CONTENTS

1. Introduction
2. Why study of slums is important for us?
3. Causes of slums
4. Characteristics of slums
5. Effects of slums
6. Slums clearance
7. Works of improvement
8. Open plot scheme
9. Slum clearance and rehousing
10. Prevention of slum formation
11. Resources for slum clearance pfogramme
12. How to control slum impact on our society?

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1. INTRODUCTION
• The areas characterized by substandard
housing conditions within a city are known as
the slums.
• The prime characteristic of a slum is
substandard housing
• The substandard housing conditions should be
taken in a relative social sense referring to
actual living conditions with reference to a given
time in a specific country.

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1. INTRODUCTION
• In general, a slum is an overcrowded poverty-
stricken area having lack of open spaces and
presence of unhealthy residential structures.
• The formation of slum converts the land into a
place of vices and miseries and more or less it
results into the state of hell on the surface of
earth.
• A scholar has rightly observed that “God made
the world, man made the town but devil made
the slum”.

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2. WHY STUDY OF SLUM IS
IMPORTANT FOR US?
• These are haphazard developments, for
mitigating their different impacts their study is
important.
• For protection and improvement of new or old
town`s residential people`s life style.
• For better planning of new residential areas.

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3. CAUSES OF SLUMS
1. Decentralization:
When it take place, the rich and middle class people
move out to the extended portions (scope) of the
town and thus the poor people are left unattended in
the overcrowded central area of the town.
2. Economic conditions:
the most important characteristic in slums is poverty.
This is fact that people live in slums because they
cann’t afford to pay the rent set up by the market
conditions.
3. Improper use of land:
if the land fit for the residence are used for industries
or vice-versa, the slums may be formed.

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3. CAUSES OF SLUMS
4. Lack of zoning:
if the town is not divided into suitable zones and
development is allowed to take place at random, the
slums may be created.
5. Migrants:
the persons migrating from the surrounding areas
may occupy, usually illegally, the vacant or empty
places in or outside the city. The colonies of squatters
may result into slums.
6. Repairs and maintenance:
if cheap houses, constructed by the land owner for
the purpose of collecting rents, are not properly
maintained, the formation of slums may develop.

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4. CHARACTERISTICS OF SLUMS
1. Appearance:
This is the universal mark of slum and its
unpleasant appearance offends the eyes. The
structures appear to be deteriorated and to be
over-age.
2. Fire hazards:
The slum area is often exposed to fire accidents
and resultant damages.
3. Health and sanitation:
The slum is characterized by low standard of
sanitation. It also refers an area of high sickness
and death rates.
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4. CHARACTERISTICS OF
SLUMS
4. Income criteria:
the slum is a poverty area and it occupied by
people of the lowest income group of the
society.
5. Morals/ Ethics:
the socially disorganized slum may prove be
an area of delinquency, crime and vice.
6. Overcrowding:
the slum is overcrowded with buildings or the
buildings are overcrowded with people, both
the conditions Predominate in the slum.
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5. EFFECTS OF SLUMS
The effects of slums on the town life are manifold. They
can be briefly mentioned as follows:
1. Absence of amenities:
the surrounding area of slums is lacking in essential
amenities in required proportions because of
overcrowding.
2. Health:
the persons residing in slums are easily attacked
various types of be
diseases.
3. Surrounding
the working oflocality:
institutions like library, school,
hospital, etc., located nearby slums is seriously
affected.
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5. EFFECTS OF SLUMS
4. Undesirable spot/ Place:
the slums as such on a city plan forms
undesirable spots and in a sense, disturbs the
appearance of good features of a city plan.
5. Working conditions:
it is not possible to work peacefully in slums
because the whole area is full of noise, traffic
congestion, smoke, dust and darkness.

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6. SLUMS CLEARANCE
The process of improving the existing conditions of
slums is known as the slum clearance and the
main four objects of taking up slum clearance
programmes can be enumerated as follows:
i. To bring down the disparity in the living standards
of the people of various classes.
ii. To prevent the occurrence of epidemics in the
town or city.
iii. To provide the absolute basic minimum standards
of essential amenities for a healthy living.
iv. To remove the ugly spots or slums from the map
of town or city.

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6. SLUMS CLEARANCE
Following are the two methods by which slum
clearance programmes can be effected:
1. Complete removal method
2. Improvement method.
NOTE: it should, however, be remembered that the
slum clearance, if not properly carried out,
does not abolish slums, but on the contrary, it
shifts and spreads them.

