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l
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s as
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s as
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s as
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s as
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s aslaalia.
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l
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a sa
l
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a s
a
l
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s as
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s as
a
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s as
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wwww
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wwww modify a variable ww
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ww ww
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ww
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s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
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g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
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s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
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adada a
adada a
adada
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 Here, the result of inc() will change every time if the value of „y‟ get changed inside the function
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
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l al a i l al a i l al a i l al a i
a s
a asa a saasa a saasa a s
a asa a s
a
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s as
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s
-
a
D
s
a
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s as
a
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s aslaalia.
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g O
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O . O rgrg
Parameter
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O . O rgrg
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s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaal a i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
adaada
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O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
are
s aslaal a i .
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g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asa a a
2. Parameter
l i With Type
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l
asa al a i
a sa
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
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g . O rgrg
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s as
a
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s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
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P . P. P
daada
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s s as
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P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
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g 1. Parameter . O rgrWithout
O g Type: i.O.O rgrg . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as laalia i .
s aslaal a i
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
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adof .wP.P aofdaadParameter
a Without Type:
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O O rgpower
O rg of b) .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
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s as laalia i .
s aslaal a i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
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adadpowa a b:= adadaa a
adada a
adada
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a
l al a i
asIna the above functionasadefinition l
asa al a i
variable „ b‟
a s
a
l
ais
s
al a i
athe parameter andasathe l al a i
asa value passed to the a s
a aslaalia
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wwww variable „b‟ ww
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g  The . O rgrg
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rof . O rgrg
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s as
a
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precondition (requires)
s as
a
lalai i
and . (returns)
s as
a
lalai i . the function is
s as
a
lalai
given. i .
s aslaalia.
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P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
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ww  We have notwmentioned w wwtypes). This is calledwparameter w ww
ww
ww wwww any types: w ww
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w wwww without type. ww
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g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
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s as laalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada In the above function .wP.P adaaddefinition
a the expression
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ada
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Padasalai
g 2. Parameter .O rgrWith
O g Type: .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s as laalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada Now let us write.Pthe ada function definition
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g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
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a sa
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a sa
l
asa al a i
a s
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wwww www w www w www w www w
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g . O rgrg
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s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
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P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
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ww  In this example ww we have explicitly w w
annotating the types of argument ww and return type as ww„int‟.
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O . O rgrg
O . O rgthe
O rg parantheses are mandatory. . O rgrg
O
s as laalia i . when
s aslaalia i annotations
. for „a‟
s aand
slaalia„b‟
i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
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daada helps the compiler
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2. Identify in the following program
g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
let recs as l al
gcd
a
ia ia. b := s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a a
aifdabd<> a
adadb) a adadaa a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P 0 then gcd bw(aw .Pmod
. P else return a ww .P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P
ww
ww
i) Name of the function
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a asal al a i 
a sa
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a sa
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
ww ww ww 6
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g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. P
daada
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ww
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g ii) Identify
. O rgrgthe statement which
O . O rgrg it is a recursive function
tells
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada .wP.P
adaadleta rec gcd a b := .P.P adaada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
www w
ww  “rec” keywordww w w
wwthe compiler it is awrecursive
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g rgrg  rgrg rgrg rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O laalia.
siii)
as a l
Name of the argument s as a l
variable s as a l s as a l s as
a
adada a
adad„a‟a and „b‟ a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P w w.P. P w w.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P
ww
ww ww ww wwww wwww wwww
iv) Statement which invoke the function recursively
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i 
a
gcd
sa
l
asabal(a
a i mod b)
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a sa
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad v) Statement which .P.P
dad
aterminates the recursion .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
ww w
ww ww  return a ww ww ww
g 3. Explain with . O rg
O rg
example Pure and impure . O rgrg functions.
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww
ww ww ww ww ww
g  Purergrfunctions
g will give exact rgrg result  Impure grg
rfunctions never assurergryou g
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O laalia.
s as a lwhen the same arguments s as a l are passed. a
that
s s a l function will behave
the s as a lthe same s as
.wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaadevery
a
time it‟s called..wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
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ww
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Padasalai
g  Pure .O rgrfunction
O g does not cause .O rgrany
O g side  Impure .O rgrg
function
O causes side effects .O rgrgto
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada effects to its output. a
adada a
adadaits output. a
adada a
adada
ww
 The return value of the pure functions  The return value of the impure
g
i .O . rgrg depends on itsi.O.O
O grg
rarguments i .O . rgrdoes
O g not solely depend
i .O . rgrgon
O .
aslaalia
l a solely
a i l a a i functions
l a a i l a a i
s asa l s asa l s asa l s asa l s
a
adad a passed. adada a a a
adadits arguments passed. adada a a
adad a
ww
 Theyg do not modify the arguments grg  They may grg modify the arguments
g . O r
O r g . O r
O . O r
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i
which . are passed to them
s as
a
lalai i . which
s as
a
lalai i .
are passed.
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww ww
wpure
w wwww wwww ww
ww
ww  If we call ww functions with same ww set  If we call impure ww functions with same ww
g . O rgrg
of arguments,
O
we will always
. O rgrgget the
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set of arguments,
O
we might getrgrthe
. O O g
s aslaa ia i .
lsame return values. sasal l a ia i .
s aslaa i
differenta i .
l return values. sasal l a ia i .
s aslaalia.
www ww w www www w
ww
ww Example:w w
sqrt() ww  Example: random() ww ww
g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O let .O rgrg number
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O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada a
adada a
adada let a := random() a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P w w. P.P w w. P.P
ww
ww ww ww wwww if aw>ww10
w then wwww
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g O
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O gr g O
. i. r
O grg O r
O g
. i. elser g .O rgrg
O .
l
asa alia l
asa alia l
asa alia l
a s
a a sa a s
a a sa a s
a
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g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. P
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s s as
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g 4. Explain with . O rg
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O
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s a laalia i .
s a laal a i
s a laalia i .
s a laalia.
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adaada
s
adaada
s
adaada
s
adaada
s
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s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada Example: lst[10,20] .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www www www w
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g 5. What is arg Tuple? Give an example. rgrg rgrg rgrg
l alia.Oi . Org l alia.Oi . O l alia.Oi . O l alia.Oi . O laalia.
as as a a s as a a s as a a s as a a s as
.P.P adada A tuple is a
.P.P adada
comma-separated sequence of
.P.P adada
values surrounded with
.P.P adada
parentheses.
.P.P adada
wwww w w
ww to a list. www w w
ww w wwww
ww  Tuple is similar ww ww ww ww
g  Cannot i .O . rgrchange
O g the elements i .Oof. rgargtuple.
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a sa
l
asa al a i
a sa
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad Example: Color= .P.P ada('red',
d 'blue', 'Green').PP
. adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
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g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s a s
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. P
daada
aQuestions . P.P
daada
aour . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
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s s as
ia. i.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
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g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O Section-C i.O.O rgrg . O rgrg
O
s as laa ia i .
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s aslaal a i
s aslaa ia i .
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ww
1. Differentiate Concrete data type and abstract datatype.
g O rgrg
O
.CONCRETE .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s as laalia i . DATA s aslaali
TYPEa i .
s aslaalia i .
ABSTRACT DATA s aslaalia
TYPE i .
s aslaalia.
a
da
adaConcrete a
dada
astructures ada
adaAbstract a
adada offer a high .P.P a
adada
ww.P.P data types
w w.Por
. P (CDT's) are
w w.P.P Data Types
w w.P.(ADT's)
P w w
ww
ww ww ww wwww www wwww
direct implementations of a relatively simple level view (andwuse) of a concept independent
g concept. i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
of itsaimplementation.
i . i .O . rgrg
O .
a s asal al a i
a s l
asa al a i
a s l l a i
asa data type the representation a s l
asa al a i
a s aslaalia
.P.P adaA a
d concrete data type.PisP
.
a
adaa ddata type whose .P.P 
adad a
Abstract
.P.P adad a of a data
.P.P adad a
wwww representationwis www w
known. www w type is unknown. www w www w
ww w ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. a2.daa
P da
Which strategy is used . P. P
ada program designing?
adafor . P. adaadDefine
P
a that Strategy.. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
 A powerful strategy for designing programs is 'wishful thinking'.
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O O rgrg
O
as laa
 sWishfullia i . Thinking is thesformationaslaalia i . of beliefs andsmakingaslaa ia i .
l decisions according s aslaa i
toa.
l what might be saslaalia.
i .
www pleasing to www
imagine instead of by w
appealing
ww to reality. www www
ww ww ww ww ww
Padasalai
g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
3. Identify
s as laalia i .
Which of the l
following
s as aalia i .
are constructors
sand
aslaalia i .
selectors?
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada(a) N1=number().P.P adadaa a
adadaConstructor .P.P a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P w w w w.P.--P w w w w.P.P
ww
(b) accetnum(n1)
g g -- Selectorg g
g
i O
. i. r
O r g
i O
. i. r
O r g
i .O . rr
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
a(c)
s
al a
a displaynum(n1) asaasa l al a -- asaas laal a
Selector
i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
wwww (d) eval(a/b) www w w w
ww -- Selector ww www w www w
ww ww ww ww
g (e) x,y=
. O rgmakeslope
O rg (m), makeslope(n)
. O rgrg
O -- Constructor
. O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada(f) display()
P . P. adaada
P . P--ad
. P aadaSelector . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
g 4. What are
. O O grg different ways to.O
rthe rgrg the elements ofi.aO.list.
access
O rgrgGive example. i.O.O
O rgrg
s as laalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaal a i
s aslaal a i
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaadThe
a elements of a listacan
.wP.Pad
da abe accessed in twoPways.
.w.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www www www www www
ww 1. Multiple Assignment: ww ww ww ww
g ai.O rgrg unpacks a list into
O .O rgrelements
O g O
.each rgrelement
O g .O rgrg
O
s as la l a Which
i .
s aslaalia i its
. and binds
s aslaalia i . to a different
s aslaalia i . name.
s aslaalia.
a
adada Example: adadaa a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww
ww ww ww ww ww
lst w:=w[10, 20] ww ww ww
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a asal al a i x, y := lst
a sa
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad  w xw P.P
.willadabecome10
d and y will adad 20.
.Pbecome
. P .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww ww www w www w www w
ww ww ww 12
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g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. P
daada
aQuestions . P.P
daada
aour . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww Send ww
Your & Answer ww
www.Padasalai.Net
s s as
ia. i.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww ww ww wwww ww
ww
ww ww ww ww ww
g 2. Element . O rgrgSelection Operator:
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s as laalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada It is expressed .using P. adaadsquare
P
a brackets. Pad
. . P aada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
www www w ww ww w
www another expression w
ww w
ww  Unlike a w w
list literal, a square-brackets ww expression directly following ww ww does not
g .O rgrgto a list value, butiinstead
O .O rgrg selects an element
O .O rgrg the value of the preceding
O .O rgrg
O
s as
evaluate
laalia i .
s aslaal a i .
s as laalia i .
from
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada expression. .P.P a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P w w ww.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P
ww
ww ww ww ww
ww wwww wwww
Example:
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i lst[0]
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a asal al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
wwww 10 www w ww ww www w w
ww w
ww ww ww ww ww
g lst[1]
rgrg rgrg rgrg rgrg
a
lalai . O
i . O a
lalai . O
i . O a
lalai . O
i . O a
lalai . O
i . O laalia.
. P. adaada
P
20
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww 5. Identify Whichwof w the following are List, wTuple ww ww
ww
ww wwww ww
ww w and class ? ww ww wwww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s asl
(a)aalia
arr i . [1, 2, 34]
s aslaalia i .
s a--
s laalia i . List
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
www (b) arr (1, 2, w w
w
34) ww w -- Tuple www w
ww
ww ww ww ww ww
Padasalai
g .O rgrg [rno, name, mark]i.O.O
O rgrg --lalia.O O grg
rClass .O rgrg
O
s
(c)
aslaali i .
student
a s aslaal a i
s as a i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P (d) day= („sun‟, w w. P.P ww. P.P w w. P.P w w. P.P
ww
ww ww ww „mon‟, „tue‟, „wed‟)ww ww -- Tuple
wwww wwww
g
i .O . rgrg5, 6.5, [5, 6], 8.2] i.O.O
O rgrg --laia.O . O grg
rList i .O . rgrg
O .
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(e)
l a x=
a i [2, l a a i i l a a i
a
adad a adada a adada a a
adad a a
adad a
ww.P.P (f) employee w w
[eno,.P.P ename, esal, eaddress]ww.P.P -- Class w w.P.P w w.P.P
ww
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g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
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s as
a
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Section s-asD
a
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s as
a
lalai i .
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. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww Answer the following wwwwquestions: ww ww wwww (5 w ww
ww
Marks)
ww ww ww ww w
g 1. How will . O O grg facilitate data abstraction.
ryou . O rgrg
O Explain it with . O O grg
rsuitable example. .OO rgrg
s aslaa ia i .
l abstraction is supported
Data s aslaa ia i .
l by defining an abstract s as laa ia i .
l data type (ADT), which s aslaal is a collection of saslaalia.
ia i .
.wP.P adaada adaada
.wP.selectors.
P .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www constructors www
and ww w www www
ww ww ww ww ww
 To facilitate data abstraction, you will need to create two types of functions:
g .O rgrg Constructorsi.O.O
O rgrg .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaal a i
s as laalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada  Selectors a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P w w.P.P ww.P.P w w.P.P ww .P.P
ww
ww a) Constructor: ww ww ww
ww wwww ww
ww
g  Constructors rgrg are functions that rgrbuild
g the abstract data type.
rgrg rgrg
i . O . O i . O . O i . O . O i .O . O .
a s
a
 l
asa al a i
Constructors create
aan
s
a
l
asa al a
object, i bundling together
a s
a asal al a i
different pieces of
a s
a
l
asa al
information. a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad  For example, say .P.P
dad have an abstract data
ayou .P.P adatype
d called city. .PP
. adad .P.P adad
wwww www w ww ww www w wwww
ww ww ww 13
ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. P
daada
aQuestions . P.P
daada
aour . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww Send ww
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s a
s laalia. i. s a laalia. i.
www.Padasalai.Net
s s a
s
ia. i.
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O Orgrg
sa
s laa ia
This
i .
l city object will hold s a
s laa ia i .
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s laalia i
latitude
.
and longitude. s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia.
.wP.P adaada adaada
.wP.object,
P .wP.P adaada adaada
.wP.(name,
P .wP.P adaada
www  To create a
wwcity
w you‟d use a function
www like city = www
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ww ww ww ww ww
 Here makecity (name, lat, lon) is the constructor which creates the object city.
g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O Orgrg .O Orgrg
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia i.
s a
s laalia i.
s a
s laalia.
a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww
ww ww
ww wwww wwww ww
ww
g
i .O . rgrg
O i.O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
aasal al a i
a sa
l
asa al a i
a sa
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
wwww ww w w www w www w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P.Padaadb)a Selectors: . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww w ww ww
ww
ww  Selectors are
wwww wwww
functions that retrievewinformation from the data
ww
ww type.
ww
ww
g  Selectors
. O rgrg extract individuali.Opieces
O rgrg of information from
O . O rgthe
O rg object. . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaal a i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada To extract the.information P. adaada of a city object,
P . P. P
adawould use functions
adayou . P. P
ada
adalike . P. adaada
P
www w wwww
getname(city) w
www w
www w
www
ww w ww ww ww
Padasalai
 getlat(city)
g . O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .  getlon(city)
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
adadaa These are .the ad a
ada
selectors because these
a
dada extract the information
afunctions a
adada of the city object. a
adada
ww.P.P w w P.P w .P.P
w w .P.P
w ww.P.P
ww
ww wwww wwww ww
ww ww
ww
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a sa
l
asa al a i
a sa
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. a2.daa
P da is a List? Why
What . P. P
daadacan be called as Pairs.
aList . P. adaada
P Explain with P
suitable
. . adaaexample.
P da . P. adaada
P
wwww ww ww wwww wwww wwww
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LIST:
g  List . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaaliaisi .constructed by placing
s aslaalia i .
expressions within
s
square
aslaalia i . brackets separated
s a
by
slaalia .
commas.
i
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaadaSuch an expression .wP.P aisdaacalled
da a list literal. .PP
. adaada . P. adaada
P .P . adaada
P
www ww w w
www w
www w
www
ww ww ww ww ww
 List can store multiple values.
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
 sEach
aslaalia i .
value can be of any s a l a
type
s a lia i .
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list. s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
adadaa adadaa a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P  The elements w
of w.aP.list
P can be accessed w
in .P.P
w
two ways. w .P.P
w ww.P.P
ww
ww wwww wwww ww
ww ww
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g 1. Multiple rgrgAssignment: rgrg rgrg rgrg
i . O . O i .O . O i .O . O i .O . O .
a s
a
l al a i
asa Which unpacks aalist sa
l
asa al
into
a i
its elements and a s la l a i
asa each element to a adifferent
binds
a s
a
l al a
asa name. i
a s
a aslaalia
ww ww ww 14
ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. P
daada
aQuestions . P.P
daada
aour . P. adaada
P . P . adaada
P
ww Send ww
Your & Answer ww
www.Padasalai.Net
s s as
ia. i.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww ww ww wwww
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g Example:
. O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada lst := [10,P20]
.w.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www w
wwlst www ww w www
ww x, yw:=
w ww ww ww
g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada  x will ada
adabecome10 a
adada 20.
and y will become a
adada a
adada
ww
ww 2. Element Selection wwww Operator: ww ww ww
ww ww
ww
g  It iis.O . rgrg
expressed
O using squarei.brackets.O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad  Unlike a list literal, .P.P adaadsquare-brackets expression .P.P adad directly following .P.P
dad expression does
aanother .P.P
dad
anot
wwww www w wwww ww w w wwww
ww evaluate to wwa list value, but insteadwselects w an element fromwthe w value of the preceding ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslalai i .
expression.
a s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada Example:
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
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PREPARED BY
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. i. M.Sc., B.Ed. (C.S) lalia. i. O r
O grg .O rgrgJ. ILAKKIA M.Sc., M.Phil.,
O .O rgrB.Ed.
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J. BASKARAN
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jilakkia@gmail.com
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s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.P.P adadaA function will always
a
.P.P
a a up for a variableadname
adadlook .P.Pad
a a in its local scope.adada
.P.P
a
.P.P
a
adada
wwww  Only if it does w w
wwnot find it there, the outer ww
wwscopes are checked.ww wwww ww ww
ww ww ww ww
g  Example: rgrg rgrg rgrg rgrg
i .O . O i .O . O i .O . O i .O . O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
wwww www w ww ww wwww ww ww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
g  On execution rgrg of the above icode rgrthe
g variable a displays rgrthe
g value 7, because rgrisg defined and i.
it
a i . O
i . O a . Oi . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O
a s
a
l
asal a
available in the local scope.a s
a
l
asal a
a s
a
l
asal a
a s
a
l
asal a
a s
a aslaala
d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
ww.P.P w w.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
w
www 2. Define Globalww w w w
www w
www w
www
scope with an example.
Padasalai
g .O rgrg
O O rgrg
O
.outside .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
 A a laalia i
variable. which is declared
a laalia i . of all the a
functions
a la lia i . in a program is known
a laalia i
as. global variable. alaalia.
a s s a s s a s s a s s ss
. P. adadaGlobal variable can
P . P. abe
P
a
dadaccessed
. adadaof all the functions
inside or .outside
P P . P. P
a
aindaadprogram. . P. adaada
P
wwww www ww ww ww
ww ww ww
ww  Example: www ww ww ww
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
wwww www w ww ww w
ww w ww ww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww ww ww ww
ww ww ww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
 sOnaslaa ia i .
lexecution of the above s aslaalia
code i . the variable a swhich aslaa ia i .
l is defined inside sthe aslaalia i .
function displays thesaslaalia.
.wP.P adaadavalue 7 for the function .wP.P adaadacall Disp() and then .wP.P
ada
aitdadisplays 10, because .wPa.Paisdaadefined
da in global w .wP.P
scope. adaada
www www ww w w
ww ww
ww ww ww ww ww
g 3. Define Enclosed
.O rgrg scope with ani.O
O rgrg
example.
