Module - 4 Fourier Series-Notes PDF

DAYANANDA SAGAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi)

Shavige Malleshwara Hills, Kumaraswamy Layout, Bengaluru-560078
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
Course Material
COURSE TRANFORMS & NUMERICAL METHODS
COURSE CODE 19MA3GCTNM
MODULE IV
MODULE NAME FOURIER SERIES
STAFF INCHARGE Dr. SANJAY OLI
1
Objectives:
 Student will be able to write the Fourier series representation of periodic
functions in terms of sin and cosine series.
 Student will be able to write the half range sine and cosine series for a giving
function.
 Student will be able to find the harmonics for a given set of tabulated values
of x and y and represent the function 𝑓(𝑥) in terms of harmonics.
2
Periodic Function
A function 𝑓(𝑥) is said to be periodic if there exists some positive number (𝑇 > 0) such that
𝑓(𝑥 + 𝑇) = 𝑓(𝑥) for all real 𝑥. Also, we can say that a graph of periodic function that has a
f(x)
PERIOD = L
period 𝑇 = 𝐿 exhibits the same pattern every 𝐿 units in 𝑥-axis, so that 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝐿) = 𝑓(𝑥) for
every value of 𝑥.
The least value of 𝑇 satisfying this property is called the fundamental period of function 𝑓(𝑥).
Example: (i) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥, 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥, 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥, & 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 are periodic functions with fundamental period 2𝜋. It
implies that sin(𝑥 + 2𝜋) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥, cos(𝑥 + 2𝜋) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥, sec(𝑥 + 2𝜋) = sec𝑥 etc.
(ii) 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 & 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 are periodic functions with fundamental period 𝜋. It implies that tan(𝑥 + 𝜋) =
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 & cot(𝑥 + 𝜋) = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥.
(iii) If 𝑇 is the period of 𝑓(𝑥) then 𝑛𝑇 is also period of 𝑓(𝑥) for any integer 𝑛, i.e. 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝑛𝑇) =
𝑓(𝑥), 𝑛 ≠ 0.
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 is periodic function with fundamental period 2𝜋, then 4𝜋, 6𝜋, 8𝜋 ⋯ = 2𝑛𝜋, 𝑛 ∈ 𝐼 also
period of 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥.
 cos(𝑥 + 4𝜋) = cos(𝑥 + 2.2𝜋) = cos[2𝜋 + (𝑥 + 2𝜋)] = cos(𝑥 + 2𝜋) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

(iv) If 𝑓(𝑥) is periodic function with period 𝑇 then 𝑓(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) with 𝑎 ≠ 0, is a periodic function
𝑇
of period ( 𝑎).
2𝜋
 sin 2𝑥 is periodic function with of period ( ) = 𝜋.
2
2𝜋
 sin(2𝑥 + 3) is periodic function with of period ( ) = 𝜋.
2
3
2𝜋
 cos(4𝑥 − 3) is periodic function with of period ( ) = 𝜋/2.
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(v) The period of a sum of a number of periodic functions is the LCM of the periods.
sin 2𝑥 sin 3𝑥 sin 4𝑥
 If 𝑓(𝑥) = sin 𝑥 + + + , then sin 𝑥 , sin 2𝑥, sin 3𝑥, sin 4𝑥 have the period
2 3 4
2𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋 𝜋
2𝜋, 𝜋, & 2 . Then period of 𝑓(𝑥) is 2𝜋 which is the LCM of the periods 2𝜋, 𝜋, & 2.
3 3
(vi) A constant function is periodic for any positive 𝑇.
 If 𝑓(𝑥) = 2, then 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝑇) = 𝑓(𝑥) for any positive value of 𝑇.
Even Function
Let the function defined on interval [−𝑙, 𝑙] . Then, function 𝑓(𝑥) is said to be even function on
interval [−𝑙, 𝑙] if
(𝑖)𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) , −𝑙 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑙.
∅(𝑥), −𝑙 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 0
(𝑖𝑖)𝑓(𝑥) = { }, then ∅(−𝑥) = 𝜔(𝑥).
𝜔(𝑥), 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑙
The function 𝑓(𝑥) is said to be even function on interval [0,2𝑙] if
(𝑖)𝑓(2𝑙 − 𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) , 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝑙.
∅(𝑥), 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑙
(𝑖𝑖)𝑓(𝑥) = { }, then ∅(2𝑙 − 𝑥) = 𝜔(𝑥).
𝜔(𝑥), 𝑙 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝑙
Also, the graph of even function is symmetric about 𝑦 –axis.
Example: (i) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 is even function because cos(−𝑥) = cos𝑥 etc. The graph of cos𝑥 is given by
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(ii) Even function 𝑓(𝑥) consists only even powers of 𝑥.The Maclaurin series of 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 & 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥
consists of even powers of 𝑥 only.
(iii) If 𝑓(𝑥) is even function, then

