s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia.

. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
Padasalai
P . P. adaada
P
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. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
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g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada 12STDF.PZOOLOGY
. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
www www w
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COMPLET STUDY MATERILS
g O
. i.O r gr g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia
1.s aslaalia i
REPRODUCTION
.
s
OF aslaalia i
ORGANISMS
.
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada a
adada a
adada adadaa a
adada
ww.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P
ww
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1. In which type of parthenogenesis are only males produced?
g
i .O
a) . rgrg
Arrhenotoky
O b)
i .O . rgrg
Thelytoky
O .O
c) Amphitoky
i . rgrg
O d) Bothaai.O and
. rgrgb
O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a sa
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa l a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad 2. Animals directly .P.P adadgiving birth to young .P.P adadones .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww www w www w www w www w
ww a) Oviparous ww b) Oviviviparous ww c) Viviparous ww d) Both a and b ww
g . O O grg
rmode . O rgin
O rg bacteria is by i.O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s
3.
aslalai
The
a i . of reproduction
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lala i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada a) Formation.P.of
P P
ada
adagametes b) Endospore
. P. adaadaformation c) .P.P
P
daada
aConjugation d) .P.P adaada
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Zoospore formation ww ww ww
g 4. aIn . O rgrg mode of reproduction
which
O . O rgrg variations are
O . O rgrg
seen
O . O rgrg
O
s asla lia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada a) Asexual .P.P adaada b) Parthenogenesis . P. adaada
P c) Sexual PP
. . ad)daadBoth
a a and b
. P. adaada
P
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www w
www w
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www
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g .O rgrof
O g .O rgrg there are twoi.O
O rgrg
O .O rgrg a)
O
s as a li
Inlaeacha i . the followinglaquestions
s as a lia i .
s aslaal a i .
statements. One isla
s as a lia i .
assertion
s aslaalia.
a
adada and other is.P.reasoning a
adada (R). Mark P the ada
adacorrect answer asPadada a a
adada
ww.P.P w w P w w. .P w w. .P w w.P.P
ww
ww A. If both wwwwA and R are true w w
andwwR is correct explanation ww for A
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ww
g
iB.
.O . rgrboth
If
O g A and R are true
i .O . rgbut
O rg R is not the correct i .O . rgrexplanation
O g for A i.O.O rgrg .
a s
a
l al a i
asa C. If A is true butasR a
l al a i
asisa false a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww D. If both w w
wwA and R are false. ww www w www w www w
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g I. Assertion:
. O rgrg In bee society,
O . O rgrgthe members arei.O
all
O rgrg except drones.
diploid
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lala i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada Reason: Drones
P . P. P
ada produced by parthenogenesis.
adaare . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww a) A ww b) B ww ww ww
ww
ww wwww wc)w
wwC d) D ww ww ww
ww
g II.
. O O grg
rAssertion: Offsprings . O rgproduced
O rg by asexual . O O grg
rreproduction are genetically
. O rgrg
O
s aslaa ia i .
lidentical to the parent. s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www Reason: w
wAsexual
w reproductionwinvolves www only mitosiswand w
wwno meiosis. www
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g a) A rgrg b) B c) C d)i.OD rgrg rgrg rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a a i . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O laalia.
s as a l s as a l s as a l s as a l s as
a
adada III. Assertion: a
adada Viviparous animals a
adada give better protection
adadaa to their a
adada
ww.P.P offsprings. w w.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P
ww
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Reason: g They lay their eggsg in the safe places of the g environment.
g
i O
. i. r
O r g
i O
. i. r
O rg
i O
. i. r
O r g
i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
a) l
asa A
al a b)
a
B
sa
l
asa al a c) C
a s
a
l
asa al a d) D
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
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g MR.
. O rgrg
AYYANAR
O M,SC,. B,ED,. LECTURER
. O rgrg IN ZOOLOGY PRESIDENCY
O . O rgrHR,
O g SEC, SCHOOL. PUDUCHERRY . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P.Padaada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
 s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. s as laalia. i. s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P . adaada
Padasalai
P . P. adaada
P
TrbTnpsc
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww ww ww ww ww ww
ww
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g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s as laalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada 6. Name an.P . adaada where cell division
organism
P . P. adaada is itself a mode
P . P. P
ada
adareproduction.
of . P. adaada
P
www w
wwwVorticella - reproduce w
wwwby cell division ww wwww w
www
ww ww
Amoeba, ww ww
g .O rgrg the phenomenon
O .O rgrwhere
O g O rgrg directly develops
O
.gamete .O rgrinto
O g a
s aslaali7.
a i .Name
s aslaalia i . the female
s aslaalia i .
s as laalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada new organism a
ada an avian example.
adwith a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P w .P.P
w
ww
ww wwww
Phenomenon - Parthenogenesis. wwww wwww wwww
g
i .O . rgrgsome organismsi.O
In
O . rgrg gamete (ovum)
female
O i .O . rgrisg directly develop
O i .O . rginto
O rg a .
a s
a
l al a i
asa complete individual a s
a
l al a i
asa by physical aorsaaschemical laal a i induction. a s
a
l al
ase.g., a i
a Turkey, a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad Chicken, P.P adad
.pigeon .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
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8. What is parthenogenesis? Give two examples from animals
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .The process of a
lalai
development
s as
i . of an egg s into
as
a
lalai i
a . complete individual
s as
a
lalai i .without s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P fertilization
. P . P isadknown
ada a
. . adaada
as parthenogenesis.
P P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww ww ww ww ww ww
ww
ww Eg. w w
Annelid and sea urchinweggs. w ww ww
g . O rgrg type of reproduction
O . O rgrg is effective -Asexual
O . O rgrg or sexual andi.why?
O O rgrg
O
s aslaali9.
a i .Which
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s as laal a i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada  Sexual reproduction .wP.P adaada is an effective
.wP.P adaadmethod
a of reproduction
.wP.P adaada than asexual .P.P adaada
www w
wwbecause Sexual reproduction ww w ww w w
www
ww ww
method ww contributes ww to the evolution ofwthe w
g species
rgrg by adding variation rgrg in a population.i.O.O rgrg rgrg
a i . O
i . O i . O
i . O i i .Oi . O laalia.
s asla 
l a Variation occurs s aslaal a
because of the fusion s asl
ofaal a
male and female l
gametes
s as aal a s as
a
adada a
adada a
adadasets of chromosomes. a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P w.P.P
(sexualwreproduction) w.P.P
carryingwdifferent ww.P.P w .P.P
w
ww
ww wwww wwww wwww wwww
g 10. The rgrg unicellular organisms rgrg which reproduce rgrg by binary fission rgrg are
i . O . O i . O . O i . O . O i . O . O .
a s
a aslaala i
considered immortal.
a s
a
i
aslaalaJustify. a saaslaala i
a s
a aslaala i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad Most .P.P
unicellular adadorganisms reproduce .P.P adadby cell division. .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww wwww ww ww ww ww w
ww w
ww ww ww ww ww
The whole parent body act as reproductive unit and disappears after new
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .daughter cells are
s as
formed.
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada Whole parent
P . P . P
ada converted intoadaughter
adabody . P. P
daada cell thus,.Pthere
. adaadais no death for .P.P
P adaada
wwww wwww organisms hence w wwware called immortal. ww ww ww
ww
ww ww
unicellular wwthey ww ww
g 11. iWhy . O rgrgis the offspring formed
O . O rgrg by asexual reproduction
O . O rgrg
O referred asi.aO rgrg
clone?
O
s aslaal a i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s as laal a i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada In Asexual reproduction .wP.P adaada single individual
.wP.P adaada can able to producing .wP.P adaada offspring. .P.P adaada
www www w
wwand morphologically w
wwsimilar to one another w
www
ww These woffspring
w are genetically ww ww ww
g and
rgrgalso similar to their rparent.
grg rgrg rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O laalia.
s as a l Clone is the term s a
given
s a l to organisms that s a
are
s a lsimilar in all aspects.s as a l s as
a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P Thus the ww.P.P
offspring produced by ww.P.P
asexual reproduction ww
are.Pcalled
. P clones. w .P.P
w
ww
ww wwww wwww wwww wwww
g 12. Why rgrgare the offsprings of
rgrgoviparous animali.Oat rgraggreater risk as icompared rgrg
i . O . O i . O . O . O .O . O .
a s
a
l
asa al a
to i offsprings of l a
viviparous
a s
a asa l a i organisms?
a sa
l
asa al a i
a s
a asal al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww wwww ww ww ww ww w
www
ww ww ww ww ww
g MR.
. O rgrg
AYYANAR
O M,SC,. B,ED,. LECTURER
. O rgrg IN ZOOLOGY PRESIDENCY
O . O rgrHR,
O g SEC, SCHOOL. PUDUCHERRY . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P . adaada
P . P.Padaada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
 s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
Padasalai
P . P. adaada
P
TrbTnpsc
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww ww ww wwww wwww wwww
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g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada Oviparous animals .wP.P adaada laid the fertilized .wP.P aada in the open environment
adeggs .wP.P adaada without .PP
. adaada
www ww w
anywprotection. www www w
www
ww w ww ww ww
g So
.O rg
O
the
rg development of .O rgrgzygote takes place
the
O .O rgoutside
O rg . i.Ogrg
the body ofOrmother,
s aslaalia i .whereas in viviparous s aslaalia i .animals, development s aslaalia i .
of the zygote takes s aslaalia
place inside s aslaalia.
a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P the body ww P.P
.mother. w w.P.P w w.P.P ww.P.P
ww
ww wwww wwww wwww www
Thus offsprings of oviparous survial rate is very less as compared wto
g
i .O . rgrg
offspring
O of viviparous i .O . O grg
ranimals. i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a sa
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad 13. Give reasons .P.P
dadthe following: Padad
afor . .P .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww ww
worganisms
w w w
ww are called parthenogenetic www w w ww
ww a. Some ww like honeywbees w ww animals www
g O
Reason
. rgrg :
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada Male Honey.Pbee
P . adaad(Drones)
P
a is develop
. P. P
daada unfertilized eggPso
afrom . . P
ada are called as adaada
adathey .P.P
wwww parthenogeneticww ww animals. ww wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww
b. A male honey bee has 16 chromosomes where as its female has 32
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s l a ia i
chromosomes.
as a l .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www Reason w:ww www www www
ww ww ww ww ww
g .O
1.
rgrA
O g male honey bee .–O.Develop rgrg
O
from unfertilized
.O rgrg eggs
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
2. Female honey s a la
bee
s
alia -
i
Develop from s a laali
fertilized
s a i .
eggs s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P ww.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P ww.P.P
ww
ww wwww
14. Differentiate between the www w
following: wwww ww
ww
g a.
rgrBinary
g fission in amoeba rgrg and multiple fission rgrin
g Plasmodium .O.O rgrg
i . O . O i . O . O i . O . O i .
a s
a
l
asa al a i
S. no. a s
a
l al a i
asa Binary fissionasin a
l
asa al a
amoeba
i
a
Multiplesa
l al a i
asa fission in a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww ww ww www w www w plasmodium wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
1. Produce two daughter cell Produce many daughter
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg cell by multiple
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
division
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada2
P . P. adaada
P
Binary fission
. P. adaada occur in Multiple
P . P. adaadafission occur in
P . P. adaada
P
wwww ww ww ww
irregular ww shapedww ww
wregular
w wwww
shaped
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organisms organisms
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s
3alalai
s a
i .
s aslaalia i .Nucleus and
s asla li
cytoplasm
a a i . Nucleus
s
and
aslaalia i .cytoplasm
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada divide once .wP.P adaada divide
.wP.P adaadmultiple
a
.w.a ad
time toPP da a
www ww w www w
wproduce
w many offspring. www
ww ww ww ww ww
g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .b. Budding inayeast s aslaalia i .
and budding inaHydra s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada adada adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P ww. P.P w w. P.P w w. P.P ww. P.P
ww
ww wS.w
wNo.
w wBudding
ww
w in yeast ww ww budding in Hydra ww
ww
1. Bud in Yeast is unicellular Bud in Hydra is a
g O
. i. r
O gr g . i. rgrg
O O .O rgrg multicellulari.O.O
O rgrg .
l
asa alia l
asa alia l
asa alia i . l
asa al a i aslaalia
a s
a a s
a a s
a a sa a s
a
.P.P adad 2. .P.P adad Bud originates
.P.P adad from a Bud .P.P adaarises
d due to the
.P.P adad
wwww ww w w www w www w wwww
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g MR.
. O rgrg
AYYANAR
O M,SC,. B,ED,. LECTURER
. O rgrg IN ZOOLOGY PRESIDENCY
O . O rgrHR,
O g SEC, SCHOOL. PUDUCHERRY . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P.Padaada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
 s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
Padasalai
P . P. adaada
P
TrbTnpsc
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww wwww wwww
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g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada adaada
small protuberance
.wP.P on repeated
.wP.P adaadamitotic division.P.P adaada
www www w
ww body
thewparent www w
www
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g 3. rgrg Yeast
rgrg gets its daughter rgrg In Hydra the idaughter rgrg buds
i
laala . O
i . O i . O
i . O
laala nuclei and it may i
laalor. O
i . O
a may are multi-cellular . O
i . O
laala and there laalia.
a s as a s as a s as a s as a s as
.P.P adada .P.P adada not separate.P.P adadafrom the is .P.no adadadevelopment .of
P P.Padada
wwww wwww w w
wwbody w w
wdaughter
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parent ww buds. ww
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
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s1.
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s aslaalia i .Type of l a
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s as a lia i . : Type ofs aslaal a i .
generation : s aslaalia.
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i . O l a a i laalia.
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g 15.aiHow .O rgrgis juvenile phasei.different
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s aslaal a i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada S. No.
a
adada Juvenile
a
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dada
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a
l
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a s
a
l
asa al a i reproductive
aphase
s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
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s as
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16. What is the difference between syngamy and fertilization?
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O
s aslaalia i . S. No. s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia
Fertilization i .
s aslaalia.
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rand
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i . gamets) s aslaalia gamets)asasa l alia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada2. a
adada a a
dada is used to Fertilization adada term is used.Pto a
adada
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i .O . rgrg
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l
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asa b r a t e oralower l al a i
asa grade invertebrate l
asa al a i and all asaaslaala
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s as
a
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s as
a
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s a s
a
lalai i .
s as
a
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P . P. adaada
P . P.Padaada . P. adaada
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s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
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s aslaalia.
a
adada a
adada 2. HUMAN REPRODUCTION a
adada adadaa a
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a
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a
l
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a s
a
l
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a s
a
l
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g . O rgrg
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a
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s aslaalia i . Prostate gland
s aslaali
d.
a i . Mucous
s aslaalia.
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s aslaal a i .
s aslaal a i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada5. The site of embryo a
adadaimplantation is.Pthe a
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a
l
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a
l
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a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
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a s
a aslaalia
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s aslaa ia i .
l c. lecithal s aslaalia.
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i . O i
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s s a s as d. a s a
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s a s as
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wwww 10. The w w
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ww w
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a
l
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a s
a
l al a
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a
l
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a
l
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a s
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AYYANAR
O M,SC,. B,ED,. LECTURER
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a
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s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s as laalia i .
s aslaalia.
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a i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaal a produced
i . by
s as laalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
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13. Which one of the following menstrual irregularities is correctly
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a s
a
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a
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a aslaalia
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s aslaa ia i .
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s as laalia i .
s aslaalia.
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s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s as laalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada These questions a a
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a
l
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laal
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a
l
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s as
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a i
s as
a
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s as
a
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s aslaalia.
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s aslaali15.
a i . Assertion: In human
s aslaalia i . testes are
s asla li
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s as
lie
laalia i
in .
s aslaalia.
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a
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adada a
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a asal al a i
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s laalia. i. s a
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s laalia i .
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia.
.wP.P adaada17. Assertion: Head .wP.P adaadof
a the sperm consists
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g .O
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s laalia i
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s a
s laalia i.
s a
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adada18. Mention the a
adada a
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adada
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from a a s
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s as
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s as
a
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s as
a
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s as
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s aslaalia i .
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a a .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
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g 19. iAt .O Ogrg stage of development
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i .
female? s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adadaProduction and .maturation a
adada of gametes .will ada
adatake a a
adad(Secondary a
adada
ww.P.P w w P.P w w P.P place after w w.P.P
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ww
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sexual maturity)
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l a l a i
asa 20. Expand the acronyms a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww a. FSH www
- w
Follicle Stimulating w
ww w
Hormone www w www w
ww ww ww ww ww
g b.
r grLH
g - Lutenizing Hormone rgrg rgrg rgrg
a i . O
i . O
lala c. HCG – Human a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O laalia.
s as s as la
laChorionic Gonadotropin s aslala s aslala s as
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww d. HPL ww -
ww Human Placental Lactogen
ww
ww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g 21.rHow grg is polyspermy.Oavoided rgrg in humans?i.O.O rgrg rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia i . O l a a i l a ia. O
i . O laalia.
s as a l Once fertilisation s asis
a lhappened corticalsgranules as a l from the s a
cytoplasm
s a l of the s as
.wP.P adaada ovum form .wP.P aadaabarrier
da called the .wP adaada
P
fertilisation
. membrane .wP.P
daada the ovum. Padaada
aaround . .P
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ww www wwww
ww w w ww
This preventing further penetration of other sperms.
ww w w
g .O rgrg polyspermy isi.prevented
O O rgrg
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s aslaa lia i .Thus
s aslaal a i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada 22. What is.P a
adada a
adada adadaa a
adada
ww.P.P w w P
colostrum?
. Write its w w P.P
.significance. w w.P.P w w.P.P
ww
ww wwww wwww ww
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Colostrum, a nutrient rich fluid produced by the human female
g
i .O . rgrg
immediately
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i .O . rgrg birth, is loadedi.with
O O . rgrgimmune, growthi.and
O O . rgrtissue
O g .
a s
a
l a l a i
asa repair factors. asaasa l l a i
a s
a
l
asaa l a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
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g MR.
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s as
a
lala i i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s a s
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P.Padaada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
 s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
Padasalai
P . P. adaada
P
TrbTnpsc
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
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g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
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s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada It acts
.wP.P aasdaadaa natural antimicrobial .wP.P adaada agent to actively .wP.P adaadastimulate the .P.P adaada
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g 23.
.O Ogrg
rPlacenta is an endocrine .O rgrg tissue. Justify. i.O.O
O rgrg .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaal a i
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada a
dada
During apregnancy, the placenta ada as a temporary
adaacts ada
adaendocrine gland adada a
ww.P.P and w w w.
produces
P. P ww. P. P w w. P. P ww.P.P
ww
ww ww
w ww
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ww
g 1.
rgrHuman
g Chorionic Gonadotropin rgrg (hCG), rg g rgrg
i . O . O i . O . O i .O . Or i .O . O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i  2. Human a s
a
l al a i
asaChorionic Somatomammotropin a s
a
l
asa al a i (hCS)a s
a
l al a i
asaor human a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P
Placental adadLactogen (hPL),.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww www w wwww w
ww w wwww
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3. Oestrogens and progesterone
g 24.aiDraw. O rgrga labeled sketchi.O
O of rgargspermatozoan i.O.O
O rgrg . O rgrg
O
s aslala i .
s as
a
lala i .
s as
a
lala i
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww ww
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g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
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g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada adadaa a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P w w.P.P ww.P.P w w.P.P ww.P.P
ww
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g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
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O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww www w wwww w
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g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
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s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww ww
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25. What g is inhibin? Stategits functions.
g . O r
O r g . O O rg
rpyramidal . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s
Sertoli
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s asla li
and
a a i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada It provide nourishment .wP.P adaada to the sperms.
.wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www www www w
ww www
ww They w w
also secrete inhibin, awwhormone (role - negative ww feedback controlwwof
g sperm
.O rgrgproduction)
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada26. Mention the adadaa a
adadaof the testes in .humAns: a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P w w.P.importance
P of the position
ww.P.P w w P.P ww.P.P
ww
ww Testeswpresent ww
w inside scrotalwsac ww of skin that hangs
w ww wwoutside the abdominal ww
ww
g cavity.
rgrg rgrg rgrg rgrg
i . O . O i .O . O i .O . O i .O . O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww www w wwww w
ww w wwww
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g MR.
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AYYANAR
O M,SC,. B,ED,. LECTURER
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s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P.Padaada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
 s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
Padasalai
P . P. adaada
P
TrbTnpsc
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww wwww wwww
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g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada Scrotum is.P . adaada outside the abdominal
placed
P . P. adaada cavity to provide
P . P. adaada atemperature 2- .P.P
P adaada
www 3oCww w
www than the normal
lower www w
internal body temperature w
www to produce viable w
www
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g sperm.
rgrg rgrg rgrg rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O laalia.
s as a l Thus, the scrotumasacts as a l as a thermoregulator s as a l for spermatogenesis. s as a l s as
a
adada adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww .P.P 27. What w isw w w. P. P w w. P. P ww. P. P w .
w P. P
ww
ww wthe
w composition of semen? wwww ww ww ww
ww
g It is rgrga milky white fluid rgrwhich
g contains sperms rgrg and the seminal rplasma
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i . O . O i . O . O i . O . O i . O . O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i (secreted by accessory
a s
a
l
asa al a i glands).
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a sa
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad The seminal adad - acts as a transport
.P.fluid
P .P.P adadmedium, provides .P.P a dad
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wwww www w www w wwww ww
ww ww
some chemicals ww ww ww
g O
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O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lala i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada28. Name the hormones
P . P. adaada produced from
P . P. P aadaplacenta during
adthe . P. a
P
daada
pregnancy. . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww wwww wwww
ww Relaxin ww hormone is secretedwduring w pregnancy ww ww
g It.O rgrg in relaxation of
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O . Othergrgpelvic ligamentsi.atO.O
O rgrgtime of parturition.
the . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaal a i
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada hCG, hPL,.POestrogen, . adaada
P Progesterone
. P. adaadand
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a relaxin are produced
. P. adaada only during .P.P
P adaada
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www
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www w
www w
www
ww ww ww ww ww
g 29. Define
.O rgrg gametogenesis.i.O.O
O rgrg .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaal a i
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada Gametogenesis a
adada
is the process of formation a
adada of gametes a
adada a
adada
ww .P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P ww.P.P w .P.P
w
ww
ww i.e., sperms wwww and ovum from testes wwww and ovary respectively ww ww ww
ww
g Meiosis rg plays
g the most significant r g g role in the processrgofggametogenesis. rgrg
i O
. i. O r i O
. i. O r i .O . Or i .O . O .
a s
a
l
asa al a
a s
a
l
asa al a
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a sa
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad 30. Describe athe
. P.Pdad
structure of the
. P.Padahuman
d ovum withadaad neat labelled adad
.P.P .P.P
w w
w w diagram. w w
w w w w
w w wwww w ww
w
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g Structure
rgrg of ovum rgrg rgrg rgrg
a
lalai . O
i . O a
lalai . O
i . O a
lalai . O
i . O a
lalai . O
i . O laalia.
s as s as s as s as s as
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww ww
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g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
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ww www
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g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
w w.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P ww.P.P
ww
ww wwww wwww ww ww ww
ww
 Human ovum is non-cleidoic (without shell), alecithal (no yolk) and
g .O O grg
rmicroscopic in nature. .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .
l
asa alia i . l
asa alia i . l
asa alia i . l
asa alia i . aslaalia
a s
a a s
a a s
a a sa a s
a
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
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ww w wwww
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g MR.
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AYYANAR
O M,SC,. B,ED,. LECTURER
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O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P.Padaada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
 s aslaalia. i. s as laalia. i. s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
Padasalai
P . P. adaada
P
TrbTnpsc
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
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g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s as laalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada  Its cytoplasm .wP.P adaadcalled
a ooplasm contains
.wP.P adaada a large nucleus.P.called adaada the germinal .P.P
P adaada
www vesicle.www www w
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g  rThe grg ovum is surrounded rgrg1. Inner thin transparent rgrg vitelline membrane, rgrg
l a ia.
 O
i . O2. Middle thick zona
l a ia. O
i . O
pellucida l a ia. O
i . O l a ia.Oi . O laalia.
s as a l s as a l s as a l s as a l s as
a
adada  Outer thick ad a
ada of follicular cells
coat a
dada corona radiata.
acalled a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P ww.P.P
ww
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g
i . O . rperivitelline
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i .O . O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
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a s
a
31.l
asa al a i
Give a schematic
a
l al a i
representation
s
a asa of l al a
spermatogenesis
a saasa i and oogenesis
a s
a
l
asa al a iin
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad humAns: .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
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g 32. Explain rgrg the variousi.O.phases rgrg of the menstrual rgrg cycle. Menstrual cycle
rgrg
a
lalai . O
i . O
comprises of the following a
lala i O phases a
lalai . O
i . O a
lalai . O
i . O laalia.
s as s as s as s as s as
. P. adaada 1. Menstrual
P . P. P
daada
aphase . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
2. Follicular or proliferative phase
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaali3.
a i .Ovulatory phase
s as laalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada4. Luteal or secretory .wP.P adaadaphase .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
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ww Menstrualww phase ww ww ww
g 
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O rgrg .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia
i .
Duration : 3-5 s as
days laal a -
i
menstrual flow s asla
occurs
alia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P  Menstrual w w.P.P flow is due to w
the w P.P
.breakdown of w .P.P
endometrial
w lining of theww.P.P
ww
ww wwww wwww ww ww wwww
uterus, and its blood vessels.
g 
.O Ogrg is due to decline
rThis .O rgrgthe level of progesterone
in
O .O rgrg and oestrogen.
O .O rgrg
O .
l alia i .
asa  Menstruationaoccurs l alia i .
asa only if the released l alia i .
asaovum is not fertilized. l
asa alia i . aslaalia
a s
a s
a a sa a s
a a s
a
.P.P adad .Pof
. adad
P .P.anadad
P .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww  Absence www w menstruation may
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be indicator of w w
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ww wwww
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g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s
2.
aslalai i .
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a or proliferative
s as
a
lalai i . phase
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada  Duration
P . P.:P
daadaday till the time P
a5th . of
. P
daada
aovulation. . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww ww
waw wwww
ww  Primary ww follicle in the ovary ww grows to become ww fully mature Graafian ww
g . O Ogrg
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. O rgrg
O regenerates Othrough
. rgrg
O
s aslaa ia i .
l proliferation. sasal l a ia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
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P
a
increase . P. P
daada
agradually. . P. adaada
P
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www w
www w
www
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 It stimulates follicular development ww and secretion ww of oestrogen bywthe w
g .O Ogrg
rfollicle cells. .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s as laalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada 3. Ovulatory phase a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P ww.P.P
ww
ww  Both www
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w ww wwof the cycle (aboutwthe ww
w
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g day).
g
i O
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.wP.P adaada  Maximum .wP.P
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s aslaalia.
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a
l
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a s
a
l
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a s
a
l
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a s
a
l
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a s
a aslaalia
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lala pituitary hormone s as
a i
lalathat have s aslaalia.
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s aslaalia i .Pituitary hormone
s aslaalia i
- . Follicle stimulating
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s aslaalia i .
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s aslaalia i .
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in
.
anticipation. s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada adadaa a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P The w w.P.P
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i .O . rgrg
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a
l
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implantation of the
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d
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s as
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s as
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s as
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s as
a
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s aslaalia.
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P . P. adaada
P . P.Padaada . P. adaada
P . P . adaada
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g . O rgrg
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s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaadad) Write the difference .wP.P adaadabetween C and .H. P. adaada
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s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada a
adada a
adada a
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a s
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a s
a asa i
granulosa cells
a s
a aslaalia
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s as
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s aslaa ia i .
land trichomoniasis? s aslaalia i .
s aslaal a i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
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i . O l a ia.Oi . O laalia.
s as a l c) HIV is a pathogen s as a l
whereas others are
s a a l
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a
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adada a
adada a
adada a
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ww.P.P d) Hepatitis ww.PB. Pis eradicated w .P.P
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caused by bacteria
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a
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only?
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a s
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a s
a
l
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a s
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.P.P adad a) Syphilis, P.Padad
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s as
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s as
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s as
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s as
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s aslaalia i .
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s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
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isdacaused
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wwmales and 7 to 21 days w
ww
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i . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O laalia.
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a
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a s
a
l
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a s
a
l
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a s
a
l
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a s
a aslaalia
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s as
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s as
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s as
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s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P.Padaada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
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g . O rgrg
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s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s as laalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada c) stimulating .wP.P
daada of FSH and LH
arelease .wP.P adaadd)
a causing immediate
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ww.P.P ww.P.P ww ovulation ww P.P
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s as
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s as
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s as
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s aslaa ia i .
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a
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s
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a
lalai i .
s as
a
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s aslaalia.
adaHormone releasing
adaB. adaada ii) daada loop IUD Padaada
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i . O l a ia. O
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i . O i
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a
adada a
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ww.P.P a) ww.P.P
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a
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cervical
l a i mucus impairing
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its ability to allow
a s
a
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a s
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s as
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lalai i .
s as
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lalai i .
s as
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P . P. adaada
P . P.Padaada . P. adaada
P . P . adaada
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s aslaalia i .