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaal a i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.P.P adadaA variable which.Pis
a
. P
a
ada
addeclared inside a function
.P.P
a a
adadwhich contains another
.P.P
a
da
adafunction definition with
.P.P
ada
adain
wwww it, the inner w w
wfunction
w can also access ww
wwthe variable of the wouter w w
ww function. This scope ww
wwis called
ww ww ww w ww
enclosedgscope.
g .O r rg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
 sWhenl
asa alia i .a compiler or l a
interpreter
s asa lia i . searches for a l
variable
s asa alia i
in. a program, it first
s l alia
search
asa i . Local, and thensalaalia.
a a a a s
. P. P
a
adad search Enclosing.P . adad
scopes.
P
a
. P. adad
P
a
. P. adad
P
a
. P. adaada
P
wwww wwww ww ww ww
ww ww ww
ww ww ww 19
ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. P
daada
aQuestions . P.P
daada
aour . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww Send ww
Your & Answer ww
www.Padasalai.Net
s s as
ia. i.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
www www www www www
ww ww ww ww ww
g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a sa
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad In the above example .P.P adadDisp1() is defined .within P.Padad Disp(). The variable .P.P
dad
a„a‟ defined in Disp() .Pcan
. adabe
P d
wwww w w w w w w w w
ww www
even used bywDisp1() because it is also
wwww
a member of Disp(). w
www wwww
g . O rgrgcontrol is required?
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
4. Whyaaccess
s aslalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaadaAccess control is.Pa.P
P
daada technique thatParegulates
asecurity . . P
daada who or what Pcan
. . adaaview
P da or use resources . P. P
daadaa
ain
ww computingw w
environment. ww ww ww
g  It isi.aO rgrg
fundamental
O concept ini.O rgrg that minimizesi.risk
security
O O rgrtog the object.
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaal a i .
s aslaal a i .
s aslaal a i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaadaIn other words access .wP.P adaacontrol
da .wP.P adaada of access to .data.
is a selective restriction
P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
www  In OOPS Access w
ww control is implemented w
wwthrough access modifiers. w
www w
www
ww ww ww ww ww
Padasalai
g 5. IdentifyOthe
. i.O rgrgscope of the variables .O rgring the following pseudo
O .O rgrcode
O g and write its output. .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
dada Red
acolor:= a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P w w. P.P w w. P.P w w. P.P w w. P.P
ww mycolor():
b:=Blue
g myfavcolor():i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asa
g:=Green
al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a sa
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
wwww print color, b, g www w www w www w www w
ww myfavcolor()
ww ww ww ww
g print color, . O rgrg
bO . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
mycolor()
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
P daada
aprint P adaada P adaada P adaada P adaada
ww. . P color ww . . P ww . . P ww . . P ww . . P
ww
OUTPUT:
g . O rgRed
O rg Blue Green i.O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaal a i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
Red Blue
w.wP.P Red w .wP.P w .wP.P w .wP.P w .wP.P
ww
Scope of Variables:
g .O rgrg Variables
O .O rgrg Scope
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada a
adada
Color:=Red Global a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww
ww www w
b:=Blue wwwwEnclosed wwww wwww
g
i . O . rgrg G:=Green
O i . O . rgrg Local
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a sa
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
ww ww ww 20
ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. P
daada
aQuestions . P.P
daada
aour . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww Send ww
Your & Answer ww
www.Padasalai.Net
s s as
ia. i.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O Section - D i.O.O rgrg . O rgrg
O
s aslaa ia i .
lthe following questions: s aslaalia i .
s aslaal a i
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
Answer (5 Marks)
ww
ww
g 1. Explain the rgrgtypes of scopes fori.O variable
rgrg or LEGB rulei.O withrgrgexample. rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a a i . O l a a i . O l a ia.Oi . O laalia.
a
adada
SCOPE: a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
w .P.P w . P.P w . P.P w . P.P w . P.P
ww  Scope refers w
ww w wthe
tow w
w visibility of variables, ww w
ww parameters and functions ww w
ww in one part of aww ww w
program to
another part g of the same program. g
g
i O r
O r g
. i. VARIABLE SCOPE: i .O . r rg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
TYPES
a s
a
l
asa al aOF
a sa
l
asa al a i
a sa
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad Local Scope .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
ww  EnclosedwScope w ww ww ww
g  Global O rgrScope
O g O rgrg
O O rgrg
O O rgrg
O
a i
la . i
lBuilt-in . a
lalai . i . a
lalai . i . a
lalai . i . laalia.
s as a Scope s as s as s as s as
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww LEGB RULE: ww w ww ww ww
ww
ww ww w wwww wwww ww
ww
 The LEGB rule is used to decide the order in which the scopes are to be searched for scope
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as a li
resolution.
l a a i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaadThe
a scopes are listedabelow da a
.wP.Pad in terms of hierarchy .wP.P adaad(highest
a to lowest)..PP
P
www www www w
www w
www
ww ww ww ww ww
Padasalai
g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww
ww
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a sa
l
asa al a i
a sa
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
g i) LOCAL SCOPE:
. O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
l a ia i .
asal scope refers to variables
asaLocal s aslaa ia i .
l defined in currentsfunction. aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adad .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www  A function www
will always look up for a w
variable
ww name in its local w
scope.
ww www
ww ww ww ww ww
 Only if it does not find it there, the outer scopes are checked.
g  Example: .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww
ww
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a sa
l
asa al a i
a sa
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
ww ww ww 21
ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. P
daada
aQuestions . P.P
daada
aour . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww Send ww
Your & Answer ww
www.Padasalai.Net
s s as
ia. i.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P.Padaada .P . adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
g  On iexecution
. O . rgrg of the above icode
O . O . rgrthe
O g variable a displays
i . O . rgrthe
O g value 7, because
i . O .Orgrisg defined and i.
it
l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i aslaala
d a s
aavailable in the local d a s
scope.
a d a s
a d a s
a d a sa
.P.Pa ad .P.P a ad .P.P a ad .P.P a ad .P.P a ad
w ww ii) ENCLOSED w w
SCOPE:
w w w w w ww w w w
www www www www www
 A variable which is declared inside a function which contains another function definition with in
g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O Orgrg .O Orgrg
it,
a l ali
the
a i . inner function can
a l ali
also
a i . access the variablea l aliof
a i. the outer function. a l a i
This
l a i. scope is called alalia.
a s s a
aenclosed scope. adada a s s a a s
a s a a s
a s a adsasa
a d
a d a d
a d a d
a d a d
a
ww.P.P ww.P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
ww
ww  When a compiler ww ww or interpreter searches wwww for a variable in a program, ww ww it first search Local, ww
ww and then
g search
i rgrg
OEnclosing
. i.O
scopes.
i.O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
aasal al a
a s
aasal al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P.Padaada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
www www www www www
ww  In the above ww example Disp1() is defined ww within Disp(). Thewvariable w „a‟ defined in Disp() ww can be
Padasalai
g eveni.O usedrgrgby Disp1() becausei.O
O it.Orisgrgalso a member of Disp(). .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaal a i .
s aslaal a i
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
iii)a
adada
GLOBAL SCOPE: a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P  A variable w
which w.Pis.P declared outside of w w
all.Pthe
. P functions in a w w
program.P.P is known as global ww.P.P
variable.
ww
 Global variable can be accessed inside or outside of all the functions in a program.
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
 Example:
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s a laa ia i .
lexecution of the above s a laalia i .
s a laa ia i .
l is defined inside sthe a laalia i .
s a laalia.

adaada Ons
adaada
s code the variable adaada
a s
which adaada
s function displays adaada
the s
w.wP.P w w. P. P w . P. P
w it displays 10, because w . P. P w . P. P
ww
ww value 7 forwthe wwfunction
w call Disp() and wwwwthen wwwwwa is defined in global ww w
wwscope.
g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaali i
iv) BUILT-IN-SCOPE:
a .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adadaThe built-in scope a a the names that areapre-loaded
adadall a
d a a
adadascope when we start a
da
adathe
ww.P.P w w.P.P has
w w.P.Pad into the program
w w.P.P ww.P.P
ww
ww ww
compiler orwinterpreter.
w wwww wwww wwww
g  Any O rgrg or module which rgrdefined
g rgrg rgrglanguage has
i .variable
. O i .O .
is
O in the libraryOfunctions
i . i.O of a programming
i .O . O .
a s
a
l
asa al
Built-ina i
or module scope. a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asaa l a
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
ww ww ww 22
ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s a s
a
lalai i .
s a slaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. P
daada
aQuestions . P.P
daada
aour . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
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s as laa lia i . index
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s as laa lia i .
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g 2. When ia.O rgrg is found, display
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s aslaal a i .
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l a ia. Oi . O l a ia. O
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a
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l
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ww search element ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
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s as
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s as
a
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ww ww ww ww ww
g  First, O Ogrgfind index of middle
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l alia. i . l alia. i . l alia. i . l al a i laalia.
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ad(high .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www www www www www
ww ww ww ww ww
Padasalai
g  Here ritgris, g 0 + (9 - 0 ) / 2 = 4. So,
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rgrgarray. rgrg
l a ia. Oi . O l a ia. O
i . O l a a. O
i . O l a ia.Oi . O laalia.
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ww
ww ww
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g  Comparei .O . rgrg the value stored at
O i .O . rgrg 4 with target value,
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O i .O . rg
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a saasla
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the search value 60
a s
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a s
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g  Now . O Ogrgchange our search .range
rwe O rgrglow to mid + 1 and
O . O rgrgthe new mid valuei.as
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rindex
s as
a
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s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
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s aslaalia.
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P . P. adaadastored at index 7.with
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target value. . P. adaada
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g . O rgrg
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s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
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ww ww ww ww ww
 Element not found because the value in index 7 is greater than search value . ( 80 > 60)
g  lSo, .O rgrsearch
O g .O rgin
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s as aalia i .
the element must
s aslaalia i
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adada a
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 Now we change our search range low to mid - 1 and find the new mid value as index 5
g
i .O . rgrg
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l
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g . O rgrg
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s as
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s s a
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g
ia.O .Orgrg .O rgrg
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s laa lia i
search . element 60 is l
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s a
s aalia i.
at lcoation or indexs 5.
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s laalia i.
s a
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a
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ww
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g 4. Explain the
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short. rgrgnotes on Arithmetic
O i .O . O grg
roperator with examples. i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asaa l a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a saaslaalia
.P.P adad An arithmetic operator .P.P adadis a mathematical operator .P.P adad used for simple arithmetic. .P.P adad .P.P adad
ww ww ww 33
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g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. P
daada
aQuestions . P.P
daada
aour . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
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s s as
ia. i.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
g  It takes . O rgrg operands and performs
two
O . O rgrga calculation on them.
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s a slaalia i .
s as laalia i .
s as laalia i .
s as laalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaadaArithmetic Operators .wP.P adaadused
a in python:
ww ww ww ww ww
g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s as laalia i .
s as laalia i .
s as laalia i .
s aslaalia.
adadaa a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
ww
ww ww
ww wwww wwww wwww
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a asal al a i
a saasal al a i
a s
a asal al a i
a s
a aslaalia
wwww www w ww w w ww ww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. a2.daa
P da are the assignment
What
. P. adaadaoperators that can
P . P. P
daadused
abe a in Python? adaada
. P. P . P. adaada
P
ww  „=‟ is a simple ww assignment operatorwto w assign values to variable. ww ww
g
 There . O rgrvarious
O g . O rgrg in Python likei.+=,
O O rgr-=,
O g . O rgr//=.
O g
s aslaalia i .
are compound
s as laalia i .
operators
s as laal a i . *=, /=, %=,
s a**=
s laalia i
and.
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaadaExample: .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
ww ww ww ww ww
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a=5 # assigns the value 5 to a
g O r
O g
.a,b=5,10r g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i . # assigns s a l
the
s aalia i
value. 5 to a and 10 sto
as l
baalia i .
s as laalia i .
s aslaalia.
adadaa a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P a+=2 w#w.P . P
a=a+2, add 2 to the value
w w.P.P of „a‟ and stores the ww.P.P
result in „a‟ (Left hand .P.P
operator)
ww
ww
ww ww
ww wwww wwww wwww
g 3. Explain Ternary rgrg operator with examples. rgrg rgrg rgrg
i . O . O i .O . O i .O . O i .O . O .
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a
l
asa a
Ternary
l a i
operator is a
alsos
a
l al
asknown
a a i
as conditional a sa s l al a
aoperator
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a
l al a
assomething
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wwww w w
wwtrue or false. ww w w ww ww wwww
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g . O rgrg
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O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaadaIt simply allows testing
P . P. adaadaacondition in a single
P . P. P
ada replacing the multiline
adaline . P. adaadaif-else making the
P . P. P
daada
acode
ww compact. ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
Syntax:
s aslaalia i .
s as laalia i .
s as laalia i .
s as laalia i .
s aslaalia.
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
www w
wwwName = [on_true]ww
Variable ww
if w w expression] elsew[on_false]
[Test wwww w
www
ww ww w ww
g Examplei.:O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaal a i .
s as laalia i .
s as laalia i .
s as laalia i .
s aslaalia.
adadaa a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P w w. P.P w w. P.P ww. P.P ww. P.P
ww
ww min w
=w50 if 49<50 else 70 ww
ww ww # Output: min =w50w ww wwww
g 4. Write short
i . O . rgrgnotes on Escape sequences
O i . O . rgrg with examples.
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s l
asa al a i
a s asal al a i
a s asal al a i
a s asal al a i
a s aslaalia
.P.P adad In Python strings,.P
a the
. P
a
adabackslash
d "\" is a special
.P.P adad a
character, also called a
.P.Pad
the a
d "escape" character.Padad
. .P
a
wwww www w ww w w ww ww wwww
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w w ww
g . O O g
r rg . O Og
r rg . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. P
daada
aQuestions . P.P
daada
aour . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
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Your & Answer ww
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s s as
ia. i.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww ww ww ww
ww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g  It is used . O rgin
O rgrepresenting certain . O rgrg
whitespace
O characters.i.O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaal a i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaadaPython supports the .wP.P
daada
afollowing escape sequence.wP.P adaacharacters.
da .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www ww w w
ww www www
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g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww
ww
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
wwww ww w w w
ww w www w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
5. What
s as
a i
lalare i .
a string literals? sExplain. as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
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P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww  In Python a string wwliteral is a sequencewofw wcharacters surrounded wbywquotes. ww
ww
ww wwww ww w wwww ww
ww
g  Python supports rgrg single, double and rgrgtriple quotes for ia.O string.
rgrg rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a a i . O l a ia. O
i . O laalia.
da s as a l s as a lcharacter surrounded s as a l single or double quotes. s as a l s as
adaada adaada adaada adaada
A character literal is a single by
.wP.P a ada .wP.P .wP.P .wP.P .wP.P
w
ww  The value with ww w w
wwto give multi-line string w
wwliteral. www
ww ww triple-quote "' '" is w w
used ww ww
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g  Example: .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada strings =P"This a
adadais Python" a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P w w. .P w w.P.P w w.P.P ww.P.P
ww
ww
char = "C"
g
i .O . rgmultiline_str
O rg i .O . rgargmultiline string with
O i .O . rgrg than one line code."'
O i .O . rgrg
O .
i i i i aslaalia
l al a = "' This
l al a is l al a more l al a
a s
a asa a s
a asa a s
a asa a s
a asa a s
a
.P.P adad .P.P
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wwww ww w w w
ww w www w wwww
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print (char)
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i . print (multiline_str)s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P adaada
P . P adaada
P . P adaada
P . P adaada
P
wwww  Output: ww ww . ww
ww . wwww . wwww .
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g . O rgrg This is Python
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
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O
s aslaalia i .
C s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
www w w is a multiline string
wwThis w w more than one w
wwwith w w
wwcode.
line w
www
ww ww ww w ww
g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
Section - D
.O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
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i .
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questions:aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
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a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P w w. P.P w w. P.P w w. P.P ww. P.P
ww 1. Describe in detail
ww wwww the procedure Script wwwmode
w programming.ww ww ww
ww
g SCRIPT MODE
i . O . rgrg PROGRAMMING:
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a l al a i
asa is a text file containing
Asascript a s
a
l al a i
asa the Python statements. a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
wwww ww w w w
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g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. P
daada
aQuestions . P.P
daada
aour . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
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s s as
ia. i.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
g  Once the . O Ogrg Scripts is created,
rPython . O rgrthey
O g are reusable , .itO.O rgrgbe executed againi.Oand
can rgrgagain without
O
s aslaal i
a i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i
s as laal a i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada
retyping.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww  The Scripts are
ww
w
ww w w
ww
editable. ww
w
www ww
w
www ww
w
www
(i) Creating Scripts in Python
g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
1. Choose
s aslaal i
a i .
File → New File or
s aslaa
press
lia i . Ctrl + N in Python
s aslaali
shell
a i . window.
s as laalia i .
s aslaalia.
ada untitled blank script
a2.daAn ada editor will be displayed
adatext a
adada on screen. a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P w w.P.P ww.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P
ww 3. Type the codewin
ww ww
w Script editor as givenwbelow, www wwww wwww
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a asal al a i
a saaslaalia
wwww www w wwww www w www w
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lala i i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
g (ii) SavingOPython
. rgrg Script
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s a
(1)aChoose
slaa i
a i .
l File → Save or Press s aslaa ia i .
lCtrl + S s aslaalia i .
s as laalia i .
s aslaalia.
dada
a(2) daada
abox adaada adaada adaada
w.wP.P Now, Save As w .wP.P
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screen.
w w .wP.P w .wP.P
ww
ww ww ww ww ww wwww wwww
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g  lSelect .O rgthe
O rg location to save your .O rgPython
O rg .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s as aal i
a i .
s aslaalia i . code.
s aslaalia i .
s as laalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada Type the file name a a Name box. adada
adaindFile a a
adada a
adada
ww
ww  Python files ww wware by default saved w wwextension .py.
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w wwww wwww
g  So, while rgrg creating scripts using rgPython
rg Script editor, norgneed rg to specify the file grg
rextension.
i . O . O i . O . O i . O . O i . O . O .
a
l al a i
asa click Save button
(4)aFinally,
s a s
a
l al a i
asasave your Python script.
to a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a asal al a i
a saaslaalia
dad
a(iii) adad adad adad adad
ww.P.P Executing Python w w.P.Script
P ww.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P
ww
ww ww ww ww ww
(1) Choose Runw→ w Run Module or Press wwF5 ww ww
g (2) If your . O rgrghas any error, it will
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O . O Ogrgshown in red color.O
rbe in rg
O rg IDLE window, and
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O
s as
a
lala i i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaadthe
P
a type of error occurred.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
g
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
alTo a i
correct the errors, go a l ali
back
a i . to Script editor, a a
make
l lia i . corrections, save a the
l alia i .
file and execute it alalia.
s s a
ada again. s
ada s a s
ada s a s
ada s a adsasa
a d a a da a da a d
a a d
a
ww.P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P ww .P.P ww .P.P
ww
ww (3) For all error w ww
w
free code, the output willwappear www in the IDLE window wwww of Python as shown w wFigure.
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g .O rgrg
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O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaal i
a i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s as laalia i .
s aslaalia.
adadaa adadaa a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P w w.P.P ww.P.P w w.P.P ww .P.P
ww
ww ww ww ww ww wwww wwww
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a asal al a i
a saaslaalia
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g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lala i i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. P
daada
aQuestions . P.P
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aour . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
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s s as
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. P. adaada
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P . P. adaada
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ww ww ww ww ww
g 2. Explain . O rgrg and print() functions
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O . O rgrg with examples. i.O.O
O rgrg . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s as laa lia i .
s aslaal a i
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
daada and Output Functions
aInput adaada adaada adaada adaada
w.wP.P w . P. P
w interact with the w w . P. P w . P. P w . P. P
ww
ww  A program needs ww wwto wwtowaccomplish the desired
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w wwwwwtask; this can be achieved www using
ww
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 s aslaalia s as laa lia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
adadaaThe input() function a
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adada to enter data at run time
adadaa by the user a
adada a
adada
ww
ww  The output w ww
w
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ofw the program on the wscreen ww after
w
g execution.
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O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a sa
l
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a saasal a l a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
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a s
a aslaalia
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wwww ww w w ww w w www w wwww
ww  In Python, the ww print() function is usedwto w display result on the w w
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O
s as
a
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s as
a
lala i i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
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. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
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O
s aslaalia i .
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s aslaalia i .
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s aslaalia.
