum GIS)

Delhi Master Plan 2021, is formulated to provide space for the marginalized and homeless in Delhi.
Although, the shelter has been very beautifully defined in the Master Plan of Delhi 1991, giving due
importance to socio-economic compatibility, livelihood, education, health and other priority areas, in
the context of the EWS/ LIG but in terms of actual space and facilities, it remains untranslated on the
ground.
CASE STUDIES
1. Rehabilitation of Slums in West Zone, Surat
2. Rehabilitation of Erandwadi slum, Pune