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s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada d) Alteration.P.in P
ada endometrium aisdato
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adamake it unsuitableafor
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g •.O rgrg
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a
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adadaof the foetus. .P.P a
adada a
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asa foeticide. a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
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g 10. Select r grg the correct term.Ofrom r grg the bracket and.Ocomplete r grg the given branching rgrg
a
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i
tree . O a
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lalai . O
i . O laalia.
s as s as s as s as s as
. P. adaada (Barriers, Lactational
P . P. adaada amenorrhoea,.P.CuT,
P adaadaTubectomy) .P.P
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s aslaaliB.
a i . Lactationalamenorrhoea
s aslaalia i .
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s aslaalia.
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Correct
a the following
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada a) Transfer .of a
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l
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i . O
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a
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adada
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a s
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l
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a s
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l
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a s
a
l
asa al a i
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l
asa al a i
a s
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g MR.
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AYYANAR
O M,SC,. B,ED,. LECTURER
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a
lalai i .
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.wP.P adaada . adaada
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a
adada • Pre implantation a
adada Genetic Diagnosis, a
adada a
adada a
adada
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w w w.P.P w w.P.P
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wwww and sperm donation wand
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l
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a s
a • ZIFT - Zygote a s
a a s
a a s
a a s
a
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health?as
a
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a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
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P . P. adaada
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i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O laalia.
s as a l • Janani Suraksha s as a lYojana, s as a l s as a l s as
.wP.P adaada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
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ww
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w
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a health),
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s aslaalia.
a
adada a
adada Surakshit Matritva a
adada Abhiyan a
adada a
adada
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15. Differentiate foeticide and infanticide.
g
i .O . rgrg
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a s
a
l
asa al a i S. No. a s
a
l
asa al a i Foeticide
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a
infanticidei
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killing
.
a and a
inhumane
s slaal a i .
murder of s aslaalia.
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foetus . P. adaada
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s aslaalia i .
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s aslaalia i .
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s aslaal a i
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s
ia i .
: Pain and s a
pus
slaal a i
discharge and s aslaalia.
a
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adada urination. .P.P a
adada
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w w.P.P during w w
ww
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Genital herpes Symptomsww: Pain during urination, ww
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in the groin s l
asa
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O M,SC,. B,ED,. LECTURER
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O
s as
a
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s as
a
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s as
a
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s as
a
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s aslaalia.
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ww ww ww ww ww
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. P. adaada
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s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaadaGenital warts .P.P adaada . P. adaadTumour
P
a on the .P
. adaada genitalia, cervix
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s as
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s as
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i i .
laala pain. s as
i
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s aslaalia.
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adadLiver cirrhosis .and ada failure occur.PinP
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i . O . O i . O . O i . O . O . O . O .
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a s
a aslaala
prolonged i diarrhoea, sweight
a a
i
aslaala reduction, asaaslaalia
i
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wVaginal
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ww Candidiasis ww ww Symptom w :w itching or soreness, ww
g rgrg rgrg abnormal rgrgvaginal discharge rgrand
g pain
a
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i . O a
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i . O a i . O
i . O
lala urination. a
lalai . O
i . O laalia.
s as s as during
s as s as s as
. P. adaadaTrichomoniasis.P.P
P adaada . P. adaadSymptoms:
P
a
. P. adaada greenish yellow
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ww
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g . O rgrg
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O
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s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia
prostatitis i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
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ww
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17. How are STDs transmitted?
g .O rgrg
O O rgrg
O
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O .O rgrg
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s aslaali•
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s aslaalia i . an infected s asl a
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s aslaalia.
a
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ww.P.P w w.P.with
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a
l
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a sa
l
asa l a i
a s
a
l
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a s
a
l
asa al a i
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adad • 15 to 24 years adapeople
d are prone toPthese adad infections. adad adad
ww.P.P w w.P.P w w. .P ww.P.P w w.P.P
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g O rgrg
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s as
a
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s aslalai i .
s as
a
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s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
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P . adaadunknown
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P
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amultiple partners PP
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ww
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g •.OIn rgcase
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O . O rgrand
O g get complete treatment. . O rgrg
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s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada 19. The procedure .wP.P adaada of GIFT involves .wP.P
adatransfer of female
adathe .wP.P
ada
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wbe
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s as a l s as a l s as a l s as a l s as
a
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wwthe fallopian tube. ww ww w
ww w
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g •O
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i .O . i .O . O i .O . O i .O . O .
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asa al a i
a s
a
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s aslaalia.
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P . P. adaada
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P . P. adaada
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g . O rgrg
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s aslaalia i .
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s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
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i . O
i . O
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i . O laala O
i . O i
laala . O
i . O laalia.
a s as a a s as a s as a s as
.P.P adada 20. Amnicentesis, .P.P adada the foetal sex .P.P
dada
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asa of the foetus leading a s
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l al a i
asa to female foeticides, a s
a
l al a i
asa itis necessary. asaasa l al a i
a s
a aslaalia
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dad
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O rg is necessary.
. O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s a a
lalai i .
s a laal a i .
s a laalia i .
s a laalia i .
s a laalia.
s s s s s
. P. adaada 21. Open Book
P . P. adaAssessment
P
ada
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P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww • Healthy wwwreproduction,
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g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .Justify.
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www w
w4.
w PRINCIPLES OF w w
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g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada 1. Haemophilia is a
adada
more common in males a
adada because it is a a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P w w.P.P ww .P.P w w.P.P ww.P.P
ww
ww a) Recessive
wwww character carriedwby wwY-chromosome ww
w ww ww
ww
g
i . O . rgrg
b) Dominant
O
character carried
i . O . rgrg by Y-chromosome
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l al a i
asa c) Dominant traitacarried s
a
l al a i
asa by X-chromosome a s
a
l
asa al a i
a sa
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad . P.Padad . P.Padad . P.Padad . P.Padad
wwww d) Recessive w w
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g 2. ABO
. O rgrblood
O g group in man
. O risgrgcontrolled by i.O.O
O rgrg . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai
a)
i .
Multiple alleles s as
a i
lalb) i .
a Lethal genes sc)asSex a i
lala linked genes saslad)la Y-linked a i i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww genes wwww wwww ww ww wwww
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g 3. Three rgrgchildren of a family rgrhave
g blood groups A, rgrgAB and B. Whati.O could
rgrg be
i
laala .
theO . O
i genotypes of their i . O
i . O
laalaparents? i
laalai. O . O laalai . O laalia.
s as s as s as s as s as
.wP.P adaada a) IA IB and.Pii.P ada
adab) IA Io and IBIo . P. adaadc)
P
a
IBIB and IAIA . P. adaada d) IA IA and .P.P
P adaada
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w w w
www wwww w
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g .O rgrgof the followingi.isO.O
O rgrg correct? .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s as a li
4.laWhich
a i .
s aslaal a i not
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada a) Three or .more a a
adadalleles of a trait in.Pthe ada
adapopulation are called a
dada
amultiple alleles. .P.P a
adada
ww.P.P w w P.P ww . P w w.P.P ww
ww
ww wwww wwww ww ww
b) A normal gene undergoes mutations to form manywalleles w ww
g
i .O
c) . rgrg
Multiple
O alleles map i .O at
. rgrdifferent
O g O rgrg
loci of aai.chromosome
. O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa l a i
a sa
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad d) A diploid Porganism
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. .P adad out of many in.P the
. adapopulation
P d .P.P adad
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g MR.
. O rgrg
AYYANAR
O M,SC,. B,ED,. LECTURER
. O rgrg IN ZOOLOGY PRESIDENCY
O . O rgrHR,
O g SEC, SCHOOL. PUDUCHERRY . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P.Padaada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
 s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
Padasalai
P . P. adaada
P
TrbTnpsc
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
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g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada5. Which of the .wP.P
daada
afollowing phenotypes .wP.P adainadathe progeny are .wP.P
daada
apossible from the .PP
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www parental www
combination AxB?ww www www w
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g a)OA
. i.O rgrand
g B only b)O A,B
. i.O rgrgand AB only i.Oc) rgAB
O rg only d) A,B,AB .O grg O
rand
O
s aslaalia s aslaalia s aslaal a i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada6. Which of the a
dada
afollowing a
phenotypesadaisdanot possible in the a a
adadprogeny of the adada a
ww.P.P parental w w. P. P
genotypic combination w w. P. P ww. P. P ww .P.P
ww
ww wwww wwwwIAIO X IAIB? ww ww wwww
g a) AB rgrg b) O c) A d)i.OB rgrg rgrg rgrg
i . O . O . O i .O . O i .O . O .
a s
a
l al a i
asa 7. Which of theasafollowing l
asa al a i
is true about
a sa
l al a i
asaRh factor in theasa l
asa al a
offspring
i
of a a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad parental .P.P adad
combination Dd X Dd .P.P
(both
adaRh d
positive)? .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww www w www w wwww w
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a) All will be Rh-positive b) Half will be Rh positive c) About ¾
g . O rgrg be Rh negative i.O.O
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g About one fourth . O rgwill
O rg be Rh negative . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .will
s as
a
lala i
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada 8. What can
P . P. abedaadthe
P
a
blood group . P
of
. ada
P
ada
offspring when both
. P. P aada
adparents have AB . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww wwww ww
ww
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group? ww ww ww
g . O rgrAB
a)
O g only b) A, B .and O rgrAB
O g c) A, B, ABi.O and rgrgO
O d) A andi.B O O grg
ronly
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaal a i .
s aslaal a i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada 9. If the child’s .wP.P adaadblood
a group is .P ‘O’
. adaadand
P
a fathers blood agroup
. P. P
daada is ‘A’ and Padaada
. .P
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w
wwblood group is ‘B’wthe w
www w
www ww
ww
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g .O rgrg
genotype
O of the parents
.O Ogrg be
rwill .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada a) IA IA and
adadaa
IB Io b) IA Io and
adadaa IB Io c) IA Io and a
IoIo
adada d) a
adada
ww.P.P IoIo andw w.P.P
IB IB w w.P.P ww.P.P w w.P.P
ww
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g 10.rgXO rg type of sex determination rgrg and XY type rgrgof sex determination rgrg are
i . O . O i . O . O i . O . O i . O . O .
a s
a aslaala i
examples of
a s
a aslaala i
a saaslaala i
a saaslaala i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad
a) Malewheterogamety b) Female.P.P adaheterogamety
d .P.P
c)wMale adahomogamety
d .P.P adad
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d) Both b) and c)
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
11. In an accident s as
a i i . a i
la is great losssasoflalablood and there sis
lathere i . as
a i i .
la time to
lano s aslaalia.
. P. adaada analyse the.P
P . adaadagroup
blood
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww wwww ww
ww
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g . O rgr‘O’
a)
O g and Rh negative . O rgb)
O rg ‘O’ and Rh positive . O rgrg c) ’B’ and Rh negative
O . O rgrg d)
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
adaada ‘AB’ and Rh adapositive
ada adaada adaada adaada
w.wP.P w .wP.P w .wP.P w.wP.P w .wP.P
ww
ww 12. Father wwww of a child is wwwwcolourblind and wmother www is carrier wfor www
g .O rgrg
colourblindness,
O
the probability
.O rgrg
O
of the child O rgrg colourblind is i.O.O
being
. i.O rgrg
s aslaaliaa)
i .
25% b) 50% s aslaali
c)a i .
100% d) 75% s aslaalia s aslaal a i
s aslaalia.
a
adada adadaa adadaa a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P ww.P.P w w.P.P
ww
ww 13. A w www
marriage between a colourblind wwww man and awnormal www woman produces wwww
g a. rAll g g carrier daughtersrgand g normal sons b.rg50% g carrier daughters, r g g50%
O
. i. O r O O r O O r O O r
s aslaalia
normal daughters ac.laa50%
s s lia. i. colourblind sons, s
. i. normal sons d.laliaAll
aslaalia50% s
.
asa i. carrier s aslaalia
.
a
adad a offsprings .P.P adad a a adad a a adada a a
adad a
ww.P.P w w w w.P.P ww.P.P w w.P.P
ww
ww wwww wwww wwww wwww
g MR.
. O rgrg
AYYANAR
O M,SC,. B,ED,. LECTURER
. O rgrg IN ZOOLOGY PRESIDENCY
O . O rgrHR,
O g SEC, SCHOOL. PUDUCHERRY . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P.Padaada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
 s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
Padasalai
P . P. adaada
P
TrbTnpsc
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
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wwww wwww ww ww wwww wwww
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g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada14. Mangolism.P.isP adaaada
genetic disorder . P. a
P
daada is caused by Pthe
which . . adaadpresence
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a of an .PP
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www number ww wwww w
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g a)O20
. i.O rgrg b) 21 c) 4 d)i.O23 rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia s aslaal a i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.P.P adada15. Klinefelters’
a
.P.P
syndrome
a
adada is characterized
.P.P adadaby a karyotype.Pof
a
.
a
adada
P .P.P
a
adada
wwww a) XYY www w
b) XO ww
c)ww
XXXw w d) XXY wwww wwww
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g 16. iFemales
.O . rgrg with Turners’
O i .O . rgrg
syndrome
O have i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l al a i
asa a) Small uterus b) a s
a
l al a i
aRudimentary
s a ovaries a s
a
l al a i
asaUnderdeveloped breasts
c) a sa
l al a i
asa d) All of a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww these www w ww w w wwww wwww
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g 17. Pataus’ rgrg syndrome is also rgreferred
rg to as rgrg rgrg
a
lalai . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O laalia.
s as a) 13 -Trisomy s as la 18-Trisormy sc)as21-Trisormy
lab) lala s asld)
a la None of s as
. P. adaada
P these . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
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wwww wwww ww ww wwww wwww
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g 18. Who rgrgis the founder ofi.Modern rgrg Eugenics movement? rgrg rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a a O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O laalia.
s as a la) Mendel s as a l Darwin c) Fransis
b) s as a lGalton d) Karl pearson s as a l s as
.wP.P adaada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
www 19. Improvement w
www of human race by
w w
ww encouraging the w w
www persons to marry
healthy w
www
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early and produce large number of children is called
g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia)
a i . Positive eugenics
s aslaali
b)a i .
Negative eugenics
s aslaalia i
c). Positive euthenics
s aslaalia i . d)
s aslaalia.
a
adada Positive euphenics a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
ww
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20. The _______deals with theww control of several inherited ww human diseases ww
g
i .O . rgrg
especially
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O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a sa
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad a) Euphenics ab)dadEugenics c) Euthenics
.P.P .P.P adad d) All of these
.P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww w w
ww Donor” and “Universal ww w w ww
ww group are _____ wwww
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g . rgrg
and_______
O O respectively
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O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai
a)
i .
AB, O b) s
O,as
a i
la
laAB i .
c) A, Bs as
a
lalai i .
d) B, A s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
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wwww ww of sex determination
wsystem
w ww ww occurs in wwww wwww
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g . rgrg
a)OFishes
O b)O
. rgrg
Reptiles
O c) Birds
. d)O
O rgAll
rg of these . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www www w
wisw www www
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23. Co-dominant blood group ww ww ww
g a)
.O rgrg b) AB
A
O .O rgrc)
O g B d) O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada 24. Which .Pof ada following is .incorrect
adathe a
adada regarding ZW-ZZ a
adada type of sex .P.P a
adada
ww.P.P w w . P w w P.P ww.P.P ww
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ww determination?
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g a.
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i . O . O i . O . O i .O . O i .O . O .
a s
a
l al a i
asa b. Females areasahomogametic l
asa al a i
and males a s
a
l al a i
asaare heterogameticasaasa l al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww www w ww w w wwww wwww
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g MR.
. O rgrg
AYYANAR
O M,SC,. B,ED,. LECTURER
. O rgrg IN ZOOLOGY PRESIDENCY
O . O rgrHR,
O g SEC, SCHOOL. PUDUCHERRY . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P.Padaada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
 s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
Padasalai
P . P. adaada
P
TrbTnpsc
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
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g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada c. Male produce
.wP.P adaadatwo types of gametes .wP.P adaada d. It occurs.Pin
. P
ada moth
adagypsy . P. adaada
P
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g .O rgrgIt is a sex determination
•O .O rgrg
O mechanism .O rgrg which is common
O .O rgrg in
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada hymenopteran a
adadainsects a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P ww.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P
ww
ww E.g w w
:w w
honeybees, ants andwwasps www wwww wwww
g •rgrIn this, sex of theOoffspring rgrg is determined rgrby
g the number of grg of
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i .O . Og i . i.O i .O . O i .O . O .
a s
a
l al a i
asa chromosomesaitsaasreceives. laal a
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad adad
.Phomogametic
. P .P.P adad
wwww 26. ww
Distinguish
ww between www w
heterogametic andwww w w
sex
ww w
ww ww ww ww ww
determination systems.
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a i i .
lala S. No. s a a
lalai
Heterogametic
s
i .
sex s as
a i
la i .
lHomogametic
a sex a a
lalai
determination
s s
i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaadadetermination .P.P
P adaada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww ww ww wwww wwww ww
ww
ww 1 ww In this type two ww types In this type only ww one types of gamete ww is
g . O rgrg
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O rg produced . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i . a l
produced
s s aalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada2 .wP.P aada chromosomes are
adSex .wP.P adaadSex
a
chromosomes .wPare
. adaa
P da
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ww
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g 3 i.O rgrg
O These organisms
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O Thesei.organisms
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O are called as .O rgrg
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s aslaal a i .
s a
calledslaali
asa i .
s aslaal a
Homomorphic
i .
individuals s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada a
ada
adHeteromorphic a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P ww.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P
ww
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individuals ww ww ww
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
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O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad 27. What is.P adad
Lyonisation?
. P .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww ww
wanw condition Where there w w
ww are two or more w w w
ww sets of X- Linked w
ww w
ww • It wisw ww w
haploid ww
g . O rgrg in each cell iall
genes
O . O Ogrg one of the genes
rbut . O rgare
O rg inactivated apparently . O rgrg at
O
s as
a i i .
lala random and have s asnoa i .
lalaphenotypic expression. s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww • Lyonization
ww is usual but it isww w ww ww
ww w
ww ww not common in all loci ww ww
ww ww ww ww
• Lyonization occurs in men with the Klinefelter (XXY) karyotype
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s a
28.
slaa ia i .
lWhat is criss-cross s aslaalia i .
inheritance? s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www This type
ww wof inheritance of www
recessive sex linked w
character
ww from father w
to
ww
ww ww ww ww ww
daughter and then from the daughter to her sons is known as criss-cross
g .O rgrg
O
inheritance or sexlalinked.O rgrgor X-linked inheritance.
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s as a lia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada29. Why are sex a
dada recessive characters
alinked a
adada more common.P.in ada male human .PP
adathe a
adada
ww.P.P ww.P.P w w.P.P w w P w w .
ww
ww beings? wwww ww ww wwww wwww
g
i•.OSex
. rgrglinked inherited traits
O i .O . rgrare
O g more common.O
i in. rgmales
O rg than femalesi.O.O rgrg .
a s
a
l al a i
asa • This is because,amales s
a
l al a i
asa are hemizygousa(has s
a
l al a i
asa only one X gene)asaasa l al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww ww ww www w www w w
ww w
ww ww ww ww ww
g MR.
. O rgrg
AYYANAR
O M,SC,. B,ED,. LECTURER
. O rgrg IN ZOOLOGY PRESIDENCY
O . O rgrHR,
O g SEC, SCHOOL. PUDUCHERRY . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P.Padaada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
 s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
Padasalai
P . P. adaada
P
TrbTnpsc
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada30. What are holandric .wP.P adaada genes? .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www w
ww or holandric w w
ww – The genes present w
ww in the region of w
wYw
ww • Y- linked ww w
genes ww ww
g .O rgrg
chromosome
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia
•
i .
The Y linked geness aslaalia
have
i .
no corresponding s aslaalia i .
allele in X chromosome.s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P • Y linked w w. P.P w w. P.P ww. P.P ww . P.P
ww
ww ww genes inherit along
ww wwww with Y chromosome wwww and phenotypically wwww
express only in the male.
g
i O
. i.O rgrg i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l al a
asa Mention the symptoms
31. a sa
l al a i
asa of Phenylketonuria. a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad adad
.Pinclude
. P .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww • Symptomswww w of phenylketonuria www w severe www
mental
w retardation, light
wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
pigmentation of skin and hair.
g
•. O rgrg
O
Phenylpyruvic acid is . O rgrg in the urine.i.O.O
O rgrg . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
excreted
s as
a
lala i
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada32. Mention the
P . P. adaada
P
symptoms of Downs . P adaada
P
syndrome.
. . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww w w ww ww
ww
ww wwww wwww wwww wwww
• Severewmental retardation, w
g
•. O rgrg
O
Defective development . O rgrthe
O
of
g
central nervous . O rgrg
O
system, . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada • Increased .separation P. adaada between the .eyes,
P P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
www w
www w
www w
www w
www
ww • Flattened ww nose, ww ww ww
g •.OEarsrgrgare malformed, i.O.O
O rgrg .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaal a i
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada • Mouth is constantly a
adada open and the.tongue a
adadaprotrudes a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P w w.P.P w w P.P ww.P.P ww .P.P
ww
ww ww
ww wwww wwww wwww
33. Differentiate Intersexes from Supersexes
g
i .O
The . rgrpresence
O g of bothlaimale .O . rgrgand female reproductive
O i .O . rgrg characteristics
O i .O . rgin
O rg one .
a s
a
l al a i
asa individual is acommon saasa l a i
both, but a s
a
Supersex
l
asa al a i
is a natural a s
a
l
asa al
condition
a i
while a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.aPadad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww ww
intersex w wis disorder. www w wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g Supersex
r grg individuals .are r gable
r g to reproduce while r grg intersex individuals r grg are
. O O
laaliai.usually not. saslaaliai. O O .
laaliai.O O .
laaliai.O O laalia.
s as s as s as s as
. P. adaada Supersexes.P
P are
.
ada
adafound
P among .
animalsP. adaadand
P
a
plants, but . P adaadaindividuals are .P.P
P
intersex
. adaada
wwww wwww wwww wwww wwww
ww found wwamong humans. ww ww ww
g . O O grg
rExplain . O rgrg of ABO blood igrouping
O . O rgrg man.
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaali34.
a i . the genetic
s aslaalia i .
basis
s aslaal a i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada • Blood .P . adaadais determined .P
group
P by
. P
ada
ada-three autosomal.P.alleles adaada located on .P.P
P adaada
www w
www 9. w
www w
www w
www
ww ww
chromosome ww ww ww
g .O rgrThe
•O g gene controlling .O rgrg blood type arei.O
O ‘L’ rgrg(L-Landsteiner) i.or
O O rgIrg(I -
O
s aslaalia i .
isoagglutination). s aslaalia i .
s aslaal a i .
s aslaal a i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P • I genew w.P.P
occurs in three allelic w w.P.P
forms, IA, IB and IO. ww.P.P ww .P.P
ww
ww ww
ww wwww wwww wwww
g IA
rgrgdenotes A antigen. rgrg rgrg rgrg
i . O . O i .O . O i .O . O i .O . O .
a s
a
l al a i
asa IB denotes B antigen a sa
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww www w www w wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g MR.
. O rgrg
AYYANAR
O M,SC,. B,ED,. LECTURER
. O rgrg IN ZOOLOGY PRESIDENCY
O . O rgrHR,
O g SEC, SCHOOL. PUDUCHERRY . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P.Padaada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
 s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
Padasalai
P . P. adaada
P
TrbTnpsc
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww ww ww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O Orgrg
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia.
.wP.P adaada IO denotes
.wP.P
daadantigen.
ano a
.wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www w
ww IB are dominantwto www w
wtoweach other (IA=IB). www
ww • IAwand
w w IO, but co-dominant ww ww
g .O rgDominance
•O rg hierarchy .O risgrg- (IA=IB> IO). i.O.O
O rgrg .O Orgrg
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laal a i
s a
s laalia i.
s a
s laalia.
a
adada • A child receives
adada one of three .P
a a
adadafrom each parent,
alleles a a result in six adada
adadand a
ww.P.P ww. P.P ww . P w w. P.P ww.P.P
ww
ww ww genotypes and four
possible
ww wwwpossible
w blood groups ww
ww (phenotypes). ww
ww
g •rgThe
rg genotypes : IAi.IA, rgrIA
g IO - A group .O.O rgrg rgrg
i . O . O O . O i i .O . O .
a s
a
l al a i
asa IBIB, IB IO - aBsaagroup slaal a i
a s
a asal al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww IA IBww-w w
AB Group www w w
ww w www w
ww ww ww ww ww
IOIO
grg - O Group .OO
g . O r
O rgrg . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai
35.
i .
How is sex s a a
lala
determined
s
i i .
in human a
beings?
s s
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P.Padaada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww • Sex w ww wwthe sex of the individual. ww ww
ww
ww wwchromosomes
w determine
wwww ww ww ww
ww
• gAutosomes - chromosomes other than the sex chromosomes
g . O r rg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaa i i .
l • Sex chromosomes
a s aslaa i i .
l may be similar
a s as laa ia i .
l (homomorphic) and s aslaa ia i .
l dissimilar s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada .wP.P
(heteromorphic). adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www ww w www w
ww www
ww ww
• Homomorphic individuals ww - produce onlyww one type of gametes ww
g .O rgrg
(homogametic)
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s as laalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada Heteromorphic ada
adaindividuals - produce ada types of gametes
adatwo a
da
ada(heterogametic). a
adada
ww.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P
ww
ww • Females wware homogameticwwith
ww ww XX chromosome,ww
w ww ww
ww
g •.O rgrg are heterogametic
Males
O .O rgrwith
O g X and Y chromosome. .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .
l alia i .
asa • Females produce l al
asonlyia i . l a
aseachlia i . l
asa alia i . aslaalia
a s
a a sa a one kind of egg, a s
a a with one X chromosome, a s
a a s
a
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww • Males w w
wproduce
w two kinds wofw www w
sperms (1.with X chromosome w
ww w and 2. with w
wYw w
ww ww ww ww
chromosome.
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
• Gender - depends s as
a i i .
lalathe type of fertilizing
on s as
a i i
lalasperm..
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww ww ww wwww ww
ww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
36. Explain
g . O rgrg male heterogamety.
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaa ia i .
l• In this Males aresaheterogametic
slaalia i . producing s as laa ia i .
ldissimilar gametes.sasal l a ia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada • Females are .wP.P
daada
ahomogametic .wP.P
producing
adaadsimilar
a
gametes. .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www ww w www w
ww www
ww ww ww ww ww
• It is of two kinds XX-XO type and XX-XY type.
g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i
XX-XO. Type s aslaalia i .
s as laalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada This type is.seen a
adadina bugs, cockroaches ada gras shoppers.
adaand a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P w w P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P ww .P.P
ww
ww ww
ww wwww www ww
ww
• Female - two X chromosomes - XX (homogametic)w
g
i•.O . rgrg - only one X chromosome
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i
Males
a sa
l
asa al a i - XO
a s
a asala l a i
(heterogametic)
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww ww w w www w w
ww w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g MR.
. O rgrg
AYYANAR
O M,SC,. B,ED,. LECTURER
. O rgrg IN ZOOLOGY PRESIDENCY
O . O rgrHR,
O g SEC, SCHOOL. PUDUCHERRY . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s a s
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P.Padaada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
 s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
Padasalai
P . P. adaada
P
TrbTnpsc
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww ww
ww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O Orgrg
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia.
.wP.P adaada • Unpaired.X P. P
daada
achromosomes determines
. P. adaadathe male sex. .P.P
P adaada . P. adaada
P
www w
wwwproduce two types w
wwsperms, 1.one half
wof w
ww X chromosome
wwith w
w2.ww
ww • The w males
w ww ww ww
g .O rgrg half without Xi.chromosome.
other
O O rgrg
O .O Orgrg .O Orgrg
s a
s laalia
•
i .
The sex of the s a
s laa
offspringl a i .
depends upon s a
s
thelaalia i.
sperm that fertilizess a
s laali
thea i.
egg. s a
s laalia.
a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P w .
w P.P ww.P.P w .
w P.P w .
w P.P
ww
ww XX-XY wtype
ww w (Lygaeus Type)ww ww wwww ww
ww
This type seen in human beings and in Drosophila.
g
i .O . rgrg
O i.O .Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i Females are
a s
a
l
asa a
homogametic
l a i with XX
a s
a
l
asa al a
chromosome, i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad Males are adad
.P.heterogametic
P withwX adadY chromosome. .P.P
.P.and
P adad .P.Padad
wwww w
ww w ww w w
ww w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
Females produce only one kind of egg, each with one X chromosome,
g . O rgrg
O . O Orgrg . O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s a
s
a i
lala i .Males produce
s
two
a
s
a i
lala i.
kinds of sperms
s
(1.with
as
a
lalai i . X chromosome
s aand
s
i i .
lala with Y
a 2.
s aslaalia.
. P.Padaada chromosome.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P .P. adaada
P . P.Padaada
wwww ww ww ww ww
ww Genderww -wdepends
w on the type w
wwofwfertilizing sperm ww ww ww
ww
g . O Ogrg about female.O
rBrief rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s asla
a li
a37.i.
sa slaalia heterogamety.
i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada Heterogametic
.wP.P adaadaFemales .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www w
wwtype seen in insects, w
wfishes,
w www www
ww • In w w
this ww reptiles and birds ww ww
g .O rgMale
•O rg produce a similar .O rgrggametes
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada • Female produce a
adada dissimilar gametes. a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
ww
ww • Female
ww ww sex - ‘X’ chromosome wwww or one ‘X’ and one www‘Y’
w chromosome. ww ww
g .O •O
rgThus
rg females are heterogametic .O rgrg
O and produce .O rgrgtwo types of eggs.