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Padasalai
g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
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O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s as laa lia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
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adada adadaa a
adada a
adada
ww
ww
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
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l
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a saasal a l a i
a s
a
l
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a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
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O D) . O rgrg
goto
O
s as la
a li
a i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P a5.daa
da condition in the.PifP
The
.
daada
astatement should be in the
. P. adaaform
P da of . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
www w
worww w
www w
wworwLogical expressionww w
www
ww A) Arithmetic ww Relational expression ww B) Arithmetic ww
Padasalai
g .O
C) Relational rgrg or Logical expression
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
D) iArithmetic
O .O rgrg
O
s as laalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaal a i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
da is the most comfortable
a6.daWhich a
adada loop? a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P w .P.P
w w w.P.P ww.P.P w .P.P
w
ww
ww wwww ww
ww ww ww
A) do..while B) while C) for ww D) if..elif ww
g
i .O . rgroutput
O g
i .O . rgsnippet?
O rg i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
7. Whatlalis
a s
a asa a i
the of the following
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a sa
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adadi=1 .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww www w www w wwww w
ww w
ww ww ww ww ww
while True:
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
if
s asi%3a
lalai i .
==0: s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P break . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww wwww ww
ww
ww ww ww ww ww
print(i,end='')
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
i s a
+=1
s laalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
www A) 1 2 w
www B) 123 w
www C) 1234 wwww w D) 124 wwww w
ww ww ww w w
g 8. What is the rgroutput
g of the followingrg snippet?
rg rgrg rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
s a
T=1s a l s as a l s as a l s as a l s as
adadaa a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P w .P.P
w w w.P.P ww.P.P w .P.P
w
ww
ww while T: ww ww ww
ww ww
ww ww ww
g print(True)
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a asal al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a sa
l
asaa l a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad break
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
www
ww ww ww 41
ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. P
daada
aQuestions . P.P
daada
aour . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww Send ww
Your & Answer ww
www.Padasalai.Net
s s as
ia. i.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
g A) False
. O rgrg
O B) True . O rgrg
O C) 0i.O.O rgrg D) . O rgrgoutput
no
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaal a i
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
w
ww 9. Which amongst w
wthis
w is not a jump statement w
ww ? www www
ww ww ww ww ww
g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s a
A)afor
sla lia i . B) goto
s aslaalia i .
s a
C)acontinue
sla lia i .
s aslaaD)
lia i .break
s aslaalia.
a a
dadWhich
a10. punctuation.Pshould
a
adada be used in the blank? a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P w w . P ww.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P
ww
ww if <condition>_ wwww ww
ww wwww ww
ww
g
i .O
statements-block
. rgrg
O 1 i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adadelse: .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww w
ww2 w wwww www w www w
ww statements-block ww ww ww ww
g A)a;i.O rgrg
O B) : ai.O rgrg
O C)a:: . O rgrg
O D) . O rgrg
!O
s aslala i .
s aslala i .
s aslalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
Section-B
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww Answer the following ww questions ww ww ww
(2 Marks)
g 1. List the . O rgrg structures in Python.
control
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada Three important.P.control adaada structures are, .P.P
P . P. adaada
P
www w
www w
www w
www w
www
ww ww ww ww ww
Padasalai
g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada adadaa a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww
ww wwww ww
ww wwww ww
ww
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
ww ww ww ww ww
g 2. Write note . O rgron
O g break statement..O.O rgrg . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
P daada statement : Padaada
abreak P adaada P adaada P adaada
ww. . P ww . . P ww. . P ww . . P ww . . P
ww
ww wwww ww
ww wwww ww
ww
 The break statement terminates the loop containing it.
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
aali
sasControl
l a i . of the programsasflows laa ia i .
l to the statement immediately
s aslaalia i . after the body s asl
of
aa ia i .
lthe loop. s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada .wPof
. adaada
www 3. Write is the w
syntax
ww if..else statement www www www
ww ww ww ww ww
g Syntax: .OO rgrg .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada if <condition>:.P.P adadaa a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww
ww wwww ww
ww wwww ww
ww
statements-block 1
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asa a
else:
l a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
wwww statements-block www w 2 wwww www w www w
ww ww ww 42
ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. P
daada
aQuestions . P.P
daada
aour . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww Send ww
Your & Answer ww
www.Padasalai.Net
s s as
ia. i.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
g 4. Definei.controlO rgrg structure.
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaal a i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaa lia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaaA
daprogram statement .wP.P adaadcauses
that
a
.wP.P
a jump of control adaadfrom
a one part of the aprogram
.wP.Pad
da a to another is called
.wP.P adaada
ww ww ww ww ww
control structure or control statement.
g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
5. Write
s aslaal i
a i
note . on range () in
s l
loop
as aalia i .
s aslaa lia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada adada a a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P  range() generates waw P.P
.list of values starting w
from
w.P.P start till stop-1 in w
for .P.P
loop.
w ww.P.P
ww
ww ww
ww wwww wwww ww
ww
 The syntaxrgof
g
i . O . O rg range() is as follows: i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i
s l
asa al a
range (start,stop,[step])
a a
i
a s
a
l
asa a l a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
ww
ww Where, ww w w ww w w www w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
start a–la
s s arefers i to the initial value
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lala i i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww stop – refers to thewfinal w ww ww ww
ww
ww wwww value wwww wwww ww
ww
g step – refers . O Ogrgincrement value, this
rto . O rgroptional
is
O g part. . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaal i
a i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaa lia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada adaada
Section-C
.wP.P .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
w
ww Answer the following w
ww questions ww w www www
ww ww ww ww (3 Marks) ww
Padasalai
g 1. Write aOprogram
. i.O rgrg to display OO
. i. rgrg .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaal i
a s aslaalia s aslaa lia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
aAdada adada a a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww A B
ww ww
ww wwww wwww ww
ww
g A B C i.O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa a l a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P aAdaBd C D .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
ww ABCDE ww ww ww ww
g CODE: i.O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lala i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lala i i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada a=['A','B','C','D','E']
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww for i in range(0,6):ww ww ww ww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
for j in range(0,i):
g . O r
O gr g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaal i
a i . print(a[j],end="
s aslaalia i . ")
s aslaa lia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada else: .PP
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
www w w
wwprint() wwww w
www w
www
ww ww ww ww ww
g 2. Write note
. O rgron
O g if..else structure..O.O rgrg .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaal i
a i .
s aslaalia i
s aslaa lia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
ada if .. else statement
adaThe ad a
ada
provides control to check ada true block as well
adathe a
dafalse block.
adathe a
adada
ww.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.asP ww.P.P
ww
ww ww
ww wwww wwww ww
ww
 if..else statement thus provides two possibilities and the condition determines which BLOCK is to be
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a
executed.
s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa a l a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
ww ww ww 43
ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lala i i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lala i i .
s a s
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. P
daada
aQuestions . P.P
daada
aour . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww Send ww
Your & Answer ww
www.Padasalai.Net
s s as
ia. i.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
g Syntax: i.O.O rgrg . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaal a i
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaadaif <condition>: .PP
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
www w
www w
www wwww w
www
ww statements-block
ww 1
ww ww ww
g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
l
else:
s as aalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada adadaa a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P statements-block w w.P.P 2 w w.P.P w w.P.P ww.P.P
ww
ww wwww ww
ww ww
ww ww
ww
g 3. Using if..else..elif
rgrg statement writerg argsuitable program to display rgrg largest of 3 numbers. rgrg
i . O . O i . O . O i . O . O i .O . O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
dad
aCODE: adad adad adad adad
ww n1= int(input("Enter
ww wwwwthe first number:")) ww ww ww
ww ww
ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
n2= int(input("Enter
s as
a
lalai i . the second a
s as
number:"))
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
P daadaint(input("Enter the
an3= P daadanumber:"))
athird P adaada P adaada P adaada
ww. . P ww . . P ww . . P ww . . P ww. . P
ww
ww wwww ww
ww ww
ww ww
ww
if(n1>=n2)and(n1>=n3):
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaali
biggest=n1;a i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
daada
aelif(n2>=n1)and(n2>=n3): adaada adaada adaada adaada
ww
ww wwww ww
ww ww
ww ww
ww
Padasalai
biggest=n2
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
else:sasal alia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada adadaa a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P biggest=n3 w w.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P ww.P.P
ww
ww wwww ww
ww ww
ww ww
ww
g print("The biggest rgrg number between",n1,",",n2,"and",n3,"is",biggest)
rgrg rgrg rgrg
i . O . O i .O . O i .O . O i .O . O .
s
OUTPUT
a a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
ww
ww Enter the first number:1 www w www w ww w w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g Enter the second
. O rgrg number:3
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
P daada the third number:5
aEnter P adaada P adaada P adaada P adaada
ww
ww The biggest number wwww between 1 , 3 and 5 is w
ww5w ww
ww ww
ww
g 4. Write O
the
. rg
O rg
syntax of while loop. . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
daada
aSyntax: adaada adaada adaada adaada
ww
ww wwww ww
ww ww
ww ww
ww
while <condition>:
g .O
statements rgrg block 1
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada [else: adadaa a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww
ww statements www w
block2] ww
ww ww
ww ww
ww
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
ww ww ww 44
ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. P
daada
aQuestions . P.P
daada
aour . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww Send ww
Your & Answer ww
www.Padasalai.Net
s s as
ia. i.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
g 5. List the . O rgrg
differences
O between break . O rgrand
O g continue statements. . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as laalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada .wP . adaada
break
.wP.continue
P .wP.P adaada
www www www www www
ww The break statement ww terminates w w
the loop The Continue ww statement is used w tow skip the
g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgpart
O rg of a loop and i.O rgrg
O
containing
s as laalia i .
it.
s aslaalia i . remaining
s aslaalia i .
s aslaal a i .
s aslaalia.
a
dada of the program
aControl ada to the statement
adaflows a a
adadControl a
adadaflows start with.P.P a
dada
anext
ww.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P w.P.P
of the wprogram w w
ww
immediately after the body of the loop. iteration.
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
Syntax:
a sa asal al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a
l
Syntax:
s
a asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
wwww break ww www w www w continue www w www w
ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww Section - D ww ww
g Answer the . O O grg
rfollowing questions:i.O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rg(5
O rgMarks)
s as laalia i .
s aslaal a i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P a1.daa
da
Write a detail note .wPon
. adafor
P
ada
loop. .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www www www www www
ww ww ww ww ww
Padasalai
g  for loop isrgthe rg most comfortablei.O loop.
rgrg rgrg rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a a i . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O laalia.
da s as a l s as a l s as a l s as a l s as
a adaIt is also an entry check
adada a
loop. a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww  The conditionwisw
ww wwchecked in the beginning wwwwand the body of thewloop(statements-block
ww
w ww
1) w
iswexecuted
g if i.O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a sa asal al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adadit is only True otherwise .P.P adadthe loop is not executed. .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
ww Syntax: ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as a
i
la i .
forlacounter_variable in sequence:
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada statements-block
P . P. a1 daada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
[else: # optional block
g . O r
O grg . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as laalia i .
statements-block 2] s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
www  The counter_variable www is the control w
variable.
ww www www
ww ww ww ww ww
g  The sequence rgrg refers to the initial, final
rgrg and increment value. rgrg rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
da s
for as a
loopl uses the range() s as a
functionl in the sequence s
to as a l
specify the initial, finals as
and a l increment values. s as
a ada adada a a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww  range() generates
ww ww wwa list of values starting wwwfrom
w start till stop-1.ww ww wwww
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a sa asal al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
ww ww ww 45
ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s a slaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. P
daada
aQuestions . P.P
daada
aour . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww Send ww
Your & Answer ww
www.Padasalai.Net
s s as
ia. i.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
g The syntax . O rgrg
of
O range() is as follows: . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s as laalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada range P adaada
(start,stop,[step])
.w.P .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
w
ww Where, www ww w ww w www
ww ww ww ww ww
g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaali
starta i . – refers to the initial
s aslaa ia
value
l i .
s as laalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P stop – refers w w. P.P w w. P.P w w. P.P w w. P.P
ww
ww ww wwto the final value ww ww ww
ww ww
ww
g stepi .O . rgrefers
–O rg to increment value, i .O . rgrg
O this is optional part.i.O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a saasal al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
wwww www w ww w w ww w w www w
ww Example: ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
foraisinas
a i
la i .
larange(2,10,2): s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww print (i,end=' ') ww w ww ww ww
ww
ww ww w wwww ww
ww ww
ww
g else: rgrg rgrg rgrg rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O laalia.
.wP.P adaada
print ("\nEnd of the loop")
ww Output: ww ww ww ww
Padasalai
g .O rg2rg4 6 8
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s as laalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada a
dada
aloop a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P End of the
w w.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P
ww
ww ww ww wwww ww
ww ww
ww
2. Write a detail note on if..else..elif statement with suitable example.
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
Nested
a s
a
l al a i
asaif..elif...else statement: a s
a
l
asa al a i
a saasal al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
ww
ww  When we need w w w w w w w w
ww can be used instead w w
wofw„else‟.
ww ww towconstruct a chain of w ifw w
statement(s) then „elif‟wclause w ww
g  „elif‟ clause . O rgrg
O combines if..else-if..else . O rgrgstatements to one if..elif…else.
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaa„elif‟
P da can be considered . P. adatoadabe abbreviation of.P„else
P . adaadif‟.
P
a
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
 In an „if‟ statement there is no limit of „elif‟ clause that can be used, but an „else‟ clause if used
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
should
s aslaaliabei . placed at the end.
s aslaalia i .
s as laalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
daada
ww
ww ww ww wwww ww
ww ww
ww
g rgrg
if <condition-1>:
.O O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
statements-block 1 s aslaalia i .
s as laalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P elif <condition-2>: w w.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P
ww
ww ww ww wwww ww
ww ww
ww
statements-block 2
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a
else:
s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a saasal al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad statements-block .P.P adnad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww www w ww w w ww w w www w
ww ww ww 46
ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. P
daada
aQuestions . P.P
daada
aour . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww Send ww
Your & Answer ww
www.Padasalai.Net
s s as
ia. i.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
g  In thei.syntax O rgrg of if..elif..else mentioned
O . O rgrg above, condition-1
O . O risgrtested
O g if it is true then . O O grg
rstatements-
s aslaal a i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaadblock1
a is executed.PP
.w.a ad
da a
ww  Otherwise the ww control checks condition-2, ww if it is true statements-block2 ww is executed andweven w if it
g r g g r g g r g g r g g
a a lia.Oi.Or
failslastatements-block n mentioned
a laalia.O i.Orin else part is executed. a laalia.Oi.Or a laalia.Oi.Or a laalia.
a
dada s s a s s a s s a s s a s s
.P.P aExample: .P.P adada .P.P adada .P.P adada .P.P adada
ww ww ww ww ww
m1=int (input(“Enter mark in first subject : ”))
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .inO . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l al a
m2=int
asa i (input(“Enter
a
mark
sa
l
asa al a i second subject
a
: ”))
s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
wwww avg= (m1+m2)/2
ww w w www w www w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
if avg>=80:
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a i i .
lala print (“Grade : sA”) as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww elif avg>=70 ww wand
w avg<80: wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgprint
O rg (“Grade : B”) i.O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaal a i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada elif avg>=60 and .wP.P
daada
aavg<70: .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www print
w
w(“Grade
w : C”) www www www
ww ww ww ww ww
Padasalai
g elif .O rgrg and avg<60: i.O.O
avg>=50
O rgrg .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaal a i
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada print (“Grade a
adad: aD”) a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww
ww
else:
g
i .O . rgprint
O rg (“Grade : E”) i.O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a sa
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
ww
ww Output : ww w w www w www w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g Enter markOin
. rgrfirst
O g subject : 34 .O.O rgrg . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
P daada mark in second subject
aEnter P adaada: 78 P adaada P adaada P adaada
ww
ww Grade : D wwww wwww wwww ww
ww
g 3. Write ia.O rgrg
program
O to display alli.O 3.O grg odd numbers. .OO
rdigit rgrg . O rgrg
O
s aslaal a i .
s aslaal a i
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
daada
aCODE: adaada adaada adaada adaada
ww
ww
lower=int(input("Enter the lower limit for the range:"))
g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s a l alia i .
upper=int(input("Enter
s a the s a
upperslaalia
limiti . for the range:")) s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P for i in w
range(lower,upper+1): w.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P ww.P.P
ww
ww
g if(i%2!=0): rgrg rgrg rgrg rgrg
i .O . O i .O . O i .O . O i .O . O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i
print(i,end=" ") a sa
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
ww ww ww 47
ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s a s
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. P
daada
aQuestions . P.P
daada
aour . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww Send ww
Your & Answer ww
www.Padasalai.Net
s s as
ia. i.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww ww ww ww ww
ww ww ww ww ww
g Output: i.O.O rgrg . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s a slaal a i
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
www www www ww w ww w
ww ww ww ww ww
g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
adadaa a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww
ww wwww ww
ww ww
ww wwww
g
i a.O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O O
table forlaalia.given . rgrgnumber.
O i .O . rgrg
O .
4. Write
a s
a
l
asa al a iprogram to displayla
a s
a asa l a i
multiplication
a s
a asa i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
dad
aCODE: adad adad adad adad
ww
ww wwww ww
ww ww
ww wwww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
P daada
anum=int(input("Display P daada
aMultiplication Table of "))
P adaada P adaada P adaada
ww. . P ww . . P ww . . P ww . . P ww . . P
ww
ww for i in range(1,11): wwww ww
ww ww
ww wwww
g print(i,i.'x' O O grg '=' , num*i) .OO
r,num, rgrg . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaal a i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
daada
aOutput: adaada adaada adaada adaada
ww
ww wwww ww
ww ww
ww wwww
Padasalai
g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
adadaa a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww
ww wwww ww
ww ww
ww wwww
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
wwww www w www w ww w w ww w w
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
ww ww ww ww ww
g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
adadaa a
adada a
adada BY
PREPARED a
adada a
adada
ww
ww ww ww ww ww
J. BASKARAN M.Sc.,w w
B.Ed. (C.S) ww ww J. ILAKKIA M.Sc., M.Phil.,w w
B.Ed. (C.S)
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
jilakkia@gmail.com
i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
wwww www w www w ww w w ww w w
ww ww ww 48
ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. P
daada
aQuestions . P.P
daada
aour . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww Send ww
Your & Answer ww
s a
www.Padasalai.Net
s s a
s
ia. i.
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
O . O rgrg
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laal a i
s a
s laalia.
a
.wP.P adaada
w w w w w
ww
ww wwww
7. PYTHON ww
ww FUNCTIONS ww
ww ww
ww
g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O Section – A .O Orgrg .O Orgrg
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia i.
s a
s laalia i.
s a
s laalia.
a
aChoose a
adada a
adada a
adada (1 Mark) a
adada
ww
ww wwww ww
ww ww
ww ww
ww
g 1. A named blocks
rg g of code that are designed
rg g to do one specificrgjob
g is called as rgrg
i .O . Or i.O . Or i .O . Or i .O . O .
a s
a
l
as(a)al a
a Loop i
a a
l al a
asBranching
(b)
s a i
a s
a
l
as(c)al a i
a Function a s
a
l al a i
asa (d) Block a s
a aslaalia
wwww 2. A Function which
www w
calls itself is called asww w w www w www w
ww ww ww ww ww
(a) Built-in (b) Recursion (c) Lambda (d) return
g . O r
O grg . O r
O grg . O r
O grg . O rgrg
O
3. Which
s as
a i i .
lalafunction is called anonymous s as
a i i .
lala un-named function s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P.Padaada (a) Lambda .P.P adaad(b)
a
Recursion . P. adaada(c) Function .P.P
P adaada (d) define .P.P adaada
ww ww ww ww ww
4. Which of the following keyword is used to begin the function block?
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
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s aslaalia i .
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a aslaalia
ww w
ww ww ww 56
ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P . P
daada
aQuestions . P.P
daada
aour . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww Send ww
Your & Answer ww
www.Padasalai.Net
s s as
ia. i.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
g 3. Explain . O rgrgfollowing built-ini.functions.
the
O O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s a
(a)aid()slaalia i .
(b) chr() s aslaal a i .
(c) round() s aslaa ia i .
l (d) type() s aslaalia i .
(e) pow() s aslaalia.