𝑙 𝑙
(a) ∫−𝑙 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥).
2𝑙 𝑙
(b) ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(2𝑙 − 𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥).
𝑙 𝑙
 ∫−𝑙 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫0 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥, ∴ 𝑓(−𝑥) = (−𝑥)4 = 𝑥 4 = 𝑓(𝑥).
2𝑙 𝑙
 ∫0 (𝑙 − 𝑥)4 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫0 (𝑙 − 𝑥)4 𝑑𝑥, ∴ 𝑓(2𝑙 − 𝑥) = [𝑙 − (2𝑙 − 𝑥)]4 = (𝑙 − 𝑥)4 = 𝑓(𝑥).
(iv)The sum of two even functions is even function i.e. if ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥) is even function
when both 𝑓(𝑥) & 𝑔(𝑥) are even function.
 ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 + cos(2𝑥) , 𝑥 2 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 for interval [−𝑙, 𝑙].

(v)The product of two even functions is even function i.e. if ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥). 𝑔(𝑥) is even function
when both 𝑓(𝑥) & 𝑔(𝑥) are even function.
 ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 . cos(𝑥) , 𝑥 2 . 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 2 for interval [−𝑙, 𝑙].
Odd Function
Let the function defined on interval [−𝑙, 𝑙] . Then, function 𝑓(𝑥) is said to be odd function on
interval [−𝑙, 𝑙] if
(𝑖)𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥) , −𝑙 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑙.
∅(𝑥), −𝑙 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 0
(𝑖𝑖)𝑓(𝑥) = { }, then ∅(−𝑥) = −𝜔(𝑥).
𝜔(𝑥), 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑙
The function 𝑓(𝑥) is said to be odd function on interval [0,2𝑙] if
(𝑖)𝑓(2𝑙 − 𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥) , 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝑙.
∅(𝑥), 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑙
(𝑖𝑖)𝑓(𝑥) = { }, then ∅(2𝑙 − 𝑥) = −𝜔(𝑥).
𝜔(𝑥), 𝑙 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝑙
Also, the graph of odd function is symmetric about the origin or the graph lies in opposite
quadrants Ist & IIIrd.
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Example: (i) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 is odd function because sin(−𝑥) = −sin𝑥 etc. The graph of sin𝑥 is given by
(ii) Odd function 𝑓(𝑥) consists only odd powers of 𝑥. The Maclaurin series of 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 & 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥
consists of odd powers of 𝑥 only.
(iii) If 𝑓(𝑥) is odd function, then

𝑙
(a) ∫−𝑙 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 0, 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥).
2𝑙
(b) ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 0, 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(2𝑙 − 𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥).
𝑙
 ∫−𝑙 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 = 0, ∴ 𝑓(−𝑥) = (−𝑥)3 = (−1)3 𝑥 3 = −𝑥 3 = −𝑓(𝑥).
2𝑙 𝑙
 ∫0 (𝑙 − 𝑥)3 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫0 (𝑙 − 𝑥)3 𝑑𝑥, ∴ 𝑓(2𝑙 − 𝑥) = [𝑙 − (2𝑙 − 𝑥)]3 = (−1)3 (𝑙 − 𝑥)3 =
−(𝑙 − 𝑥)3 = −𝑓(𝑥).
(iv)The sum of two odd functions is odd function i.e. if ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥) is odd function
when both 𝑓(𝑥) & 𝑔(𝑥) are odd function.
 ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + sin(3𝑥) , 𝑥 5 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2𝑥 for interval [−𝑙, 𝑙].