O .O rgrg
O .
l alia i .
asa • In this ‘Z’ and l
a‘W’alia i . l alia i .
asa of X and Y respectively. l
asa alia i . aslaalia
a s
a a s
a s a are used here instead a s
a a s
a a s
a
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww w w
• Heterogametic
ww females are w w
ofwtwo types, ZO-ZZwtype
w ww
ww and ZW-ZZ type. wwww
ww ww ww w ww
ZO-ZZgType
g . O r rg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaadaThis type is seen.P.in
P P
ada
adamoths, butterflies.P and
. adaaddomestic
P
a chickens.. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g This
. O rgrtype
O g seen in human . O rgrg and in Drosophila.
beings
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaa ia i .
l• Females are homogametic s aslaalia i .
with XX s aslaa
chromosome,lia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
www • Males w
wwheterogametic with
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wwXwand Y chromosome. w
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www
ww ww ww ww ww
g • Females
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l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia.Oi . O laalia.
s as a l • Males produce s a
twos a l kinds of sperms a
(1.
s s a l
with X chromosome s a a
and
s l 2. with Y s as
a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P chromosome.)
w w.P.P w w.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
ww
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g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
41.l
asa al a i
What are the l a
applications
a s
a asa l a i of Karyotyping?
a s
a
l
asaa l a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
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g MR.
. O rgrg
AYYANAR
O M,SC,. B,ED,. LECTURER
. O rgrg IN ZOOLOGY PRESIDENCY
O . O rgrHR,
O g SEC, SCHOOL. PUDUCHERRY . O rgrg
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s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P.Padaada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
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s laalia. i. s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
Padasalai
P . P.Padaada . . adaada
TrbTnpsc
P P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww wwww wwww
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g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O Orgrg
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia.
.wP.P adaada • It helps in .gender P. adaada identification..P.P
P adaada . P.Padaada . P. adaada
P
www w
www w
www w w
wwdeletion, duplication, w
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• It is used to detect the chromosomal ww aberrationsww like ww
g .O rgrg
translocation,
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nondisjunction
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O .O Orgrg .O Orgrg
s a
s laalia
•
i
It
.
helps to identify s a
s laalia i .
chromosomal s a
s l
abnormalitiesaalia i.
like aneuploidy. s a
s laalia i.
s a
s laalia.
a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P • It is also w w. P.P ww.P.P w .
w P.P ww. P.P
ww
ww wwused to predict thewevolutionary
ww ww
w relationships wwww between species.ww ww
g • Itris grgused to Genetic diseases rgrg can be detected. rgrg rgrg
i . O . O i. O . O i .O . O i .O . O .
a s
a42.l al a i
asa Explain the inheritance a s
a
l al a i
asa of sex linked characters a sa
l
asa al a i
in human s l
asa
being.
a a
al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad . P.Padad . P.Padad . P.Padad . P.Padad
wwww • The inheritance
ww ww of X or Y linked w w
ww genes is called sex-linked ww
ww inheritance. ww wwww
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g • Genesrgrg present on region rgrg of X or Y chromosomes rgrg are called sexrglinked
a l alia. O
i . O
genes. a l alia. O
i . O
a l alia. O
i . O
a l alia.Oi .Org a laalia.
s s a s s a s s a s s a s s
. P.Padaada • X linked genes . P. adaad-aThe genes present
P . P. aindaadthe
P
a
l region of “X” . P. adaada
chromosome.
P . P. adaada
P
wwww ww ww wwww ww ww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
• The X–linked genes have no corresponding alleles in the Y chromosome.
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaali•
a i .
Y- linked or holandric
s as laalia i . genes – The
s asla li
genes
a a i . present in the
s asla li
region
a a i . of Y
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada chromosome .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www w w
w genes have nowcorresponding www w
wXwchromosome. ww www
ww • The Y ww linked w allele w inw
g •.O Yrgrglinked genes inherit
O .O rgrg
O along with Y chromosome .O rgrg
O and phenotypically
.O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
express only in s as
the laalia i
male.
.
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada adadaa adadaa a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P • Sex linked ww. P.P w w. P.P ww. P.P ww. P.P
ww
ww wwww inherited traits are wwwmore
w common in males wwwwthan females ww
ww
g • This rgrgis because, malesi.O are rgrhemizygous
g (has onlyrgrone g X gene) rgrg
i . O . O . O i . O . O i .O . O .
a s
a
l al a i
asa • X - linked and a s
a
l al a i
asYa - linked genes (non a sa
l al a i
ashomologus
a region) ado s
a
l a
asnotl a i
a undergo a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad pairingwor adad
.P.crossing
P over during adad
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. P .P.P adad .P.P adad
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43. What grg is extra chromosomal grg inheritance? Explain grg with an example.
g . O r
O . O r
O . O r
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a i i . a i
lala • Transmissionsasoflalacharacters dependent i .
s as
a i i .
lalaon some factor sawhich s
i i .
lala is not
a s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P connected.P.with adaadthe
P
a chromosomes adaada
. P. P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww ww ww wwww ww ww wwww
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• It is also known as cytoplasmic ww inheritance ww ww
g . O rgExample:
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O g . O rgrg and mitichondria.
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i . Cytoplasmic
s as laalia i . of chloroplasts
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada 44. Comment .wP.P
daadthe
aon a methods of Eugenics
.wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www ww w www ww w www
ww ww
Classical eugenics ww ww ww
g .O rgAdvocacy
•O rg for sexual .O rgrg
abstinence
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s as laalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada • Sex education a
adadain schools. adadaa a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P ww.P.P w w.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
ww
ww wwww the use of contraception.
• Promoting wwww wwww ww
ww
g
i .O . rgResearch
•O rg for betteri.O . rgrg
contraceptives.
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s l
asa al a i
a s asal al a i
a s l
asa al a i
a s l
asa al a i
a s aslaalia
adad a • Voluntary a
adsterilization.
ad adad a adad a adad a
ww.P.P ww.P.P w w.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
ww
ww wwww wwww wwww ww
ww
g MR.
. O rgrg
AYYANAR
O M,SC,. B,ED,. LECTURER
. O rgrg IN ZOOLOGY PRESIDENCY
O . O rgrHR,
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O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P.Padaada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
 s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P . adaada
Padasalai
P . P. adaada
P
TrbTnpsc
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww wwww ww
ww
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g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada • Abortion.
.wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
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ww eugenics www www w
ww
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Negative ww ww ww
g .O rgIncentives
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.O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada • Incentivesad a
forawomen on welfareadatoduse a a contraceptions.adada a a
adada
ww.P.P ww.P.Pad w w.P.P ww.P.P w w.P.P
ww
ww ww
• Compulsory
ww sterilizationww w
ofwthe “mentally retarded” wwww and criminals. ww ww
g
i .O . rgrg
Positive
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i . rgrg i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l al a i
asa • Financial incentives a sa
l al a i
asa to have children. a sa
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww w
• Taxationw
ww of the childless.ww www w wwww w
ww w
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g •rgEugenic
rg immigration rgrg rgrg rgrg
a i . O
i . O
lala New eugenics saslala a i . O
i . O a
lalai . O
i . O a
lalai . O
i . O laalia.
s as s as s as s as
. P. adaada
P . P . adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww • Artificial
ww insemination bywdonor. w ww ww
ww
ww ww
ww wwww wwww wwww
• gEgg donation.
g . O r rg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .• Pre implantation s asla li
and
a a i . prenatal diagnosis s aslaof
alia i .
genetic disorders sand
aslaalia i .
pregnancy s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada terminations
.wP.P adaofaddefective
a fetuses..P.P adaada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
www w
ww selection. w
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www
ww ww
• Embryo ww ww ww
g .O rgGenetic
•O rg engineering. .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada • Gene therapy a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P • Cloningww ww. P.P w w. P.P ww. P.P w w. P.P
ww
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g
i .O . rgrg
O i O
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O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a sa
l
asa al a i MOLECULAR
a sa
l
asa al a
GENETICS i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww wwww www w wwww w
ww w
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g 1. Hershey
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O . O rgrg with bacteriophage
O . O rgrg showed that i.O.O
O rgrg
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lala i
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada a) Protein gets
P . P . P
daadathe bacterial cells
ainto . P. adaadb)
P
a DNA is the genetic
. P. adaada
P
material
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w wwww wwww ww
ww
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g 2. aDNA . O rgrand
O g RNA are similar . O rgrwith
O g respect to .O.O rgrg . O rgrg
O
s asla lia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada a) Thymine.as P . P
ada
aadanitrogen base b)
. P. aAdaasingle-stranded
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. P. ad
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ww
wphosphates w
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c) Nucleotide ww nitrogen bases and ww ww
g d)
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The
O .O rgrg
nucleotides
O for the amino .O rgrgacid phenyl alanine
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada3. mRNA molecule a
adais daproduced by .PP a
adada a
adada a
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ww.P.P w .P.P
w w w . ww.P.P w w.P.P
ww
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ww
a) Replication b) Transcription wwww c) Duplication ww wwTranslation
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g 4. aThe .O Ogrg number of nitrogenous
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O .O rgrto
O g be .
l lia
asa about i . l
asa alia i . l
asa alia i . l
asa alia i . aslaalia
a s
a a sa a sa a s
a a s
a
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww www w www w wwww w
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g MR.
. O rgrg
AYYANAR
O M,SC,. B,ED,. LECTURER
. O rgrg IN ZOOLOGY PRESIDENCY
O . O rgrHR,
O g SEC, SCHOOL. PUDUCHERRY . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P . adaada
P . P.Padaada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
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s laalia. i. s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
Padasalai
P . P.Padaada . . adaada
TrbTnpsc
P P . P. adaada
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wwww wwww wwww wwww ww
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g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O Orgrg
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia.
.wP.P adaada a) 3.5 million .wP.P aad35000
adb) a adaada
c) 35 million
.wP.P d) 3.1 billion
.wP.Padaada .wP.P adaada
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ww
ww 5. E. coliwcell w grown on 15N w w
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O .O rgrgenerations.
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rcells
s a
s laalia i .
ultracentrifuged s a
s
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cesium chloride s a
s laalia i
density
.
gradient. s a
s
Whatlaalia i.
density s a
s laalia.
a
adada distribution.P.of ada
adaDNA a a
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adada a
adada
ww.P.P ww P would you ww.P.P
expect this experiment?
w w.P.P w w.P.P
ww
ww ww
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a) One high and one low density band.
g
i .O . rgrg
O i.O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
aasal al a i b) One intermediate
a s
aasal al a i
density band.
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad c) One whigh .P.P
dad one intermediatePdensity
aand . .P adad band. .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww ww w wwww w w w w
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d) One low and one intermediate density band. w
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
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s as
a
lalai6. i . What is the basis
s as
a
lalai
for i . the difference
s
in
as
a
lalai
the i . synthesis of the
s as
i
leading
a
lala i . and
s aslaalia.
. P.Padaada lagging strand . P. adaofadaDNA molecules?
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww w ww
w wwww
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a) Origin of replication occurs ww only at the 5’ end of wwthe molecules. ww
g . O rgrDNA
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O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaal a i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
adaada c) DNA polymerase adaada can join new adaanucleotides
da only toathe daada3’ end of the Padaada
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ww
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s aslaalia
7. i .Which of the l al
following
s as a
ia i . is the correct s l alia
sequence
as a i . of event with
s asl al a i
reference
a
. to s aslaalia.
a
adada the central .dogma? a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P w w P.P ww.P.P w .P.P
w w .P.P
w
ww
ww ww
ww wwww wwww ww
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a) Transcription, Translation, Replication b) Transcription, Replication,
g
i .O . rgrg
Translation
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l al a i
asa c) Duplication,aTranslation, s
a
l
asa al a i
Transcriptiona s
a
l al a i
asa d) Replication,asTranscription,a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww w
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8. Which of the following statements about DNA replication is not correct?
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalaia) i .Unwinding of DNA
s as
a
lalai i .
molecule occurs as
s a a i
hydrogen
slala i . bonds break.
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada b) Replication
P . P. P
daada as each base isPapaired
aoccurs . . P
daada with another exactly
. P. adaadalike it.
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww w
ww
ww c) Process
ww
ww is known as semi conservative
wwww
replication w
ww w
because one old strandwis
wwww
g . O rgrg
conserved
O in the newi.O rgrg
molecule.
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaal a i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada d) Complementary .wP.P adaada base pairs are.P.held adaadatogether with hydrogen
P . P. adaada bonds.
P . P. adaada
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w w
ww 9. Whichwof w the following statements ww is not true about ww DNA replicationwwinw
g rgrg
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s aslaalia
a)
i .
Replication beginss aslaal
at
ia i
a
.
single origin of s aslaalia i
replication.
.
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P b) w
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w w .P.P
w
ww
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c) Replication occurs at about 1 million base pairs per minute.
g
i .O . rgrg
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.chromosomes, i .O . rgrg
O .
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a
l
asa al d)
a i There are numerous
a s
a
l
asa al a i different bacterial
a s
a
l
asaa l a i with
a s
a
l
asa al i
replication
a
a s
a aslaalia
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dad at the same time.
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O M,SC,. B,ED,. LECTURER
. O rgrg IN ZOOLOGY PRESIDENCY
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s as
a
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s as
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s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P.Padaada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
 s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
Padasalai
P . P. adaada
P
TrbTnpsc
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww ww
ww ww
ww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada10. The first .P . adaada to be deciphered
codon
P . P. adaadawas __________
P . P. P
daada codes for Padaada
awhich . .P
www ________. w
www w
www w
www ww
ww
ww ww ww ww ww
g a)OAAA,
. i.O rgrg proline b)O rgrg alanine c) UUU,
GGG,
. i.O .O rgPhenylalanine
O rg d) OrgrgTTT,
s a laalia arginine s a laalia s a laalia i .
s a laalia. i.O s a laalia.
a s a s a s a s a s
.P.P adada . P. adada
P . P. adada
P . P. adada
P . P. adada
P
wwww 11. Meselson w
wwand Stahl’s experiment
w w
ww proved
w w
ww w w
ww w
ww ww ww ww ww
g a) Transduction
rgrg b) Transformation
rgrg c) DNArg isgthe genetic material rg g
i . O . O i . O . O i . O . O r i .O . Or .
a s
a
l al a i
asa d) Semi-conservative a s
a
l al a i
asa nature of DNA replication a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad adad
.P.are
P .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww 12. Ribosomes wwww composed of
www w
two subunits; the w w
smaller
ww subunit of w
a
ww w
ww ww ww ww ww
ribosome has a binding site for _________ and the larger subunit has two
g . O rgrg sites for two __________.
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai .
binding
i
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaadamRNA, tRNA .P.P
Ans:
P adaada
wwww wwww wwww ww
ww ww
ww
ww 13. An operon ww is a: ww ww ww
g a)
. O rgrg that suppresses
Protein
O . O O grg expression
rgene . b)
O rgrProtein
O g that accelerates . O rgrggene
O
s aslaa ia i .
l expression s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www c) Cluster w
ww of structural genes www
with related function w
wwd) Gene that switched w
ww
ww ww ww ww ww
other
g genes on or off g
g O
. i.O r r g .O r rg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada14. When lactose a a
aisdadpresent a a
adadmedium: a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P ww .P.P w w.P.P
in the culture w w.P.P w w.P.P
ww
ww ww
ww ww ww ww
a) Transcription of lac y, lac z, lacww a genes occurs. b) Repressor ww is unable to bind ww
g to the i .O . rgrg
operator.
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l al a i
asa c) Repressor isaable s
a
l al a i
asa to bind to the operator. a s
a
l al a i
asa d) Both (a) anda(b) s
a
l a
asarel a i
a correct. a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww ww
wreasons:
w w w
wwis ‘universal’. w
ww w w
ww w
ww 15. Give ww Genetic code ww ww ww
g . O rgrg genetic code is iuniversal.
The
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lala i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P
It means that
. P. adaadina all living organism
P . P. adaadgenetic
P
a
. . P
ada
code (tripletadacodon)
P
direct the adaada
.P.P
wwww synthesis
wwwwof same kind of protein wwww from amino acids. ww
ww ww
ww
ww ww ww ww ww
g Eg.
rgrg In mRNA (UUU) rcodon
grg codes for phenylalanine rgrg in all cellsrgof g all
. O O . O O . O O . O O r
s as
i .
laalai organisms. s as
i
laalai .
s as
i
laalai .
s as
i
laalai .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada16. Name the parts .wP.P adaamarked
da ‘A’ and .‘B’ P. P inadthe
ada a given transcription
. P. adaada unit: A B 3’ .P.P
P adaada
www www w
www w
www w
www
ww 3’ Ans : ww ww ww ww
g .O Argr–gPromoter
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s a laalia i .
s a laalia i .
s a laalia i .
s a laalia i .
s a laalia.
a
adada
s B – Coding a
strand
adada
s a
adada
s a
adada
s a
adada
s
ww.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P
ww
ww 17. Mention ww any two ways
ww ww
ww in which single nucleotide wwww polymorphism ww ww
g (SNPs) rgrg identified in ihuman rgrg genome can ibring rgrg revolutionary ichange rgrg in
i . O . O . O . O . O . O . O . O .
a s
a aslaala i
biological and medical
a s
a
i
aslaala science. a s
a aslaala i
a s
a aslaala i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww www w www w w
ww w w
ww w
ww ww ww ww ww
g MR.
. O rgrg
AYYANAR
O M,SC,. B,ED,. LECTURER
. O rgrg IN ZOOLOGY PRESIDENCY
O . O rgrHR,
O g SEC, SCHOOL. PUDUCHERRY . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P.Padaada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
 s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
Padasalai
P . P. adaada
P
TrbTnpsc
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww ww ww wwww wwww ww ww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada  A single-nucleotide .wP.P adaada polymorphism .wP.P adaadisa a variation in.Pa.P aada nucleotide .P.P
adsingle adaada
www thatww ww w
occurs at a specific w www
position in the genome, www w each variation
where w
wisww
ww w ww ww
g present
rgrg to some appreciable rgrg degree within ai.O population
rgrg rgrg
l aia. O
i . O
E.g. the C nucleotide l a ia. O
i . O
may appear in most l a i . O
individuals,
a but in a l a i .O i
minority
a . O of laalia.
s as a l s as a l s as a l s as a l s as
a
adada individuals, adatheadaposition is occupied a
adadby a an A. adadaa a
adada
ww.P.P w w.P.P ww.P.P w w.P.P ww.P.P
ww
ww  Thiswmeans ww that there is a SNP
w wwwwat this specific position, ww ww and the two ww ww
g possible
rgrg nucleotide variations rgrg – C or A – arergsaid rg to be alleles fori.O thisrgrg
i . O . O i . O . O i . O . O . O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i position
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a sa
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad adad
.Plagging
. P .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww 18. Differentiate ww w w - Leading stand www
andw strand www w ww ww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg Leading Strand
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrgLagging Strandi.O.O
O rgrg
s as
a i
lal1. i .
a This strand grows s aslaa i
la i .
continuously s as
a i
lal1. i .
a Its growth is discontinuous s as
a
lala i
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P without
. P. adaadany
P
a gap
. P. adaadaThis strand formed
P . P. adainadashort segments .P.P
P adaada
wwww ww ww wwww wwww ww ww
ww ww ww calledwOkazaki
w fragments. ww
g 2. It does rgrgnot require DNA ligase
rgrg for its 2. DNA-ligase rgrg is required forrgjoining rg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. Oi . O laalia.
s as a l growth. s as a l s as a l Okazaki fragments. s as a l s as
.wP.P adaada3. The direction.Pof . P
ada
adagrowth of the leading . P. adaad3.a The direction of
P . P. adaada of the lagging.P.P
growth
P adaada
www w w
ww is 5′ w
www w
www is 3′ wwww
ww wwstrand 3′ ww ww
strand 5′ ww
g
l alia.Oi . Ogrg a single RNA
4.rOnly
l alia
primer
.Oi . rgrg is
O 4. More
l alia.Oi . rgrgnumber of RNAi.primer
O l al a Oi . rgrg is
O laalia.
a s as a required. a s as a a s as a required a s as a a s as
.P.P adada 5. It w
isw.aP.P
dada process.
arapid .P.P adada 5. it’s awslower
.P.P adadaprocess. .P.P adada
wwww ww wwww ww w ww ww
ww ww ww ww ww
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a sa
l
asa al a i
a sa
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad 19. Differentiate .P.P a- daTemplate
d strand and
.P.P adcoding
ad strand.
.P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww ww w w wwww www w ww ww
ww wTemplate
w strand ww wwCoding strand ww
g 1. Template. O rgrg strand is directed
O . OinO rg 5’ to 1. Coding
rgthe . O rg
O rg is directed ini.O
strand the rgr3’
O g to 5’
s aslaalia i .
3’ direction s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
direction s aslaal a i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P 2. Transcribed . P. adaadinto
P
a
mRNA . P. adaada 2. Not transcribed
P . P. adaada
P into mRNA . P. adaada
P
wwww ww ww wwww wwww ww ww
ww 3. Contains ww the complementary ww 3. Contains thewsame w nucleotide sequence ww to
g r g g g
rr g g
rr g r g g
a laalia.Oi.Or
nucleotide sequence as i.the
a laal a i.OmRNA
O
a laalia.Oi.OmRNA, except thymine
a laalia.O i.Or a laalia.
s s 4. Contains s s
anticondons s s 4. Contains s
codonss s s
.wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www 5. Contains thewwsame
w nucleotide sequence
www 5. Contains the complementary
www nucleotide w
ww ww as the tRNA
ww ww
sequence as the tRNA w
www
g 6. Hydrogen.O rgrg bonds are formed
O .O rgrbetween
O g 6. No hydrogen .O rgrg bonds are formed
O .O rgrbetween
O g
s asl
theaalia i .
template strand ands asla
the
alia i .
synthesizing s
theaslaalia
coding
i .
strand and s aslaal
synthesizing
ia i .
mRNA s aslaalia.
a
adada adada a a
adada adadaa a
adada
ww.P.P w w.P . P
mRNA. ww.P.P w w.P.P ww.P.P
ww
ww wwww wwww ww ww wwww
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a sa
l
asa al a i
a sa
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww ww w w wwww www w ww ww
ww ww ww ww ww
g MR.
. O rgrg
AYYANAR
O M,SC,. B,ED,. LECTURER
. O rgrg IN ZOOLOGY PRESIDENCY
O . O rgrHR,
O g SEC, SCHOOL. PUDUCHERRY . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P.Padaada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
 s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
Padasalai
P . P. adaada
P
TrbTnpsc
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada 20. State any .wP.P
daada goals of the human
athree .wP.P adaadgenome
a project..PP
. adaada . P. adaada
P
www w
wwall the genes (approximately www w w
wwDNA. w
www
ww  Identify ww ww 30000) in human ww ww
g  O rgrg
Determine the sequence rgrgof the three billion rgrgchemical base ipairs rgrg that
l alia. i.O l alia.Oi . O l alia.Oi . O l al a.Oi . O laalia.
a s as a makeup the human a s asDNA.
a a s as a a s as a a s as
.P.P adada  To store this .P.P
dada
ainformation in data adada
.P.bases.
P .P.P adada .P.P adada
wwww w w
wwtools for data analysis. www w www w www w
ww  Improve ww ww ww ww
g  .O rgrg
Transfer
O related technologies .O rgrg to other sectors,
O .O grg as industries. .OO
rsuch
O rgrg .
l
as alia i . l alia i .
asa legal and socialaissues l alia i .
asa (ELSI) that may a l alia i . aslaalia
a s
a a Address the ethical, a s
a s
a a sa s a from the
arise a s
a
.P.P adad project. ww .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww ww www w www w www w
ww ww ww ww ww
21. g In E.coli, three enzymes grg β- galactosidase, permease
grg and transacetylase
g . O r
O r g . O r
O . O r
O . O rgrg not
O
s as
a
lalaiarei . produced in the
s as
a
lalai i .
presence of lactose.
s as
a
lalai
Explain i . why the enzymes
s as
a
lalai i . are
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada synthesized.Pin
P . P aadaabsence of lactose.
adthe . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww w ww
w wwww
ww  If lactose ww is absent or lacking, ww the transcription of wwlac mRNA stops. ww
g  The rgrg metabolism of lactose rgrg in E.coli requires rgrg enzymes – permease,
three rgrg β-
l a ia. O
i . O a ia. O
i . O a ia. O
i . O a ia. O
i . O laalia.
s as a l galactosidase (β-gal) s asla l and transacetylase. s asla l s asla l s as
.wP.P adaada  The enzyme .wP.P aada
adpermease is needed adaadentry
.wP.for
P
a
of lactosewinto .wP.P
ada
adathe cell, .wP.P adaada
www www w
ww hydrolysis of ww ww www
ww ww
 β-galactosidase brings w w
about lactose to glucose wand w
g .O rgrg
galactose,
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaal

ia i .
Transacetylase s asl alia i
transfers
a
.
acetyl group
s aslaalia i .
from acetyl sCo
aslaaliaA i .
to β- s aslaalia.
a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P w.P.P
galactosidase.
w w w.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P
ww
ww wwww ww ww ww
 If lactose is available aswan w energy source forwwthe bacteria then lactose ww
g
i .O . rgrg the cell as a result
enters
O i .O . rgrof
O g permease enzyme.
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l al a i
asa Lactose acts as a s
a
l al a i
asainducer and interacts
an a s
a
l al a i
asawith the repressor atosaainactivate slaal a i it. a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad  This .P.P
allows
dad
aRNA polymerase to adad to the promotor
.P.bind
P adadand transcribe .P.P
.P.site
P adad
wwww www w www w www w www w
ww the w w
operon to produce lac mRNA ww which enables formation ww of all the required ww
g . O rgrg
enzymes
O needed for ilactose . O rgrg metabolism. i.O.O
O rgrg . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lala i .
s as
a
lala i
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada22. Distinguish.Pbetween
P . adaada structural gene,
P . P. P
ada
adaregulatory gene and. P. ad
P aada
operator gene. . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww wwww wwww
ww ww
S. No. Structural ww Genes Regulator ww Gene Operator ww Gene
g . O rgrg1.
O Thisi.O rgrggene
O is It i.O rgrg
controls
O the It determines. O rgrg
O t h e
s aslaalia i .
s aslaal a
connected
i .
with s aslaal a
functioning
i .
of s aslaalia
functioning
i .
of s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www www transcription w or operator gene.w structural genes.
w
ww ww formation w
www of wwww ww ww
g .O rgrg
O mRNA .O rgrg
O for .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada a
adada synthesis a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P 2. w w.P.P It functions w w.P . P
only Regulator w w P.P
.gene Operator w w P.P
.gene
ww
ww wwww wwww wwww ww ww
when receives produces a functions only when
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O
complementary. rgrg
O n u repressor i .O . rgrg or Apo it isi.not
O O . rgrblocked
O g by .
a s
a aslaal a i
a s
acasla
l
al
e
a i
o t i d e s and a s
a aslaal a
repressor
i
for a saaslaal a
repressor.
i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww www w www w www w www w
ww ww ww ww ww
g MR.
. O rgrg
AYYANAR
O M,SC,. B,ED,. LECTURER
. O rgrg IN ZOOLOGY PRESIDENCY
O . O rgrHR,
O g SEC, SCHOOL. PUDUCHERRY . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s a
s
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P.Padaada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
 s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
Padasalai
P . P. adaada
P
TrbTnpsc
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaa lia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada .wP.P adaadaRNA polymerase. .wP.P adaadablocking operator .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www www www gene www www
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg3.
O
Moderat
. O rgrge l y long Large
O . O rgene.
O grg Smaller
. O rgrgene
O g
s aslaalia i .
s gene
aslaa lia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada 4. a
adadaIt functions through a
adadaIt functions a
adadaIt function through a
adada
ww.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P
ww
ww wwww the f o rma www
twi o n of through ww ww the the presence wwww or
g rgrg mRNArgfor rg s t r u c formation rgrg of an absence rgrg of
i . O . O i . O . O i . O . O i . O . O .
a s
a aslaala i
a sa
i
taslaalua r a l or smRNA
a a
i
aslaala of repressorasarepressor. aslaala i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad enzymatic .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww www w www w www w www w
ww ww polypeptide ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lala i i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada23. A low level
P . P. aofdaadexpression
P
a of lacPP
. .
daada occurs at all
aoperon . P. P aada windows for .P.P
adthe adaada
wwww treatment wwwof
w various geneticwdisorders. wwww Justify thewstatement. wwww wwww
ww ww w w ww
g  Argvery rg low level of iexpression rgrg of lac operonrghas rg to be present i.in rthe
grg cell
l a ia. O
i . O l a a. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a a O
i . O laalia.
s as a l all the time, otherwise s as a l lactose cannot enter s as a l the cells s as a l s as
.wP.P adaada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
www 24. Why the www w
human genome project w
www is called a mega project? w
www w
www
ww ww ww ww ww
 Human
g . O rgrg genome project
O . O rwas
Ogrg considered to be.OaO rmega
grg project because . O
itghad
r rg a
O
s as
i i .
laala specific goal to ssequence as
i i .
laala every base pair s as
i
la i
laapresent. in the humanagenome.
s s
i
laala i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada  It took around a
adad13 a years for its completion a
adada a
adada
and got .accomplished in year .P.P a
adada
ww.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P w w P.P w w
ww
ww 2003. wwww wwww wwww wwww
g  Itrgwas rg a large scale i.project, rgrg which aimedi.O atrgdeveloping
rg new technology rgrg
i . O . O O . O . O i .O . O .
a s
a
l
asa al a iand generating
a
new
sa
l
asa a l a i
information in the
a
field
s
a
l
asa al a
of i genomic studies.
a sa
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww 25. From wwwtheir
w examination www
of wthe structure of w
DNA,
ww w What did Watson www w
ww and Crick
ww infer about the probable
ww mechanism of DNA
ww replication, coding
ww
g . rgrg
capability
O O and mutation? . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lala i i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada  Watson .and
P P. adaadCrick
P
a explain the
. P. P
ada – conservative
adaSemi . P. adaadmode
P
a of DNA Padaada
. .P
wwww ww
replication wwDNA Replication w ww place during S phase
w wwww wwww
ww ww wwtakes ww ww
 During replication, eachgDNA molecule givesg rise to two DNA strands,
g . O rgrg
O . O r rg
O . O r rg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
identical to each
s
other
aslaa lia i .
and parent
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada Hypotheses .wP.P
daadDNA
aof a
replication. .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www www www www www
ww ww
1. Conservative replication, ww ww ww
g .O rgrDispersive
O g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .2. replication,
s aslaa lia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada adadaa
3. Semi –conservativereplication. a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P
ww
ww ww ww ww ww
Semi- w w
conservative replication. ww ww ww
g i .O . rgrwas
O
It g proposed by Watson
i .O . rgrg and Crick in i1953.