.wP.P adada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www www ww w www ww w
ww Function ww Descriptionww Syntax ww Example ww
g .O rgrg
O Return the .O rgrg
“identity”
O of id (object) .O rgrgx=15
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaa
idlia(
i)
.
an a
object.
s slaalia
i.e.
i .
the address s aslaalia i .
y='a' s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada a
dadaobject in memory.Padada
athe a a
adadaof x is :',id (x)) .P.P a
adada
ww.P.P w w.Pof
. P ww. .P w.P.P
printw('address ww
ww
ww ww
ww wwww ww ww('address of y is :',idw(y))
print ww
w
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrgOutput:
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad address of
.P.P adaxdis : 1357486752 .P.P adad
wwww www w ww ww w w
ww of y is : 13480736ww
address ww ww
ww ww ww ww
grg Returns the Unicode grg grg c=65
g . O r
O . O r
O . O r
O . O rgrg
O
s as
chr
a
lalai i(. ) character
s as
a
lalai
for i . the given chr
s as
a
lalai i . print (chr
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada value.
ASCII
P . P. adaad(i)
P
a (c))
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww wOutput:
w ww
A
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada round ( ) adaada the nearest .P.P
.wP.Returns
P
ada
adaround x= 17.9
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
www w
ww integer to its input. w
www (number w
www('x value is roundedwto', wwww
ww ww ww wprint
w w
Padasalai
1. First argument [,ndigits]) round (x))
g O
. i.O r g r g O r gr
O to
. i.used g O
. i.O r grg .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia (number)
s aslaaliis
a s aslaalia s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada a
adada the value to be .P.P
specify a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P w w.P.rounded.
P ww Output:
w w.P.P ww.P.P
ww
ww ww
ww wwww wXwwvalue
w is rounded to 18ww ww
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l al a i
asatype ( ) a
Returnss
a
l al a i
asathe type of a s
a
l
asa
type
al a i
x= 15.2 a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad adad for the given .P.P
.P.object
P adad(object) P.Padad
.(type .P.P adad
wwww www w ww ww www
print w ww ww
ww ww single object. ww w(x))
w ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg Output:
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
<class s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P .
'float'> P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
g pow . O r(g)rg
O Returns the . O rgrg
O pow i.O.O rgrg a= 5 . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s as
computationlaa ia i .
l of a,b i.e. s as
(a,b)laal a i
b= 2 s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada adaada) a raised to the .P.P
.wP.(a**b
P adaada print . P.
(powadaad(a,b))
P
a
. P. adaada
P
www www wwww w
www wwww
ww ww power of b. ww ww ww
g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg Output:
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
25 s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww
ww ww
ww wwww ww ww ww
ww
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
wwww www w ww ww www w ww ww
ww ww ww 57
ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. P
daada
aQuestions . P.P
daada
aour . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww Send ww
Your & Answer ww
www.Padasalai.Net
s s as
ia. i.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
g 4. Write ia.OPython rgrg code to find the
O . O rgrg of two numbers.
L.C.M.
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaal a i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
daada
ww x=int(input("Enter
ww ww wfirst
w number:")) ww
ww ww
ww ww
ww
g .O rgrg second number:"))
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
y=int(input("Enter
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
ada
aifdax>y: a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww
ww ww ww ww
ww ww
ww ww
ww
min=x
else: alaalia.O i.Or l
asa alia.Oi . O l
asa alia.Oi . O l
asa alia.Oi . O
aslaalia
.
a s
a s a s
a a s
a a s
a a s
a
.P.P adad min=y .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
ww ww ww ww ww
while(1):
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
a a i i .
lala == 0) and (min s%aslay l==
if((min%x
s s
a i i .
a 0)): s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww print("LCM www w
is:",min) wwww ww ww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g breakrgrg rgrg rgrg rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O laalia.
s as a
min=min+1l s as a l s as a l s as a l s as
w
ww OUTPUT: www www ww w www
ww ww ww ww ww
Padasalai
g Enter first.O rgrg
number:2
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
dada second number:3Padada
aEnter a a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww LCM is: 6
ww ww ww ww
ww ww
ww ww
ww
g 5. Explain i .O rgrg
O
recursive
. function with i .O . rgrgexample.
O
an i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a sa
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adaFunctions
d that calls.P adadis known as recursive.
itself
ww ww ww ww ww
 When a function calls itself is known as recursion.
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
 Recursion
s as
a i i .
lala works like loopsbut as
a i
la i .
lasometimes it makes s more
as
a i i .
lalasense to use recursion s as
a i i .
la loop.
lathan s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww  Imagine a process ww ww if not stopped by some wwcondition is knownwas w infinite
wwww
ww ww would iterate indefinitely ww ww
ww ww ww ww
g iteration. rg g rgrg rgrg rgrg
. O O r . O O . O O . O O
da s
The aslaalia i
condition
.
that is applieds aslaa
in
ia i .
l any recursive function s aslaa
is
ia i .
l known as base condition. s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P a ada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
w
ww  A base condition w
wwis must in every recursive w
ww function otherwise w
witwwill continue to execute w
ww like an
ww ww ww ww ww
g infinite.O rgrg
loop.
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
ada
adaPython stops callingPrecursive a
adada function after.P a a by default.
adadcalls
1000 a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P w w. .P w w . P w w.P.P ww.P.P
ww
ww ww ww ww
ww ww
ww ww
ww
 So, It also allows you to change the limit using sys.setrecursionlimit (limit_value).
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a sa
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
ww ww ww 58
ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. P
daada
aQuestions . P.P
daada
aour . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww Send ww
Your & Answer ww
www.Padasalai.Net
s s as
ia. i.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww ww
ww wwww ww ww
ww ww ww ww ww
g Overview . of
O rghow
O rg recursive function . O rgworks:
O rg . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P a1.daadRecursive
a function.P is.P daada by some external
acalled . P. P
daada
acode. . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
www w
www w
www w
www wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g 2. If the base rgrcondition
g is met then the rgrprogram
g gives meaningful rgrg output and exits.i.O.O rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a a i laalia.
a a
a3.dadOtherwise, a
adadasome required processing a
adadaand then calls itself a a
dadcontinue recursion.Pad a a
. .Pad
functionPdoes ato
ww.P.P w w. .P w w.P.P w w.P.P w w
ww EXAMPLE: ww
ww ww wwww wwww wwww
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
def fact(n):
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad if n == 0: .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww www w w
ww w www w ww w w
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O r
O greturn
r g
1
. O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a i
la
lelse:
a i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww return
wwwnw* fact (n-1) ww
ww wwww ww ww
ww ww ww ww ww
g print (factrgrg (0)) rgrg rgrg rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O laalia.
s as a l (fact (5)) s as a l s as a l s as a l s as
.wP.P adaada print
w
ww Output: www w
ww www ww w
ww ww ww ww ww
Padasalai
g 1 .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
dada
a120 adadaa a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
wwww www w w
ww w www w ww w w
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww ww
ww wwww ww ww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
www www w
ww www ww w
ww ww ww ww ww
g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
adadaa adadaa a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww
PREPARED BY
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i O . rgrg
O
.M.Phil., .
a s l
asa
J. BASKARAN
a
al a i M.Sc., B.Ed. (C.S)
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i J. ILAKKIA
a s
a
l
asa a
M.Sc.,l a i B.Ed. (C.S)
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adadjbaskaran89@gmail.com .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adajilakkia@gmail.com
d .P.P adad
wwww www w w
ww w www w ww w w
ww ww ww 59
ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. P
daada
aQuestions . P.P
daada
aour . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww Send ww
Your & Answer ww
www.Padasalai.Net
s s as
ia. i.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
l
J. BASKARAN
s as aalia i .M.Sc., B.Ed. (C.S)
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i . J. ILAKKIA
s l a
M.Sc.,
as a lia i .
M.Phil., B.Ed. (C.S)
s aslaalia.
ada
adajbaskaran89@gmail.com adaada adaada daada
ajilakkia@gmail.com adaada
w.wP.P Puducherry. w .wP.P w.wP.P w .wP.P Puducherry. w .wP.P
ww
ww wwww ww
ww wwww ww ww
g 8.OOrgSTRINGS
rg AND O rgrg STRING O
MANIPULATION
rgrg rgrg
l alia. i . l alia. i . O l alia. i . O l alia.Oi . O laalia.
a s as a a s as a Section a s
– asAa a s as a a s as
wwww Choose the best w w
answer
ww wwww www w (1 w
Mark)
ww w
ww ww ww ww ww
1. Which of the following is the output of the following python code?
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a asa a a i
str1="TamilNadu"
l l
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adadprint(str1[::-1]) .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww ww w w wwww www w www w
ww (a) Tamilnadu
ww (b) Tmlau
ww (c) udanlimaT
ww d) udaNlimaT
ww
g .aO Ogrg
rbe . O rgrg code?
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
2. Whatlalwill
s as a
i i .
s as a
i
the output of thelafollowing
la i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P str1 = "Chennai Schools" . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww www wwww wwww wwww
ww str1[7] = "-"www ww ww ww
g O rgrg
(a) iChennai-Schools
. O . O
(b) rgChenna-School
O rg . O O grgType error
r(c) (d). O rgrg
Chennai
O
s aslaal a i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P a3.daada of the following
Which
.wP.P
ada
adaoperator adaada
is used for concatenation?
ww (a) + ww (b) & ww (c) * ww (d) = ww
Padasalai
g 4. Defining .O rgrg within triple quotes
strings
O .O rgrallows
O g creating: .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
adadaa (a) Single line Strings a
adada a
adada (b) Multiline Strings a
adada a
adada
ww
ww (c) Doublewline wwStrings
w ww
ww (d) Multiple wwwStrings
w ww ww
Ogrg rgrg rgrg rgrg
g 5. Strings in rpython:
i .O . i .O . O i .O . O i .O . O .
a s
a
l
a(a)
s
al a i
a Changeable a s
a
l al a i
asa (b) Mutable a s
a
l al a i
asa (c) Immutableasaasa (d) flexible l al a i
a s
a aslaalia
wwww 6. Which of the w w
following
ww is the slicing ww
operator?
ww www w www w
ww ww ww ww ww
g (a) { } g g (b) g [ ]g (c)
grg< > (d) ( g) g
. O r
O r . O r
O r . O r
O ia.O .Orr
7. aWhat
s aslaal
is
.
iaistride?
s aslaaliai.
s aslaaliai.
s aslaal i
s aslaalia.
. P. adada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww (a) index value
ww wwof slide operation wwww (b) first ww
argument
ww of slice operation wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
(c) second argument of slice operation (d) third argument of slice operation
g . O r
O gr g . O r
O gr g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
8. Which
s aslaalia i
of . the following l a
formatting
s as a lia i . character is used
s to
aslaalia
print i . exponential notation
s aslaaliaini . upper case?
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada(a) %e .wP.P adaada (b) %E .P.P adaada (c) %g . P. adaada (d) %n
P . P. adaada
P
www ww w w
www w
www w
www
ww ww ww ww ww
9. Which of the following is used as placeholders or replacement fields which get replaced along with
g format( .O rg)rfunction?
O g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada(a) { } a
adada (b) < > a
adada (c) ++ a
adada (d) ^^ a
adada
ww 10. The subscriptww
ww wofwa string may be: ww
ww wwww ww ww
g (a) Positive
i .O . rgrg
O i .(b)
O . rgNegative
O rg (c) Both
i .O . rgr(a)
O g and (b) (d) Either
i .O . rgrg(a) or (b)
O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
wwww ww w w wwww www w www w
ww ww ww 60
ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. P
daada
aQuestions . P.P
daada
aour . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww Send ww
Your & Answer ww
www.Padasalai.Net
s s as
ia. i.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as laa i
a i .
s aslaal a i
s aslaa ia i .
Answer
w.wP.P 1. What is String? w .wP.P w .wP.P w .wP.P w .wP.P
ww
ww ww
ww wwww wwww ww
ww
g  String is arg data
rg type in python, iused rgrtog handle array of characters. rgrg rgrg
a ia. O
i . O a a. O
i . O a ia.Oi . O a ia.Oi . O laalia.
 String
s as la l is a sequence of s asl
characters
a l that may be a a l
combination
s s a l of letters, numbers,
s asla l or special s as
a a
adadsymbols a a
adadsingle, ada quotes.
adatriple a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P w.P.P
enclosedwwithin double orweven w.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P
ww
ww ww
ww ww ww ww
2. Do you modify a string in Python? ww ww ww
g
 Yes lwe i .O . rgrmodify
O g
i .O . rgrfollowing
O g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a asa a l a i
can the stringlaby
a s
a asa l a i
the method,
a sa
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adaAd new string value .can P.Padabed assign to the existing .P.P adstring
ad variable. .P.P adad .P.P adad
ww
ww  When defining w w w w w
wexisting ww w w www w
ww wwawnew string value to the ww w string variable.ww ww
g  Python completely rgrg overwrite new string rgrg on the existing istring. rgrg rgrg
a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a . O
i . O a i . O
i . O laalia.
3. a
How
s as la you delete a string
lawill s as laPython?
lain s aslala s aslala s as
. P. adada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww  Python will notwallow w wcharacter ww ww
ww
ww wwww deleting a particular wwww w in a string.ww ww ww
ww
 Whereas you
g . O rgrgcan remove entirei.string
O O rgrgvariable using deli.command.
O O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
 Example:
s as laa lia i .
s aslaal a i .
s aslaal a i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada .wP.P
del str1[2] adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
w
ww 4. What will bewthe w
wwoutput of the following w
wwpython code? ww w www
ww w ww ww ww
Padasalai
g str1 .O =Org“School”
rg .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s as laa lia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada print(str1*3) .P.P a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P w w w w.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P
ww
ww ww
ww wwww wwww ww
ww
OUTPUT:
g
i .O . rgSchool
O rg School School i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
5. a s
a
What
l a l a i
asa is slicing? a s
a
l
asa al a i
a sa
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad P.P
.of adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww  Slice is a ww
substring w w a main string. www w ww w w www w
ww ww ww ww ww
 A substringg can be taken from the original grg string by using [ g] slicing operator and index grg or subscript
g . O r
O r g . O r
O . O r
O r g . O r
O
s s laaliai.
values.
a s aslaaliai. s aslaaliai. s aslaaliai. s aslaalia.
. P. adaaUsing
P da slice operator, . P. adaadhave
you
P
a to slice one or more
. P. adaadasubstrings from a.P
P . adaadstring.
main
P
a
. P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
General format of slice operation:
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as laa lia i .
s aslaa ia i .
l str[start:end] s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .w P.Padaada
Section-C .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www ww w www ww w www
ww Answer the following
ww questions
ww ww (3 Marks)
ww
g a.O rgrg program to display
O .O rgrgthe given patterni.O.O
O rgrg .O rgrg
O
1. Write
s as laa lia iPython
.
s aslaalia i .
s aslaal a i
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
CdOa a a a a
.P.P aCaOdMaP U T E
M P U T E R
.P.P adada .P.P adada .P.P adada .P.P adada
ww
ww C O M P U T ww w w www w ww w w www w
ww ww ww ww ww
COMPU
g COMP
.O . rgrg
O .O . rgrg
O .O . rgrg
O .O . rgrg
O .
C O M lalia i i i
CdOa s
a asa i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a sa
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P aCad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww ww w w www w ww w w www w
ww ww ww 61
ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lala i i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. P
daada
aQuestions . P.P
daada
aour . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww Send ww
Your & Answer ww
www.Padasalai.Net
s s as
ia. i.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
g CODE: i.O.O rgrg . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaal a i
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
str="COMPUTER"
w.wP.P w .wP.P
index=len(str) w .wP.P w .wP.P w .wP.P
ww
for i in str:
g O g
. i.Org print(str[:index])
r .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada a
adada
index-=1 a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww
g 2. Write a short rgrg about the followings rgrwith
g suitable example: rgr(a)
g capitalize( ) (b) .swapcase( rgrg )
i . O . O i . O . O i . O . O i O . O .
a s
a aslaala
FUNCTION
i
a s
a
i
aslaala PURPOSE asaaslaala i
a saaslaala
EXAMPLE
i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad P.P
.Usedadadto capitalize the .first P.Padacharacter
d
of the w>>>.P.P adacity="chennai"
d .P.P adad
wwww www w www w ww w www w
ww capitalize( ) ww string ww ww >>> print(city.capitalize()) ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O Output:
. O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i . Chennai s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww It will change case of
wwww
every character to its wwww>>> str1="tAmiL NaDu"
wwww
ww swapcase( ) ww opposite case vice-versa. ww ww >>> print(str1.swapcase()) ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O Output: . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
TaMIl s a
nAdU
slaalia i .
s aslaalia.
www www www www www
ww ww ww ww ww
Padasalai
3. What will be the output of the given python program?
g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
CODE:
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada str1 = "welcome" a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww
ww ww ww ww ww
str2 = "towschool" w ww ww ww
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
aslaalia
str3=str1[:2]+str2[len(str2)-2:]
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
a a
adad print(str3) adada a a
adad a adada a a
adad a
ww OUTPUT:
g . O rgweol
O rg . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
4.da s aslaa ia i .
lis the use of format( s aslaa ia i .
lGive an example. sasal l a ia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P
What
a ada .wP.P adaada )?
w
ww  The format(w)w w w
w
function used with strings www
is very powerful function w
wwused for formatting w www
strings.
ww ww ww w
 The curlyrgbraces
g . O O rg { } are used as . O
placeholders
rgrg
O
or replacement
. O rgrgfields which get replaced
O . O rgrgalong with
O
format(
s as
i i .
laala ) function. s as
i
laala i .
s as
i
laala i .
s as
i
laala i .
s aslaalia.
a
dada
aEXAMPLE: a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww
ww wwwwnum1=int (input("Number wwww 1: ")) wwww wwww
g
i .O . rgrg num2=int (input("Number
O i .O . rgrg
O 2: "))
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i
print s
("The
a a
l al a i l al a
asasum of { } and { } isas{aas}".format(num1,
a i
s l
asa al
num2,(num1+num2)))
a a
a i
a s
a aslaalia
ww ww ww 62
ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. P
daada
aQuestions . P.P
daada
aour . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww Send ww
Your & Answer ww
www.Padasalai.Net
s s as
ia. i.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww
ww ww ww ww ww
g OUTPUT: . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s a slaalia i .
Number s a
1:s laal
34
ia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada .wP.P
Numberadaada2: 54 .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www w
wwThe sum of 34 and 54 w
wisw88 ww w w
ww
ww ww ww ww ww
g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
5. Write
s aslaalia i .
note about count( s a)
s l alia i
function
a
. in python. s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a a
adadReturns ada
adasubstrings adagiven range. .PP
adathe a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P the numberw w.P.ofP w w.P.P
occurs within w w . w w.P.P
ww
ww wwww wwww ww
ww wwww
 Remember that substring may be a single character.
g  Rangei.O (beg
. rgrgand end) arguments
O i .O are
. rgroptional.
O g O
If it is noti.given, . rgrgpython searched in
O i .O rgrg string.
whole
. O .
 a s
a
l al a i
asa is case sensitive.asaasa l al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad Search
. P.Padad . P.Padad . P.Padad . P.Padad
ww
ww SYNTAX: www w ww w w ww w w w
ww w
ww ww ww ww ww
g O
count(str,
. rgrg beg, end
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
P daada
aEXAMPLE: P adaada P adaada P adaada P adaada
ww
ww ww
>>>
wstr1="Raja
w Raja Chozhan" wwww ww
ww wwww
g . O O grg print(str1.count('Raja'))
r>>> . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s
OUTPUT: aslaalia i .
2 s as laalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
www www ww w Section - D ww w w
ww
ww ww ww ww ww
Padasalai
g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
Answers aslaalia
the i . following questions:
s as laalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i . (5 Marks) s aslaalia.
a
da
a1.daExplain a
dada
aoperators ada
adasuitable a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P about w w.P.P
string in python w w P.P
.with example. w w.P.P w w.P.P
ww
ww wwww wwww ww
ww wwww
STRING OPERATORS
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
Python
a s
a
l al a i
asaprovides the following a s
a
l al
asstringa i
a operators to manipulate a s
a
l al a i
asa string. a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
wwww (i) Concatenation www
(+)w ww w w ww w w w
ww w
ww ww ww ww ww
g  Joining ofrgrtwo g or more strings using rgrgplus (+) operator iis.O.called rgrg as Concatenation. rgrg
a
lalai . O
i . O a
lalai . O
i . O a
lala i O a
lalai . O
i . O laalia.