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6. SLUMS CLEARANCE
1. Complete removal method:
in this method, the ill-constructed houses are
demolished and only those which are really good are
retained. The open spaces are left are used for
widening of roads, providing recreation grounds or
building new houses of approved standards.
the slums clearance by this method, proves to be too
costly and further , the people who are dishoused are
to be provided with alternative housing facilities.
The following two important factors should be
considerd:
a. The degree of public health hazards involved.
b. The economic potential of the land i.e., the full use to
which the land can be economically exploited after
removal of the slum. 13
6. SLUMS CLEARANCE
2. Improvement method:
it is observed that certain areas where slums are due to poor
drainage arrangement and insanitary environments need not
necessarily be demolished, but improve the existing slums
area.
the improvement project are as follows:
i. Amenities:
in addition to widening of roads, the public utility services
such as water, drainage and electricity should also be made
adequate for the affected area.
ii. Legal aspects:
the legal formalities required to implement the slum
clearance project should be strictly followed to correct the
mistakes are made.
It include publication and circulation of the slum clearance
project.
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6. SLUMS CLEARANCE
iii Transit camps:
. when a slum clearance scheme is taken in hand,
the persons occupying the slums will have to be
dishoused. The transit camps in the form of semi-
permanent or temporary buildings are
constructed in some other parts of the town to
accommodate such persons temporarily till their
new houses are built.
iv. Unauthorized persons:
To arrest the unauthorized persons to take
advantage during the transit period, it is
desirable to issue the slum dweller, who is
qualified to get a tenement after slum
improvement scheme.
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7. WORKS OF IMPROVEMENT
Following improvement works are include in the
improvement project of slum area:
i. Construction of open or covered drains
ii. Necessary repairs
iii. Opening up or paving of courtyards
iv. Provision of additional or improved fittings
v. Provision of bathing place, water taps and light points
vi. Realignment of streets
vii. Removal of rubbish and debris
viii. Miscellaneous including the demolition of any
building or any part of building for executing any of
the works mentioned above

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8. OPEN PLOT SCHEME
In this scheme, the available open land is suitably
subdivided and allotted to slum dwellers.
key points of the scheme are as follows:
a. The area of the plot should not exceed 20m^2 to
25m^2, so that the scheme may not attract the
better off classes.
b. The individual lessees may be provided with the
possible alternative design for the construction of
small houses.
c. The plot should be given on long term lease with
necessary condition for cancellation and re-entry
in case of breach of terms of the lease
document.
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9. SLUMS CLEARANCE AND
REHOUSING
The complete removal of slum has been recognized as
the ultimate objective and slum improvement has
been considered as an immediate alternative to give
relief to the slum dwellers.
The main five difficulties to be encountered while
pursuing the slum clearance programme are as
follows:
a. Constraint of resources
b. High cost of alternative sites near place of work
c. Lengthy & time consuming procedures of the
acquisition of slum area
d. Low rent paying capacity of the slum dwellers with the
result that the subsidized rents may also prove to be
too high
e. Unwillingness of the slum dweller to move from the
areas selected for clearance. 18
9. SLUMS CLEARANCE
AND REHOUSING
(Cont…)
Following are some measures which may
adopted to make the slum be
rehousingclearance
schemes successful: and
a. The slum rehabilitation scheme may be
combined with some commercial schemes
so as to make it self-supporting in finance.
b. The minimum carpet area including sanitary
conveniences may be decided for a family.
c. The state Govt. should make enough
provision in the budget every year for the
construction of minimum houses for the
slum population.
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10. PREVENTION OF SLUM
FORMATION
Some of the important measures which can be taken to
effectively prevent the slum formation are as follows:
i. Cheap housing:
sufficient number of subsidized cheap houses should be
made available to the poor people.
ii. Compulsion to employers:
the employers of a good number of labourers may be forced
to
iii provide housing accommodation for their staff.
. Construction of buildings:
certain rule and regulation may be framed and strictly
enforced to restrict the coming of buildings of subnormal
standards.
iv. Rent restrictions:
if provision is made to restrict the increase of rent, the
tenants
will be protected.
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V. Unauthorized construction:
11. RESOURCES FOR SLUM
CLEARANCE PROGRAMMES
The slum clearance works require considerable fund and
the resources for the successful implementation of the
scheme should be properly analyzed and arranged.
Some of the possible measures to augment the slum
clearance scheme are as follows:
a. Distribution of national housing cess for rural and
urban housing
b. Granting interest free loans for a period of 30 to 40
years
c. Relaxation of the provision for loans by the life
insurance corporation
d. Surcharge on urban properties, etc.
e. Lottery funds.
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12. HOW TO CONTROL SLUMS
IMPACTS ON OUR SOCIETY
• The well planned society should have it`s
separate road ways and slums should not use
society`s roads.
• Society should have it`s own facilities like
sewage system, water supply and others.
• The green belt or boundary of town should be
able to separate the town`s area to
surrounding area.
• The town periphery should be based upon
wide area because by taking this step there
will large distance between town`s boundary
and slums.
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