O .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s l
asa al a i
a s l
asa a l a i
a s l
asa al a i
a s l
asa al a i
a s aslaalia
adad a  This mechanism a
adad is based on the.PDNA a
adad model. adad a adad a
ww.P.P w w.P.P w w . P w w.P.P w w.P.P
ww
ww wwww wwww wwww wwww
g MR.
. O rgrg
AYYANAR
O M,SC,. B,ED,. LECTURER
. O rgrg IN ZOOLOGY PRESIDENCY
O . O rgrHR,
O g SEC, SCHOOL. PUDUCHERRY . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lala i i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P.Padaada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
 s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
Padasalai
P . P. adaada
P
TrbTnpsc
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww ww
ww wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada  Initially two .wP.P
ada
adapolynucleotide strands
.wP.P adaadaof DNA molecule .wP.P
ada
adaunwind and start .PP
. adaada
www w
ww at one end.
separating www www w
www
ww ww ww ww ww
g  During rgrg this process,i.covalent rgrg hydrogen bonds rgrare
g broken. rgrg
l aia. O
i . O
The separated single
l a a O
i . O
strand then acts l a
as ia. O
i . O
template for the a i .O
synthesis
l a i . O of a laalia.
s as a l s as a l s as a l s as a l s as
a
adada new strand. adadaa a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P
ww
ww  Later, wwww
each daughter double wwww helix carries one ww
ww polynucleotide strand ww
ww
g from
rgrg the parent and other
rgrg strand is newly synthesised.
rgrg rgrg
i . O . O i . O . O i . O . O i .O . O .
a s
a
l
asa a
l a i Any error in
a s
a
l
asa a
replicationl a i leads to Mutation
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww 26. Why w
tRNA
ww w is called an w
adapter
ww w molecule? www w www w
ww ww ww ww ww
 The transfer RNA, (tRNA) molecule of acell acts as a vehicle that picks up
g . O rgrg amino acids scattered
O . O rgrg through the cytoplasm
O . O rgrg and also reads
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i . the
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i . specific
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P codes of mRNA
. P. adaada molecules. .P.P
P adaada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww  Hence ww is called an adapter
ww
tRNA wwww molecule. wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
 This
g . O rgrg term was postulated
O . O rgrgby Francis Crick.
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada27. What are the .wP.P
daada
athree structural .wP.P adaada between RNA
differences adaadDNA?
.wP.and
P
a
.wP.P adaada
www w
ww www www www
ww ww ww DNA ww ww
Comparison RNA g g
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O .O rr
O
s aslaalia i .
Full Name
s aslaalia i .Deoxyribonucleic
s aslaali
Acida i .
s aslaa
Ribonucleiclia i . Acid
s aslaalia.
a
adada a
adada DNA consists a
da strands, RNA
adatwo ada has one strand,
adaonly a
adada
ww.P.P Structure.P.P
w w w w.P.ofP w w.P.P w w.P.P
ww
ww wwww arranged wwwwin a double helix. ww wwbut like DNA, is made wwup
ww
g rgrg rgrg rgrg of nucleotides. rgrg
i . O . O i . O . O i . O . O i O
.are. O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a
These i strands are made
a s
a
l
asa aup
l a i of RNA strands
a s
a
l
asa al a i shorter
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad subunits called .P.P
dad
anucleotides. adadDNA strands. .P.P
.Pthan
. P adad
wwww w
ww w www w www w www w
ww ww ww ww ww
Each nucleotide contains a RNA sometimes forms a
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg a 5-carbon sugar
O . O rgrg secondary double
O . O rgrghelix
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
phosphate,
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada molecule and.Pa.P
P
daada
anitrogenous . P. adaada
structure,
P
but only
. P. adaada
P
ww ww w w ww intermittently. ww w
ww
ww wwww wwwwbase. ww
ww ww w
Length DNA is a much longer than RNA molecules are shorter
g . O r
O gr g . O r
O gr g . O r
O gr g . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i . RNA.
s aslaalia i . than long
s a
DNA
slaalia i . polymers.
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaadaSugar .wP.P adaada The sugarPinada
.w.P d
a a is
DNA RNA
.wP.P
daada ribose sugarPadaada
acontains . .P
www w
ww www
deoxyribose www molecules ww wwww
ww ww ww ww
Bases
g The g bases in DNA are g RNA shares Adenine g (‘A’),
g O r r g O r r g O r r g O r r g
s aslaalia. i.O s as
. i.O
laaliaAdenine (‘A’), Thymine
s aslaalia. i.O Guanine (‘G’) s as
i.O Cytosine
laalia.and s aslaalia.
a
adada a
adada (‘T’), Guanine a
da and
ada(‘G’) (‘C’)Pwith a
adadaDNA, but contains a
adada
ww.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P w w. .P w w.P.P
ww
ww wwww Cytosine
ww (‘C’).
ww wwUracil (‘U’) ratherwthan
ww ww
w
g g g g g g g Thymine.g g
i O r
O
. iBase
. r i O
. i. r
O r i O
. i. r
O r i .O . rr
O .
a s
a
l
asa al a Pairs
a s
a
l
asa a
Adenine
l a and Thymine
a s
a
l
asa al pair
a Adenine
a
and
s
a
l
asa a
Uracil
l a i pair (A-
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad (A-T)
.P.P adad .P.P adad U) .P.P adad
wwww w
ww w ww w w www w www w
ww ww ww ww ww
g MR.
. O rgrg
AYYANAR
O M,SC,. B,ED,. LECTURER
. O rgrg IN ZOOLOGY PRESIDENCY
O . O rgrHR,
O g SEC, SCHOOL. PUDUCHERRY . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s a s
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P.Padaada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
 s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
Padasalai
P . P. adaada
P
TrbTnpsc
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada Cytosine and.PGuanine . adaada pair Cytosine
P . P. adaadand
P
a Guanine pairadaada
.P.P
www www www w
(C-G) w
www (C-G) ww wwww
ww ww ww ww
g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada28. Name the anticodon a
adada required to recognize a
adada the following a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P ww .P.P w w.P.P ww.P.codons:
P w w.P.P
ww
ww wwww wwww ww ww wwww
AAU, CGA,UAU,GCA.
g
i .O
Ans . rgr:g
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l al a i
asa Codon - Anti Codon a s
a
l
asa al a i
a sa
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww AAU - UUA
wwww www w wwww www w
ww ww ww ww ww
CGA - GCU
g . O rgrg- AUA GCA - CGU
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalaiUAUi .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww ww
wIdentify
w wwww wwww wwww
ww 29. w a)w the figure given ww below ww ww
g . O rgrRedraw
b)
O g the structure . O rgrgas a replicating fork
O . O rgrand
O g label the parts . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada c) Write the
. P. P
ada
adasource of energy for
. P. P
ada replication andaname
adathis . P. P
daada the enzyme Padaada
. .P
www involved w
wwwin this process. ww w
www w
www wwww
ww ww ww ww
g d)
rgrgMention the differences rgrg in the synthesis rgrgof protein, based ron
grg the
i . O
i . O
laala polarity of the stwo i . O
i .
laaltemplateO i . O
i . O i . O
i . O laalia.
s as as a strands.saslaala s aslaala s as
a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P Ans : aw.P.P
w w w.P.P ww.P.P w w.P.P
ww
ww wwww wwww ww ww wwww
a) Given structure represents replicating fork. the two parental strands of
g
i .O . rgrg unwind at the istart
DNA
O .O . rgrof
O g replication.
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l al a i
asa b) Mechanismaof s
a
l al a i
asreplication
a showing a saa
l al a i
asarepl ication fork asaasa l al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww w w
ww nucleotidetriphosphate w w
ww - provide energywfor ww
wwreplication www w
ww ww
c) Deoxy ww w ww
g OO rgrgDNA-polymerasei.Ocan
d) rgrgpolymerise nucleotides
O O rgrg only in 5’→3’i.O
O direction
rgrg
O
a i . i .
lala on 3’→ 5’ strand a
lala i . a i . i .
la 3′ end.
lathe a
lala i . laalia.
s as s asbecause it adds them sat
as s as s as
. P. adaada  Since the.P.two
P adaadastrands of DNA
P . P. P
daada
arun in antiparallel . P. adaada
P
directions, the two . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww wwww wwww
ww ww
templates provide differentwends w for replication. ww ww
g .O.O rgrg
Replication over the .two O rgrtemplates
O g thus proceeds . O rgrg in opposite directions.
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaa ia i
l One strand withspolarity aslaalia i .
3′→5′forms s a
itsslaalia i .
complementary strand
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada .wP.P
continuously
ada
adabecause 3’ end of .wP.P
the
daada
alatter is always open.wPfor
. P
ada
adaelongation. .wP.P adaada
www www www www www
ww ww ww ww ww
 It is called leading strand.
g  .O rgrg
O is discontinuous
.O rgrg on the otheri.Otemplate
O rgrg
O with polarity .O rg5′→3′
O rg
s aslaalia i . Replication
s aslaalia i .
s aslaal a i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada because only a a
adaadshort segment of DNA a
adadastrand can be built dad5′→3′direction
ain a a a
adada
ww.P.P w w. P.P w w. P.P ww. P.P w w. P.P
ww
ww duewtowwexposure
w of a small w ww of template at one
stretch
w ww wtime
w wwww
g 30. IfOthe
. i.O rgrgcoding sequencei.O inrgargtranscription unitOisrgrwritten
O . i.O g
as follows:Orgrg
s a laalia s a laal a i .
s a laalia s a laalia. i.O s aslaalia
.
a a s a a s a a s a a s a a
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww www w www w wwww www w
ww ww ww ww ww
g MR.
. O rgrg
AYYANAR
O M,SC,. B,ED,. LECTURER
. O rgrg IN ZOOLOGY PRESIDENCY
O . O rgrHR,
O g SEC, SCHOOL. PUDUCHERRY . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P.Padaada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
 s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
Padasalai
P . P. adaada
P
TrbTnpsc
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww ww ww wwww ww ww ww
ww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada ‘5’ TGCATGCATGCATGCATGCATGCATGC
.wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada 3’ Write.wP.P
daada the sequence Padaada
adown . .P
www of mRNA. ww w www ww w ww
ww
ww ww ww ww ww
g Ans
.O rgr:gmRNA - ‘5’ACGUACGUACGUACGUACGUACGUACG
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
3’Orgrg
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia. i.O s aslaalia.
a
adada31. How is the .two a da process of protein
adastage a
adadasynthesis advantageous? a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P ww P.P w w.P.P ww.P.P w w.P.P
ww
ww  In eukaryote,ww
ww Transcriptionwtake ww place in membrane
w wwww bound nucleus wwww
g  Translation
rgrg – take place rgrgin cytoplasm (outside rgrgof nucleus rgrg
i . O . O i . O . O i . O . O i .O . O .
a s
a
l
asa a
l a i This two stage
a s
a
ofl
asa al a i
protein synthesis
a
enable
sa
l
asa al a i eukaryotes to
a s
a
l
asa a
regulate
l a i gene
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad expression .P.P
dadmuch more complicated
ain .P.P adad way, and also .P.P
dad
acontributing to the .P.P adad
wwww ww
ww of eukaryotic form w
wandw
w functions. ww ww w
ww w
ww ww
richness ww ww ww
g 32. iWhy . O rgrgdid Hershey and
O . O rgrg use radioactively
Chase
O . O rgrglabelled phosphorous
O . O rgrgand
O
s a a
lala i .
s a laalia i .
s a laalia i .
s a laalia i .
s a laalia.
s s s s s
. P. adaada sulphur only?
P . P. adaadWould
P
a they havedadgot
. P. a a a the same .result
P P. adaada if they use .P.P
P adaada
wwww radiolabelledww ww carbon and nitrogen? wwww ww ww ww
ww
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 Hershey g and Chase experiment g on T2 bacteriophage
g O r
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a l a
lia. i . Alfred Hershey a l ali
anda. i . Martha Chase a l alia.
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experiments
a l al a. i . on a laalia.
s s a s s a s s a s s a s s
.wP.P adaada bacteriophages
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www ww w
 T2 -wbacteriophages is a virus w
wwthat infects the bacterium w
ww Escherichia coli. w
ww
ww w ww ww ww
 Experiment - phages are
g . O rgrg
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O
s as
i i .
laala bacterium bacterium s as
i i .
laala lyses and release s aslaa i i .
la progeny. saslaala
many i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada  They wanted a
adatodacheck which part a
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aentered a
adada or protein) .P.P a
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ww.P.P ww.P.P w w.P.P ww. .P w w
ww
ww  All wnucleic ww acids contain wphosphorus,
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g acid
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i . O . O .O . O i .O . O i .O . O .
a s
a
l
asa a
l a i Hershey and Chase
a sa
l
asa al a i
designed an experiment
a sa
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad  Radioactive .P.P adaisotopes
d of Sulphur .P.P ada(35S)
d and phosphorus .P.P adad (32P) to keep .P.P adad
wwww ww
ww pathway of the viral w w
wwprotein and nucleicwacids ww
ww during the infection w
ww w
ww ww
separate ww w ww
g process.
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a i . O
i . O
lala radioactive isotopes a i . O
i . O
lala35S or 32P in thesamedium. a
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i . O a
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i . O laalia.
s as s as s s as s as
. P. adaada  The bacteriophage
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P . P. P
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P . P. adaada
P
wwww ww ww ww
wpresence
w ww ww ww
ww
ww  Bacteriophages
ww grown in the ww of 32P hadww labelled DNA. ww
g  They rgrg mixed the labelled rgrg phages with i.unlabeled rgrg E. coli and allowed rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a a O
i . O l a ia. O
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.wP.P adaada  Before lysis .wP.P adaofadabacteria the bacterial .wP.P adaadacells were gently .wP.P aada
adagitated to loosenww .P.P adaada
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particles. Findings : ww ww ww
g OO rgrg was found inbacterial rgrgcells rgrg rgrg
l alia. i.32P l alia.Oi . O l alia.Oi . O l alia.Oi . O laalia.
a s as a  35S was found a in
s as a
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a
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wwww ww ww ww w ww ww w
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ww  Results ww : ww ww ww
g .O.O rgrg only entered the
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l
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s aslaalia i .
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s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
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s aslaali
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Ineukaryotes,nucleus sa slaalia i .
organization is s as
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s aslaalia.
a
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adada adadaa a
adada a
adada
ww .P.P  Chromatinw w.P.P consists of repeating w w.Punits
. P called w .P.P
w
nucleosomes. w .P.P
w
ww
ww wwww wwww wwww wwww
 2 molecules of the four histone proteins H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 are
g
i .O . rgrg
organized
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O rg eight moleculesi.called O . rgrg histone octamere
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s l
asa al a i
a s l
asa l a i
a s l
asa al a i
a s l
asa al a i
a s aslaalia
adad a  The negatively a
adad charged DNA is dad a a a
P.Pdad
awrapped around the a positively charged adad
w w.P.P w w. P.P w w. P.P w .
w ww.P.P
w
ww w histone
www woctamere to form a
www
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O . O rgrg
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s as
a
lalai i . DNA
s as
a
lalai i .
outside
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada  Adjacent.P
P . adaada
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P are connected
. P. adaadaby linker DNA(H1)
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 TheDNA makes two complete turns aroundg the
g . O rgrg
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O . O r rg histone octameres
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s as
i .
laalai the two turns are s as
i .
alai off by an H1smolecule.
lasealed as
i
laalai .
s as
i
laalai .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada  Chromatin .wP.P adaada H1 has a beads-on-a-string
without .wP.P adaada appearance
.wP.P adaadain which DNA .P.P adaada
www enters www
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ww ww ww ww ww
g  Further
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. O O . O O rg . O O .O O
s as
34.laaliaIt
i .
is established s aslaa
thatlia i .
RNA is the s
firstaslaalia i
genetic
.
material. s aslaal
Justify
ia i .
giving s aslaalia.
a
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adada adadaa a
adada a
adada
w w.P.P reasons. w w.P.P w w.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
ww
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RNAworld
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asa al A
a i cell contains RNA
a s
a
l
asa awhich
l a i is ten times
a
more
s
a
l
asa al a i
than DNA.
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad Because RNA .P.P
dad a variety of roles
aplay .P.P adaindthe cell. .P.P adad .P.P adad
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ww ww
 Fraenkel-Conratand ww
Singer (1957) first demonstrated ww that RNA is wthe w
g . O rgrg
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O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lali i .
a They separatedsa a i i .
lala from the protein
RNA
s s as
a i .
lalaTMV viruses. saslala
of a i i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada  In 1980’s.P.P
P adaada
(Molecular biologists. P. a-daadLeslie
P
a
Orgel, . P.
Francis adaadBrick
P
a
and Carl . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww wwww wwww
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Woese) proposed the ‘RNA ww world’ as the firstwstage w in the evolution wwof
g . O rgrg
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O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaa ia i .
l RNA catalysedsall aslaa ia i .
lmolecules necessary s aslaa
for
ia i .
l survival and replication. s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada .wP adaada
P .wP.P adaada adaada
.wP.1986
P .wP.P adaada
www  The term
www ‘RNA
. world’ first used
www by Walter Gilbertwwwin www
ww  Thiswhypothesizes
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g  .O rgrg act as both genetic
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O .O rgrg
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s aslaali
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a i .
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i .
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s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada a
adada adadaa a
adada a
adada
w w.P.P  RNA w w.P.P
being a catalyst was w w.P.P
reactive and hence w
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ww
ww wwww wwww wwww wwww
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i .O . rgrg DNA is a double
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a s
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a s
a
l
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a s
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AYYANAR
O M,SC,. B,ED,. LECTURER
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s as
a
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s as
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s as
a
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s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
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P
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. P. adaada
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g . O rgrg
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s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada  Some RNA .wP.P
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g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l al a i
asa 1. The first life on a s
a
l al
aearth
s a i
a originated asaasa l al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad . P.Padad . P.Padad . P.Padad . P.Padad
wwww ww
a) inwairw w b) on land ww
ww c) in water d) onwmountain wwww www w
ww w ww w ww
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O O rgrg
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a
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lalai . i . a
lalai i . a
lala . i . laalia.
s as in1859? s as s as s as s as
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
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wwww a) wwww
Charles Darwin b) wwww
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ww ww ww ww ww
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r g the contribution rgof
r gHugo de Vries? .O.O rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia i laalia.
s as a l a) Theory of smutation as a l b) Theory s a
of
s a lnatural Selection sasc)al Theory of s as
.wP.P adaada inheritance.wP.P aofdaaacquired
da characters .wP.P adaadad) Germplasm theory .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www www www www www
ww ww ww ww ww
4. The wings of birds and butterflies is an example of
g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .a) Adaptive radiation
s aslaalia i . b) convergent s asl a ia i
evolution
a l . l
c)divergent
s as aalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada evolution.P.P add) a a
advariation a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P w w ww .P.P ww.P.P w w.P.P
ww
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5. The phenomenon of“ Industrial Melanism” demonstrates
g
i .O . rgrNatural
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i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i a) selection
a s
a
l
asa al a i b) induced
a s
a
l
asa al a i
mutation
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad c) reproductive
.P.P adadisolation .d)
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ageographical isolation
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6. Darwin’s finches are an excellent example of
g . O rgrconnecting
O g . O rgrg
O . O rgc)
O rgadaptive radiation . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .a) links
s as
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s as
a
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s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P d) parasitism
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P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
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wwww wwww wwww wwww wwww
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g . O rgrg
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s aslaalia i .a) Darwin b) August
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s asla li
Lamarck
a a i . d) Alfred Wallace
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada 8. The age of .wP.P
daada
afossils can be determined .wP.P adaadaby .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
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a) electron microscope b) weighing the fossils c) carbon dating
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s aslaalia i .
s asla l i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada 9. Fossils are a
dada
agenerally a
adada a
adada a
adada
.P.P .P.P found in .P.P .P.P .P.P
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ww a) igneous ww rocks b) metawmorphic w rocks c) volcanic ww rocks ww
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O M,SC,. B,ED,. LECTURER
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s as
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s as
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s as
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s as
a
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s aslaalia.
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P . P. adaada
P . P.Padaada . P. adaada
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s aslaalia i .
s as laal i
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s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada 10. Evolutionary .wP.P adaadahistory of an organism .wP.P adaada is called .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
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ww c) phylogeny ww w
ww d) paleontologyww w
ww
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s aslaali11.
a i .
s as laal i
a i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada a) Mesozoic.Pera a
adada b) Cenozoic .era a
adadc)a Paleozoic era ad)dadProterozoic a a era .PP a
adada
ww.P.P w w . P w w P.P w w.P.P w w .
ww
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12. Which period was calledw“Age w of fishes”? ww ww
g
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i .O . rgrg
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Triassic c) Devonian i .O . rgrg
O d) Ordoviciani .O . rgrg
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a
l
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a s
a asal al a i
a sa
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad 13. Modern .Pman
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P adad
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P .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww www w www w www w w
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a) Quaternary b)ww
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g . O rgrg
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s as
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lalai14.i . The Neanderthal
s as
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man i . had the brain
s as
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lalai
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s as
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s aslaalia.
. P. adaada a) 650–800cc
P . P. P
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g •. O rgrg
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O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
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s aslaalia i .
s as laal i
a i .
ammonia, methane,
s aslaalia i .
hydrogen and water
s aslaali .
vapour.
a i
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada • Due to split .wP.P aadawater molecules.P.P
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.O Ogrg
rExplain the three imajor .O rgrg categories in which
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O
s aslaalia i .
s as laal a i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada Fossilization a
adada in three ways.they
occur a a
adadare a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P w w.P.P w w P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P
ww
ww 1. Actual wwremains
ww ww
ww wwww wwww
g
i2.
.O . rgrg
Petrifaction
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l al a i
asa 3. Natural moulds a s
a
l
asandal a
a casts i
a sa
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww w w
ww remains –
i) Actual www w www w w
ww w
ww ww ww ww ww
g •rgThis
rg is the most common rgrg method of fossilization. rgrg rgrg
a i . O
i . O
lala • Hard parts such a i . O
i . O
laasla bones, teeth or sshells a i . O
i . O
lala are preserved sas a i . O
i . O laalia.
s as s as as as la in the
lasuch s as
. P adaada
P . P adaada
P . P adaada
P . P adaada
P . P adaada
P
wwww . earth’swwatmosphere.
ww . wwww . wwww . ww
ww .
ww ww ww ww ww
• If Marine animals die their parts are covered with sediments and are
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .protected.
s as laal i
a i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada • They get .wP.P
daada
apreserved as such.P.as adaad
P
a are preserved aindaadvast
they . P. P
a ocean, the adaada
.P.P
www w
wwin them prevents w w
www w
www ww
ww
ww ww
salinity w
decay. ww ww
g .O •O
rgThe
rg sediments become .O rgrhardened
O g to formi.definite
O rgrg layers or strata.
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s as laal i
a i .
s aslaal a i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada • Eg. Woolly a
adada Mammoth fossils a
adada
were preserved in the a
adada
frozen coast of a
adada
ww.P.P Siberia w w.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P
ww
ww ww
ww ww
ww wwww wwww
g •rgSeveral
g human beingsrg and
g animals ancient city r g of Pompeii were preserved
g rgrg
i O O r
. i.intact by volcaniclaash i O
. i. O r i O
. i. O r i .O . O .
a s
a
l
asa al a
a s
a asa l a
a sa
l
asa al a
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww www w www w www w w
ww w
ww ww ww ww ww
g MR.
. O rgrg
AYYANAR
O M,SC,. B,ED,. LECTURER
. O rgrg IN ZOOLOGY PRESIDENCY
O . O rgrHR,
O g SEC, SCHOOL. PUDUCHERRY . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lala i i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P.Padaada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
 s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
Padasalai
P . P.Padaada TrbTnpsc
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O Orgrg
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia.
.wP.P adaada ii) Petrifaction
.wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www w
wwanimals die the original w
ww portion of their wbody w
ww may be replacedww w w
ww ww
• When ww w byw
g .O rgrg
minerals
O
and the original
.O rgrgsubstance being ilost
O .O Orgthrough
rg disintegration.
.O Orgrg
s a
s laalia i .
• This method of
s a laalia i .
fossilization
s is called s a
s laal a i
petrifaction.
.
s a
s laalia i.
s a
s laalia.
a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P w
• Mineralsw. P.P w w.P.P w w. P.P ww . P.P
ww
ww ww
ww involved - ww w
iron
w pyrites, silica,ww wcalcium
w carbonate wand ww
w
bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium.
g
i .O . rgrg
O i O
.and . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i iii) Natural moulds
a sa
l
asa al a i casts
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad • Even w after
.P.P addisintegration,
ad the adad of an animal might
.Pbody
. P .P.P adadleave indelible .P.P adad
wwww ww w www w wwww w
ww w
ww ww
impression on the soft mudww which later becomes hardened ww into stones. ww
g . O •rgSuch
O rg impressions are . O rgrg moulds.
called
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P.Padaada• The cavities of.Pthe . adaamoulds
P da may get filled
. P. P
ada by hard mineralsadaand
adaup . P. P
ada get
. P. adaada
P
ww ww are called casts. ww w ww ww
ww
ww fossilized,wwhich
www ww w ww ww wwww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s
17.
aslaalia i .
Differentiate between
s aslaalia i .
divergent evolution
s aslaalia i
and . convergent
s asla li
evolution
a a i . with
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada one example adaada
.wP.foreach.
P .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www www www www w
ww
ww ww
Divergent Evolution ww ww
Convergent evolution ww
g i. Development
.O rgrg of different functional
O .O rgrg
O i. Development .O rgrgof similar adaptive
O .O rgfunctional
O rg
s aslaalia
structures
i .
from a s
common aslaalia i .
ancestral s aslaa
structureslia i .
in unrelated s a
groupsslaalia i
of
.
organisms. s aslaalia.
a
adadaform. a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P ww.P.P w w.P.P
ww
ww wwww ww
ww ww ww ww
ii. Homologous organs show divergent ii. Analogous organs show convergentww
g evolution.
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O evolution. i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
Eg.
al a i
asa Darwin’s finches, a sa slaal a i
aAustralian Eg.
a s
a
laal a i
asAustralian Marsupials a s
a
l
aand
s
al a i
a placental a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad P.Padad
.aquatic .P.P adad
wwww Marsupials, www w
locomotion in mammals. www w mammals, various
wwww vertebrates w
and
ww w
ww ww ww ww ww
wings of insect, bird and bat.
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww wwww ww
ww
ww 18. How wdoes w Hardy-Weinberg’s ww expression (p2+2pq+q2=1) ww explain w that
w
g geneticrgrg equilibrium isi.Omaintained rgrg in a population? rgrg List any four rfactors grg
l a ia. O
i . O l a a i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O laalia.
s as a lthat can disturb the s as a l
genetic equilibrium. s as a l s as a l s as
.wP.P adaada • If a population .wP.P adaadisa in a state of Hardy .wP.P
ada
adaWeinberg .wP.P
equilibrium, adaadthe
a
frequencies .wP.P adaada
www www www www w
ww
ww ww
of alleles and genotypes or wwsets of alleles in that ww population will remain ww
g .O rgrg over generations.
same
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.P.P adada • Suppose we
a
. P.Pahave
dada a large population
a
. P.Padadofa beetles, and appear
a
. P.Padadin
a a two colours adada
.P.P
a
wwww dark w w
wgrey
w (black) and light w w
wwgrey, and their colour ww
ww is determined by w‘A’ ww
ww
ww ww ww ww w
gene.
g
i O rgrg
O
. i‘AA’
. i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asa al •
a and ‘Aa’
a sa
l
beetles
asa al a i are dark grey
a s
a
l
asaa l a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww www w www w wwww w
ww w
ww ww ww ww ww
g MR.