P daada
aExample P adaada P adaada P adaada P adaada
. . P
ww >>> "welcome" +w"Python" w . . P ww . . P ww . . P ww . . P
ww
ww wwww wwww ww
ww wwww
g Output: i.O rg'welcomePython'
O rg . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaal a i .
s as laalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
daadAppend
a(ii) a (+ =) adaada adaada adaada adaada
ww
ww ww ww ww ww
 Adding morewstrings w at the end of an existing ww string using operator ww += is known as append. ww
g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
Example:
s aslaalia i .
s as laalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
dadastr1="Welcome toP"adada
a>>> a a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P w w. .P w w.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P
ww
ww wwww wwww ww
ww wwww
>>> str1+="Learn Python"
g
i O rgrg
O
.(str1)
. i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
>>>sprint
a a
l
asa al a i
a s
a asal al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.toadad
wwww Output: www
Welcome w Learn Python ww w w ww w w w
ww w
ww ww ww 63
ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. P
daada
aQuestions . P.P
daada
aour . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww Send ww
Your & Answer ww
s a
www.Padasalai.Net
s s a
s
ia. i.
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
g (iii) Repeating. O rgrg(*)
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O Orgrg
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia.
.wP.P adaaThe
da multiplication operator.wP.P adaada (*) is used to display.wP.P adaa
ada
string in multiple number
.wP.Padaadaof times. .wP.P adaada
www www www www www
g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O Orgrg .O Orgrg
s a
s laali
>>> str1="Welcome
a i . "
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia i.
s a
s laalia i.
s a
s laalia.
a
dadaprint (str1*4)
a>>> a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
ww
ww wwww ww
ww ww
ww ww
ww
Output: Welcome Welcome Welcome Welcome
g
i .O . rgrg
O i.O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
l a
(iv) sString
a aasa l a i slicing
a s
aasal al a i
a sa
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa a l a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad P.P
.of adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww  Slice is a substring
www w a main string. www w www w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g  A substring r grcan
g be taken from the original r grg string by using.O[O r]gslicing
g operator and index r grg values.
. O O . O O r . O O
da s as
Using ai. operator, you have
laalislice s as
iai.
laalto slice one or more s aslaaliai. from a main string.
substrings s aslaaliai. s aslaalia.
. P.Pa ada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww General format ofww ww operation: wwww wwww wwww
ww ww slice ww ww ww
g . O rgstr[start:end]
O rg . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
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asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
ww ww ww 67
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g . O rgrg
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O
s as
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ww ww ww ww ww
g 3. What iwill . O rgbe
O rg the output of thei.following O rgrg code?
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaa l a i .
s aslaal a i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaa lia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada list = [2**x for .wP.P axdainadarange(5)] .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
ww print(list) ww ww ww ww
g OUTPUT: .O rg[1,
O rg 2, 4, 8, 16] .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaa lia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaa lia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada adadaa a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww 4. Explain the difference
ww wwww between del and ww wwclear( ) in dictionarywwith ww an example.
w wwww
g rgrg del rgrg rgrg clear( ) rgrg
i . O . O i . O . O i . O . O i .O . O .
a a
l
asa
The sdel a l a i
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a
l
asa
delete
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a
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known The
a s
a
l
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a s
a
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a s
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aelements adad dad
aelements adad adad
ww.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P in list
w w.P.P w w.P.P
ww
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g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
entire list.
s as
a
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s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lala i i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
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ww 5. List out the setwoperations w wpython. ww ww
ww
ww wwww supportedwby ww
w
w wwww wwww
g Set Operations:
. O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
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s a l
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s aa ia i .
l It includes all elements s aslaa ia i .
l from two or more sets. s aslaalia i .
s aslaa lia i .
s aslaalia.
daadIntersection:
a(ii) a adaadthe a common elements adainadatwo sets. adaada adaada
w.wP.P It includes
w .wP.P w .wP.P w .wP.P w .wP.P
ww (iii) Difference:wItw
ww wincludes
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g B). rgrg rgrg rgrg rgrg
l a
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a s as a a s as a a s as a a s as a ss
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ww 6. What are thewdifference w between Listww and Dictionary? ww ww
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a sa
l
asa a l a i List
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
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a s
a
l
asa a l a i
a s
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dad  A dictionary Pisadaad mixed collectionPaofdad
aor . .P . .P
wwww w w
wwtype . www w wwww ww
wwith
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ww elements ofwany w ww elementswand w it stores a key along ww its
g rgrg rgrg element. rgrg rgrg
. O O . O O . O O . O O
 sIt
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lenclosedi . with curly saslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
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wwww ww ww wwww w ww
w wwww
ww  Syntax: ww ww  Syntax of ww defining a dictionary:ww
g Variable rgrg= [element-1, element-2, rgrg element-3 Dictionary_Name
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……l a ia. O
i . O
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i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O laalia.
s as a l s as a l s as a l
Key_2:Value_2, s as a l s as
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ww ww ww Key_n:Value_n ww ww
g rgrg rgrg } rgrg rgrg
i . O . O i . O . O i . O . O i . O . O .
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commas work assasaa separator for the sasaThe keys in a Python
a l al a i
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a
adadaelements. adadaa a
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ww.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P w w
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ww
ww wwww ww ww work as w awww
separator for the elements. wwww
g
i .O . rgrg
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a sa
l
asa a l a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
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a s
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l
asa a l a i
a s
a aslaalia
ww ww ww 68
ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
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s as
a
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s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lala i i .
s a slaalia.
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ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
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s aslaa lia i .
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s aslaalia i .
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w.wP.P Answer the following w .wPquestions:
. P w.wP.P w .wP.P (5 w.wP.P
Marks)
ww
ww
g 1. What therdifferent grg ways to insertrg an
rg element in a list.i.Explain rgrg with suitable example. rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a a O
Inserting
s as a l elements in a list using
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ada insert ( ) function
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ahelps a
dada at your desiredPposition.
aelement a
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ww.P.P w w.P.P ww.P.P w w. .P ww.P.P
ww
ww ww ww ww ww
 The insert( ) w w
function is used to insertw anwelement at any position ww of a list. ww
g Syntax: i.O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
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List.insert a s
a
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asa index, element) asaasa
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a s
a
l
asa al a i
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wwww Example: www w wwww www w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
>>> MyList=[34,98,47,'Kannan', 'Gowrisankar', 'Lenin', 'Sreenivasan' ]
g . O r
O grg . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lala i i . >>> MyList.insert(3,
s as
a
lalai i .
'Ramakrishnan')
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
>>> print(MyList)
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww Output: ww47, 'Ramakrishnan', 'Kannan', ww 'Gowrisankar', 'Lenin', ww 'Sreenivasan'] ww w
ww
ww ww
[34, w98,
w wwww wwww ww w
g  In the above rgrgexample, insert( )i.function rgrg inserts a new element rgrg „Ramakrishnan‟ at thergrindex
g value 3,
l a ia. O
i . O l a a O
i . O l a ia. O
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i . O laalia.
s as a l 4 position.
th
s as a l s as a l s as a l s as
.wP.P adaada
ie. at the
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
w
ww  While inserting w w element, the existing
wawnew w
www elements shifts onewposition w
www to the right. ww w
www
ww ww ww w
Padasalai
Adding more elements in a list using append():
 Theala a ia.O
append(
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i . O
add a single elementa laa i
in
l a.Oia. Olist. a laalia.Oi . O
a laalia.
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da it includes elements a s s a s s a s s a s s
.P.P adaBut, .P.P adadatathe end of a list. .P.P adada .P.P adada .P.P adada
ww
ww Syntax: www w wwww www w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g List.append
i .O . rgrg (element to be iadded)
O .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
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s l
asa
Example:
a a
a l a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad 45, 48] .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww >>> www
Mylist=[34,
w wwww www w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
>>> Mylist.append(90)
g . O rg>>>
O rg print(Mylist) i.O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lala i i .
s as
a
lala i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
P daada
aOutput: [34, 45, 48,ad
P aada
90]
P adaada P adaada P adaada
. . P
ww Adding more elements . . P
ww in a list using extend(): ww. . P ww . . P ww. . P
ww
ww
g  The extend( rgrg) function is used to add
rgrgmore than one element rgrtog an existing list. i.O.O rgrg
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 Insa slaa l
extend(ia i . ) function, multiple s aslaa ia i .
l elements should besspecified aslaalia i . a
within squaresbracketslaal as arguments ofsaslaalia.
a i
.wP.P adaathe
da function. .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www www www www www
ww Syntax: ww ww ww ww
g .O rgList.extend
O rg ( [elements .O rtogrgbe added])
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaa lia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
Example:
adada adadaa a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P >>> w w.P.P
Mylist=[34, 45, 48] ww.P.P w w.P.P ww.P.P
ww
ww
>>> Mylist.extend([71, 32, 29])
g O r
O
. i. >>>grg print(Mylist) i.O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .
l
asa a lia l
asa al a i . l
asa alia i . l
a
dad s
a a s
a a s
a a s
a a s
a
.P.P aOutput: [34, 45, 48,
.P.P ad90,
ad 71, 32, 29] .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
ww ww ww 69
ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
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O
s as
a
lala i i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
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daada
aQuestions . P.P
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s s as
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ww ww ww ww ww
g 2. What iis.O.the Orgrgpurpose of range(i.)? O Ogrg
rExplain with an example. . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaal a i
s a slaal a i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
daada
arange(): adaada adaada adaada adaada
ww
ww  The range( www) w
is a function used to generate ww ww a series of valuesww winwPython. wwww
 Usingrg range(
g . O O rg ) function, you . O
canrgrgcreate list with series
O . O
of
rgrvalues.
O g .O rgrg
O
saslThe
aalia i .
range( ) function has
sa slaalia
three i . arguments. s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada adadaa a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww Syntax of rangew(w
ww w)wfunction: ww ww ww
ww wwww
g range (startgvalue, end value, step value)
g
i O
. i. r
O r g
i O
. i. r
O r g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
where,
a s
a
l
asa al a
a s
a
l
asa al a
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a sa
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad start value – beginning .P.P adad value of series. .Zero P.Padadis the default beginning .P.P adavalue.
d .P.P adad
ww  end valueww – upper limit of series. w w
Python takes the ending value ww as upper limit – 1. ww
g  step . O rgrg – It is an optional
value
O . O rgrg
argument,
O which is used . O torgrgenerate
O g different interval. O rgrgof values.
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
P daada
aExample : Generating whole
P adaada numbers upto .10 P adaada P adaada P adaada
. . P
ww for x in range (1, 11): ww . . P ww . P ww . . P ww . . P
ww
ww wwww ww ww ww
ww wwww
print(x)
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
Output:
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P a1daada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
w
ww 2 ww w www ww w www
ww ww ww ww ww
Padasalai
g 3 rg g rgrg rgrg rgrg
4 salaalia.O i.Or a laalia.Oi . O
a laalia.Oi . O
a laalia.Oi . O
a laalia.
a s a s s a s s a s s a s s
.P.P a5dada .P.P adada .P.P adada .P.P adada .P.P adada
ww
ww 6 ww w w www w ww w w www w
ww ww ww ww ww
7
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
8
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P a9dad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww 10 ww w w www w ww w w www w
ww ww ww ww ww
Creating a list with series of values
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaaUsing
P da the range( ) function, . P. adaada you can create a.Plist
P . P
ada series of values. adaada
adawith . P. P . P. adaada
P
ww  To convert the result ww of range( ) functionwinto w wwfunction called list( ).ww w
ww
ww wwww wwww list, we need one w ww
more
w ww w
g  The list( )rfunction grg makes the resultrgof r g range( ) as a list. .O.O rgrg rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia i l a ia. O
i . O laalia.
Syntax:
www ww w
List_Varibale = list ( range ( )
www
) ww w www
ww ww ww ww ww
Example :
g .O rg>>>
O rg Even_List = list(range(2,11,2))
.O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada adada
>>> print(Even_List) a a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww Output:
ww www
[2,w4, 6, 8, 10] ww ww ww
ww wwww
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
 Insthe
a a
l
asa al a i
above code, list( )
a s
a
l
function
asa al a i takes the result of
a s
a
l a
range(
asa l a i ) as Even_List l a
elements.
a s
a asa l a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adaThus,
d Even_List list .Phas
. adathe
P d elements of first.Pfive
. adad
P even numbers. ww .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww ww w w www w ww www w
ww ww ww 70
ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
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daada
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ww Send ww
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s s a
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s laalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
g 3. What iis.O.nestedOrgrg tuple? Explaini.with O rgrgan example.
O . O rgrg
O . O Orgrg
s a
s laal a i
s a
s laal a i .
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia.
daada
aTuple: adaada adaada adaada adaada
.wP.P . P. P . P. P . P.P . P. P
ww  Tuples consists
ww
w
ww
w
wofwawnumber of values w w
www by comma andwenclosed
separated
w
w
www within parentheses.
w
w
www
ww
 Tuple is similar to list, values in a list can be changed but not in a tuple.
g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O Orgrg .O Orgrg
NestedlaTuples:
s a
s a lia i .
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia i.
s a
s laalia i.
s a
s laalia.
adaPython, a tuple can
adaIn a a
daddefined
abe inside another adaada called Nested .tuple.
tuple; a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P w .P.P
w ww.P.P ww P.P ww.P.P
ww  In a nested tuple,
ww wweach tuple is considered
ww wwwwas an element. ww
ww ww
ww
g  The for loop rgrgwill be useful to access rgrall
g the elements in a.Onested
rgrg tuple. rgrg
i . O . O i. O .O i . O i .O . O .
aalaala
Example:
s
a s
i alaala i
a s
a s alaala i
a s
a s a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
wwww Toppers = w w
(("Vinodini",
ww "XII-F", w w
98.7),
ww ("Soundarya", w w
"XII-H",
ww 97.5), ("Tharani", wwww
"XII-F",
ww 95.3), ("Saisri",
ww "XII-G", 93.8))
ww ww ww
g for . O O
ii.inrgrToppers:
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P.Padaada print(i) ad
. P. P aada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
Output:
g ('Vinodini', . O Orgrg 98.7)
'XII-F', . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s asla
a li
a i.
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada
('Soundarya', 'XII-H', 97.5)
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
w
ww ('Tharani', 'XII-F', w
ww
w95.3) w
www wwww w
www
ww ww ww ww ww
Padasalai
('Saisri', 'XII-G', 93.8)
g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
da
a4.daExplain a a
d operations ada python with suitable
adaby a a
adadexample. a
adada
.P.Pad
the differentaset supported
ww.P.P w w w w.P.P w w.P.P ww.P.P
ww  A Set is a mutable
ww ww ww and an unordered collection wwww of elements without ww duplicates.
ww ww
ww
Set Operations:
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
 The
a s
a
l
asa al
seta i operations such
a
as
s
a
l al
Union,
asa a i Intersection, l
difference
a s
a asa al a i and Symmetric
a
l al a
difference.
s
a asa i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P a(i)dadUnion: .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
ww
ww  It includes allwelements www w www w ww w w wwww
ww w from two or more ww sets. ww ww
g  The operator . O rgrg | is used to union
O . Oof rgtwo
O rg sets. . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
a a
lalai i . a a
lalai i . a a
lalai i . a a
lalai i . a laalia.
adaaThe
s s s s
ada used to join two sets s s s s s s
. P. P da function union(.P) P
. aisdaalso . P. adaadinapython.
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
g set_A={2,4,6,8} .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
adada a
set_B={'A', 'B', 'C', 'D'}
adadaa a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P U_set=set_A|set_B w w.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P ww.P.P
ww
ww ww ww wwww ww
ww ww
ww
print(U_set)
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
Output:
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asaa l a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
dad
a{2, adad adad adad adad
ww.P.P 4, 6, 8, 'A', 'D', w
'C',
w.P'B'}
. P w w.P.P w w.P.P ww.P.P
ww
ww ww ww wwww ww
ww ww
ww
71
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. P
daada
aQuestions . P.P
daada
aour . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww Send ww
Your & Answer ww
www.Padasalai.Net
s s as
ia. i.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww ww
ww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g (ii) Intersection:
. O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
a laalia i . a laa ia i .
l in two sets. a laalia i . a laalia i . a laalia.
.wP.P a ada It includes the common
. P. adaada
P
elements
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww  The operatorww
ww
w & w
wwiswused to intersect two ww
w
ww in python.
wsets ww
w
www ww
w
www
 The function g intersection( ) is alsogused to intersect two sets g in python.
g O
. i.O r r g O
. i.O r r g O
. i.O r rg .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia s aslaalia s aslaalia s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
Example:
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
wwww set_A={'A', 2, 4, w
'D'}
ww w w
ww w wwww www w
ww ww ww ww ww
set_B={'A', 'B', 'C', 'D'}
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
print(set_A
s as
a
lalai i . & set_B)
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
P daada
aOutput: P adaada P adaada P adaada P adaada
. . P
ww {'A', 'D'} ww . . P ww . . P ww. . P ww . . P
ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
a laalia
(iii)asDifference:
s
i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
adadItaincludes all elements ada
adathat adaadaA) but not in the second adaadaset (say set B). .P.P adaada
w.wP.P w .wP.P are in first setw(say .wP.P set w.wP.P w
ww
ww ww ww wwww wwww wwwww
 The minus (-) operator is used to difference set operation in python.
Padasalai
g  Thelafunction .O rgrg difference( ) is also
O .O O grg to difference operation.
rused .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s as a lia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
ww
ww Example: www w w
ww w wwww www w
ww ww ww ww ww
set_A={'A', r2,g 4,
g . O O rg 'D'} . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
set_B={'A',
s as
a i i .
lala 'B', 'C', 'D'} s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
P daada
aprint(set_A P adaada P adaada P adaada P adaada
ww. . P - set_B) ww . . P ww . . P ww. . P ww . . P
ww
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
{2, s
4} aslaal a i
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
www www w
ww www www
ww ww ww ww ww
(iv) Symmetric difference
g
ia.O .Orgrg .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
 Itsaincludes
slaal i all the elements s asl al
that
a
ia i .
are in two sets (say
s asl al
sets
a
ia iA. and B) but not the
s aslaali
onea i . that are commonsaslaalia.
a
adadtoa two sets. a
adada a
adada a
adada adaada
ww. P. P ww . P. P ww . P. P ww. P. P ww . P. P
ww
ww ww ww ww ww
 The caret (^)woperator w is used to symmetric ww difference set operation ww in python. ww
g  The function i .O . rgrg symmetric_difference(
O i .O . rgrg ) is also used to do
O i .O . rgrsame
the
O g operation. .O.O
i rgrg .
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
wwww www w w
ww w wwww www w
ww ww ww 72
ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. P
daada
aQuestions . P.P
daada
aour . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww Send ww
Your & Answer ww
www.Padasalai.Net
s s as
ia. i.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww ww ww wwww ww ww ww ww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s a slaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
www ww w www ww w ww w
ww ww ww ww ww
g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
adadaa a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P w w. P.P ww. P.P w w. P.P w w. P.P
ww Example:
ww wwww ww
ww ww
ww ww
ww
set_A={'A', 2,g 4, 'D'}
g
i .O . r rg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
set_B={'A',
a s
a
l
asa al a i 'B', 'C', 'D'}
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
dad
aprint(set_A adad adad adad adad
ww.P.P ^ set_B) w w.P.P ww.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P
ww
ww wwww ww
ww ww
ww ww
ww
g Output:
. O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
{2,a4,s a a
'B',
s
i
lala'C'}i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
ww ww ww ww ww
Padasalai
g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
adadaa a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww
ww wwww ww
ww ww
ww ww
ww
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
wwww ww w w wwww ww w w ww w w
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
ww ww ww ww ww
g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
adadaa a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P w w.P.P ww. P.P w w. P.P w w. P.P
ww
ww wwww wwPREPARED BY
ww ww
ww ww
ww
i .O . rgrg B.Ed. (C.S)
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg J. ILAKKIA M.Sc.,i.M.Phil.,
O .
l al a i
a s
a asa a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i l al a i
jilakkia@gmail.com
a s
a asa a s
a aslaalia
wwww ww w w wwww ww w w ww w w
ww ww ww 73
ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. P
daada
aQuestions . P.P
daada
aour . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww Send ww
Your & Answer ww
s a
www.Padasalai.Net
s s a
s
ia. i.