. O rgrg
AYYANAR
O M,SC,. B,ED,. LECTURER
. O rgrg IN ZOOLOGY PRESIDENCY
O . O rgrHR,
O g SEC, SCHOOL. PUDUCHERRY . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P.Padaada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
 s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
Padasalai
P . P.Padaada TrbTnpsc
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww ww
ww wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O Orgrg
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia.
.wP.P adaada • ‘aa’ beetles .wP.P
daadlight
aare a grey.
.wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www w
ww w
ww allele has frequency w
ww(p) of 0.3 and ‘a’ allele www
ww ww
• In a population let’s say thatw‘A’ w ww ww
g .O rgrga frequency (q)i.of
has
O O Ogrg
r0.7. .O Orgrg .O Orgrg
s a
s laalia
•
i .
Then p+q=1. s a
s laal a i .
s a
s laalia i.
s a
s laalia i.
s a
s laalia.
a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P w w
• If a population. P.P
is in HardywWeinberg ww.P.P w w. P.P ww. P.P
ww
ww wwww ww
w equilibrium, ww
ww the genotype frequency ww
ww
can be estimated by Hardy Weinberg equation.
g
i .O . rgrg
O i.O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
aasal al a
(p i + q)2= p2 + 2pq
a s
a
+l
asa al
q2a i
a s
a asal al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad p2 = frequency .P.P adaofd AA .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww www w www w www w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
2pq= frequency of Aa
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalaiq2=i . frequency of
s
aa
as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P.Padaada p = 0.3, q . P
=. P
daadathen,
a0.7 . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww wwww wwww
ww p2 =w(0.3)2
w = 0.09 = 9 % AA ww ww ww
g . O rgrg = 2(0.3) (0.7) =i0.42
O . O rgr=
O g 42 % Aa . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .2pq
s aslaal a i .
s as laalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada q2 = (0.7)2=0.49
.wP.P adaada = 49 % aa .P.P adaada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
www w
ww the beetle population w
www appears to be www w w
www
ww • Henceww ww ww in Hardy- Weinberg ww
g .O rgrg
equilibrium.
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s a laalia i .
s a laalia i .
s a laalia i .
s a laalia i .
s a laalia.
a s • The major factors
a s which disturb a
Hardy- s Weinberg a
equilibrium s are a s
.P.P adada .P.P adada .P.P adada .P.P adada .P.P adada
wwww 1. Gene w w
wwmigration or genewflow www w www w wwww
ww ww w ww ww
g 2.
rgrMutation
g rgrg rgrg rgrg
i . O . O i .O . O i .O . O i .O . O .
a s
a
l al a i
asa 3. Genetic drift a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a asal al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww 4. w w
Recombination
ww www w www w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g 5.
r grNatural
g selection rg g rgrg rgrg
. O O . O O r . O O . O O
s as
a
lalai
19.
i .
Explain how s a a
lalai i
mutations,
s
.
natural s a a
lalai
selection
s
i .
and genetic s as
a i i .
la affect
ladrift s aslaalia.
. P. adaada Hardy Weinberg
P . P. adaadaequilibrium. .P.P
P adaada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
 Allele frequencies in a population may change due to four fundamental
g . O r
O grg . O rgsuch
O rg as natural selection, . O rgrg genetic drift,i.mutation
O O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i . forces of evolution
s aslaalia i .
s as laalia i .
s aslaal a i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada and gene
. P. adaaflow.
P da . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P .P . adaada
P
www w w
ww events are notwpossible
wthese
Ifw w
www the population w
ww not be in Hardy
wwill w
w–ww
ww w ww ww
g Weinberg equilibrium
g O
. i.O r r g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia
20. How did Darwin s aslaalia i
explain
.
fitness of a laal
organisms?
s s
ia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P  w
Fitnessw.P.isP the state of being w .P.P
suitably
w adapted to w
an w P.P
.environment. ww.P.P
ww
ww wwww wwww ww ww ww
ww
 Darwin proved that fittest organisms can survive and leave more
g
i .O . rgrgprogenies than the
O i .O . rgrg ones through natural
unfit
O i .O . rgrgselection.
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l al a i
asa  Because they a s
a sl a
awilll a i
a survive more and a s
a
la l
ashence
a a i
are selected a
by s
a
l
asa al
nature.
a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww www w www w www w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g MR.
. O rgrg
AYYANAR
O M,SC,. B,ED,. LECTURER
. O rgrg IN ZOOLOGY PRESIDENCY
O . O rgrHR,
O g SEC, SCHOOL. PUDUCHERRY . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P.Padaada . P. adaada
P . P . adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
 s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
Padasalai
P . P. adaada
P
TrbTnpsc
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada  21. Mention
.wP.P adaadathe main objections .wP.P adaadto a Darwinism.
.wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www www
 objections against Darwinism w
ww are www www
ww ww ww ww ww
g 
rgrgDarwin failed to iexplain rgrg the mechanismi.O ofrgvariation. rgrg
l alia. O
i . O
 Darwinism l a
explains
l a. O
i . O the survival of the
l al i .
fittest
a Orgbut not the arrival l alia.Oi . O of the laalia.
a s as a a s as a a s as a a s as a a s as
.P.P adada fittest..P.P adada .P.P adada .P.P adada .P.P adada
wwww  He
w w
wwfocused on smallww w w
w w w w
wthat
w are mostly non- www w
ww ww changing variationsww ww
g
i . O . rgrgheritable.
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i  He did not
a sa
l
asa al a
distinguish i between somatic
a sa
l
asa al a i
and germinal l a
variations.
a s
a asa l a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad 5. He could not.Pexplain . adad the occurrence
P .P.P aofdad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww www w www w www w www w
ww vestigial ww organs, over specialization ww of some organsww ww
g Eg.
. O rglarge
O rg tusks in mammoths, . O rgrg oversized antlers
O . Oin rgIrish
O rg deer, etc., i.O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lala i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada22. Taking the.P.P
P
daada
aexample of Peppered . P. P
ada
adamoth, explain the . P. P
daada of natural Padaada
aaction . .P
wwww w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww selection. w w What do you call the w w above phenomenon?w w w w
g •.O rgrg
Phenomenon
O - industrial . O rgrmelanism
O g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada • Peppered.P . adaada– Bistonbetularia
moth
P . P. P
daada available in two
awere . P. P
daada white and Padaada
acolours, . .P
www black. w
www w
www w
www wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g • Before
rgrg industrialization rgpeppered moth both rgrgwhite and blacki.O.coloured rgrg
. O O . O O rg . O O O
s aslaalia i .were common in
s a l a ia
England.
s a l i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaal a i
s aslaalia.
a
adada • Pre-industrialization a
adada witnessed white ada
adacoloured a
adaofdathe wall of the .P.P a
adada
ww.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P background
w w.P.P ww
ww
ww wwww hence the white coloured
buildings ww ww moths escaped ww wfrom
w their predators. wwww
g
i•.OPost
. rgrgindustrialization,i.O
O the
. rgrtree
O g trunks became
i .O . Ogrg due to smoke.O
rdark i and
. rgrgdust
O .
a s
a
l al a i
asa let out from theasaindustries. l
asa al a i
a sa
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww • The wblack w w
ww moths maskedww w w
ww the dark bark of
on w
wthew
w trees and the white wwww
ww w ww ww
moths
grg were easily identified grg by their predators.
g . O r
O . O r
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
• Hence the dark scoloured as
a
lalai i . moth population s as
a i i .
lala was selected and s as
a i i .
lala number
their s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P increased . P. adaadacompared to the.white
when
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P . P. adaada
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s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
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s aslaali
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s aslaalia.
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ada
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23. Darwin’s finches andOO
g
l alia.Oi . rgrg
O l alia. i. rAustralian
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l alia.Oi . rgrgare suitable examples
O l alia.Oi . rgrg of
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a s as a adaptive radiation a s a–
s a Justify the statement. a s as a a s as a a s as
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wwww • The process
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O i .O . rgrg
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a sa
l
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a sa
l
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a s
a
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asa al a i
a s
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adad E.g., Darwin’s adafinches.
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AYYANAR
O M,SC,. B,ED,. LECTURER
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s as
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s as
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. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P.Padaada . P. adaada
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P
ww ww ww ww ww
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g . O rgrg
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s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada • Common .ancestor P. adaada of Darwin’s .finches
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g •O Darwin’s
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.P.P adada .Pin adada
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wwww
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a s
a
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i . O a
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i . O laalia.
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. P. adaada
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a
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P . P. adaada
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wwww wwww wwww wwww ww
ww
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s aslaalia i .ancestral stock,
s a
but
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i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaal a i
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada 24. Who disproved .wP.P adaada Lamarck’s Theory .wP.P adaadof
a
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ww
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g .O rgHe
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O O rgrg generations by
O .O O grg
rcutting
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breeding
i .
them. s aslaal a i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada a
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ww.P.P  All w
micew.P.born
P were with w
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ww
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g rgr g r gr g r gr g r gr g
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s a la lia.O
achanges
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s a laalia.Oi.Owill be
s aslaalia
.
a a s inherited. a a s a a s a a s a a
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww w w
wwdoes Mutation theory w w
ww of De Vries differ w w
ww from Lamarck w w
ww w
ww 25. How ww ww ww w
and
g Darwin’s
rgrg view in the origin rgrgof new species. i.O.O rgrg rgrg
a
lali . O
i . O
a According to desasVries, a i . O
i . O
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lalai . O
i . O laalia.
s as s as s as for s as
. P. adaada
P the origin. P. P
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aof new species . P.
whereas adaadaLamarck and .Darwin
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wwww wwww wwww wwww ww
ww
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g  . O rgrg
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s aslaa ia i .
l variations which s aslaalia
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i .
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called
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it saltation s asl
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l step large s aslaalia.
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www www www www w
ww
ww  While ww Darwin’s theory of natural ww selection states that ww speciation is due to ww
g .O rgrg
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O of small, .O rgdirectional,
O rg and heritable
.O rgrg variations, and
O .O rgarg
isO
s aslaalia i .
gradual process. s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada a
adada a
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ww.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P
ww
ww 26. Explain wwwstabilizing,
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g
i
There
.O . rgrgare mainly three itypes
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O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l al a i
asa 1. Stabilising Selection a sa
l al a i
asa (centipetal selection): a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww www w www w www w w
ww w
ww ww ww ww ww
g MR.
. O rgrg
AYYANAR
O M,SC,. B,ED,. LECTURER
. O rgrg IN ZOOLOGY PRESIDENCY
O . O rgrHR,
O g SEC, SCHOOL. PUDUCHERRY . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P.Padaada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
 s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
Padasalai
P . P. adaada
P
TrbTnpsc
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww ww ww wwww ww
ww ww ww
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g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada • This type of .wP.P
daada operates in aPstable
aselection .w.P adaada environment..P.P adaada . P. adaada
P
www ww w w
ww phenotypes survive w w
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ww • Theww organisms with average ww ww the extreme ww
g .O rgrg
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O
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rthe .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
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s aslaalia
•
i .
There is no s
speciation aslaalia i .
but the phenotypic s aslaalia i .
stability is maintained s aslaalia i .
within the s aslaalia.
a
adada adadaa a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P population w w.P.over
P generation. w w.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P
ww
ww wwww wwww ww ww wwww
E.g., measurements of sparrows that survived the storm clustered around the
g
i O rgrg and the sparrows
O
. i.mean, i .O . rgthat
O rg failed to survive i .O . rgrgstorm clustered iaround
O .O . rgrg the
O .
a s
a
l
asa al a
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i the
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad extremes of
.P.P
dadvariation
athe .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww w w
ww Selection: ww www w w
ww w ww w w
ww ww
2. Directional ww ww
g •.O.O rgrg environment which
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O . O rgrgchange is subjected
O . O rgrg to
O
s as
a i i
lala directional selection s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww
ww
ww • This wtype ww wwof selection removes
wwwwwthe
w individuals from ww
wone
ww w end towardswthe ww ww
w w
other end of phenotypic distribution.
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .E.g., size differences
s aslaalia i .
between male and
s aslaali
female
a i . sparrows.
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada • Both male.P and
. P
ada
adafemale look alike . P adaada but differ in
P
externally
. . P. adaadaweight.
P
body . P. adaada
P
www wwww w
www w
www wwww
ww • Females
ww show directional selection
ww in relation to body
ww weight.
ww
g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O :Orgrg .O rgrg
O
s aslaali3.
a i .Disruptive Selection
s aslaalia i .
(centrifugal selection)
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada • When homogenous a
adada environment a
adada into heterogenous a
adada environment .P.P a
adada
ww.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.changes
P w w.P.P w w
ww
ww this w ww of selection is operational
w
type wwww ww ww wwww
g
i•.O.Thergrg organisms of i.both
O O . rgrgthe extreme phenotypes
O i .O . rgrg are selectedi.O.whereas
O rgrg
O .
a s
a
l al a i
asa individuals with a s
a
l al a
asaverage
a i
phenotype a s
are
a
l al a i
asaeliminated. a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P . adad
P adad
.P.but
P .P.P adad .P.P adad
ww
ww
ww • This is
wwww a
w w rare form of selection
wwwww w leads to w w
formation
ww ww of two or more
wwww w w
different species.
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai• It
i . is also called a
adaptive
s aslalai i . radiation.
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada • E.g., Darwin’s
P . P. adaafinches-beak
P da size . P
in. P
daada to seed size inhabiting
arelation . P. adaada Galapagos .P.P
P adaada
wwww ww ww wwww ww
ww ww ww
ww ww
islands. ww ww ww
g . O Ogrg
rRearrange . O rgrin
O g human evolution . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaali27.
a i . the
s aslaali
descent
a i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada Austrolopithecus .wP.P adaad→ a Homo erectus a→daadHomosapiens→Ramapithecus→Homo
.wP.P
a
.wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www ww w www w
ww ww w
ww habilis.ww ww ww ww
g Answer
.O rgrg : Ramapithecus
O .O rgr→
O g Homo habilis.O.→ rgrgHomo erectus i.→
O O rgHomo
O rg
s aslaalia i .
sapiens s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i
s aslaal a i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada adadaa a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P
ww
ww ww
28. Differentiate
ww between wwwwthe eating habit ww wwand brain size ww wofw
Australopithecus
g and Ramapithecus.
g
i O
. i. r
O r g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asa al a Australopithecus a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
Ramapithecus a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww ww w w www w w
ww w ww ww
ww ww ww ww ww
g MR.
. O rgrg
AYYANAR
O M,SC,. B,ED,. LECTURER
. O rgrg IN ZOOLOGY PRESIDENCY
O . O rgrHR,
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O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P.Padaada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
 s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
Padasalai
P . P. adaada
P
TrbTnpsc
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaa lia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaadaEating pattern.P.P adaada It mainly .P ate
. P
ada vege It ate hard
adafruit, . P. adaadanuts and seeds .P.P
P adaada
www w
www tables, w
ww lizards, and ww
wsmall w
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g rgrg tubers.
rgrg rgrg rgrg
Brain
l a ia. O
i . O
size l a ia. O
i .
350O – 450 cc l a ia.Oi . O R e l a t i v e ll a
y ia O
.large
i . O brain laalia.
s as a l s as a l s as a l s as a l s as
a
adada 29. How .does a
adadaNeanderthal man a a
adaddiffer a
dada
amodern a
adada
ww.P.P ww P.P w w.P.P from the
w w.P.P man inw w.P.P
ww
ww wwww wwww ww ww wwww
appearance?
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i Neanderthal
a s
a
l
asa a l a i
a sa
l
asa al a i Modern human
a sa
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad Neanderthals are .P.P
dad extinct species PofadaHumans
aan . .P d refer to .the P.Padaprimate
d species of.P.P adad
wwww wwww www w w w
wwhumans belong ww www w
ww human. ww ww to which modern ww
g Namedrgas rgHomo Neanderthalensis rgrg Named asrgHomo rg sapiens rgrg
a
lalai . O
i . O a i . O
i . O
latola40,000 years Evolved a i . O
i . O
lala about 200,000saslayears a i . O
i . O laalia.
sEvolved
as about 400,000 s as s as la ago in s as
. P. adaadaago in Europe
P . P. P
daada Southwestern PtoadaaAfrica
aand . . P da . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww wwww wwww
ww central Asia ww ww ww ww
g Skull comprisedrgrg a large middle rgrg part of Skull iis thin-walled,
rgrg dome shape, rgrg with
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a a. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O laalia.
sthe
as a l face, A huge nosesand as a l angled asflat,
as a l and near vertical forehead s as a l s as
.wP.P adaadacheck bone .P.P adaada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
www w
www in comparisonwtow w
ww Have specialww
wbody w
ww
wfeatures w
wwtow
ww Brain waswlarger w in their skull ww
g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O overcome
.O rgthe
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brain
O
s aslaal
Average
ia i . height - Males s asl
:aa5lia i
ft
. 5 s asla
Averagealia i . height - Males :
s a5
slaal
ft
ia i .
71/2 s aslaalia.
a
adadaFemales was 5 .ft a
a1dada ada
adaFemales a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P ww P.P w w.P.P was 5 ftw w.2P.P w w.P.P
ww
ww wwww wwww ww ww wwww
g
i O rgrg any three similarities
O
.Mention
. i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrgin Neanderthali.man
O O . rgrgand
O .
aslaalia
30.l al a i l a l a i found common l al a i l al a i
a s
a asa a s
a asa a saasa a s
a asa a s
a
.P.P adad Homosapiens. .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww ww
wwman and Homo sapiens w w
ww are belongs to thewgenus w w
ww –Homo www w
ww • Neanderthal ww ww w ww
g • Both . O rare
Ogrg primates . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lala i i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada• Both Neanderthal
P . P. adaman
P
ada and Homo sapiens
. P. adaad
P
a a similar size abrain
have
. P. P
daada
. P. adaada
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wwww wwww wwww wwww wwww
ww 31. According ww to Darwin, the organic ww evolution is duewto w ww
g a)
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O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaa lia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada b) Inter specific .wP.P adaadcompetition
a
.wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www ww
c) Competition w within closelywrelated w
ww species www www
ww ww w ww ww
g .O rgrg
d) Reduced
O
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O .O rgto
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O
s aslaalia i .species. s aslaa lia i .
s aslaal a i .
s aslaal a i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P 32. A population ww. P. P w w. P. P w w. P. P w w. P. P
ww
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O M,SC,. B,ED,. LECTURER
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i . O . O i. O . O i .O . Or i .O . O .
a s
a4. l al a i
asaCry toxins obtained a s
a
l al
asfrom a i
a Bacillus thuringiensis a sa
l
asa al a i
are effective a s l al
asa for
against
a
a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww a) Mosquitoes
wwww b) Flies c) ww
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d) w
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g 5. Cyclosporin rgrg – A is an immunosuppressivergrg drugrproducedgrg from rgrg
a
lalai . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O laalia.
s as a) Aspergillus niger s as la Manascus purpureus
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. P.Padaada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww Trichoderma
wwww polysporum wwww ww ww wwww
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g 6. Which rgrgof the followingi.bacteria rgrg is used extensively rgrg as a bio-pesticide? rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a a O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O laalia.
s as a la) Bacillus thurigiensis s as a l b) Bacillus subtilis s as a l c) Lactobacillus sacidophilus as a l d) s as
.wP.P adaada .wP.P
Streptococcus adaadlactis
a
.wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www www www ww w www
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7. Which of the following is not involved in nitrogen fixation?
g .O rgrg
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s aslaalia)
a i . Pseudomonas
s aslaa
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lia i .
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c). Anabaena d) Nostac
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada 8. CO is not a
adada during a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P ww. P.released
P ww. P.P w w. P.P w w. P.P
ww
ww 2 ww
w w wwww ww
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ww
a)gAlcoholic fermentation g b) Lactate fermentation g c) Aerobic
g
i O r
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. i.respiration in animals i O r
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. i. d) Aerobic respiration i O r
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. i. in plants i .O . rgrg
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a s
a
l
asa al a
a sa
l
asa al a
a sa
l
asa al a
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad 9. The .P.P
purpose adaof d
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treatment adadof waste water is.P.to adad
P .P.P adad
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g . O rgrg
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O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .sedimentation
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada 10. The gases
P . P. P
daada
aproduced in anaerobic
. P. P
ada
adasludge digesters are
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww ww ww wwww
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a) Methane, oxygen and hydrogen ww sulphide. b) Hydrogen ww sulphide, methane ww
g . O rgrgsulphur dioxide.i.O.O
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g Hydrogen sulphide, . O rgrnitrogen
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O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaal a i
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada d) Methane,
.wP.P
ada
adahydrogen sulphide and
.wP.P adaadCO2.
a
.wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
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wwis milk converted www w
wwthe process of curd www
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g rgrg
formation.
.O O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
• A small amount s aslaali
of
a i .
curd added to s a l
fresh
s aalia i .
milk as a starter s asl
oraalia i .
inoculum s aslaalia.
a
adada adadaa a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P contains ww.P.P
millions of Lactobacilli, ww.P.which
P under suitable w w P.P
.temperature (≤ 400C) w w.P.P
ww
ww wwww wwww ww
ww ww
ww
multiply and convert milk into curd.
g
i .O .•
rgCurd
O rg is more nutritious i .O . rgrgthan milk as it contains
O i .O . rgrg a number of organic
O i .O . rgrgacids
O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a sa
l
asa al a i
a sa
l
asaa l a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad and vitamins.
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww wwww wwww ww w w www w
ww ww ww ww ww
g MR.
. O rgrg
AYYANAR
O M,SC,. B,ED,. LECTURER
. O rgrg IN ZOOLOGY PRESIDENCY
O . O rgrHR,
O g SEC, SCHOOL. PUDUCHERRY . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P.Padaada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
 s aslaalia. i. s a s laalia. i. s as laalia. i. s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
Padasalai
P . P. adaada
P
TrbTnpsc
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww ww ww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s a s laalia i .
s as laa lia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada 12. Give any .wP.P adaadabioactive molecules
two .wP.P
ada
adaproduced by microbes
.wP.P adaadand
a state their adaada
.P.P
www uses. ww www www ww w wwww
ww ww ww ww
g .O rgrgLipases – used ini.Odetergent
O rgrg
O
formulations
.O rg
O
and
rg removal of oilyi.O rgrg
stains.
O
s aslaalia i .
a) Pectinase, sa s
proteaselaal a i .
and cellulase - s as
Used laa lia i
as
.
a clarifier in s asl
Bottledaal a i .
juices s aslaalia.
a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P w w. P.P w w. P.P w w. P.P w w. P.P
ww
ww wwww - used to separate
b) Rennet ww wmilk
w into solid curds wwwfor
w cheese making. ww ww
g 13.
.O Ogrg is biological .oxygen
rWhat O rgrg demand?
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .
l alia i .
asa • BOD refers to the l ali
asamounta i . asal a lia i . l
asa alia i . aslaalia
a s
a a s
a a of the oxygen a s
a a s
a a s
a
.P.P adad .P . adad
P .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww that would
www w be consumed, if all
www w
the organic matter in
ww w w
one litre of water were
www w
ww ww ww ww ww
oxidized by bacteria.
g
•. O
The
rgrggreater the BODi.O
O rgthe
O rg waste water indicate . O rgrgit is more polluted.
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lala i
of.
s as
a
lala i i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada14. Explain the.Prole
P . adaadof
P
a cry-genes in genetically
. P. adaada modified crops.
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww ww ww ww
waw
ww • Cryww toxin is a toxin produce ww by Bacillus thuringiensis ww and used as ww
g biopesticide
rgrg rgrg rgrg rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O laalia.
s as a l• During sporulation s as a l
Bacillus thuringiensis s as a lproduces crystal proteins s as a l called s as
.wP.P adaada .wP.P
Delta-endotoxin adaada which is encoded .wP.P
daada
aby cry genes. .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www www www ww w www
ww ww
• Delta-endotoxins used against ww the insects of wthe w orders Lepidoptera, ww
g .O rgrg
Diptera,
O Coleopterai.O and rgrgHymenoptera. i.O.O
O rgrg .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s as laal a i .
s as laa l a i
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada • When the insects a
adada ingest the toxin crystalsa
adada these toxin inserted a
adadainto the gut cell a
adada
ww.P.P membrancew w.P.P and paralyzes w
the w P.P
.digestive tract. w w.P.P w w.P.P
ww
ww wwww ww ww wwww wwww
• The insect then stops eating and starves to death.
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
15.l
asa al a i
Write the key features
a s
a asal al a i
of organic farming.
a s
a asal a l a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad • Protecting adad quality using organic
.P.soil
P .P.P adad materials and encouraging .P.P adad biological .P.P adad
wwww www w www w ww w w www w
ww ww
activity. ww ww ww
g •. rgrg provision of icrop
Indirect
O O . O rgrgnutrients using soil
O . O O grg
rmicroorganisms. . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lala i .
s as
a
lala i i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada • Nitrogen fixation
P . P. adaada in soils using legumes.
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww ww
wand
w wwww ww ww wwww
ww • Weed ww pest control w w
based on methods likewwcrop rotation, biological ww
g . O rgrg
diversity,
O natural predators, . O rgrg organic manures
O . O rgrg suitable chemical,
and
O . O O grg
rthermal
s aslaa ia i .
l and biological interventions.s as laalia i .
s as laa lia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
www 16. Justifywthe w
www role of microbes w w w
aswawbio-fertilizer. wwww w
www
ww w w ww ww
g • Bacteria,
rgrg fungi and cyanobacteria rgrg used as a biofertilisers.
rgrg rgrg
l a i•
a. O
i
Eg. O .Rhizobium l a ia. O
i . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O laalia.
s as a l is
s asa a l
symbiotic nitrogen fixing
s as a l bacteria. s as a l s as
a
adada • This bacterium a
adadainfects the root.P.P a a
dada of leguminous a
da
adaplants a
adada
ww.P.P w w.P.P w w nodules w w.P.P and fixesww .P.P
ww
ww wwww
atmospheric nitrogen intoworganic
ww
w forms. wwww wwww
g
i . rgrg
•.OAzospirillum
O and Azotobacter
i .O . rgrg
O are free living i .O . rgrbacteria
O g that fix atmospheric
i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l al a i
asa nitrogen and enrich a s
a
l al a i
asa the nitrogen content a s
a
l a l a
asofa soil. i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww www w www w ww w w www w
ww ww ww ww ww
g MR.
. O rgrg
AYYANAR
O M,SC,. B,ED,. LECTURER
. O rgrg IN ZOOLOGY PRESIDENCY
O . O rgrHR,
O g SEC, SCHOOL. PUDUCHERRY . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lala i i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P.Padaada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
 s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
Padasalai
P . P. adaada
P
TrbTnpsc
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww ww ww wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada • A symbiotic .wP.P
daada
aassociation between.aPP
.
daada and the roots of
afungus . P. P
daadaplants is called Padaada
athe . .P
www ww
mycorrhiza.w w
www w
www wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g Thergrfungalg symbiont in these rgrg associations absorbs rgrgthe phosphorusi.from rgrg soil
i . O
i . O
laala and transfers tosasthe i . O
i .
laalaplant. O i
laala . O
i . O laala O
i . O laalia.
a s as a a s as a s as a s as
.P.P adada Uses : .P.P adada .P.P adada .P.P adada .P.P adada
wwww ww
ww to root- borne w w
wwpathogens, tolerance w w
wwto salinity, drought, www w
ww  Resistance ww ww ww ww
g
i .O . rgrg
enhances
O plant growth
i .O . rgand
O rg developments. i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l al a i
asa Cyanobacteria a sa
l al a i
asa blue green algaea(BGA)
(or) sa
l al a i
asa are also fix nitrogen. a sa
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad  Eg. Oscillatoria, .P.P adad Nostoc, Anabaena, .P.P adadTolypothrix .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww ww ww www w www w www w
ww  In water ww logged paddy fields, ww Cyanobacteria multiply ww and fix molecular ww
g . O rgrg
nitrogen.
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lali i .
a Cyanobacteria ssecrete as
a i i .
lala growth promoting s as
a i i .
lalasubstances like sindole-3-acetic as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P acid, . P. adaada butyric acid,.P.naphthalene
P
indole-3- adaada
P acetic . P. adaadaamino acids, .P.P
P
acid, adaada
wwww ww ww wwww wwww wwww
ww ww
proteins, vitamins which promotes ww plant growth w w
and production. ww
g . O O grg
rWrite . O O grg
rthe . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaali17.
a i . short notes
s aslaalion
a i . following.
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada a) Brewer’s .wP.P ad aada :
Yeast .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www ww w w
ww commonly calledwbrewer’s www www
ww  c)wSaccharomyces
w ww
cerevisiae w yeast is usedwfor w
g . O rgfermenting
O rg malted cereals
. O rgrg and fruit juices
O . O
to
rgrgproduce variousi.O
O
alcoholic
rgrg
O
s aslaalia i . beverages. s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaal a i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada a a
adadsakaiensis a
adada a
adada a
adada
w .P.P  b) Ideonellaw .P.P : w.P.P w .P.P w .P.P
ww w w
ww sakaiensis is currently w
ww tried for recycling ww w ww w
ww  Ideonella
ww ww ww of PET plastics. ww
g rgThese
O rg bacteria use PETase O rgrg and MHETase O grg
renzymes to breakdown O rgrgPET
i . . O i . . O i . . O i . . O .
a s
a
i
aslaala plastic into terephthalic a sa aslaala i acid and a sa
i
aslaala glycol.
ethylene a saaslaala i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad  c Microbial .P.P adadfuel cells .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww ww ww w w w w w
wsystem w w w
ww  A wmicrobial
w fuel cell iswwawbio-electrochemical ww w that drivesww anw
g . O rgelectric
O rg current by O
. rgrg bacteria
using
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a i i .
lala Microbial fuelsascells a i i .
lala work by allowing s as
a ia i .
lalbacteria to oxidize s as
a i i .
la reduce
laand s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P organic . P. adaada
P
molecules. . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww ww ww wwww wwww wwww
ww  Microbesww at the anode oxidize ww the organic fuelww generating protons which ww
g . O rgpass
O rg through the membrane . O rgrg to the cathodei.O
O and rgrgthe electrons pass
O . O rgrg
through
O
s aslaalia i .
the anode to s
theaslaalia i .
external circuit to s a laal
generate
s a i .
current. s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www 18. List w
wthe
w advantages of biogas w
ww plants in rural areas. www www
ww ww ww ww ww
g .O rgrBiogas
1.