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
O . O rgrg
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laal a i
s a
s laalia.
a
.wP.P adaada
w w w w w
ww
ww 10. wwww
PYTHON CLASSES ww
ww AND ww
ww OBJECTSwwww
g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia i.
s a
s laalia i.
s a
s laalia.
a
aChoose a
adada a
adada a
adada (1 Mark) a
adada
ww 1. Which of the w
ww ww
following
w are the key features ww of an Object Oriented
ww wProgramming
ww w language? ww
ww
g
i rgrg and Classes
(a) Constructor
.OO . i.O . rgrg (b) Constructor and
O i .O . rgrg
Object
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
aasal al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad(c) Classes and Objects .P.P adad adad and Destructor.P.P
(d) Constructor
.P.P adad .P.P adad
ww
ww 2. Functions defined w w
wwinside a class: www w wwww www w
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O
(a) Functions rgrg
O (b) Module . O rgrg
O O
(c) iMethods
. rgrg
O (d). O rgrg
section
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lala i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P.Pa3.daa
da members are .accessed
Class P . adaada through which operator?
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww (a) & ww (b) . ww (c) # ww (d) % ww
g . O O grg
rthe . O rgrg
O . O rgrg an object is created?
O . O rgrg
O
4. Which
s aslaaliaofi . following method
s aslaaliaisi . automatically executed
s aslaalia i .
when
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada (a) __object__( w ) .P.P adaad(b)
a
__del__( ) w.P.P adaada(c) __func__( ) .P.P adaada (d) __init__(.)P.P adaada
www www www w
www w
www
ww ww ww ww ww
Padasalai
5. A private class variable is prefixed with
g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
(a)
s aslaal
__ia i . (b)
s asl
&&
aalia i .
s a l
(c)
s aalia
## i .
s aslaalia
(d) i . **
s aslaalia.
a
da
a6.daWhich ada
adamethod a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P of the w .P.P
following
w is used as .P.P
destructor?
w w ww.P.P w .P.P
w
ww
ww wwww ww ww ww
ww wwww
(a) __init__( ) (b) __dest__( ) (c) __rem__( ) (d) __del__( )
g O
. i. r
O gr g O
. i. r
O g r g O
. i. r
O gr g .O rgrg
O .
7. a l alia
asa of the following class
Which l alia
asadeclaration is correct? l
asa alia l
s
a a s
a a s
a a s
a a s
a
wwww (a) class class_name www w (b) class class_name<>
www w (c) class ww
class_name:
ww (d) class w w
class_name[
ww
ww ww ww ww ww
]
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
8. Which
s as
a i i .
lalaof the following is the s as
a i
laoutputi .
la of the following s as
a
lalai
program?i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww class Student: ww w ww ww ww
ww
ww ww w ww ww ww
ww wwww
g def __init__(self, rgrg name): rgrg rgrg rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O laalia.
s as a l
self.name=name s as a l s as a l s as a l s as
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
w
ww S=Student(“Tamil”) w
www w
www w
www w
www
ww ww ww ww ww
g (a) Errorrgrg (b) Tamilrgrg (c) name rgrg (d) self rgrg
l alia.Oi . O l alia.Oi . O l alia.Oi . O l alia.Oi . O laalia.
a s as a a s as a a s as a a s as a a s as
.P.P adada
9. Which of the following
.P.P adada
is the private class adada
variable?
.P.P .P.P adada .P.P adada
ww (a) __num ww (b) ##num ww (c) $$numww (d) &&num ww
g 10. The process
i .O . rgrgof creating an object
O i .O . risgrcalled
O g as: i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asaa l a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad(a) Constructor .P.P adad(b) Destructor .P.P adad (c) Initialize .P.P adad (d) Instantiation
.P.P adad
ww ww ww 74
ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. P
daada
aQuestions . P.P
daada
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ww Send ww
Your & Answer ww
www.Padasalai.Net
s s as
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. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P . adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s a slaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaal a i
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
daada the followingPquestions adaada adaada adaada (2 Marks)Pad aa
w.wP.P aAnswer
w .w.P w .wP.P w .wP.P w.w.Pad
ww 1. What is class?
ww
g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
 Class
s aslaaliaisi .the main building s l
block
as aalia i .
in Python. s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
adadaa a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P  Class is a w
template w.P .
forP the object. w w.P.P w w.P.P ww.P.P
ww
ww
 Object isragrcollection of data and functionrgrg that act on thoserdata.
g
i . O . O g
i . O . O i .O . Ogrg i .O . rgrg
O .
s
a
l al a i
asa are also called asasainstances
daObjects l
asa al a i
of a class or s l al a i
asavariable.
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a a a s
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a s
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ww
ww 2. What is instantiation? www w www w www w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g  Thelaprocess . O rgrgof creating object iis
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called
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
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s as a
i
la i .
s as
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s as
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lalai i .
s as
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P daada
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ww
ww wwww ww w wwww ww
ww
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g . O rgrg
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3. What
s aslaalia
is i .
the output of the
s l a ia
following
as a l i . program?
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
daada
aclass adaada adaada adaada adaada
w.wP.P Sample: w .wP.P w .wP.P w .wP.P w.wP.P
ww
ww ww ww ww ww
__num=10 ww ww ww ww
Padasalai
g .O
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O .O rgrg
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O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
adadaa print(self.__num) a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww S=Sample() ww
ww ww ww ww wwww ww
ww
S.disp()
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
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asa a
print(S.__num)
l a i
a s
a
l
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a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
dad
aOUTPUT: adad adad adad adad
ww >>>
ww
g 10
. O rgrg
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lineasa a i i .
ala<module>
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s as
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s aslaalia.
. P. adaprint(S.__num)
P d . P. adaada
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ww AttributeError: 'Sample' ww object has no attribute ww '__num' ww ww
g >>> . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
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s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P a4.daa
da will you create
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aa
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ww  “init” is a special ww function begin and end ww with double underscore ww in Python act as a Constructor. ww
g .O rgrg
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O .O rgrg
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O
 Constructor
s aslaalia i . function will
s aslaalia i
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s aslaali
an
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s aslaali
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a i .
s aslaalia.
a
dada
aGeneral a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P format: ww .P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P ww.P.P
ww
ww
g
i . O . rgrg def __init__(self,
O i . O . rg[args
O rg ……..]): i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
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a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
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.P.P adad adad
<statements>
.P.P .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
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g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
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O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. P
daada
aQuestions . P .P
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s s as
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. P. adaada
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P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P a5.daa
da is the purpose
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ada
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w
ww  Destructor is w w
wwa special method getsww w w
w w
ww an object exit fromwthe w
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ww w
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g  In Python, .O rg__del__(
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O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s as a l i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
dada format:
aGeneral adadaa a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww
ww
g def __del__(self):g
g
i O
. i. r
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i .O . r rg
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O i .O . rgrg
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a s
a
l
asa al a <statements>a s
a
l
asa al a i
a sa
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
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a s
a aslaalia
ww ww ww ww ww
g Answer the rfollowing
. O O grg questions
. O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
(3 Marks)
O
s as
a
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s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. a1.daa
P da are class members?
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ada
adait? . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww ww
wcalled
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ww  Variables defined ww inside a class are ww as “Class Variable” ww and functions are ww called as
g “Methods”. . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaaClass
da variable and methods .wP.P adaadaare together known .wP.P
daadmembers
aas a of the class.
www www www www www
ww ww ww ww ww
 The class members should be accessed through objects or instance of class.
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g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
 Asclass
aslaalia i .
can be defined anywhere
s aslaalia i .
in a Python program.s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
adadaa adadaa a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P  SYNTAX FOR w w.P.P
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ww
ww
class class_name:
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l al a i
asstatement_1
a a s
a
l
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a sa
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
wwww statement_2 www w www w www w www w
ww ww ww ww ww
g ………….. rgrg rgrg rgrg rgrg
a
lalai . O
i . O a
lalai . O
i . O a
lalai . O
i . O a
lalai . O
i . O laalia.
. P. adaada ………….. .P.P
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww statement_n ww ww ww ww
g a.O rgrg with two privatei.class
O O rgrgvariables and print
O . O rgrgsum using a method.
O . O rgrg
O
2. Write
s aslaalia iclass
.
s aslaal a i .
s aslaalia i .the
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
daada
ww
ww
class Sample:
g
ia.O .Orgrg .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s slaal i
defa__init__(self,n1,n2):
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adadaself.__n1=n1 .P.P adadaa a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww
ww
self.__n2=n2
g .O
def sum(self):
i . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a sa
l
asa al a i
a sa
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad print("Class Variable .P.P ada1:",self.__n1)
d .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
ww ww ww 76
ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. P
daada
aQuestions . P.P
daada
aour . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
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ww Send ww
Your & Answer ww
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s s as
ia. i.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww ww
ww wwww ww ww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaa lia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaadaprint("Class Variable .wP.P
ada
ada2:",self.__n2) .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www print("Sum:",self.__n1 w
ww + self.__n2) ww www ww w www
ww ww ww ww
g S=Sample(5,10) rgrg rgrg rgrg rgrg
l a lia.Oi . O l alia.Oi . O l alia.Oi . O l alia.Oi . O laalia.
S.sum()
wwww w
ww w wwww ww w w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g OUTPUT: rgrg rgrg rgrg rgrg
i .O . O i .O . O i .O . O i .O . O .
>>> a s
a
l
asa a l a i
a sa
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
ww
ww Class Variable 1:ww w w ww w w ww
ww 5ww ww
ww ww
ww ww
ww
g . O rgrg2: 10
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
Class Variable
s as
a
lala i i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
P daada 15
aSum: P adaada P adaada P adaada P adaada
ww. . P ww . . P ww. . P ww . . P ww. . P
ww
ww ww ww ww
ww ww
ww ww
ww
>>>
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
3. a s
Findaslaa i
thea i .
l error in the following s aslaa ia i .
l program to get the s aslaa ia i .
l output?
given s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
w
ww ERROR CODE: w
ww www ww w www
ww ww ww ww ww
Padasalai
g class Fruits: .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaa lia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a a
dad__init__(self,
adef f1, f2): a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww
ww ww ww ww
ww ww
ww ww
ww
self.f1=f1
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
self.f2=f2
a s
a
l
asa a l a i
a sa
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
wwww def display(self): w
ww ww ww ww ww
g print("Fruit 1rg=rg%s, Fruit 2 = %s" %(self.f1, rgrg self.f2)) rgrg rgrg
a
lala i . O
i . O a
lalai . O
i . O a
lalai . O
i . O a
lalai . O
i . O laalia.
. P. aFda=adFruits
P
a ('Apple', 'Mango')
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww ww
ww wwww ww ww wwww
ww del F.display ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
F.display()
s aslaa lia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
daada
aOUTPUT: adaada adaada adaada adaada
w.wP.P w .wP.P w.wP.P w .wP.P w.wP.P
ww
ww ww ww ww
ww ww
ww ww
ww
g Fruit 1 = Apple,
.O rgrg Fruit 2 = Mango
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaa lia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
dada
aERROR: a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww
ww ww ww ww
ww ww
ww ww
ww
line 8, in <module>
g
ia.O .Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
l a l
delaF.display
a s
a s a i
a sa
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
wwww AttributeError: w
display
ww ww ww 77
ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lala i i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. P
daada
aQuestions . P.P
daada
aour . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww Send ww
Your & Answer ww
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s s as
ia. i.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
daada
aCORRECT CODE: .P.P adaada adaada adaada adaada
w.wP.P w w . P. P w . P. P w . P. P
ww
ww wwwww www
ww www
ww www
ww
class Fruits:
g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
def
s asl alia i .
__init__(self,
a f1, f2): s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P self.f1=f1 w w.P.P ww.P.P w w.P.P ww.P.P
ww
ww wwww ww
ww ww
ww ww
ww
g self.f2=f2
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l al a i
asdisplay(self):
a a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adaddef
wwww w w w ww
ww self.f2)) ww w w wwww
ww print("Fruitw1w=w%s, Fruit 2 = %s" %(self.f1, ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
F = Fruits
s as
a
lalai i .
('Apple','Mango')
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
P daada
aF.display() P adaada P adaada P adaada P adaada
ww
ww wwww ww
ww ww
ww ww
ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s
OUTPUT:aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
www w
w1w= Apple, Fruit 2 = Mango www ww w www
ww ww
Fruit ww ww ww
Padasalai
g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
4. What
s aslaalia
is i .
the output of the
s l a ia
following
as a l i . program?
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P CODE: w w.P.P ww.P.P w w.P.P ww.P.P
ww
ww wwww ww
ww ww
ww ww
ww
g class Greeting: rgrg rgrg rgrg rgrg
i .O . O i .O . O i .O . O i .O . O .
defa s
a
l
asa al a i
__init__(self, name): a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
ww
ww self.__name = name www w wwww ww w w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslalai
def display(self):
a i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
P daada
aprint("Good P daada
aself.__name) P adaada P adaada P adaada
ww. . P Morning ww .",. P ww. . P ww . . P ww. . P
ww
ww wwww ww
ww ww
ww ww
ww
obj=Greeting('Bindu Madhavan')
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s a laal
obj.display()
s
ia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
ww ww ww ww ww
g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
dada
aOutput: a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww >>>
ww wwww ww
ww ww
ww ww
ww
g Good Morning i .O . rgrgBindu Madhavan i.O.O
O rgrg i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
dad
a>>> adad adad adad adad
ww
ww wwww ww
ww ww
ww ww
ww
78
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. P
daada
aQuestions . P.P
daada
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P . P. adaada
P
ww Send ww
Your & Answer ww
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s s as
ia. i.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P . adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
g 5. How do . O rgrg constructor and
define
O . O rgrg
destructor
O in Python?i.O.O rgrg . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaal a i
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
daada
aCONSTRUCTOR: adaada adaada adaada adaada
ww
ww wwww wwww ww
ww ww
ww
 “init” is a special function begin and end with double underscore in Python act as a Constructor.
g
 Constructor .O rgrg
O .O rgrg executed when an
O .O rgrg of a class is created.
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i . function will automatically
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .object
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
dada format of constructor:
aGeneral a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww
ww wwww wwww ww
ww ww
ww
g
i . O . rgrg def __init__(self,
O i . O . rg[args
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O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad adad
<statements>
.P.P .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
ww
ww DESTRUCTOR: www w www w www w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g  Destructor . O rgisrgalso a special method
O . O rg
O rg executed automatically . O rgrg when an object exit
O . O rgrg the scope.
O
s as
a
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PREPARED BY
g O
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l alia
asa M.Sc., B.Ed. (C.S) asaasa l alia l
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J. BASKARAN
a a a s
a J. ILAKKIAsM.Sc.,
a a
.P.P adadjbaskaran89@gmail.com .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adajilakkia@gmail.com
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ia. i.
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s a
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ww
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ww.P.P w w. P.P ww.P.P ww. P.P w w. P.P
ww 1. Which commands
ww wwww provide definitionswfor wwcreating table structure,
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ww wmodifying
ww w
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g
i .O . rgrg
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O i .O . rgrg
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a s
aasal
a.al a i
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a s
aasal al a i DML
a s
a
l
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a s
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a s
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wwww w w w ww w w
ww a. SELECT w
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wwww
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ww
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g . O rgrg to delete a table iis.O.O
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s as a
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ala i .
s as
a
lala i
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
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daada d. ALTER TABLE
aALL . P. adaada
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ww 4. Queries can be wwgenerated using ww ww ww
g a. SELECT . O rgrg
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O
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O
ALTER
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P a5.daa
da clause used to sort
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.wP.P ada ada in a database
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www www w
ww BY w
ww BY www
ww a. SORT BYww b. ORDER ww ww
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g .O rgrg
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O Section-B i.O.O rgrg .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaal a i
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
dada the followingPquestions a
adada a
adada a
adada (2 Marks)Pad a a
ww.P.P aAnswer
w w. .P w w.P.P ww.P.P w w. .Pad
ww 1. Write a query
ww www w selects all students
that wwwwhose
w age is less thanw18 wwwin order wise. ww
ww
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
Query:
a s
a
l
asa al a i SELECT * FROM
a s
a
l
asa al a i
Student WHERE Age<=18
a s
a
l
asa al a i ORDER BY Name;
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
ww
ww 2. DifferentiatewUnique w w
ww and Primary Key w w
wconstraint.
w wwww www w
ww w ww ww ww
g . O rgrUnique
O g Key Constraint
. O rgrg
O . O rgrPrimary
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. O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaadaThis constraint .ensures
P P. adaada that no two rows
P . P. adaadaThis constraint .declares
P P. adaada a field as a Primary
P . P. adaada
P
ww have the wsame w value in the wspecified w key which ww helps to uniquely identify ww a
columns.
a laalia.Oi.Or a laalia.Oi.Or a
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laalia.Oi.Or a laalia.Oi.Or a laalia.
s s s s s s s s s s
www  The UNIQUE w
wwconstraint can be applied w
wwonly  The primary w
wwkey does not allow www
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ww ww ww ww ww
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g . O rr
O . O r rg
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O
sNOT
as
i i .
laala NULL. s as
i
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s ahave
s
i i .
laala the NOT NULL constraint. s as
i
laala i .
s aslaalia.
adadaa a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww
ww
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
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a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
ww ww ww 91
ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. P
daada
aQuestions . P.P
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aour . P. adaada
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ww Send ww
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s a
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s s a
s
ia. i.
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia.
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P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
g 3. Write ithe . O rg
O rg
difference between itable . O rgrg
O constraint and column . O rgrconstraint?
O g . O Orgrg
s a
s laal a i .
s a
s laal a i .
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia.
.wP.P adaada adaada
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.w.P .wP.P adaada Column
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ada
adaConstraint .wP.P adaada
www www www www www
ww ww ww ww ww
 Table constraints apply to a group of one or  Column constraints apply only to individual
g O r
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. icolumns.g O
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s
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a
s laalia .
s a
s laalia s a
s a li
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l a a i.
s a
s laalia i.
s a
s laalia.
a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P ww.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P ww.P.P
ww
ww ww
ww ww
ww ww
ww ww
ww
g .O rgrg rgrg rgrg rgrg
s s a i.O
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s s a a.O
i.Owhich lets to create
alaliand s
.OO
alaliaai.table?
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.
a a
adaCommand
d a a
adad Description .P.P a
adad a a a
adcomponent
ad a
adad a
ww.P.P w w.P.P w w w w.P.P ww.P.P
ww
g Insert rgrgInserts data into a table rgrg rgrg DML rgrg
a
lalai . O
i . O a
lalai . O
i . O a
lalai . O
i . O laalia.O i.O laalia.
. P.PadaadCreate
a To create
. P. P
daada in the database.Padaada
atables . . P . P. adaadaDDL
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
5. What
s aslaali
a
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the difference between
s aslaalia i .
SQL and MySQL? s aslaalia i .
s aslaa lia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada adaada
.wP.SQL
.wP.MySQL
P .wP.P adaada
www www www www www
ww  StructuredwQuery w Language is awlanguage w  MySQL w iswa database management ww system,
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g r gr g r g g r g g r g g
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a laal a i.Oaccessing
O databases.i.O
a laal a i.Or a
like
laalia.O .Or Server, Oracle,
iSQL a laa l i.Or Postgres, alaalia.
Informix,
ia.O
ss ss ss ss ss
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada etc.
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww  SQL is a DBMS wwww wwww  MySQL w w
isw w
aw w
RDBMS. wwww
ww ww ww ww
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a sa
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa a l a i
a s
a aslaalia
.Section-C
P.P .P.P adad .P.P adad
ww
ww Answer the following w w
ww questions www w www w wwww
g 1. What isOarg rg
constraint? Write short O rgrnote
g on Primary key O rgrg
constraint. O rgrg
a
lalai . i . O a
lalai . i . O a
lalai . i . O a
lala i . i . O laalia.
. P. adaadConstraint
P
a is a condition
. P. adaadapplicable
P
a on a field aord
. P. P aaset
da of fields. . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww  Primary constraint wwwwdeclares a field as a w ww key which helpswtow
w
Primary ww wwww
ww ww ww ww uniquely identify a w record.
w
g  It is similar rgrgto unique constraint except
rgrg that only one field rofgrga table can be set asi.O primary
rgrg key.
i . O . O i . O . O i . O . O . O laalia.
 Thes as lai
laaprimary key does notsallow aslaalaiNULL values andstherefore aslaalai a primary key sfield aslaalamusti have the
s as
.wP.P adaadNOT
a
NULL constraint. .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www www www www www
ww ww ww ww ww
g 2. Write ia.O SQLrgrg statement to modify
O .O rgthe
O rg student table structure .O rgrg by adding a new
O .O rgrg
field.
O
s aslaal a i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaa lia i .
s aslaalia.
a
dada : ALTER TABLE
aSyntax ada
ada<table-name> a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P w w.P.P ADD w w P.P
.<column-name><data w w.P.P
type><size>; ww.P.P
ww
To add a new column “Address” of type „char‟ to the Student table, the command is used as
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a sa
l
Statement:
asa al a i ALTER
a
l
TABLE
s
a asa al a i Student ADD
a
l
Address
s
a asa al a i char;
a s
a
l
asa a l a i
a s
a aslaalia
ww ww ww 92
ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lala i i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. P
daada
aQuestions . P.P
daada
aour . P. adaada
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P
ww Send ww
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s s as
ia. i.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww ww
ww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g 3. Write iany . O rgthree
O rg DDL commands. . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaal a i .
s a slaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
daadaDefinition Language:
aData adaada adaada adaada adaada
ww Create Command:
ww wwTo create tables in the
ww wwwdatabase.
w ww ww wwww
g .O rgrg TABLE Student i.(Admno
O O rgrg integer, Namei.char(20),
O O rgrg Gender char(1),
O .O rgrg integer);
O
s as
CREATE
laalia i .
sa slaal a i .
s aslaal a i .
s aslaalia i . Age
s aslaalia.
a
dada Command: Alters
aAlter a
dastructure of the database.
adathe a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww
ww ww
ww wwww ww ww wwww
ALTER TABLE Student ADD Address char;
g
ia.O .Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a s aa
DropaCommand:
l l i Delete tables
a s
a
l
asa al a
from i database.
a sa
l
asa al a i
a sa
l
asa al a i
a saaslaalia
.P.P adad DROP TABLE.PStudent; . adad
wwww www w www w w
ww w www w
ww ww ww ww ww
4. Write the use of Savepoint command with an example.
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s a a
lalai i .
s a a
lalai i .
s a a
lalai i .
s a a
lalai i .
s a laalia.
adaaThe
s s s s s
. P. P da SAVEPOINT .command P. adaada is used to temporarily
P . P. adaadasave a transaction
P . P.
so
P
ada you can rollback toadathe
adathat . P. P
ada
ww point wheneverwrequired. w ww ww ww
ww
g Syntax: i.O.O rgSAVEPOINT
rg savepoint_name;
. O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaal a i
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
daada
aExample: SAVEPOINT adaadA;a adaada adaada adaada
ww
ww ww ww ww ww
5. Write a SQLwstatement w using DISTINCT ww keyword. ww ww
Padasalai
g  The lDISTINCT
i .O . rgrg keyword is used
O i .O . O grg
ralong i .O . rgcommand
O rg i .O . rgrg
O rows in lalia.
a al a i a l al a i with the SELECT
a l al a i to eliminate
a l al a i duplicate
a d aadsa s a
a da a
d s
a s a
a daadsa s a
a d
a adsa s a
a d
a adsaasa
ww.P.P the table. ww .P.P ww .P.P ww .P.P ww .P.P
ww
ww ww
ww wwww ww ww wwww
 This helps to eliminate redundant data.
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
 For
a sa
l
asa al a i
Example:
a s
a
l
asa
SELECT al a i DISTINCT Place
a s
a
l
asa a
FROMl a i Student;
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a saaslaalia
wwww www w www w
Section - D w
ww w www w
ww ww ww ww ww
Answer the following questions: (5 Marks)
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. a1.daa
P da the different.Ptypes
Write . adaadaof constraints and
P . P. a
P
daadafunctions.
their . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww ww
ww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
 Constraint is a condition applicable on a field or set of fields.
g  Type . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaaliaofi . Constraints:
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
www www www w
ww www
ww ww ww ww ww
g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
adadaa adadaa a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww
ww ww
ww wwww ww ww wwww
(i)Unique Constraint: Table Constraint
g O
. i. r
O gr g O
. i. r
O grg .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .
 a This l
asa alia
constraint ensures that l
asa
no alia
two rows have the l
asa
same alia i
value
. in the specified l
asa alia
columns. i . aslaalia
sa a s
a a s
a a s
a a sa
wwww www w www w w
ww w www w
ww ww ww 93
ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. P
daada
aQuestions . P.P
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P
ww Send ww
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s s as
ia. i.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
g  For example . O rgrgUNIQUE constraint
O . O O grg
rapplied on Admno of . O rgrg table ensures that
student
O . O Ogrgtwo students
rno
s aslaa ia i .
l same admission number s aslaa ia i .
l and the constraintscan as laa ia i .
lbe used as: s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada
have the
ww ww ww ww ww
g CREATEO rgrg Student
. iTABLE
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia .
s aslaa lia i .
s as laalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
a( dada a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww Admno integer NOT
ww wwwwNULL UNIQUE, →ww w w
Unique constraint ww ww ww
ww
Name char (20) g NOT NULL,
g
i O r
O
. i. (1),r g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
Gender
a sa
l
asa a a
char
l
a s
a
l
asa a l a i
a s
a asal al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P a);dad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
ww
ww  The UNIQUEww www w w w
wonly
w to fields that havewalso w w
ww been declared as NOT ww
wwNULL.
ww constraint can be applied ww w ww
g  When . O rgconstraints
O rg . O rgrg
O . O rgrgas multiple constraints.
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalaitwoi . are applied
s as
a
lala i i .on a single field,
s
it
as
is a
lalaknown
i i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaaIn
P dathe above Multiple . P. P
daada
aconstraints NOT NULL
. P. P
daadaUNIQUE are applied
aand . P. P
adaa single field Admno.
adaon . P. adaada
P
wwww (ii) Primary Key w www wwww ww ww wwww
ww wwConstraint: ww ww ww
g  This constraint
. O rgrg declares a field ias
O . O rgPrimary
aO rg key which helps . O rgrtog uniquely identifyi.aO.record.
O rgrg
O
da s aslaalia i .
s aslaa a i .
l except that only one s as laa ia i .
l of a table can be set s aslaa a i
l primary key. s aslaalia.
.wP.P a adaIt is similar to unique
. P. adaada
P
constraint
. P. adaada
P
field
. P. adaada
P
as
. P. adaada
P
ww  The primary w
ww
w
w
w w not allow NULL
wwdoes
key ww
w
ww and therefore w
wvalues aw w
ww declared as primary
wfield ww
ww
ww must
key
Padasalai
have the NOT NULL constraint.
g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
Example:
s aslaalia i .
s aslaa lia i .
s as laalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
dada
aCREATE TABLE Student a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww (
ww
g Admno integer
i . O . rgrgNOT NULL PRIMARY
O i . O . rgrgKEY, → Primary iKey
O . O . rgconstraint
O rg i .O . rgrg
O .
Namea sa
l al a i
aschar(20)NOT
a NULL,asasa
a
l a l a i
a s
a asal al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
dad
aGender adad adad adad adad
ww.P.P char(1), w w.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P ww.P.P
ww
ww ww ww ww ww
Age integer, ww ww ww ww
g ); . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lala i i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
P daadaDEFAULT Constraint:
a(iii) P adaada P adaada P adaada P adaada
ww
ww  The DEFAULT wwww
constraint is used to assign wwww a default value for w ww
w
the field. ww
ww
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g ( aia.O rgrg
O .O rgrg
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a s
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wwww ww
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ww ww ww ww ww
g  In the iabove. O rgrgexample the “Age”
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ww (iv) Check Constraint: w
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ww ww ww ww ww
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l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
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a s as a l it allows only the a s a a l
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wwww w
ww w www w wwww www w
ww  Example:
ww ww ww ww
g .O
CREATE
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O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
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a s
a
l
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a s
a
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a sa
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.P.P adad . P.P adad . P.Padad . P.Padad . P.Padad
wwww Admnowinteger w w
ww NOT NULL PRIMARY w w
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ww w ww ww ww
Name grgchar(20)NOT NULL,
g . O r
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
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s as
a
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Gender . char(1),
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada Age integer (CHECK<=19),
P . P . adaada
P → Check.P . adaada
Constraint
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww ww
ww wwww wwww wwww
ww Place char(10),ww ww ww ww
g ); Orgrg O rgrg O rgrg O rgrg
l alia. i . O l alia. i . O l alia. i . O l alia. i . O laalia.
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www  In the above w
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ww the check constraint
www is set to Age field where
www . value of Age w
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ww less
ww ww ww ww ww
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than or equal to 19.
g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
(V) Table
s aslaalia .
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i
s aslaalia i .
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s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
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adaWhen a
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ww.P.P w w . w w.P.P ww.P.P w w
ww
ww wwww ww ww ww
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O i .O . rgrg
Student1
O with the following i .O . rgrg fields Admno, Firstname,
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O .
a s l al a i
asa Age, Place:
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a a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a sa
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
ww
ww
ww  Example: ww
w
ww w wwwww w ww wwww wwwww w
CREATE TABLE Student 1
(alalia.O i .O a a
lalai . O
i . O
a a
lalai . O
i . O
a a
lalai . O
i . O
a laalia.
s s a s s s s s s s s
. P. adaadaAdmno integer NOT
P . P . P
ada
adaNULL, . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww ww
ww wwww wwww wwww
ww Firstname char(20), ww ww ww ww
g Lastname
. O rgrgchar(20),
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s a laa
Gender
s
ia i .
l char(1), s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaadaAge integer, .P.P adaada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
www w
www w
www w
www w
www
ww Place char(10), ww ww ww ww
g PRIMARY .O rgrg KEY (Firstname,i.Lastname)
O O rgrg
O → Table constraint .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaal a i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada ); adadaa a
adada a
adada a
adada
w .P.P w . P . P w . P. P w . P. P w . P. P
ww  In the above example,
ww w ww w
ww the two fields, Firstname wwww w and Lastname are ww w w
wdefined as Primary key www w
which
w is a
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g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a sa
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
wwww w
ww w www w wwww w
ww w
ww ww ww 95
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g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s a s
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
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daada
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s s as
ia. i.
. P. adaada
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P . P . adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww ww
ww ww
ww
ww ww ww ww ww
g 2. Consider . O O grg following employee
rthe . O Ogrg Write SQL commands
rtable. . O rgrg for the qtns.(i)i.O
O to Ogrg
r(v).
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaal a i .
s aslaalia.
www www www w
ww w
ww
ww ww ww ww ww
g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
adadaa a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww
ww ww ww ww
ww wwww wwww
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
(i) To
a s
a
l al a
asdisplay
a i
the details of
a s l al a i
asaemployees in descending
all
a a s
a
l al a i
asa order of pay. asaasa l al a i
a s
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ww
ww SELECT * FROM w w
wemployee
w ORDER BY w w
w w
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ww w w
ww w
ww ww ww ww ww
(ii) To display grgall employees whose allowance
grg is between 5000 grgand 7000.
g . O r
O . O r
O . O r
O . O rgrg
O
SELECTs as
a i i .
lala* FROM employeesWHERE as
a i i .
lala allowance BETWEEN s as
a i i .
lala 5000 AND 7000;saslala a i i .
s aslaalia.
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a(iii) P adaada who are mechanic. P adaada P adaada P adaada
ww. . P To remove the . . P
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ww ww . . P ww . . P ww . . P
ww
ww ww ww ww
ww wwww wwww
DELETE FROM employee WHERE desig=‟Mechanic‟;
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
(iv) To
s aslaali
adda i . a new row.
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
daada
aINSERT adaada adaada adaada adaada
w.wP.P INTO employee w .wP.P w .wP.P w .wP.P w .wP.P
ww
ww ww ww ww
ww wwww wwww
(empcode,name,desig,pay,allowance)VALUES(S1002,Baskaran,Supervisor,29000,12000);
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g (v) To display .O rgrgthe details of all employees
O .O rgrg who are operators.
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
dada * FROM employee
aSELECT a
adadaWHERE design=‟Operator‟; a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww
ww ww ww ww
ww wwww wwww
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
3.da s
What
a
l al a i
asa are the components a s
a
l
aof
s
al a i
aSQL? Write the commands a s
a
l
asa al a i
in each. a sa
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
ww
ww Components ofwSQL: www w www w w
ww w w
ww w
ww w ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P . adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww ww
ww ww
ww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
www www www w
ww w
ww
ww ww ww ww ww
g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
adadaa a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P i) DATA MANIPULATION w w.P.P LANGUAGE w:w.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P
ww
ww ww ww ww
ww wwww wwww
g  A Data Manipulation rgrg Languagerg(DML) rg is a computer rprogramminggrg language rused grg for adding
i . O . O i . O . O i . O . O i . O . O .
(inserting),
a s
a
i
aslaala removing (deleting), a s
a
i
aslaalaand modifying (updating) a s
a
i
aslaala data in a database. a saaslaala i
a s
a aslaalia
wwww www w www w w
ww w w
www
ww ww ww 96
ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. P
daada
aQuestions . P .P
daada
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s s as
ia. i.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
g  By Data . O rgrg
Manipulation
O we mean, . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaal i
a i .
s aslaa ia i .
l into the database sasal l a ia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada Insertion of new
.wP.P adaada
information
www Retrievalwofw ww
winformation stored in w w
aw ww
database. www www
ww ww ww
g Deletion
.O rgrgof information from
O .O rgrgdatabase.
the
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaal i
a i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
adadaa Modification of data a
adada
stored in the database. a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P ii) DATA DEFINITION w w.P.P LANGUAGE: w w.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P
ww
 The Data rgDefinition
g
i .O . O rg LanguageOr(DDL)
i . i.Ogrg consist of SQL
i .O . rg
O rg
statements used to define
i .O . rgrgthe database
O .
a sa
l al a i
asa or schema.
structure a s
a
l
asa al a
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a saaslaalia
.P.Padad .P.P adad .P.P adad P.P
.usedadad .P.P adad
wwww It simply dealsww w w
with descriptions of the
ww w w
database schema and w
is
ww w to create and w w
modify
ww the
ww ww ww ww ww
structure of database objects in databases.
g grg
rprovides rgrg to specify the storage rgrgstructure and access rgrg
 The lDDL alai . O
i . O a set of i . O
i
definitions
a
lala . O a
lalai . O
i . O a
lalai . O
i . O
methods used by lalia.
a saas a a s
a as a s
a as a s
a as a saasa
a d d
the database system. a d d a d d a d d a d d
ww.P.Pa .P.Pa
wwhich
w ww .P.Pa w w.P.Pa ww .P.Pa
ww
ww  SQL commands wwww comes underwData w
w w Definition Language www w
are: w w
w w
g Create rgrgTo create tables in therdatabase. grg rgrg rgrg
l a i
a . O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O laalia.
s as a l s as a l s as a l s a s a l s as
.wP.P adaadAlter
a
P
Alters .the. P
daada
astructure of the database. . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
www wwww wwww w
www w
www
ww ww ww ww ww
Padasalai
g Drop rgrgDelete tables from database. rgrg rgrg rgrg
l al i
a .Oi . O l alia.Oi . O l alia.Oi . O l alia.Oi . O laalia.
a s as a a s as a a s as a a s a s a a s as
.P.P da
adaTruncate Remove .P.all
P da
adarecords from a table, .P.also
P
a
adadrelease .P.P
the spacewoccupied adada by those records..P.P adada
wwww ww w w ww w w ww w www w
ww ww ww ww ww
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a
l al a i
asa CONTROL LANGUAGE:
iii)aDATA
s a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a saasal al a i
a s aaslaalia
.P.Padad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad P.P
.of adad
wwww A Data Control ww w w
Language (DCL) is ww
a w w
programming language www w
used to control the w w
ww data
access
ww ww ww ww ww
stored in a database.
g
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
 It isalused
s s aa i for controlling a
lala
privileges
s as
i i . in the database a
lalai i .
(Authorization).
s as s a s
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaaThe
P da privileges are .required P. adaada for performing .all
P P. P aadadatabase operations
adthe . P. P aada as creating sequences,
adsuch . P. adaada
P
wwww w www ww ww wwww wwww
ww views of tables ww etc. ww ww ww
g SQL commands . O rgrg which come under
O . O Ogrg Control Language
rData . O rgrare:
O g . O rgrg
O
Grant s aslaa i
a i .
l Grants permission s asla
to
a ia i .
lone or more users tosperform aslaalia i .
specific tasks. s a slaalia i .
s aslaalia.
ww Revoke ww
Withdraws the access permission ww given by the GRANT ww statement. ww
g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
iv) s aslaal i
a
TRANSACTIONAL
i .
s a
CONTROLslaalia i .
LANGUAGE: s aslaalia i .
s a slaalia i .
s aslaalia.
adadaa a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww  Transactional
ww www w
control language (TCL) wwwcommands
w are used towmanage www transactions in w ww
the
w database.
g  These iare .O Ogrg to manage the changes
rused .O rgrgmade to the data in
O .O aO grg by DML statements.
rtable .O rgrg
O .
l
asa al a i . l
asa alia i . l
asa alia i . asal alia i . aslaalia
a sa
dad command whichPcome a s
a a s
a a sa a s a
.P.P aSQL . .P adad under Transfer .Control P.Padad Language are:.P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww ww w w ww w w www w www w
ww ww ww 97
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g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lala i i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s a s
a
lalai i .
s a s
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. P
daada
aQuestions . P.P
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P . P. adaada
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s s as
ia. i.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s
Commit aslaalia i .
Saves any s aslaalia
transaction
i .
into the databases aslaalia i .
permanently. s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
www www www www www
ww Roll back
wwRestores the database to last
ww commit state.
ww ww
g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
Save
adada
point Temporarily a
adada
save a transaction so a
that
adada
you can rollback. a
adada a
adada
ww
ww ww
wfollowing wwww www ww
ww
4. Construct the w SQL statements in the student table: w
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
(i) SELECT
a s
a
l
asa al a i statement using
a s
a asa a
GROUP
l l a i BY clause.
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a sa
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P
dad
aSELECT Gender FROM .P.P
dad
aStudent GROUP BY .P.P adad
Gender; .P.P adad
ww Output: ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrgGender
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P Male .P.P adaada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
Female
g . O r
O grg . O r
O gr g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada .wP.P
SELECT
adaadaGender, count(*).P.FROM adaada Student GROUP.P.BY
P adaadmale;
P
a
. P. adaada
P
www www w
www w
www w
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. P. adaada
P . P. P
daada
aQuestions . P.P
daada
aour . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww Send ww
Your & Answer ww
www.Padasalai.Net
s s as
ia. i.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
g OUTPUT: . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaa ia i .
l ['SNO', 'NAME', 'CITY'] s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada ['12101', 'RAM',.wP.P adaa'CHENNAI']
da .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
ww ['12102',ww 'LAVANYA', 'TIRUCHY'] ww ww ww
g .O rgrg 'LAKSHMAN',
['12103',
O .O rgrg
'MADURAI']
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s
ii) aCSVaslaalia i
files-
.
data with Spacess aslaal
at
ia i .
the beginning s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
adada adadaa a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P w w. P.P ww. P.P w w. P.P w w. P.P
ww Consider the following
ww wwww file “sample2.csv”ww containing
ww the following w
wwdata
w when opened through wwwwnotepad
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
wwww ww w w wwww ww w w www w
ww ww ww ww ww
g The following . O rgrprogram
O g read the file. O rgrg Python using i“csv.reader()”.
O
through . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lala i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww import csv ww ww wwww ww ww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g csv.register_dialect('myDialect',delimiter
rgrg rgrg = ',',skipinitialspace=True)
rgrg rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O laalia.
s as l
F=open('c:\\pyprg\\sample2.csv','r')
a s as a l s as a l s as a l s as
.wP.P adaada reader = csv.reader(F, .wP.P adaadadialect='myDialect') .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
ww ww ww ww ww
Padasalai
for row in reader:
g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s as a li i
print(row)
l a a .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada F.close() adadaa a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww
ww wwww ww ww ww
ww wwww
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
OUTPUT:
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
wwww ['Topic1', 'Topic2', ww w
'Topic3']
w wwww ww w w www w
ww ww ww ww ww
['one', 'two', 'three']
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
['Example1',
s as
a
lalai i . 'Example2', 'Example3']
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww ww ww wwww ww
wregistering
w wwww
ww  These whitespaces ww in the data wcan w be removed, byww new dialects ww using
g . rgrg
csv.register_dialect()
O O class of csv
. O rgmodule.