O g is used for O
. i.O rgrg and lightingi.O.O
cooking rgrg .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
2. The slurry is s asla
drained
alia through another s aslaal
outleta i
and is used as s aslaalia
fertilizer.
i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P 3. The w
technologyw.P.P of biogas production w w.Pwas
. P developed by w .P.P
Indian
w Agricultural w w.P.P
ww
ww ww
ww wwww wwww wwww
Research Institute (IARI) and Khadi and Village Industries Commission
g (KVIC) i .O . rgr. g
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a sa
l
asa al a i
a sa
l
asa al a i
a sa
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww ww ww www w www w www w
ww ww ww ww ww
g MR.
. O rgrg
AYYANAR
O M,SC,. B,ED,. LECTURER
. O rgrg IN ZOOLOGY PRESIDENCY
O . O rgrHR,
O g SEC, SCHOOL. PUDUCHERRY . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P.Padaada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
 s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia.
. P. adaada
P . P . adaada
Padasalai
P . P. adaada
P . . adaada
TrbTnpsc
P P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O Orgrg
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia.
.wP.P adaada19. When does.antibiotic P . adaada resistance develop?
P . P. adaada
P . P.Padaada . P. adaada
P
www w
wwwresistance occurswwhen w
wwwbacteria develop w
wwability to defeatwthe
wthe w
www
ww ww
• Antibiotic w ww w
g .O rgrg
drug.
O .O rgrg
O .O Orgrg .O Orgrg
s a
s laalia
•
i
It
.
is one of the most
s a
s laalia
acute
i .
threat to s
publica
s laalia i.
health. s a
s laalia i.
s a
s laalia.
a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P • When w .
w P.P w .
wP.P w .
w P.P ww. P.P
ww
ww wwwthe
w bacteria becomeww wresistant,
w antibioticswcannot ww fight against them
w ww
ww
and the bacteria multiply.
g
i .O . rgrg
O i.O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
aasal al •
a i Narrow spectrum
a s
aasal al a i antibiotics are
a s
a asal al a i
preferred over broad
a s
a
l
asa al a i
spectrum
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad antibiotics.
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww www w www w www w www w
ww • Narrow ww spectrum antibiotics ww are less chance ww to cause antibiotic ww
g . O rgrg
resistance.
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
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s a
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materials s aslaalia i .
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i .
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a
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s as
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s as
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s as
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s as
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s as laalia i .
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a
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adada a
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O M,SC,. B,ED,. LECTURER
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s as
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s as
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s as
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P . P.Padaada . P. adaada
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s aslaalia i .
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O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
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s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada1. The first clinical ada
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aofdada a
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O i O
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a s
a
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asa al a
Dolly,i the sheep was
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a s
a
l
asa al a i as a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad a) Cloning by.P.P
dad
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O . O rgrg
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s as
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s as
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s as
a
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s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada3. The genetic
P . P. P
ada
adadefect adenosine . P. adaada
P
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s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
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s aslaalia i .
of development. s as laalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada a
adada a
adada adadaa a
adada
ww.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P
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a Chain B has 30asamino a
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a s
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l
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a s
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a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O laalia.
s a
5.s la proceeds in three
laPCR s as laladistinct steps governed s aslala by temperature, s as la are in
lathey s as
. P. adaada order of .P.P
P adaada . P. adaada
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a) Denaturation, Annealing, Synthesis b) Synthesis, Annealing, Denaturation
g . O rgrg
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O . O rgrg
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s aslaalia
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s as laalia i .
Denaturation d)
s aslaalia i .
Denaturation, Synthesis,
s aslaalia i .
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s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada 6. Which .P .
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O O rgrg
O .O rgrgcells b) It serves
O .O rgrgas a
O
s aslaalia i .a)
s as laal a i . DNA in recipient
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada selectable marker a
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g
i rgrg is mainly used
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O .
a s
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l al a
asa a) Detection ofamutations s
a asal al a i
b) s
Detection
a a
l al a i
asa of pathogens asaasa l al a i
a s
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.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
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g MR.
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AYYANAR
O M,SC,. B,ED,. LECTURER
. O rgrg IN ZOOLOGY PRESIDENCY
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O g SEC, SCHOOL. PUDUCHERRY . O rgrg
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s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
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s as
a
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s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P.Padaada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
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g . O rgrg
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s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaa lia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada c) Selecting
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s aslaalia i .
s aslaal a i .
s aslaal a i
s aslaa lia i .
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a
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i9.
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O . rgrg------- cells of the
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Chinese
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a
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asa Hamster a s
a
l
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a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
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l
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a s
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.Pcells
. P .P.P adad
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cells b) blood ww
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s as
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s
a i i .
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lalai i . organism s as aa i
la
lrather i . than s aslaalia.
. P. adaada the whole organism
P . P . adaada are called .P.P
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g . O rgrDNA
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s aslaalia i .c) vaccines
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d)a i .
conventional vaccines.
s aslaalia i .
s aslaa lia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada 11. Mention.P.the adaadnumber
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a
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ada
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P in each . P
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wwofw primers and DNA w
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O .O rgrg
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s a laalia i .
s a laal a i .
s a laalia i .
s a laa lia i .
s a laalia.
a s  Two sets of a
primerss are required in a
each s cycle of PCR. a s a s
.P.P adada adada
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P .P.P adada P.P adada
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wwww  Primers
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towards one another
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O DNA region i .O . rgrg the primers i.O.O
O
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a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa a l a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad Source organism .P.P adad - Thermophilic.bacterium P.Padad - thermus .aquaticus
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g PCR?
. O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lala i i .
s aslaalia.
adaada  Taq DNA adaapolymerase
da adaada
used in polymerase chain reaction adaad(PCR).
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ww
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w www wwww
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g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .temperature induced
s aslaalia i .
denaturation of dsDNA.
s aslaalia i .
s aslaa lia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada13. What is genetically .wP.P adaada engineered Insulin? .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
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g rg g r g g r g g r g g
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insertion
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.P.P adada .P.P adada .P.P adada .P.P adada .P.P adada
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plasmids
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g
i .O . rgrkind
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i .O . rgrg as humulin
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O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
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a
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a s
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a
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g MR.
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O M,SC,. B,ED,. LECTURER
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s as
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s as
a
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s as
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s as
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lala i i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P . adaada
P . P.Padaada . P . adaada
P . P. adaada
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s laalia. i. s a
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g . O rgrg
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s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia.
.wP.P adaada14. Explain how .wP.P
daada is different from
“Rosie”
a .wP.P adaadaa normal cow. .P.P adaada . P. adaada
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O .O Orgrg in mammary itissues .O Orgrg and
s a
s laalia i .
s a
the protein isasecreted
s laalia i . in milk. s a
s laalia i.
s a
s laal a i.
s a
s laalia.
a
adada a
dadnutritionally
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adadabalanced product adaadahuman babies .PP a
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asa alia i . l
asa al a i l
asa alia i . aslaalia
a s
a a sa a s
a a s
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w w were w
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w w ww
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g rgIn rg the early years,i.O insulin
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a i . O
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i .
lalpatients.O a
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i . O laalia.
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. P.Padaada  This animal . P. adaainsulin
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diabetic patients. ww ww ww
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O . O rgrg
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s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaal a i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada reactions. Can . P. adaadthis
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a technique be aused
. P. P
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. P. adaaddiagnosis
P
a of a adaada
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ww
disorder
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ww
ww ww ww ww ww
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g . O r rg
O . O rgrg
O . O rr
O . O rgrgof a
O
s as
i i .
laala nanogram. saslaala i i .
s as
i
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s as
i
laala i .
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a
adada  It is a highly a
adadasensitive and specific a a
adadmethod a
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used for.Pdiagnosis. a
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w w.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P w w . P w w.P.P
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ww  This wwtechnique will notwbe
ww wwused to diagnose Phenylketonuria
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g rgrGenetic
g disorder rg like
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i . O . O i . O . O ala in these samples.salaalia.O
. O i.O .
a s
a asla i
ala phenylketonuria
a saaslaacan
l a i be detected bysPCR
a a asla i
a a s a s
a aslaalia
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ww www
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s as
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s as
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s aslalai i .
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l  Because Enzyme
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lartificially s aslaalia.
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abody. .wP.P adaada
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l alia.Oi . Og l alia.Oi . O l alia.Oi . O l al a.Oi . O laalia.
a s as a necessary drugs a s as ato continue the therapy. a s as a a s as a a s as
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ww 18. What ww are transgenic animals? ww Give examples.ww ww
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s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
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a
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ww
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a
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a
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a
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asa al a i
a s
a
l
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a s
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waw blood test. Do you w w
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wELISA
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s as
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a i i .
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a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
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P . P. adaada
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ww  ELISA w test can be used inwdiagnose w w ww
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s aslaalia i .
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s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada synthesised
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da the pathogenadada
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ww 20. Explain ww ww can ww
g Bone
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s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada  ADA deficiency a
adada could be cured by a
adada
bone marrow a
adada
transplantation, where a
adada
ww.P.P defectiveww.P . P
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ww
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a
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asa In some patients a s
a
l
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it
l a i
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a
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s as
a
lalai i . It
s as
a
lalai i . in which
s as
a
lalai i .
lymphocytes from
s as
the
a
lalai i .
blood
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P
the patientPare
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ain . P. adaada
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s aslaa
lia i . The genetically
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a a i .subsequently returned
s aslaalia i . to the
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www  Thewdisease w
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ww for ADA isolated
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g from
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s aslaalia i . embryonic stages.
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaal s aslaalia.
a
adada21. What are DNA ada
adavaccines? a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P ww.P.P w w.P.P ww.P.P ww .P.P
ww
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a
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a s
a
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a s
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s as
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s aslaalia i .
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s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
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.wP.P adaada  The DNA.P.vaccine adaada cannot cause.Pthe
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l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
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i . O l a a Oi . O laalia.
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between Somatic cells as a l
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a
adada therapy. .P.P a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P w w ww.P.P w .P.P
w ww.P.P
ww
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g SOMATIC rgrg CELL GENE THERAPY
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ww. P. P wwgenes into bone marrow ww. P. P . P. P
wwinto eggs and sperms. ww. P. P
ww
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s aslaali23.
a i . What are stem
s asla li
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s ain
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s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
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l alia.Oi . O l alia. O
i . O l alia. O
i . O l alia. Oi . O laalia.
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s a a s as a a s as a a s as
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wwww w w w
w important key feature ww
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g
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a s l
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a s l
asa al a i
a s l
asa al a i
a s l
asa al a i
a s aslaalia
.P.P adad  Stem cells.Pare
a
.
a
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a
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g 24.O rgOne
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O O ris
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lala does “gene therapy” a i .
lalamean?i . laalia.
s as person born with s a
ashereditary disease. What
s as s as s as
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P . P. adaada
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ww  Genewtherapy w ww ww ww
wwww
ww : ww ww ww
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 It is treatment process for a person is born with a hereditary disease
g  . O rgrg
Principle
O : Replacement . O rgrgof healthy genei.O
O in rgplace
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s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaal a i .
s aslaal a s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada alleles
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww
ww
w  Thiswprocess w
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ww
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g  O
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s aslaalia Expression of normal
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i . in a functional
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada product whose a
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ww.P.P  Delivery w .
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 Strategies involved in gene therapy - Gene augmentation therapy and
g
i .O . rgrg inhibition therapy
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
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a sa
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a
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a
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a s
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s as
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s as
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P . P. adaada
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ww ww ww ww ww
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s aslaalia i .
s a s laalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada25. Name the hereditary .wP.P adaada disease for.Pwhich . adaada the first clinical
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g  The rgrg first clinical gene therapy
rgrg was given ini.O 1990rgrg by French Anderson rgrg to a
i . O
i . O
laala four year old girl i . O
i . O
laala adenosine deaminase i . O
laala (ADA) deficiency. i
laala . Oi . O laalia.
s as sa swith s as s as s as
a
adada  ADA deficiency a
adada or SCID (Severe a
adadacombined immunodeficiency) a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P is anw.P.P
w
ww
ww wwww recessive metabolic
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a
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a s
a
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a
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O O rgrg a
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s as
a i i .
lala functioning ADA s as
a
lawhich i .
la breaks down stoxic as
a i i .
lalabiological products. s as
a
lala i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada  In some .Pchildren
P . adaada ADA deficiency
P . P. adaadacould be cured.P.P
P
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aby bone marrow . P. adaada
P
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s aslaa ia i .
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it
ia i .
l can be treated by s aslaalia
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i .
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.
in s aslaalia.
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g r g g
ther patient are removed r g g
r grown in a nutrient r g g r g g
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wwww is www
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g
i .O . rgrg
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O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l al a i
asa Since these cells a s
a
l
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a not immortal, the a s
a
l al a
aspatient
a i
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asa infusion
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wwww of such
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ww ww ww ww ww
 The disease could be cured permanently if the gene for ADA isolated
g . O rgrg bone marrow
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O rg the cells of i.O rgrgearly
O
s as
a
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s as
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s as
a
lala the
i .
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. P. adaada
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P . P. adaada
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wan
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ww 26. PCR ww is a useful tool w w
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g . rgrg
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O
s aslaa ia i .
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l sensitivity of sPCR
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l is useful for thesasdiagnosis laalia i .
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s aslaalia i .
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l
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a s
a
l
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a s
a aslaalia
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s as
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s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada 13. Some organisms
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rWhat rgrg . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
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s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
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w w
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ww w habitat, so also witw
ww
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g O
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O M,SC,. B,ED,. LECTURER
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s as
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s as
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s as
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s aslaalia.
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P . P. adaada
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g . O rgrg
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s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
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O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
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s aslaal a i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada Animals are.P.P a
adada to modify their
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s aslaal a i .environmental changes
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.wP.P adaada in reasonably
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O .O rgrg
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s aslaal a i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
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ww
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Differentiate between
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a
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O
s as
a
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s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lala i .
s aslaalia.
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P . P. adaada
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s aslaalia i .
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s aslaalia i .
s as a l i .
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i .
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O M,SC,. B,ED,. LECTURER
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s as
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s as
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s as
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s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P.Padaada . P. adaada
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g . O rgrg
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O . O rgrg
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s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
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P characters . P. adaada of a Biome?.P.P
features
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a s as a l
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asa alia i . l
asa alia i . l
asa alia i . aslaalia
a s
a a sa a sa a s
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.P.P adaaquatic
d biomes of Earth.
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s as
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s as
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s aslaalia.
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P
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g . O rgrg
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s aslaa ia i .
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l able to maintainshomeostasis aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
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P
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g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i . species.
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.P.P adada  Conform:
a
. P.P
a
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a
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a
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i .O . rgrg
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rfishes, i .O . rgrg
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a s
a asa a saasa a saasa a s
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.P.P adad changes with
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ww ww ww ww ww
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s s a s s a s s a s s a s s
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P . P. adaada
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waw
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s aslaali
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s aslaal a i .
from Siberia to
s aslaali
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a i . in Tamilnadu
s aslaal a i
to escape
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a
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l
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a sa
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
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AYYANAR
O M,SC,. B,ED,. LECTURER
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s as
a
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s as
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s as
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s as
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P . P. adaada
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g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaal i
a i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada  Some lower .wP.P
ada
adaanimals suspend a.Pcertain
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P . P. P
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wwto as diapause ww
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g 25. iClassify
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O .O rgrgfound in organisms.
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaal a i .
s aslaal a i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaal i
a i .
s aslaalia.
.P.P adada  The adaptive
a
. P. P
ada may be structural
adatraits . P. P
a
adadaadaptation, behavioral . P. P
a
adada adaptation .P.P a
adada
wwww w w
andwphysiological
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 Structural adaptations :
g 
i .O . rgrg external and internal
O i .O . rgrg structures of animals
O i .O . rgrg can help themi.O
O . rgradapt
O g .
aslaalia
l al a i The l al a i l al a i l al a to
i
a s
a asa a s
a asa a s
a asa a s
a asa a s
a
.P.P adad better to their
. P.Padadenvironment. .P.P adad . P.Padad . P.Padad
wwww  E.gw: w w w w
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w growing thicker w w
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 Some of the most attractive adaptations in nature occur for reasons of
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrgand mimicry. i.O.O
O rgrg . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i . crypsis (e.g. camouflage)
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lala i
s as
a
lala i i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada  Cryptic .animals
P P. adaada are those which
P . P. adaadacamouflage perfectly
P . P. adaada with their .P.P
P adaada
ww ww and are almostwimpossible w ww ww
ww
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 Certain
g . O rgrg reptiles and iinsects
O . O rgrg such as chameleons
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s as
i .
laalai type of adaptation, s as
i
laalawhich.
s s
i .
laalai or to evade from
helps in preyacapture
s as ai .
laalpredators. s aslaalia.
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P . P. adaadfor
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a fast runningadand
. P. P aada adapted for .P.P adaada
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g  Behavioural
rgrg adaptations rgrg: rgrg rgrg
l a i
a. O
i . O
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i .
ofO animals are l a i
instinctivea.Oi . O or learned. l a i
a .Oi . O laalia.
s as a l s as a l s as a l s as a l s as
a
adada  Animals .develop a
adada certain behavioural a a
adadtraits or adaptations a
adadfora survival. a
adada
ww.P.P w w P.P w .P.P
w w .P.P
w ww.P.P
ww
ww  E.gw:w wFleeing
w from a predator, wwww hiding during sleep, wwww seeking refuge from ww
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g climate
rgrg change or moving rgrg to find different food
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i . O . O i . O . O i . O . O i .O . O .
a s
a
l
asa ala i Important Behavioral
a s
a
l
asa al a iadaptations are
a
l al
migration
s
a asa a i and courtship.
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad  Migration.P.allows adad the animals to.Pfind
P . adadbetter resources.P
P or
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dad threat.
aevade .P.P adad
wwww w w
ww is a set of behavioral w w
ww patterns to find w w w w
w to reproduce. ww wwww
ww  Courtship ww ww awmate
g  Most rgrg nocturnal animals rgremain
rg undergroundrg or
rg inactive duringi.daytime. rgrg
a i . O
i . O
a This is a modification a i . O
i . O
lala of their feeding a i . O
i . O a O
i . O laalia.
s aslal s as s as la activity pattern
laand s aslaorla habit or s as
. P. adaada
P behaviour. . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww ww
wstudy
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ww  Ethology ww is the scientificww of animal behaviour, ww under natural ww
g . O rgrg
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O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaa ia i .
l Physiological adaptations s aslaalia i .
: s aslaalia i .
s aslaal i
a i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada  These are.P.adaptations adaada
P of .
organismsP. P
ada
adathat help them .
to P adaadand
P
live
.
a
survive in .P . adaada
P
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their environment with unique ww niches. ww ww
g .OO rgrg : Lions have sharp
E.g .O rgrgcanines to hunti.O
O and rgrgtear meat and ai.Odigestive
O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
system suitable s a
for
slaalia i .
digesting raw meat. s aslaal a i .
s aslaal a i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada  The two .P a a
adadwell-known a
adada adaptations .are ada
adahibernation a
adada
ww.P.P w w . P
most w .P.P
physiological
w w w P.P andww.P.P
ww
ww wwww wwww wwww ww
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aestivation.
g 
i .O . rgrg are two different
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O i .O . Ogrg of inactivity .where
rtypes i O . rgrg the metabolic irate
O .O . rgrslows
O g .
a s
a
l al a i
asa down so muchathat s
a
l al a i
asa the animal can survive a s
a
l al a i
asa without eating or adrinking. s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww www w www w www w wwww
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g MR.
. O rgrg
AYYANAR
O M,SC,. B,ED,. LECTURER
. O rgrg IN ZOOLOGY PRESIDENCY
O . O rgrHR,
O g SEC, SCHOOL. PUDUCHERRY . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lala i i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P.Padaada . P. adaada
P . P . adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
 s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. s as laalia. i. s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
Padasalai
P . P. adaada
P
TrbTnpsc
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww ww ww ww ww wwww ww
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g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaa lia i .
s aslaalia i .
s as laalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada 26. Differentiate .wP.P adaadNatality
a and Mortality.
.wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www ww w ww w www w
ww
ww ww
S. No. ww Natality ww Mortality. ww
g .O rgrg1.
O It define .O rgras
O g a birth of individual .O rgrg It define as i.aO.O
O grg
rdeath of
s aslaalia i .
s a
inslaa li
unita i .
time. s aslaalia i .
individuals s as laa
inl a i
unit time. s aslaalia.
a
adada adadaa a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P 2 w w.P.P It is also known w w.P .
as PBirth rate Itw .P.P
is
w also known as w
death
w.P.P
ww
ww wwww wwww ww
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rate
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa a l a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a asal al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww w w
ww J and S shapedww ww w w www w w
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ww 27. Differentiate ww curve. ww ww
g . O OgrgNo.
rS. . O rgrg
O J shaped curveai.O rgrg
O S shaped . O rgrg
curve
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s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lala i i .
s aslala i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P
1.
. P. adaadaIn this kind population
P . P. adaada increases In.P
P
this
. P
ada population of adaada
adakind .P.P
ww ww rapidly in anww ww ww mammals, increase ww
ww
ww wwww ww exponential fashion ww
ww small wwww
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g . O r
O grg . O r
O gr g . O r
O gr g . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s
environmental
aslaa lia i . resistance
s aslaaliaori . due rapidly and
s as laalgradually
ia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada .wP.P adaadato sudden appearance . P. adaadof
P
a a limiting slowadown
. P. P
daada as
. P. adaada
P
www ww w factor, wwww www w
environmental w
www
resistance
ww ww ww ww ww
increases.
g O r
. i.O 2 gr g O r
O g
. igrowthr g O
. i.byr grg
O J- Their growth .isO rgrg
O
s aslaalia s
Their
aslaa lia . is represented
s aslaalia s as laalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada a
adadashaped growth.form. a
adada a
adada by S shaped.P.P
represented a
adada
ww.P.P w w.P.P w w P.P w w.P.P w w
ww
ww wwww wwww ww
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g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l al a i
asa Give an accountaof
28. s
a
l a l a i
aspopulation
a regulation. a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a asal al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww  The inherent w w
ww tendency of allwanimal w w
ww populations is to w w
w w
increase in number.ww w
ww w
ww ww w ww
 Butg it does not increase indefinitely.
g O r rg
O O rgrg
O O rgrg
O O rgrg
O
a  a
lalai . i .
Once the carrying a i
capacity
a
lala . i . of the environment a a
lalai . i .is reached, population
a a
lalai . i .
numbers a laalia.
s s s s s s s s s s
. P. adaada
P remain static
. P. aordaadfluctuate
P
a depending
. P. P
daadenvironmental
aon a
. . adaada
conditions.
P P . P. adaada
P
wwww  This is w ww
w
regulated by many factors ww wwwhich are wwww ww
ww
ww ww ww ww ww
g  Density rgrg independenti.-O.Extrinsic rgrg factors rgrg rgrg

l a ia. O
i . O
Density dependent l a
- i O
Intrinsic
a factors l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. Oi . O laalia.
s as a l s as a l s as a l s as a l s as
.wP.P adaada  Extrinsic factors .wP.P adaadinclude
a availability .wP.P adaofadspace,
a shelter, weather,
.wP.P adaada food, etc. .wP.P adaada
www  Intrinsic w
ww factors include competition, ww w predation,wemigration, www immigration w
ww
ww ww ww w ww
g and
rgrg diseases. rgrg rgrg rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.O i . O laalia.
s as
29. a l What is ecological s as a l
density, crude density s as a
andl population s
density?as a l s as
a
adada adadaa a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P
ww
ww S. No. wwww Indices of wwwDensity
w ww
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g 1 rgrg Populationrgdensity rg Itrisgrgusually expressed.O asrgthe
rg number
i . O . O i . O . O i . O . O . O .
a s
a aslaala i
a s
a aslaala i
a s
a
i
aslaalaof individualsasaper i
aslaalaunit area or asaaslaalia
i
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww ww w w ww w w www w w
ww w
ww ww ww ww ww
g MR.
. O rgrg
AYYANAR
O M,SC,. B,ED,. LECTURER
. O rgrg IN ZOOLOGY PRESIDENCY
O . O rgrHR,
O g SEC, SCHOOL. PUDUCHERRY . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lala i i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P.Padaada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
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. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
Padasalai
P . P. adaada
P
TrbTnpsc
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww wwww wwww
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g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada volume. .PP
. adaada . P. adaada
P
www www www Eg.100 w
ww
wtrees/acre w
www
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g 2 rgrg Crude density rgrg Itrgisg the size of a population rgrg in
. O O . O O . O O r O O
s as
i
laala i .
s as
i
laala i .
s as
i i .
laalarelation to the numbers s as
i .
laala per unit of saslaalia.
i .
a
adada a
adada a
adada total space. a
adada adaada
ww. P. P ww. P. P ww . P. P .
wfishP. P
w in a pond. www ww. P. P
ww
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g
i .O . rgrg
No.
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i .O . rgrgof Density
O i .O . rgrg
O Keys i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a3
l
asa al a i
a s l al a i
asa density
Ecological
a a s
a
l al a i
asa It is the size of aasapopulation l
asa al a i
in a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .Pthe
. adad
P .Pof
. adad
P
wwww wwww www w relation www w
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habitat space.
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
(Available area or volume
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O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
be colonizedaby
. P. P
daadaapopulation). Padaada
. .P
wwww wwww wwww Eg. 1000 wwwfish
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w
ww ww ww ww w
water in the pond.
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada 30. Give an.P . adaada of the properties
P
account . P. adaa
P da
of soil. . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
www w
www w
www w
www w
www
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 Texture of soil
g  .O rgrgtexture of soil is idetermined
O .O rgrg
O O
.of O grg
rthe soil particles.lalia.O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
The
s aslaal a i . by the size
s aslaalia i .
s as a i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada  The types.P.of ada include sand,.PP
adasoil a
dadaand clay on thePabasis
asilt a
d a of their size Padada a
ww.P.P ww P w w . w w. . Pad ww. .P
ww
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 Porosity
g
 i .O . rgrg space present ibetween
O .O . rgrg soil particlesi.O.in
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O i .O . rgrg are
O .
a s
a
l
asa al a iThe
a sa
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i soil
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad called porePspaces.
. .P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww  The w wwww
percentage of soil volume w w
wwoccupied by pore wspace w w
ww or by the interstitial wwww
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spaces
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g . O r
O . O r
O r g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as

a
lalai i .
Permeability of
s
soil
as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada  The characteristic
P . P. adaada of soil that determines
P . P. adaada the movement
P . P. P
daadwater
aof a through .P.P adaada
wwww ww
porewspaces ww is known as soil w ww
w
permeability. wwww wwww
ww w ww ww ww
g  Soil rgrgpermeability is directly rgrg dependent on ithe rgpore
g size. rgrg
. O O . O O . O O r . O O
s asla
alia i .
Water holding s aslaa
capacitylia i . of the soil is l
inversely
s as aal a i . dependent on soil
s aslaa ia i .
porosity.
l s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada  Soil Temperature .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
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ww its heat energywfrom w
ww solar radiation, w
wwdecomposing organic www
ww  Soil wgets w w ww ww
g matter,
rgrg and heat from the
rgrginterior of earth. i.O.O rgrg rgrg
l 
a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a a i l a ia O
.roots
i . O laalia.
s as a l Soil temperature s as a l
effects the germination s as a l of seeds, growth s aof
s a l and s as
a
adada a
adada of soil-inhabiting ada
adamicro-and a
adada a
adada
.P.P biological.Pactivity
. P .P.P macro-organisms.
.P.P .P.P
wwww ww
ww In soil, water isww w w
ww only important aswaw w w
wsolvent
w wwww
ww  Soil w w
water not and transporting ww
g agent,
rgrg but also maintains rgrgsoil texture, arrangement rgrg and compactness rgrg of
i . O . O i . O . O i . O . O i . O . O .
a s
a
i
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i
aslaala soil habitable for a s
a
i
aslaala and animals. asaaslaala
plants i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
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ww ww ww ww ww
g MR.
. O rgrg
AYYANAR
O M,SC,. B,ED,. LECTURER
. O rgrg IN ZOOLOGY PRESIDENCY
O . O rgrHR,
O g SEC, SCHOOL. PUDUCHERRY . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P.Padaada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
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. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
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P . P. adaada
P
TrbTnpsc
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww ww ww wwww wwww ww
ww
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g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada31. Differentiate .wP.P
daada Tundra andPa
abetween .w.P
daada Biomes.