O rg . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
daA s aslaalia
dialect
i .
describes the s asl
formataa ia i .
l of the csv file thatsasisato l a ia i .
l be read. s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P a ada .wP.P adaada adaada
.wP.isP .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www  In dialects the ww w
parameter “skipinitialspace” www used for removing ww w
whitespaces after the w
delimiter.
ww
ww ww ww ww ww
g .O rgrg With Quotes i.O.O
O rgrg .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
iii) CSV
s aslaali i .
File-Data
a s aslaal a i
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a a
adadYou afilea
dadawith quotes, by registering a
adada new dialects using ada
adacsv.register_dialect() a
dada
aclass
ww.P.P can read thewcsv
w.P.P ww.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P
ww
ww wwww ww ww ww
ww wwww
of csv module.
g grg
rhave rgfollowing
rg rgrg rgrg
 Here, i O
.we . O i .O . O data. lalia.O . O i .O . O .
i i i i aslaalia
l al a quotes.csv filelalwith a l al a
a s
a asa a s
a asa a s
a asa a s
a asa a s
a
ww ww ww 106
ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s a slaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. P
daada
aQuestions . P.P
daada
aour . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww Send ww
Your & Answer ww
www.Padasalai.Net
s s as
ia. i.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
g SNO,Quotes . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P a1,daa
da secret to getting
"The .wP.P
daada is getting started."
aahead .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
ww ww ww ww ww
2, "Excellence is a continuous process and not an accident."
g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
The s l alia
following
as a i . Program read s l alia i
“quotes.csv”
as a
. file, where s l alia
delimiter
as a i . is comma (,)abut s aslaalia i .
the quotes are within s aslaalia.
a
dada
aquotes a
adada adadaa adada a
adada
ww.P.P (“ “). ww.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P ww.P.P
ww
ww wwww ww
ww wwww ww
ww
g
i .O . rgrcsv
O g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asaimport
al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad csv.register_dialect('myDialect',delimiter
.P.P adad .P.=Pad',',quoting=csv.QUOTE_ALL,
ad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww ww ww ww w w www w wwww
ww ww
skipinitialspace=True) ww ww ww
g f=open('c:\\pyprg\\quotes.csv','r')
rgrg rgrg rgrg rgrg
a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O laalia.
s as a la = csv.reader(f, sdialect='myDialect')
lreader aslala s aslala s aslala s as
. P. adaada for row in reader:
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww print(row)ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
OUTPUT:
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
daada 'Quotes']
a['SNO', adaada adaada adaada adaada
w.wP.P w.wP.P w .wP.P w .wP.P w.wP.P
ww
ww wwww ww ww ww
['1', 'The secret to getting ahead is gettingwstarted.'] w ww ww
Padasalai
g ['2', 'Excellence
.O rgrgis a continuous process
O .O rgrgand not an accident.']
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
adadaa a
adada adadaa a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P  In the above ww.P.P
program, register a dialect w
withw.P.name
P myDialect. w w.P.P ww.P.P
ww
ww wwww ww
ww wwww ww
ww
 Then, we used csv. QUOTE_ALL to display all the characters after double quotes.
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
dadCSV files with Custom
aiv) adadDelimiters adad adad adad
ww
ww wwww ww
ww wwww ww
 You can read CSV file having custom delimiter by registering a new dialect withwthe w help of
g g
r rg g
r rg g
r rg g
r rg
a l alia.O
csv.register_dialect().
i .O a l alia.Oi .O a l alia.Oi .O a l alia.Oi .O a laalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
ww ww ww ww ww
g  In the following rgrg file called “sample4.csv”,each rgrg column is separated rgrg with | (Pipe symbol) rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
adadaa a
adada adadaa a
adada a
adada
ww
ww wwww ww
ww wwww ww
ww
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
wwww ww ww ww w w www w wwww
ww ww ww 107
ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. P
daada
aQuestions . P.P
daada
aour . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww Send ww
Your & Answer ww
www.Padasalai.Net
s s as
ia. i.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww ww
ww ww ww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaa lia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
www www w
ww ww w www
ww ww ww ww ww
g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaa lia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww
ww ww
ww wwww ww
ww ww
ww
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asa a l a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
wwww www w w
ww w ww w w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
4. Write a Python program to write a CSV File with custom quotes.
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
import
s as
csv
a
lala i i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
P daada= [[„SNO‟, „Person‟,
ainfo P aada
ad„DOB‟], P adaada P adaada P adaada
ww
ww ww
ww wwww ww
ww ww
ww
[„1‟, „Madhu‟, „18/12/2001‟],
g . rgrg
[„2‟, „Sowmya‟,‟19/2/1998‟],
O O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaa lia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
daada„Sangeetha‟,‟20/3/1999‟],
a[„3‟, adaada adaada adaada adaada
ww [„4‟, „Eshwar‟, „21/4/2000‟],
ww ww
ww wwww ww
ww ww
ww
Padasalai
g [„5‟, „Anand‟, rgr„22/5/2001‟]]
g rgrg rgrg rgrg
l a lia.Oi . O l alia.Oi . O l alia.Oi . O l alia.Oi . O laalia.
a as a a as a
csv.register_dialect(„myDialect‟,quoting=csv.QUOTE_ALL)
s s a s as a a s as a a s as
.P.P adada .P.P adada adada
.P.f:P .P.P adada .P.P adada
wwww with open(„c:\\pyprg\\ch13\\person.csv‟,
www w „w‟)
w
ww as
w ww w w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
writer = csv.writer(f, dialect=‟myDialect‟)
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
for row
a s
a
l
asa a l
in a i
info:
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
dad
awriter.writerow(row) adad adad adad adad
ww
ww ww
ww wwww ww
ww ww
ww
f.close()
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lala i i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
P daada
aOUTPUT :
P adaada P adaada P adaada P adaada
. . P
ww “SNO”,”Person”,”DOB” . . P
ww ”1”,”Madhu”,”18/12/2001” ww . . P ww . . P ww. . P
ww
ww ww
ww wwww ”2”,”Sowmya”,”19/2/1998”
ww
ww ww
ww
”3”,”Sangeetha”,”20/3/1999” ”4”,”Eshwar”,”21/4/2000”
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as a li i .
“5”,”Anand”,”22/5/2001”
l a a s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
w
ww 5. Write the rules w
wto
w be followed to format w
wwthe data in a CSV file. ww w www
ww ww ww ww ww
g 1. Each record .O rgrg(row of data) is toi.O
O beO rglocated
rg on a separate.O rgrgdelimited by a line
line,
O .O rgrg by pressing
break
O
s a
enterslaa lia
key.
i .
s aslaal a i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww For example: ww
ww ww wwww ww
ww ww
ww
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asa a l a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
wwww www w w
ww w ww w w wwww
ww ww ww 108
ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lala i i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. P
daada
aQuestions . P.P
daada
aour . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww Send ww
Your & Answer ww
www.Padasalai.Net
s s as
ia. i.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P . adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww ww ww wwww ww
ww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g 2. The last . O rgrg in the file may or
record
O . Omayrgrgnot have an endingi.O
O linergrgbreak.
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaal a i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
daadaexample:
aFor adaada adaada adaada adaada
ww
ww ww ww ww ww wwww ww ww
g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
adadaa a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P 3. w w.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P
ww
 There may be an optional header line appearing as the first line of the file with the same format as
g
i O rgrg
O
.record
. i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
normal
a sa
l
asa al a i lines.
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adaThe
d header will contain .P.P adadnames corresponding .P.P
dadthe fields in the filePaand
ato d
. .Pad should contain w the adad
.P.same
P
wwww ww w w www w w
ww w ww w
ww number of fields ww as the records in the rest ww of the file. ww ww
g  For example: O rgrg field_name1,field_name2,field_name3
O rgrg O rgrg O rgrg
a
lalai . i . O a
lalai . i . O a
lalai . i . O a
lalai . i . O laalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P . adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww ww ww wwww ww
ww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g 4.
. O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaaWithin
da the header and .wP.P
daadarecord, there mayPbe
aeach .w.P
ada or more fields, separated
adaone .wP.P adaada by commas. .P.P adaada
w
ww  Spaces are considered w
ww part of a field and w
wshould
w w
ww w
www
ww ww ww not be ignored.ww ww
Padasalai
g  The lastOfield rgrgin the record musti.O notrgrbe rgrg rgrg
l alia. i.O l al a i . O g followed by a comma. l alia.Oi . O l alia.Oi . O laalia.
For a s as a
example: Red , Blue a s as a a s as a a s as a a s as
.P.P a5.dada .P.P adada .P.P adada .P.P adada .P.P adada
wwww ww w w www w w
ww w www w
ww ww ww ww ww
 Each field may or may not be enclosed in double quotes.
g  If fields i O
.are. rgnot
O rg enclosed with double i .O . rgrquotes,
O g
i O . rgrg may not appear inside
O
.quotes i .O . rgrg
O .
aslaalia
l a a i l a a i then double l a a i l a a i the fields.
s as a l s as a l s as a l s as a l s
a a
dad example:
aFor adada a a
adad a a
adad a a
adad a
ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
6.dasaaslalaa i i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. a ad
P . P. adaada
P . P . adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww  Fields containing wline
w breaks (CRLF),ww ww quotes, and commas wwshould be enclosed winw wdouble-
ww w
ww ww double ww
ww ww ww ww
quotes.
g
 For lexample: . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as aalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
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PREPARED BY
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asa M.Sc., B.Ed. (C.S) asaasa l l a s l
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adad a a
J. BASKARAN
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adad a J. ILAKKIA a aM.Sc.,
adajilakkia@gmail.com
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daada „Printer‟, 8000)
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ww
ww wwww ww
ww wwww ww
ww
Padasalai
(1008, „Monitor‟, 15000)
g .O rgrg
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(1010,s aslaalia i .
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adadaa a
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ww.P.P 3. What is the use w
of w P.P
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Give w.P.P
an example python w w.P.P
script ww.P.P
ww
ww wwww ww
ww wwww ww
ww
 Having clause is used to filter data based on the group functions.
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
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 This
a s
a
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similar to WHERE
a s
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conditioni but can be used
a s
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a s
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wwww  Group functions ww w w
cannot be used in WHERE
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g  Example: rgrg rgrg rgrg rgrg
a
lalai . O
i . O a
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i . O a
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P daada sqlite3
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ww connection = sqlite3.connect("Academy.db")
ww . P ww . . P ww . . P ww. . P
ww
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g . rgrg
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s aslaalia i .
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daada
acursor.execute("SELECT ada
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ww wwww ww
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g .O rgrg
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a
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print(co)
g
i .O . rgrg
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print(result)l a i
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asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
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l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
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g . O rgrg
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wwww wwww wwww ww
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g OUTPUT: . O rgrg
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s as laalia i .
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s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
['gender', 'COUNT(GENDER)']
w.wP.P [('M', w .wP.P
5)] w.wP.P w .wP.P w.wP.P
ww
ww ww ww ww
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g a.O
rgrg script to create
O .O rgrg called ITEM with
a.Otable .O rgfollowing
O rg .O rgrg
O
4. Write
s as laalia i .
Python
s aslaalia i
s aslaalia i . specification.
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
ada one record to the
adaAdd a
dada
atable. a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww
ww Name of the database ww ww :- ABC ww
ww ww ww ww
ww
g Name of the rgrtable
g :- Item rgrg rgrg rgrg
i . O . O i .O . O i .O . O i .O . O .
asa
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name and specification
a s
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:-
a s
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a s
a
l
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a s
a aslaalia
dad
aIcode adad adaasd primary key .PP adad adad
ww.P.P :- w w.P.P integer and ww.Pact
. P w w . ww.P.P
ww Item Name :- ww
ww ww Item w
ww :-
w
Name ww ww ww
ww
g Rate :- .O.O rgrg . rgrg
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O O . O rgrg
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s as
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la be added :- s as
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lala1008, Monitor,15000 s as
a
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s as
a
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s aslaalia.
Record
ww. P. P ww . P. P ww. P. P ww . P. P ww. P. P
ww
ww ww ww ww
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PYTHON SCRIPT:
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
import
s as laalia
sqlite3 i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
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s aslaalia.
www connection = sqlite3.connect(“ABC.db”)
www www w
ww www
ww ww ww ww ww
Padasalai
g cursor=connection.cursor()
rgrg rgrg rgrg rgrg
l alia .Oi . O l alia.Oi . O l alia.Oi . O l alia.Oi . O laalia.
s as
sql_command
a a – “““ CREATE a s as a
TABLE Item( a s as a a s as a a s as
ww
ww Icode INTEGERwPRIMARY www w KEY, wwww w
ww w wwww
ww w ww ww ww
g ItemNameOVARCHAR(25),
i . i.O rgrg i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a
Rate s
a asal al
INTEGER)
a
; ””” a s
a
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a s
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a s
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ww
ww cursor.execute(sql_command) www w wwww w
ww w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g sql_command . O rgr=g “““ INSERT INTO
O . O rgrg
O
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Rate) O rgrg
O 15000);
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lala i .
s aslaalia.
P daada
a””” P adaada P adaada P adaada P adaada
ww
ww ww ww ww
ww ww ww ww
ww
cursor.execute(sql_command)
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as l alia
connection.commit()
a i .
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s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
w
ww connection.close() w
www w
www w
www w
www
ww ww ww ww ww
g print(“TABLE rgrgCREATED”) i.O.O rgrg rgrg rgrg
l alia .Oi . O l al a i l alia.Oi . O l alia.Oi . O laalia.
dada
aOUTPUT: adada adada adada adada
ww TABLE CREATED
ww ww ww ww
ww ww ww ww
ww
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a asal al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
wwww www w wwww w
ww w wwww
ww ww ww 125
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g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. P
daada
aQuestions . P.P
daada
aour . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
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ww Send ww
Your & Answer ww
www.Padasalai.Net
s s as
ia. i.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
g 5. Consider . O rgthe
O rg following table iSupplier . O rgrg and item .Write
O . O aOrgrg
python script for (i)i.to O O grg
r(ii)
s aslaalia i .
s aslaal a i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaal a i .
s aslaalia.
P
SUPPLIER
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
w
ww Suppno w
wwwName w
ww
wCity w
www
Icode SuppQty w
www
ww ww ww ww ww
g S001 rgrg Prasad rgrg Delhi rgrg1008 100rg g
S002saslaala i . O
i . O
Anu saslaala i . O
i . O
Bangalore a laalia. O
i . O
1010 a laalia. i.Or
O
200 a laalia.
a
dada a a s s a s s a s s
.P.P aS003 .P . adada
P
Shahid .P.P adada
Bangalore 1008ww .P.P adada 175 .P.P adada
wwww www w ww ww ww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
S004 Akila Hydrabad 1005 195
g S005 lalia.O . rgrg
O Girish lalia.O . rgrg Hydrabad i.O.O
O rgrg1003 i O
.25 . rgrg
O .
a s
a asa i
a s
a asa i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
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dad
aS006 adad
Shylaja Chennai adad 1008 .P.P adad 180 adad
ww.P.P w w.P . P ww.P.P w w ww.P.P
ww S007
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ww wwwMumbai
w wwww
1005 325 www
w
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
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O
s as
a
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s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
P daada
aPYTHON SCRIPT:
P adaada P adaada P adaada P adaada
. . P
ww i) Display Name, w . . P
w and Itemnamewofwsuppliers ww. . P . . P
ww in Delhi. ww. . P
ww
ww ww
ww City ww who do notwreside ww
w ww
ww
g import sqlite3 . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
daada
aconnection adaada
= sqlite3.connect(“ABC.db”) adaada adaada adaada
w.wP.P w .wP.P w.wP.P w .wP.P w.wP.P
ww cursor.execute(“SELECT
ww ww
ww Supplier.Name,ww
ww
Supplier.City,Item.ItemName wwww FROM Supplier,Item ww
ww
Padasalai
g .O rgrgWHERE Supplier.Icode
O .O rgrg= Item.Icode ANDi.Supplier.City
O O rgrg
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O rg
s aslaalia i .
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s aslaal a i .
s as a lia i .
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a a for I in cursor.description]
asda=d[i[0] a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww
ww www wwww wwww ww
ww
print(s) w
ia.Oi.Or
resulta=laacursor.fetchall()
l l
asa alia.Oi . O l
asa alia.Oi . O l
asa alia.Oi . O
aslaalia
.
dada s
a s a s
a a s
a a s
a a s
a
.P.P afor r in result: .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
ww ww ww ww ww
print r
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
OUTPUT:
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
P daada
a[„Name‟, P adaada„ItemName‟] .P.P adaada P adaada P adaada
ww. . P „City‟,
ww . . P ww ww . . P ww. . P
ww
ww ww
ww ww ww ww
[„Anu‟, „Bangalore‟, „Scanner‟]ww ww ww
g [„Shahid‟, . O rgr„Bangalore‟,
O g „Speaker‟]
. O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P a[„Akila‟,
daada „Hydrabad‟,
. P. adaada„Printer‟]
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
w
ww [„Girish‟, w
www
„Hydrabad‟, „Monitor‟]ww wwww w
www w
www
ww ww ww ww
[„Shylaja‟, g„Chennai‟, „Mouse‟]
g O r r g
. i.O „Mumbai‟, „CPU‟] .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
[„Lavanya‟,
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
adadaa a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww
ww ww
ww wwww wwww ww
ww
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
ww ww ww 126
ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. P
daada
aQuestions . P.P
daada
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P . P. adaada
P
ww Send ww
Your & Answer ww
www.Padasalai.Net
s s as
ia. i.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww ww
ww wwww ww ww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g ii) Increment . O rgrthe
O g SuppQty of Akila . O Ogrg40
rby . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
www import sqlite3 w
ww www ww w www
ww ww ww ww ww
g connection =rgsqlite3.connect(“ABC.db”) rgrg rgrg rgrg
a s as a
cursor.execute(“UPDATE a s as a
Supplier ST SuppQty = a s a
SuppQty
s a +40 WHERE Name
a s as=a „Akila‟ ”) a s as
ww
ww cursor.commit()ww w
ww w www w ww w w www w
ww ww ww ww
g
i . rgrg
result = cursor.fetchall()
.O O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a aslaal a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad
print (result)
ww
ww connection.close() w
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
P daada
aOUTPUT: P adaada P adaada P adaada P adaada
ww
ww wwww ww
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g . O rgrg„Hydrabad‟, 1005,i.235)
O O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
(S004, l„Akila‟,
s as aalia i .
s aslaal a i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
www w
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Padasalai
g .O rgrg
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O
s aslaalia i .
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s aslaalia i .
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s aslaalia.
adadaa a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
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g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
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a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
wwww w
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
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O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww ww
ww wwww ww ww wwww
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g . O rgrg
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s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
www w
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g .O rgrg
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O .O rgrg
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O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
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s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
adadaa a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww
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ww PREPARED BY ww
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i . O . rgrg B.Ed. (C.S)
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg J. ILAKKIA M.Sc.,i.M.Phil.,
O .
a a aslaala i
s a s
a aslaala i
a s
a aslaala i
a s
a aslaala i
jilakkia@gmail.com
a s
a aslaalia
wwww w
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g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
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O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
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lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. P
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aQuestions . P.P
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s s a
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wwww wwww ww
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a
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g .O rgrg
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wwww Choose the best w
answer
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ww ww ww ww ww
g 1. Which is ragrpython
g package used for
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i .O . O i .O . O .O . O .O . O .
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matplotlib.pyplot
a a s
b.
a sl al a i
amatplotlib.pip
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g a. Matplotlib. O rgrg
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s as
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s as
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a the following a
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ww following. ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
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C:\Users\YourName\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python36-32\Scripts>pip
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s as laalia i .
s asla lia i .
s aslaalia.
ada if PIP is Installed
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Jiyg GPW F Fpno Cs S Ypq If FPSPF Nra J Fotpy, Izatk !

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 Padasalai's NEWS - Group

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Ogrg rgrg rgrg rgrg

Padasalai Ogrg reverse or negative

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