Taiga .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
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ww
ww w
S.wNo. wTundra
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g .O rgrg 1.
O .O rgextends
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O subrgrgpolar
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
Arctic and s a
Antarcticslaal a i .
belt of Norths aslaal a i
America
.
s aslaalia.
a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P ww .P.P circle w .P.P
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w to the poles) w
and w.P . P
Eurassia (550 to w w.P.P
ww
ww wwww ww ww ww
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66.50 North)
g
i .O . rgrg 2.
O i .O . rgrgwinters are very ilong
The
O .O . rgrg The winters arei.O
O long
. rgrgand
O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l al a i
asa and severe. Summers a s
a
l al a i
asa are cold. asaasa l al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad adad
.P.and
P .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww ww ww very ww
short
ww warm w w
Summers
ww are short and w
ww w
ww ww ww ww ww
warm
g . O rgrg 3.
O . O rgrg
O
Precipitation is less than
. O rgrg Precipitation ranges
O . O rgrg
O about
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
250 mm perayear.
. P. P
daada 380-1000
. P. adaadmm
P
a annually.
. P. adaada
P
ww ww wwalmost treeless The wwTaiga is a forest ofww w
ww
ww www4.w Thiswisw wthe
w ww
ww ww w
plain in the northern coniferous trees such as
g . O r
O grg . O r
O gr g . O r
O gr g . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
parts of Asia, Europe
s aslaalia i .
and spruce, fir and
s aslaalpine.
ia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada . P. adaada
P
North America.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
www w
w5.ww Reindeer, w
wwwarctic hare, w
www
Important migratory ww w
www
ww ww ww ww
musk ox, lemmings are herbivores include moose,
g O
. i.O r gr g O r
O gr g O r gr g .O rgrg
l alia l alia. i.important Tundra lalia. i.O elk, deer andlareindeer. lia i . O laalia.
a s as a a s as a a s as a a s as a a s as
.P.P adada .P.P adada herbivoresPadada
. .P
The P adada smaller
common
. .P .P.P adada
wwww ww w w E.g :wducks ww
ww and geese, ww www w
mammals are herbivorous w
ww w
ww ww w ww
g g g nestg g in the Tundra duringg g squirrels, snowshoe g ghare
. O r
O r . O r
O r . O r
O r O r
O r
s aslaaliai. s aslaaliai.the summer andasamigrate aslaaliai. and predatory
s lia. i.
aslaapine s aslaalia
.
a
adad a adada a south for the dad
awinter. martens. adada a a
adad a
ww.P.P w w.P.P ww.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P
ww
ww wwww ww ww ww
Important
ww predators ww ww
g r grg r grg r grg include the timber r gwolf,
g
a l al .
iai.O O
a l al .
iai.O O
a l al .
iai.O O grizzly bear,a l a iai. rbear,
.
black
l
O O
a laalia.
s s a s s a s s a s s a s s
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P bobcat
. P. P
ada wolverines.
adaand . P. adaada
P
wwww ww ww wwww wwww ww
ww
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g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada32. List the adaptations .wP.P adaada seen in terrestrial .wP.P adaadanimals.
a
.wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www ww w www www w
ww
ww  Adaptations
ww of terrestrial animals
ww :
ww ww
g  .O rgrg
Earthworms,
O land Planarians
.O rgrg à secrete ai.O
O rgrg coating to maintain
mucus
O .O rgrg a
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaal a i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada moist situation a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P  Arthropods w w.P.P à have an external ww.P.P
covering over the w w.P.P
respiratory surfaces w
and w.P.P
ww
ww wwww ww ww ww
ww wwww
well-developed tracheal systems.
g i .O . rgrgvertebrate skin, there
In
O i .O . rgare
O rg many cellular ilayers .O . rgrgbesides the welli.protected
O O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l al a i
asa respiratory surfaces a s
a
l al a i
asa that help in preventing a s
a
l
asa al a i
loss of water. a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww ww w w wwww www w w
ww w
ww ww ww ww ww
g MR.
. O rgrg
AYYANAR
O M,SC,. B,ED,. LECTURER
. O rgrg IN ZOOLOGY PRESIDENCY
O . O rgrHR,
O g SEC, SCHOOL. PUDUCHERRY . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P.Padaada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
 s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
Padasalai
P . P. adaada
P
TrbTnpsc
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww wwww ww
ww
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g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada  Some animals .wP.P adaadaobtain their water .wP.P adaadarequirement from .wP.P
ada as partial adaada
adafood .P.P
www www
replacement of water lostwthrough www excretion. ww www ww
ww
ww ww w ww
g  Birds rgrg à make nests and
rgrg breed before i.O the rgrgrainy season asi.O.there rgrg is
i . O
i . O
laala availability of abundant i . O
i . O
laala food. But during i
laadrought. O birds rarely laa i
reproduce.O laalia.
s as s as s as la s as la s as
a
adada  Camels are a
da to regulate water
adaable a
adadaeffectively for .evaporative a
adada cooling .P.P a
adada
ww.P.P w w.P.P ww.P.P w w P.P w w
ww
ww wwwwthe skin and respiratory
through ww ww system and excrete wwww highly concentrated wwww
g urine,
rgrg and can also rwithstand
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i . O . O i . O . O i . O . O . O . O .
a s
a
i
aslaala weight. a s
a aslaala i
a s
a aslaala i
a s
a aslaala i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad adad
.P.Population
P .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww 33. www
Describe w Age www
Distribution.
w www w w
ww w
ww ww ww ww ww
 The proportion of the age groups (pre- reproductive, reproductive and post
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg is its age distribution
O . O rgrg attribute.
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O
s as
a
lalai i .
reproductive) in a
s aslalai i
population
a .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada  This determines
P . P. adaadathe reproductive
P . P. P aada of the population
adstatus . P. adaada at the given .P.P
P adaada
ww wis
w an indicator of the ww population size.ww w ww
ww
ww timewand ww
w ww wfuture
w ww w wwww
 Usually
g . O rgrg a rapidly growing
O . O rgrgpopulation will have
O . O rgrlarger
O g proportion of gyoung
. O r rg
O
s aslaalia i .
individuals.
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada  A stable population .wP.P adaada will have an .even P. adaaddistribution
P
a of various
. P. adaadaage classes. .P.P
P adaada
www  A declining www population w w
www to have a larger
tends w w
wwproportion of older w
www
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g individuals.
rgrg rgrg rgrg rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O laalia.
s as a l 34. Describe Growth s as a lModels/Curves. s as a l s as a l s as
a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P w
Populationsw. P.P ww. P.P w w. P.P w w. P.P
ww
ww wwww show characteristic ww ww growth patternswor wwwforms. wwww
g These rgrg patterns can be i.plotted rgrg and termed asi.J-shaped rgrg growth form rand grg S-
i . O . O O . O O . O i . O . O .
a s
a aslaala i
shaped growth form
a s
a
ala i
asla(Sigmoid form). salaala
a a s
i
a s
a aslaala i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww www w wwww www w w
ww w
ww ww ww ww ww
10. BIODIVERSITY AND IT’S CONSERVATION
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s1.
as
a i
la
laWhich i . of the following s as
a ia i
lalregion . has maximum s as
a i
la i .
labiodiversity s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada a) Taiga .P.P
P aadTropical
adb) a
forest . P. adaadc)
P
a
Temperate rain. P. adaada d)
P
forest . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww wwww ww
ww
ww ww
Mangroves ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrwithin
O g . O rgrg is
O . O rgrg
O
s as a li i .
2.laConservation
a of biodiversity
s aslaalia i . their natural
s aslaalia i .
habitat
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada a) Insitu conservation .wP.P adaada b)
.w P.P daada conservation Padaada
aExsitu .w.P .wP.P adaada
www www www www w
ww
ww c) In vivo ww conservation ww d) In vitro conservation ww ww
g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada3. Which one of.Pthe a
da
adafollowing is not coming a a
adadunder insitu conservation a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P w w . P ww.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P
ww
ww ww
a) Sanctuarieww b) Natural parks ww ww c) Zoological park wwww d) Biosphere wwww
g reserve
rgrg rgrg rgrg rgrg
i . O . O i .O . O i .O . O i .O . O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww www w wwww www w w
ww w
ww ww ww ww ww
g MR.
. O rgrg
AYYANAR
O M,SC,. B,ED,. LECTURER
. O rgrg IN ZOOLOGY PRESIDENCY
O . O rgrHR,
O g SEC, SCHOOL. PUDUCHERRY . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P.Padaada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
 s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
Padasalai
P . P. adaada
P
TrbTnpsc
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww ww
ww wwww
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g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaa lia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada4. Which of the.P . adaada is considered.P.aP
following
P
daada
ahotspots of biodiversity. P. P
adaIndia
adain . P. adaada
P
www w
www w w
ww w
www w
www
ww a) Western ww ghats b)ww
Indo-gangetic plain ww ww
g c)
.O rgrg Himalayas i.O.O
Eastern
O rgrd)
g A and C .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaa l a i
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada5. The organization a
da published the
adawhich a a of species is adada
dadlist
ared a a
adada
ww.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P
ww
ww a) WWF wwwwb) IUCN c) ZSI ww ww d) UNEP ww ww ww
ww
g
ia)
.O . rgrg
Edward
O Wilson b) Walter i .O . rgrgRosen
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa a l a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad c) Norman Myers
.P.P adadd) Alice Norman.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww www w www w w
ww w www w
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g 7. Which
. O rgrgof the following forests
O . O rgrg is known as the ilungs
O . O rgrgof the planet earth?
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai
a)
i .
Tundra forest s as
a
lab) i i .
la Rain forest of north s as
a i .
lalaeast India c) Taiga s as
a i i
lalaforest.
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww d) Amazon wwww rain forest wwww ww
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g 8.OO
. grg
rWhich one of the following
. O rgrg
O are at highOrisk
. rgrg extinction due i.to
O O rghabitat
O rg
s aslaa ia i .
ldestruction s aslaa lia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaal a i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .w P.Padaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www a) www
Mammals b) Birds www c) Amphibians w
ww d) Echinoderms www
ww ww ww ww ww
Ans : c
g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O O
.of rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia
9. i . Assertion: The s aslaa lia i
Environmental. conditionss aslaalia i . the tropics are s l a ia
favourable
as a l i . for s aslaalia.
a
adada speciation and a
dada
adiversity of organisms. a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P
ww
ww www ww
wtemperature, ww ww ww
ww
Reason:wThe climate seasons, w humidity and photoperiod are more
g
ior
.O . rgrg stable and congenial.
less
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa a l a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad a) Both Assertion
.P.P adad and ReasonPare
. .P adadtrue and Reason.P.explains adad
P Assertion Padad
. .P
wwww ww
correctly.w w www w w
ww w wwww
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g b)
rgrgBoth Assertion i.and rgrgReason are true but rgrgReason is not the correct
rg rg
l a ia. O
i . O l a a O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O laalia.
s as a l explanation of s s a l
Assertion.
a s as a l s as a l s as
. P. adaada
P c) Assertion. P. P
daada
ais true , but Reason . P
is. P
daada
afalse. . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww ww
ww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
d) Both Assertion and Reason are false.
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaa ia i .
l10. Define endemism. s aslaa lia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada It is the.wP.P adaada
ecological state of .wPa.P
ada
adaspecies being .wP.P
unique
adaadato a defined .P.P adaada
www www www w
ww w
www
ww ww
geographical location. ww ww ww
g .O rgrg is known as Endemism.
O .O rgrg It is a crucial iindicator
O .O rgrg of richness. i.O.O
O rgrg
s aslaalia i .This
s aslaa lia i .
s aslaal a i .
s aslaal a i
s aslaalia.
a
adada 11. How many a
da
adahotspots ad a
ada Name them..P.P a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P w w.P.P are there w w.Pin
. P India? w w w w.P.P
ww
ww wwww ww ww ww
India has four biodiversitywhotspots. w They are ww ww
g
i .O . rgrHimalaya
O g
i .O . rgIndian
O rg i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
aslaalia
l al a i 1. (the entire
l a l a i Himalayanlaregion) l a i l al a i
a s
a asa a s
a asa a s
a asa a s
a asa a s
a
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww www w www w w
ww w www w
ww ww ww ww ww
g MR.
. O rgrg
AYYANAR
O M,SC,. B,ED,. LECTURER
. O rgrg IN ZOOLOGY PRESIDENCY
O . O rgrHR,
O g SEC, SCHOOL. PUDUCHERRY . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lala i i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P.Padaada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
 s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
Padasalai
P . P. adaada
P
TrbTnpsc
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww wwww ww ww
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g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaa lia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada 2. Western .wP.P
daada
aGhats .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www www www www ww w
ww ww
3. Indo-Burma: ww ww ww
g .O rgrincludes
It
O g entire North-eastern
.O rgrg
O India, except .O rgrg
O Assam and Andaman .O rgrgroup
O g
s aslaalia i .
of Islands s aslaalia i .
s aslaa lia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P w w. P.P w w. P.P w w. P.P ww. P.P
ww
ww ww
4. Sundalands:
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g Itrgrincludes
g Nicobar group rgrgof Islands rgrg rgrg
i . O . O i . O . O i .O . O i .O . O .
a s
a
l al a i
asa 12. What are theasa l al a i
asa levels of biodiversity?
three a s
a
l
asa a l a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad . P.Padad . P.Padad . P.Padad . P.Padad
wwww Levels www w
of biodiversity are ww www w www w ww ww
ww ww ww ww
g 1.
rgrGenetic
g diversity, rgrg rgrg rgrg
a i . O
i . O
lala 2. Species diversity, a
lalai . O
i . O a
lala i . O
i . O a
lalai . O
i . O laalia.
s as s as s as s as s as
. P. adaada3. Community .or
P P. P
daada
aEcosystem diversity. . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww wwww ww ww
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13. Name the active chemical found in the medicinal plant Rauwolfia
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
vomitoria. What type
s aslaaliaofi . diversity it belongs
s aslaa lia i
to?.
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada Reserpine is.P.the adaadactive
P
a chemical found . P. adaaRauwolfia
P da vomitoria.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
www w
www w
www w
www wwww
ww It belongs ww to genetic diversity. ww ww ww
g .O rgrg diversity helpsi.to
O O Ogrg
rdevelop .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaaliGenetic
a i .
s aslaal a i . adaptations.
s aslaa lia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada14. “Amazon forest a
adadais considered to.P.be a a lungs of the planet”-Justify
adadthe a
adada a
adada
w .P.P w .P.P w P w .P.P thisw.P.P
ww
ww w wwww w wwww w wwww w wwww w
statement.
g
iAmazon
.O . rgrg covers a vast area,
O i .O . rgrand
O g sheltering millions
i .O . rgrgof species.
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l al a i
asa More over it has a s
a
l
asa al a
numerous
i
plants a s
a
which
l a l a i
asa involve in reduction a s
a
l al a i
asaof CO2 by a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad adad
.P.as“Lungs
P .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww w w
photosynthesis,
ww hence it is www
called
w of the w
planet”
ww w ww ww
ww ww ww ww ww
g 15. ‘Red O rgrgdata book’-Whati.Odo rgryou
g know about it? O rgrg O rgrg
a
lali . i . O
a Red Data book soraslRed a i . O
la list is a catalogue a i . i . O
laoflataxa facing risk of a
lalai . i . O laalia.
s as a s as s asextinction. s as
. P adaada
P . P adaada
P . P adaada
P . P adaada
P . P adaada
P
wwww .  Red Data
wwww .
book is maintained wwby
ww .
WCU – World .
Conservation
wwww Union (early
ww ww .
ww known
ww as IUCN – International
ww Union of Conservation
ww of Nature and
ww
g . O rgrg
Natural
O Resources) i.O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaa ia i .
l The concept of sRed aslaa a i .
llist was suggestedsin aslaa lia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada 1963.
.wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www The purpose w
ww of preparation ofwRed w
ww List are: www ww w
ww ww w ww ww
g 1. To rgrgcreate awareness on rgrthe
g degree of threat.Oto rgbiodiversity.
rg rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia i . O l a ia.Oi . O laalia.
s as a l 2. Identification s
andas a l
documentation of s a a
species
s l at high risk of s a a l
extinction.
s s as
a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P 3. Provide w w.P.P
global index on w w
declining.P.P bio diversity. w w.P.P ww.P.P
ww
ww wwww wwww wwww wwww
g 4. Preparing
r g g conservation rpriorities g g and help in conservationr g g of action.rg g
i O
. i. O r i O
. i. O r i O
. i. O r i .O . Or .
a s
a
l
asa al a
a s
a
l
asa al a
a s
a
l
asa a l a
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww www w www w www w ww ww
ww ww ww ww ww
g MR.
. O rgrg
AYYANAR
O M,SC,. B,ED,. LECTURER
. O rgrg IN ZOOLOGY PRESIDENCY
O . O rgrHR,
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O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lala i i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P.Padaada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
 s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
Padasalai
P . P. adaada
P
TrbTnpsc
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww ww ww ww ww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada 5. Information .wP.P
adainternational agreements
adaon .wP.P adaada on conservation
.wP.P adaada of biological .P.P adaada
www ww
diversity w ww w ww w w
www
ww ww ww ww ww
g Red
.O rgrlist
O g has eight categories .O rgrg of species
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia
i)
i .
Extinct ii) s
Extinctaslaalia
in
i .
wild iii) Criticallys aslaalia i .
Endangered iv) s aslaali
Endangereda i .
v) s aslaalia.
a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P Vulnerable w w.P .
vi)P Lower risk vii) w .P.P
Data
w deficiency viii) Notww.Pevaluated.
. P w w.P.P
ww
ww wwww wwww ww
ww ww
ww
g 16. Extinction rgrg of a keystone rspecies grg led to loss of biodiversity rgrg – Justify. rg g
i . O . O i . O . O i . O . O i .O . Or .
a s
a
l a a i
asa Keystone species
l
a sa
l al a i
asais a species that ahas s
a
l al a i
asaa excessively large a s
a
laal a
aseffect i on its a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad
naturalwenvironment .P.P
to its abundance. adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww w
ww species is an organism w w
ww that helps definewan ww
wwentire ecosystem. ww www w
ww  Keystone ww ww w
g .OO rgrg
Extinction of a keystone . O rgrg species leads toi.O.the
O rgrgextinction of another/cease
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a i i .
lala another orgnisms. s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lala i
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada  E.g : orchid
P . P. P
ada
adabees and forest trees. P. adaad
P
by
a
cross pollination . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww ww ww ww ww wwww
ww  Extinction ww of one will automatically ww cause extinction ww of the other. ww
g  . O rgrg : Dodo in Mauritius
E.g
O . O rgIsland
O rg . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaa ia i .
l There is a directsarelationship slaalia i .
between s aslaal
Calvaria
ia i .
tree and the s aslaa
extinct
ia i .
l bird of s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada Mauritius .wP.P adaada the Dodo. .P.P
Island, adaada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
www www wwww wwww w
www
ww  ThewCalvaria w tree is dependent ww on the Dodo bird wwfor completion of itswlife w
g .O rgrg
cycle.
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaali

a i .
Tough horny s aslaal
endocarp
ia i .
of the seeds s a
ofslaalia i .
Calvaria tree are s a
madeslaalia i .
permeable s aslaalia.
a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P by the w w.P.P
actions of the large w .P.P
stones
w in birds gizzard ww P.P
.and digestive w
juices w.P.P
ww
ww wwww wwww ww
ww ww
ww
thereby facilitating easier germination.
g
i .O . rgrg extinction of the
O i .O . rgrg bird led to thei.extinction
O O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i The
a sa
l
asa al a iDodo
a s
a
l
asa al a i of Calvaria
a s
a
l
asa al a i
tree.
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad 17. Compare .P.P
dad
aand Contrast the w .P.P
insitu adaand
d exsitu conservation. .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww www w ww w ww ww www w
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O r
O grgInsitu Conservation . O r
O grg . O
Exsitu
r
O grg Conservation.OO rgrg
1. It
s as
is
a
lalai i
the. on-site conservation
s as
a
lalai i . of plant or 1. It is
s as
a a i i .
conservation
lala of threatened
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaadaanimal species. .P.P
P adaada . P. P
ada
adaanimals and plants P
. inP
.
daada care
aspecial . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww ww ww locations. ww ww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
2. It is thegprocess of protecting an 1. It helps in recovering populations gorg
g r rg rgrg rgrg r
a i .
endangered
a la l a O
i . O plant or animal a laalia. O . O
i species in preventing a laalia. O . O
i their extinction a laa ia.O
under
l i.Or a laalia.
s s s s s s s s s s
.wP.P adaadaits natural habitat. .wP.P adaada .wP.P
ada
adasimulated conditions.
.wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www w
wParks,
w w
ww E.g : Zoologicalww w
ww and Botanicalww www
ww E.g : National ww Biosphere Reserve ww parks
g rgrg rgrg gardens rgrg rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O laalia.
s as a l s as a l s as a l s as a l s as
a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P w w. P.P w w. P.P ww. P.P w w. P.P
ww
ww 18. What wwwware called endangered wwwwspecies? Explain w ww examples.
with
w ww
ww
g  A rgrgspecies that arei.O likely
rgrg to become extinct rgrg in future are i.known rgrg as
i . O . O . O i . O . O O . O .
a s
a
i
aslaala Endangered species. a saaslaala i
a s
a aslaala i
a s
a aslaala i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww www w ww w w ww ww www w
ww ww ww ww ww
g MR.
. O rgrg
AYYANAR
O M,SC,. B,ED,. LECTURER
. O rgrg IN ZOOLOGY PRESIDENCY
O . O rgrHR,
O g SEC, SCHOOL. PUDUCHERRY . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P.Padaada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
 s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
Padasalai
P . P. adaada
P
TrbTnpsc
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada  Endangered .wP.P
daada are categorized
aspecies .wP.P
adaIUCN E.g : Dodoabird,
adaby da a
.wP.Pad orchid bees,ww .P.P adaada
www Sparrow, w
ww White tiger. ww www www ww
ww ww ww ww
g 19. iWhy .O rgrgdo we find a decrease
O .O rgrg in biodiversityi.O
O rgrg
distribution,
O if we move .O rgrfrom
O g
s aslaal a
the
i .
tropics towards s aslaal
the
ia i .
poles? s aslaal a i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada adadaa a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P
ww
ww Reason for www w
decrease in biodiversity wwwwdistribution in polar wwwwregion : ww
ww
g 1. rVerygrg harsh (too cold) rgrgconditions prevail for
rgrgmost of the year in
rgrgpolar
i . O . O i . O . O i . O . O i . O . O .
a s
a
i
aslaala regions that will a s
a
i
aslaala bio diversity.asaaslaala
reduce i
a s
a aslaala i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad 2. Organisms .P.P
dad
aneed a range of .P.P adad
temperatures between .P.P
25°C
adto
ad35°C, for most .P.P adad
wwww www w www w www w www w
ww of the ww metabolic activities, w w
which is absent in polarww region ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O O grg
rsupport
s as
a
lalai3. i . Climate, seasons,
s as
a
lalai .
temperature,
i humidity,
s as
a
lalai i . photoperiods are
s as
a
lalai
not i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P
the growth of
. P. P
ada
adavariety of organism. adaada
. P. P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww wwww wwww
ww 20. What w w
are the factors that drive ww habitat loss? ww ww
g Mining
. O rgrg ,Constructioni.of
O O Ogrg
rhighways,Over population,
. O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaal a i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada Urbanization, .wP.P ad aada
industrialization adaada
,Agricultural
.wP.P
advancements
.wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www www www w
wwtrees www
ww Fillingwwetlands
w ,Ploughing w w
grasslands,Cutting downww ww
g .O rgrg
Deforestation
O ,Caving.O rgrg
mountains,,Changing
O .Othe rgrgcourse of rivers iand
O .O rgfilling
O rg
s aslaalia i .
of seashore. s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaal a i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada adadaa a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P
ww
ww 21. Whereware ww biodiversity hotspots
w wwww normally located? www w
Why? ww
ww
 Hotspots
rgrg are located in rareas grg where high concentration rgrg of endemic rspecies
g
i . O . O i . O . O i . O . O i .O . Ogrg .
a s
a
l
asa al a i experiencing unusual
a s
a
l
asa al a i rapid rate of habitat
a s
a
l
asa al a i
modification loss.
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P . adad
P .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww 22. Why is w w
biodiversity
ww so important www w and worthy of w w
protection?
ww www w
ww ww ww ww ww
 Biodiversity
grg is essential gfor stability of an ecosystem.
g . O r
O . O r
O r g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i . Biodiversity serves
s as
a
lalai asi . source of food
s as
and
a
lalai i .provides source
s as
a
lalai
materiali . for
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P new improved . P. adaadvarieties.
P
a
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww has scientific value ww also, as differentwanimal w ww
ww
ww  Biodiversity wwww wwww wwww species are used ww
ww
g for
rgrgbiological and medical rgrg research. rgrg rgrg
l aia. O
i . O
Various products l a i
ofa. O
i . O
human use can be a ia.
obtained
l O
i . O from rich a ia
biodiversity.
l . O
i . O laalia.
s as a l s as a l s as a l s as a l s as
.wP.P adaada  E.g : gums, .wP.P
daada dyes, paper, fibres,
aresins, .wP.P adaadaetc. .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www  Variety
w
wwof plant species provide w
ww innumerable drugs w
wwand medicines. ww www
ww ww ww ww
g  E.g rgrg : Morphine, Quinine, rgrg rgrg rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O laalia.
s as a l 23. Why do animals s as a l
have greater s as a
diversification l than plant s as a l
diversity? s as
a
adada adadaa a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P
ww
ww  Plants wwware
w self dependent (Autotroph) wwww for their nutrition wwww so there is no need ww
ww
ofgvariation and adaptation g by the plant, this lead g to the limited diversity g in
g ..O r
O r g . O r
O rg . O r
O r g . O r
O r g .
a s
a aslaaliaiplant. a s
a aslaaliai. a s
a aslaaliai. a s
a aslaaliai. a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww www w www w www w www w
ww ww ww ww ww
g MR.
. O rgrg
AYYANAR
O M,SC,. B,ED,. LECTURER
. O rgrg IN ZOOLOGY PRESIDENCY
O . O rgrHR,
O g SEC, SCHOOL. PUDUCHERRY . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s a s
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P.Padaada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
 s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. s as laalia. i. s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
Padasalai
P . P. adaada
P
TrbTnpsc
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww ww ww wwww ww ww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s as laalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada  Plant can .withstand P. adaada in any kind.Pof
P . P
ada
adaenvironment condition
. P. adaadbut
P
a animal need adaada
.P.P
www w
wwwto suit different environment.
adaptation wwww w
www ww ww
ww ww ww ww ww
g  This rgrg also result in more rdiversity
grg in animal than rgrgplants. rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia.Oi . O laalia.
s as a l 24. Alien species s as a l
invasion is a threat tos as a l
endemic species – s as a l
substantiate this s as
a
adada statement. .P.P a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P w w w w.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P
ww
ww ww
ww wwww wwww wwww
 Exotic species are organisms often introduced unintentionally or
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg purpose, as biological
O i .O . rgrg control agentsi.O
O . rgrgother
O .
aslaalia
l al a i deliberately for commercial
l al a i l al a i l al a and
i
a s
a asa a s
a asa a s
a asa a saasa a s
a
.P.P adad uses.
. P.Padad . P.Padad . P.Padad . P.Padad
wwww  They w w
woften
w become invasive w w
wwand drive awaywthe w w
ww local species and w
wisw w
ww ww ww w ww
considered as the second major cause for extinction of species.
g
 . O rgrg species havei.O.proved
O rgrg
O . O rgrg aquatic and iterrestrial
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i . Exotic
s as
a
lala i harmful
s as
to
a
lalai i .
both
s as
a
lala i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P ecosystems.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww  E.gwTilapia wwww fish (Jilabi, kendai) ww ww (Oreochromis w ww
w
mosambicus) introduced ww ww
ww w ww ww ww
from
g . O rgrg South Africa i.for
O O rgrits
O g high productivity . O rginto
O r g Kerala’s inland . O rwaters,
Ogrg
s aslaalia i . became invasive,
s asldue
aal a i . to which the native
s as laalia i .
species such as Puntius
s aslaalia i . dubius
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada and Labeo .wP.P
daada face local extinction.
akontius .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www  Amazon w
ww sailfin catfish iswresponsible ww w for destroying w
ww the fish population w
winw
ww ww w ww ww
g the
rgrgwetlands of Kolkata. rgrg rgrg rgrg
l aia. O
i . O
African apple l
snail a ia.Oi . O
(Achatina fulica) l
is a ia
the.Oi . Omost invasive l
among a ia.Oi . O
all alien laalia.
s as a l s as a l s as a l s as a l s as
a
adada fauna in India. a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P ww .P.P
ww
ww  Papaya ww Mealy Bug (Paracoccus
ww wwww margin atus)ww w
iswnative of Mexico wand www
g Central
rgrg America, is believed rgrg to have destroyed rgrg huge crops of i.papaya rgrg in
i . O . O i . O . O i . O . O O . O .
a s
a
i
aslaala Assam, West Bengal a s
a
i
aslaalaand TamilNadu.asaaslaala i
a saaslaala i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad P.Padad
.biodiversity .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww 25. Mention www w
the major threats to
ww w w caused www w
by human activities. ww ww
ww ww ww ww ww
Explain.
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i . India is one of
s
the
as
a
lalai17 i . identified mega
s as
a
lalai
diverse i . countries of
s athe
s
a
lalai i .
world, but
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P it faces lots
. P. P
daadthreats
aof a to its biodiversity.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww natural causes, human ww activities, bothwdirectly w ww
ww
ww  Apart wfrom
ww w wwww wwww and indirectly wwww
g are
rgrgtoday’s main reason rgforg habitat loss and .biodiversity rgrg loss. rgrg
. O O . O O r O O . O O
s aslaa
lia i . Fragmentation and
s aslaali i .
degradation
a due to
s as laalia i .
agricultural practices,
s aslaalia i .
extraction
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada . adaada logging, harvesting)
(mining, .Pfishing,
P . P. adaada and development
P . P. adaada (settlements, .P.P
P adaada
www w
www and associatedww w
ww
winfrastructures) w
wwtow habitat loss w wwww
ww ww
industrial leadsww and
w
g fragmentation
rgrg leads rgto rg formation of i.O isolated,
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l a ia. O
i . O
populations and as l a ia. O
i .
endangeredO species. l a a i . O l a ia.Oi . O laalia.
s as a l s as a l s as a l s as a l s as
a
adada  Some of.Pthe a a
adadother threats include a a
adadspecialised a
adada
diet,.Pspecialized habitat .P.P a
adada
ww.P.P w w . P w w.P.P w w . P ww
ww
ww ww
ww
requirement, large size,ww wsmall
w population w ww limited geographic
w
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g distribution
rgrg and high economic rgrg or commercial rgrgvalue. rgrg
i . O . O i . O . O i . O . O i .O . O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a asal al a i
a sa
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww www w ww w w www w ww ww
ww ww ww ww ww
g MR.
. O rgrg
AYYANAR
O M,SC,. B,ED,. LECTURER
. O rgrg IN ZOOLOGY PRESIDENCY
O . O rgrHR,
O g SEC, SCHOOL. PUDUCHERRY . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P.Padaada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
 s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
Padasalai
P . P. adaada
P
TrbTnpsc
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww ww
ww wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaa lia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada  Large mammals .wP.P adaada by virtue of their .wP.P adaadsize
a require larger aareas da a
.wP.Pad to obtain theww .P.P adaada
www w
ww of life - food, cover,
necessities w
ww mates than do smaller w
wwmammals. ww
ww ww ww ww ww
g E.g
.O rg:rgSingle Lion needi.O
O rgrg 100 square Km.
about
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaal a i .
s aslaa lia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada26. What is mass ada
adaextinction? Will you ada
adaencounter one suchada ada
extinction in the adada a
ww.P.P near future. w w. P. P w w. P. P w w. P. P ww.P.P
ww
ww ww ww Enumerate thewsteps ww to be taken to prevent
w wwww it. wwww
 The rgrg extinction of large rgrnumber of species within rgrg a short periodi.O ofrg time
g
i . O . O i . O . O g
i . O . O . O rg is .
a s
a
i
aslaala known as massasaextinction. aslaala i
a s
a aslaala i
a s
a aslaala i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad  In the 450 adad years of life .on
.P.million
P P.P dad there had beenPa5damass
aEarth, . .P d extinctions,ww .P.P adad
wwww w w
whad
w eliminated at least w w
ww50% of the specieswof w w
wwflora and fauna onwthe ww
ww whichww ww w w
g globe.
rgrg rgrg rgrg rgrg
lal
a i . O
i . O
a The extinction of a
lalai . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O laalia.
s as s asspecies is mainly duesa to
s la
ladrastic environmental s as la
lachanges and s as
. P. adaada
P population . P. adaada
characteristics.
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww ww
ww ww
winclude,
w wwww wwww
ww  Extinctions ww are three types.wItw ww ww
g  Mass rgrg extinction: The rearth
grg has experienced rgquite
rg a few mass extinctions rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O laalia.
s as a l due to environmental s as a l catastrophes. sasal s as a l s as
.wP.P adaada  A mass .extinction P. adaada
P occurredw.about P. adaada225 million years
P . P. adaadago
P
a
during thew.P.P adaada
www w
wwwwhere 90% of shallow wwwwater marine invertebrates w
www disappeared. ww www
ww ww
Permian, ww ww
g .O rgrIn
O g north eastern.O.O rgrg .O rgrg is a major i.threat
O O rgrg to
O
s aslaali27.
a i .
s aslaalia i states, the jhumlalia
s as a
culture
i .
s aslaal a i .
s aslaalia.
.P.P adada biodiversity.P–.P
a a
dada
asubstantiate. .P.P
a
adada .P.P
a
adada .P.P
a
adada
wwww  In shifting w w
ww cultivation, plotswof w w
wwnatural tree vegetation w w
ww are burnt awaywand www w
ww ww w ww w
g thergrgcleared patches iare rgfarmed
rg for 2-3 seasons, rgrg after which their fertility
rgrg
i . O . O . O . O i . O . O i . O . O .
a s
a
l
asa al a ireduces to a point
a s
a
l
asa al a
where i crop production
a s
a
l
asa a l aisi no longer profitable.
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad  The farmer adad abandons this patch
.P.then
P .P.P adadand cuts down a.Pnew . adadpatch of forest .P.P
P adad
wwww w
ww w www w www w www w
ww treeswelsewhere
w for crop production. ww ww ww
g  This rgrg system is practiced rin
grgnorth-eastern regions rgrgof India. rgrg
a i . O
i . O
lala When vast areassasare a i . O
i . O
lalacleared and burnt, a i . O
i . O
laitlaresults in loss ofsasforest a i . O
i .
lala cover, O laalia.
s as s as s as
. P. adaada
P pollution . and
P. adaaddischarge
P
a of CO2 . P. P
daada in turn attributes
awhich . P. P
ada
adato loss of habitat . P. adaada
P
wwww ww
ww wwww w ww
w wwww
ww and w w
climate change which whas w an impact on theww faunal diversity of w w
that
g . O rgrg
regions.
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaa lia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada 28. List out.P the
. P
ada
adavarious . . adaada
causes for biodiversity
P P
losses.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
www Thewmajor w
www causes for reduction w
www in biodiversity w w
www
are: w
www
ww w ww w ww
g .O rgrHabitat
1.
O g loss, fragmentation
.O rgrg
O
and destruction
.O rgrg (affects about i73%
O .O rgrof
O g all
s aslaalia i .species) s aslaalia i .
s aslaa lia i .
s aslaal a i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P 2. w w.P.P
Pollution and pollutants w w.P.P
(smog, pesticides, w .P.P
herbicides,
w oil slicks, GHGs) w .P.P
w
ww
ww ww ww wwww wwww wwww
3. Climate change
g
i O
. i.4.rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asa al a Introduction
a
of
s
a
l
asa al a i
alien/exotic species
a s
a
l
asa a l a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww w
ww w www w www w www w
ww ww ww ww ww
g MR.
. O rgrg
AYYANAR
O M,SC,. B,ED,. LECTURER
. O rgrg IN ZOOLOGY PRESIDENCY
O . O rgrHR,
O g SEC, SCHOOL. PUDUCHERRY . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lala i i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P.Padaada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
 s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
Padasalai
P . P. adaada
P
TrbTnpsc
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww ww
ww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
5. Over exploitation of resources .wP.P
daada
a(poaching, indiscriminate
.wP.P adaadcutting
a of trees, .PP
. adaada
www www
overwfishing, hunting, mining) www w
ww w
www
ww w ww ww ww
g .O rgrIntensive
6.
O g agriculture
.O rgrand
O g aqua cultural.O rgrg
practices
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
7. Hybridization s aslaalia
between
i .
native and s aslaalia
non-native
i .
species and s aslaa
losslia i .
of native s aslaalia.
a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P species w w.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P
ww
ww ww ww ww ww wwww wwww
8. Natural disasters (Tsunami, forest fire, earth quake, volcanoes)
g
i O
. i.9.rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asa al a Industrialization,
a sa
l
asa al a i Urbanization,
a sa
l
asa al a i
infrastructure
a s
a
l
asa al a i
development,
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad Transport, .P.P adacommunication
d adad dam construction,
towers,
.P.P .P.P adad unregulated .P.P adad
wwww w w
wware areas of specific w w
wthreats
w w
ww w www w
ww ww
tourism ww ww ww
g 10.Co-extinction
rgrg rgrg rgrg rgrg
a
lalai . O
i . O a
lalai . O
i . O a
lalai . O
i . O a
lalai . O
i . O laalia.
s as s as s as s as s as
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww 29. How can www
wew contribute to promote wwww biodiversity conservation? ww
ww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
We gcan conserve biodiversity by
g . O r rg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaa ia i .
l1. Identify and protect s aslaa ia i .
l all threatened species s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada 2. Identify .Pand . adaadconserve
P
a
in . P.
protectedadaadaareas the wild.Prelatives
P . adaada of all the .P.P
P adaada
www w
www w
www w
www w
www
ww ww
economically important organisms ww ww ww
g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg habitats for feeding,
O .O rgrgbreeding, nursing,
O .O Ogrg
rresting
s aslaali3.
a i .Identify and protect
s aslaalia i .
critical
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada of each species a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P
ww
ww 4. Resting,ww ww feeding and breeding ww ww places of the organisms wwww should be identified wwww
g and
rgrgprotected. rgrg rgrg rgrg
i . O . O i .O . O i .O . O i .O . O .
a s
a
l al a i
asa 5. Air, water andasasoil l al a i
asa should be conserved a sa
l al a i
asaon priority basis. asaasa l al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad P.Padad
.protection .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww 6. Wildlifewww w act shouldwww w
be implemented. w
ww w www w
ww ww ww ww ww
g 30. Stability rgrg of a community rgrgdepends upon its species
rgrg diversity’ Justify rgrg the
a
lalai . O
i . O a
lalai . O
i . O a
lalai . O
i . O a
lalai . O
i . O laalia.
s as statement. s as s as s as s as
. P. adaada
P  . P
Communities. adaada with more species
P . P. adaatend
P da
to be more . P.
stableadaadathan those with .P.P
P adaada
wwww wwww wwww ww
ww wwww
ww w w
less species as it is ablewto w resist occasional disturbance. ww ww
g . O OgrgThis has been confirmed
r . O rgrg experimentallyi.O
O by rgDavid
O rg Tilman’s. i.O.O rgrg
s aslaa ia i .
l  He raised plots s aslaa ia i .
l with different diversities s aslaal a i .
in Minesota s aslaal a
grassland
i
and s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada .wP.P
subjected
ada
adathem various .wP.P
stresses.
adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www www www w
ww www
ww  wHew found that plots w w
with more species showed ww less year to year ww
g .O rgrgvariation in totali.O
O rgrg
biomass.
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
 He also s
showed aslaal a i
that
.
in his s
experiments,aslaalia i .
increased s
diversity aslaalia i .
contributed s aslaalia.
a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P to w .P.P
higher
w productivity. w w.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P
ww
ww ww ww ww ww wwww wwww
g 31. Write rgrg a note on rgrg rgrg rgrg
i . O . O i .O . O i .O . O i .O . O .
a s
a
l al a i
asa Protected areas, a sa
l a
asii)l a i
a Wild life sanctuaries, a sa
l al a i
asa iii) WWF. a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww www w www w w
ww w www w
ww ww ww ww ww
g MR.
. O rgrg
AYYANAR
O M,SC,. B,ED,. LECTURER
. O rgrg IN ZOOLOGY PRESIDENCY
O . O rgrHR,
O g SEC, SCHOOL. PUDUCHERRY . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P.Padaada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
 s aslaalia. i. s as laalia. i. s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
Padasalai
P . P. adaada
P . . adaada
TrbTnpsc
P P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww ww
ww ww ww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s as laalia i .
s aslaa lia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada  Protected.P.areas adaada :-
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
www  These www w biogeographical
are www w where biological
areas w
wwwdiversity along w www
with w
ww ww ww ww w
g natural
rgrg and cultural iresources rgrg is protected, imaintained rgrg and managed through rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O
legal measures. l a a. O
i . O l a a. O
i . O l a ia.Oi . O laalia.
s as a l s as a l s as a l s as a l s as
a
adada  Protected.Pareas a
adadainclude national.P.parks, a
adada wild life sanctuaries, a
adada community .P.P a
adada
ww.P.P w w . P w w P w .P.P
w ww
ww
ww wwww and biosphere reserves.
reserves wwww wwww wwww
g  World rgrg Conservationi.Omonitoring rgrg centre has rrecognized grg 37,000 protected rgrg
i . O . O . O i . O . O i .O . O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i areas world-wide.
a s
a asal al a i
a sa
l
asa a l a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad  India has.Pabout . adad 771 protected .areas
P P.Padad covering 162099 adad comprising of .P.P
.P.km2
P adad
wwww w w
ww Parks (104), Wild w w
wLife
w Sanctuaries (544), w w
wwbiosphere reserveswand ww ww
ww ww
National ww ww w
g several
rgrg sacred groves. rgrg rgrg rgrg
a
lali . O
i . O
a Wild Life Sanctuaries a i . O
i .
lala (WLS): O a
lala i . O
i . O a
lalai . O
i . O laalia.
s as s as s as s as s as
. P. adaada  Any area.P.other
P adaada than the area .P
P . adaada
comprised
P with any P adaada forest or the .P.P
reserve
. . P adaada
wwww wwww wwww ww
ww wawww
ww ww
territorial waters can be notified ww by the State Government ww to onstitute w asw
g . O rgrg
sanctuary
O
if such Oarea
. rgrg is of adequate
O . O rgrgecological, aunal,
O . O rgfloral,
O rg
s aslaa ia i .
l geomorphological, s as laa ia i .
lnatural or zoological s aslaa ia i .
lsignificance. s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada  This is for.P.the adaadpurpose
P
a
of . P
protecting,
. adaadendangered
P
a
. P
factual. P
ada
adaspecies. . P. adaada
P
www w
ww
wrestricted w
www are allowedwinside w
www the Sanctuary w wwww
ww  Some ww human w w
activities w w
area
g .O rgrg Wildlife Protection
under
O .O rgrgAct (WPA) 1972.i.O.O
O rgrg .O rgrg
O
s aslaal

ia i .
Ecoturism is s as la
permitted,alia i .
as long as a
animal
s slaa l a i
life is undistrubed. s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada  There are.P.544 a a
adadexisting a
adada a
adada an area of .P.P a
adada
ww.P.P w w P wildlife
w .P.sanctuaries
w P in India
w .P.covering
w P ww
ww
ww wwww wwww wwww wwww
118,918 km2, which is 3.62 % of the geographical area of the country
g
i .O . rgrg
(National
O Wildlife Database,i .O . rgrg 2017).
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l al a i
asa Sanctuaries are a s
a
l al
atracts
s a i
a of land whereasawild l a l a i
asa animals and a s
fauna
a
l al a i
asa can take a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad refuge .P.P adadbeing hunted or poached.
without .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww www w www w w
ww w ww ww
ww  Collection ww of forest products, ww regulated harvesting ww of timber, private ww
g . O rgrg
ownership
O of land are . O rgrg permitted.
also
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lali i .
a E.g Periyar wildsaslife a i i .
lalasanctuary in Kerala s as
a i i .
laislafamous for the Indian s as
a i i .
lalaTiger and s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P .P . adaada
P
wwww Asiatic
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 s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
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P . P. adaada
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g . O rgrg
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s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada 6. It causes .wP.P
daada& water shortage
afood .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www w
ww measures ,Reforestation www w w
w www
ww  Control ww ww , Recycling of wwproducts ww
g rgUsing natural resources rgrg like wind energy, rgrg solar energy iand rgrwave
l alia.Oi . Org l alia.O i . O l alia.Oi . O l al a.Oi . O g
laalia.
a s as a energy a s as a a s as a a s as a a s as
.P.P adada  Conservation .P.P adadaof energy by .using P.Padadaeco-friendly bulbs, .P.P adadacarpooling & .P.P adada
wwww w w
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l alia i .
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asa alia i . aslaalia
a s
a a s
a of green house a sa a s
a a s
a
.P.P adad . P.Padad . P.Padad . P.Padad . P.Padad
wwww 18. What w w
wwwould Earth be like ww
wwithout
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wweffect? wwww
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g , trap radiation rfrom
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i . O a
lalai O
i . O laalia.
s as s as s as s as
. P. adaada  Without .P
P the
. adaadgreenhouse
P
a effect,
. P. P
ada
adathe Earth would.P.P daada an average Padaada
ahave . .P
wwww wwww wwww w ww
w wwww
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l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. Oi . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O laalia.
s as a l s as a l s as a l s as a l s as
.wP.P adaada19. Write notes.Pon . P
ada following:
adathe . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
www a) Eutrophication w
www : w
www w
www w
www
ww ww ww ww ww
g .O r
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O
s aslaalia i . results in dense s aslaalia i .
growth of plant life. s aslaal a i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P  Thisww .P.P
phenomenon .P.P
is calledwEutrophication.
w ww .P.P w w.P.P
ww
ww ww ww ww ww wwww wwww
b) Algal Bloom:
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .isO . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i  An algal bloom
a s
a
l
asa al a i a rapid increase
a sa
l
asa a
in
l a i the population
a
of
s
a
l
asa a
algae
l a i in an
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad aquatic.P.P
dad
asystem. .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww  w ww
ww blooms may woccur ww
ww in freshwater ww
wwas well as marine w
ww w
ww Algal
w w ww ww
g . O rgrgenvironments. i.O.O
O rgrg . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
20.
a i i .
lalaWhat effect can fertilizer s as
a i
lala runoff have on s asan
a i i .
lalaaquatic ecosystem? s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww of nutrient rich wwater
w ww bodies like lakes,witw w
ww
ww  w www
Overflow ww ww from land to www
water
w ww w
results in dense growth of plant life.
g O r gr g O rgrg O grg
rbloom. O rgrg
l alia. i . O It will result in l i . i . O
Eutrophication
al a and algal
l alia. i . O l alia. i . O laalia.
s as a s as a s as a s as a s as
.wP.P adaada21. How can we.P.control adaada eutrophication?
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
w w w w w
ww
ww wwww ww www wwww wwwww
 Inworder to control eutrophication first you needwto identify the sources.
g .O r
O grgDepending on .the O rgrsources,
O g you have .O O grg decide your management
rto .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada strategy. a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P  And ww P.P
.also reducing the ww.P.P
usage of fertilizer ww .P.P
eutrophication can w
be w.P.P
ww
ww ww ww ww ww wwww wwww
controlled.
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
22.l
asa al a
Whyi does ozone
a
hole
s
a
l
asa al a
formi over Antarctica?
a sa
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww wwww wwww wwww w
ww w
ww ww ww ww ww
g MR.
. O rgrg
AYYANAR
O M,SC,. B,ED,. LECTURER
. O rgrg IN ZOOLOGY PRESIDENCY
O . O rgrHR,
O g SEC, SCHOOL. PUDUCHERRY . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P.Padaada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
 s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
Padasalai
P . P.Padaada . . adaada
TrbTnpsc
P P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O Orgrg
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laa lia i .
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia.
.wP.P adaada  Chlorine
.wP.P
ada
adareacts with ozone .wP.P
daada produce chlorine
aand .wP.Padaadmonoxide
a and .PP
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www www
diatomic oxygen. www www w
www
ww w w ww ww ww
g . O r
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. O O grg occur on the surface . O Orgrg of
s a
s
i
laala i . ice crystals, in
s a
s
i
laathe i .
la stratosphere. saslaala i i.
s a
s
i
laala i.
s a
s laalia.
a
adada  Antarctica a
adadisacolder than other a
dadaof world
apart a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P ww.P.P w w.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
ww
ww  w ww
Therefore
w ozone hole form ww over Antarctica. ww
ww ww ww
ww
g 23. iMention
.O . rgrg the causes ofi.enhanced
O O . rgrg
O use of ultravioleti .O . rgrg radiation.
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s l
asa al a i
a s l
asa al a i
a s l
asa al a i
a s l
asa al a i
a s aslaalia
adad a Ozone layer depletionadad a decreases ouraatmosphere’s
a natural protection
a from the adad a
w .P.P
w w .
w P.P w .
w P.Pdad ww. P.Padad
ww.P.P
w
ww w sun’s harmful
w
ww w ultraviolet w
(UV)
ww wradiation. wwww w
ww w
g Causes rgrg of Skin Canceri.Oare rgrg rgrg rgrg
a i
lala . O
i . O a
lala i . O a
lalai . O
i . O a
lalai .Oi . O laalia.
s a
s 1. Skin cancer s as s as s as s as
. P.Padaada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P . adaada
P . P.Padaada
ww ww aging and otherwskin w ww ww
ww
ww 2. Prematureww
ww wwww damage wwww ww
ww
3. Cataracts and other eyeg gdamage
g
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rr
O i . O . rgrg
O i. O . rgrg
O i.
a i a i a i a i
l a
sasal4. Immune systemsassuppression lal a l
sasal a l
sasal a saslaala
adaada
.wP.P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
www 24. Discuss w
wwwthe role of women w
ww
win protection and conservation w
www of forests.wwww w
ww ww ww ww w
Women
g . O rgrg play a vital role
O . O rin
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O . O rgrg
O
sa sla
a lia i .
 Amrita Devi :asasa l alia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada  Amrita Devi a
adadwas a
adadaKhejarli Village.P.of ada
adaJodhpur a
adada
ww.P.P ww.P.P a brave lady w w.Pfrom
. P w w P District,ww .P.P
ww
ww wwww
Rajasthan. ww ww wwww wwww
g OShe rgrg sacrificed her life grgmaintain Bishnoi.ODharma.
rto rgrg rgrg
i . i.O i .O . O i . O i .O . O .
a s
a
l al a
asa In 1730, Maharaja a s
a
l al a i l al a i
asaAbhay Singh, rulerasaofasaMarwar, Rajasthanastate s
a
l al a i
asa wanted to a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad log green .P.P
dad
aKhejri (Prosopisww adad
.Pcineraria)
. P trees toww adad lime for the .P.P
.Pburn
. P adad
wwww wwww ww ww wwww
ww ww
construction of his new palace. ww ww ww
g .OO rgrg there was a ilot
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O rg greenery in the . O rgrg
Bishnoi
O villages even . O rgin
O rg the
s aslaalia i .
middle of Thar s aslaal a
Desert,
i .
the king s a
ordered
slaalia i .
his men to get s a
theslaalia
wood
i .
from s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P Khejri . P
trees.. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww ww
ww wwww
ww  When ww she came to know about ww the cutting of trees ww by the King’s men,wshe w
g . O rgrg many others had
and
O . O rgrg
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O the Khejri itrees . O rgrgto save from cutting.
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaa ia i .
l But king’s mensaskilled laalia i .
Amrita Devi s aslaal
along a i .
with more s
thanaslaa ia i .
l363 other s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada Bishnois..wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www www www w
ww www
ww  It was ww a Tuesday, black Tuesday ww in Khejarli. ww ww
g  .O rgrg incident took place
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O .O rgto
O rg save trees and is .O rgrg
recorded
O in India’s ihistory.
.O rgrg
O
s aslaali

a i .
To commemorate s aslaali
her
a i .
bravery, the s aslaal
Government
ia i .
of Rajasthan s aslaa
andl a i .
Madhya s aslaalia.
a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P Pradesh ww.P.P
have initiated the w .P.P
prestigious
w state level w
awardw.P.P named as ‘Amrita ww.P.P
ww
ww wwww ww ww wwww wwww
Devi Bishnoi Smriti Award’ for excellent contribution to the protection and
g
i .O . rgrg
conservation
O of wildlife.
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l al a i
asa  Chipko movement a s
a
l a
asa :l a i
a s
a
l
asaa l a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww wwww www w w
ww w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g MR.
. O rgrg
AYYANAR
O M,SC,. B,ED,. LECTURER
. O rgrg IN ZOOLOGY PRESIDENCY
O . O rgrHR,
O g SEC, SCHOOL. PUDUCHERRY . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P.Padaada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
 s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
Padasalai
P . P. adaada
P
TrbTnpsc
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaa lia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada  The Chipko .wP.P adaadmovement
a resisted
.wP.P
daadadestruction of forests
athe .wP.P adaadof
a India in the adaada
.P.P
www 1970s.www www www wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g  rSunderlal
grg Bahuguna rwas grg the leader of this.Omovement. rgrg rgrg
l a ia.
 O
i . OPeople in the l a
movement ia. O
i . O hugged the l a
trees, ia i . O
and prevented a
felling
l ia.Oi . O
of trees laalia.
s as a l s as a l s as a l s as a l s as
a
adada by contractors. a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
ww
ww wwww wwww wwww ww
25. Discuss the role of an individual to reduce environmental pollution.ww
g i .O . rgrg
O
Installation of proper i .O . rgrg disposal methods.
O
sewage i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s l
asa al a i
a s l
asa a l a i
a s l
asa al a i
a s l
asa al a i
a s aslaalia
adad a  Dumping ofad a
non biodegradable wastes a
adad in low lying areas. adad a adad a
ww.P.P w w.P.Pad w w.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
ww
ww  Installationwwww of gobar gas plants wwww in areas of high w ww
availability
w of cow dung. wwww
g  Reduction
rgrg of smoke rgemission rg and treatment rgrg of chimney i.smoke rgrg to
a i . O
i . O
lala remove solid carbon a i . O
i . O
lalaparticles. a
lalai . O
i . O a
lala O
i . O laalia.
s as s as s as s as s as
. P. adaada  Limited .use
P P. adaofadafertilizers, pesticides
P . P. adaadand
P
a detergents. adaada
. P. P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww wwww wwww
ww  Reforestation
ww ww ww ww
g 26.aiHow . O rgrgdoes recycling help
O . O Ogrg
rreduce pollution?ai.O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s asla l a i .
s aslaa lia i .
s asla l a i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada  Recycling .wP.P
ada
adaprevents the emissions
.wP.P adaadaof many green .wP.P
daada gases and Padaada
ahouse . .P
www www
pollutants, and saves energy. w
wwUsing recovered material w
ww generates less solid wwww
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g . O rwaste.
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O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i . Recycling helps
s aslaato
lia i .
reduce the pollution
s aslaalia i . caused by the
s aslaali
extraction
a i . and
s aslaalia.
a
adada processing a a
dadvirgin
aof materials. .P.P a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P w w.P.P w w ww.P.P ww.P.P
ww
ww ww ww ww ww
27. What w iswthe primary purpose wwof the Kyoto Protocol? ww ww
g .O
To Ogrg
rdecrease the dependence .O rgrg on natural resources
O .O rgrgin developing countries
O .O rgrg
O .
l
asa alia i . l
asa a lia i . l
asa alia i . l
asa alia i . aslaalia
a s
a a s
a a sa a s
a a s
a
.P.P adad To limit and.Pdecrease. adad
P the world-wide .P.P adaemission
d of greenhouse
.P.P adadgases .P.P adad
wwww www w www w wwww wwww
ww 28. In what ww way Peyang conserves ww the forest? ww ww
g  . O rgrg Payeng known
O . O rgr‘Forest
as
O g man of India’.
. O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i . Jadav
s as
a
lala i i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada  He created
P . P. P
ada
ada1,360 acres of dense
. P. adaada and defiant forest
P . P. adaadawas born in .P.P
P adaada
wwww wwww
Arunasapori(a river islandwon wwwthe
w Brahmaputra). www ww wwww
ww ww w w ww
 He had just completed his Class X exams in1979 when he started to sow
g . O rgrgseeds and shoots
O . O rgrthe
O g . O rgrg with sand and silt.
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i . the
s aslaa lia i .
on eroded island
s aslaali i
covered
a .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada  Thirty-six.P.years adaadalater he had converted
P . P. adaada the once unproductive
P . P. adaada land into a .P.P
P adaada
www forest. w
www w
www w
www w
www
ww ww ww ww ww
 Payeng’sg forest is now home g to five Royal Bengal g tigers, over a hundred
g O
. i.O r r g O r r g
. i.O and several species O r rg
. i.O of birds. .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia deer, wild boar,
s aslaa li
vultures,
a s aslaalia s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada  For his remarkable a
adada initiative, the ada
adaJawaharlal Nehru.PP a
adada
University invited .PP a
adada
ww.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P ww . ww .
ww
ww Payeng
wwwwin 2012 on Earthww w w and honoured whim
Day ww with the title ofwthe
w ww
w
g ‘Forest
rgrg Man of India’.rg g rgrg rgrg
i . O . O i .O . OrAbdul Kalam felicitated i .O . O i .O . O .
a s
a
l
asa a
l a i Later, the President
a s
a
l
asa a l a
APJi
a s
a
l
asa al a i him with
a s
a
a l
asa al a
cash i award
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad in Mumbai. .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww www w www w wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g MR.
. O rgrg
AYYANAR
O M,SC,. B,ED,. LECTURER
. O rgrg IN ZOOLOGY PRESIDENCY
O . O rgrHR,
O g SEC, SCHOOL. PUDUCHERRY . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lala i i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P.Padaada . P. adaada
P . P . adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
 s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia.
. P. adaada
P . P . adaada
Padasalai
P . P. adaada
P
TrbTnpsc
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O Orgrg
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia.
.wP.P adaada  The same.Pyear, . adaadahe received the ‘Padma
P . P. adaada Shri’.
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
www  ThewIndian w
www Constitution also w
ww
wstresses on the importance w
www of the role ofwthe w
www
ww w ww ww w
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