(v)The product of an even function & odd function is odd function i.e. if ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥). 𝑔(𝑥) is
odd function when 𝑓(𝑥) is even and 𝑔(𝑥) is odd function or vice-versa.
 ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 . cos(𝑥) , 𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 for interval [−𝑙, 𝑙].

(vi)The product of two odd functions is even function i.e. if ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥). 𝑔(𝑥) is even function
when both 𝑓(𝑥) & 𝑔(𝑥) are odd function.
 ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑥 7 . sin(5𝑥) , 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 for interval [−𝑙, 𝑙].
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Neither Even Nor Odd Function

Let the function defined on interval [−𝑙, 𝑙] . Then, function 𝑓(𝑥) is said to be neither even nor
odd function on interval [−𝑙, 𝑙] if
(𝑖)𝑓(−𝑥) ≠ 𝑓(𝑥) , −𝑙 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑙.
∅(𝑥), −𝑙 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 0
(𝑖𝑖)𝑓(𝑥) = { }, then ∅(−𝑥) ≠ 𝜔(𝑥).
𝜔(𝑥), 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑙
The function 𝑓(𝑥) is said to be even function on interval [0,2𝑙] if
(𝑖)𝑓(2𝑙 − 𝑥) ≠ 𝑓(𝑥) , 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝑙.
∅(𝑥), 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑙
(𝑖𝑖)𝑓(𝑥) = { }, then ∅(2𝑙 − 𝑥) ≠ 𝜔(𝑥).
𝜔(𝑥), 𝑙 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝑙
There is no symmetry find about origin & 𝑦 –axis in the graph of neither even nor odd function.
Example: (i) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 is neither even nor odd function in the interval −𝑙 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑙
because 𝑓(−𝑥) = sin(−𝑥) + cos(−𝑥) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ≠ 𝑓(𝑥) .
(ii) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 is neither even nor odd function in the interval 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋. Here
𝑙 = 𝜋 & 𝑓(2𝑙 − 𝑥) = 𝑓(2𝜋 − 𝑥) = sin(2𝜋 − 𝑥) + cos(2𝜋 − 𝑥) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ≠ 𝑓(𝑥) .
Trigonometric Series
It is a functional series of combinations of sine & cosine terms, given by as follows
𝑎0
𝑓(𝑥) = + 𝑎1 cos 𝑥 + 𝑏1 sin 𝑥 + 𝑎2 cos 2𝑥 + 𝑏2 sin 2𝑥 + ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯
2
𝑛=∞
𝑎0
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑ [ 𝑎𝑛 cos 𝑛𝑥 + 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑛𝑥]
2
𝑛=1
where 𝑎0 , 𝑎𝑛 & 𝑏𝑛 for 𝑛 = 1,2,3, ⋯ ⋯ are called the coefficients.
Fourier Series
Fourier is of a periodic function 𝑓(𝑥) with period 2𝑙 is the trigonometric series given by
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𝑛=∞
𝑎0 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑ [ 𝑎𝑛 cos ( ) + 𝑏𝑛 sin ( )]
2 𝑙 𝑙
𝑛=1
where 𝑎0 , 𝑎𝑛 & 𝑏𝑛 for 𝑛 = 1,2,3, ⋯ ⋯ are called the Fourier coefficients of function 𝑓(𝑥). The
Fourier coefficients 𝑎0 , 𝑎𝑛 & 𝑏𝑛 given by the Euler’s formulae as follows
Interval (𝟎, 𝟐𝒍) (−𝒍, 𝒍)

Fourier Coefficients
𝑎0 1 2𝑙 1 𝑙
∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑙 0 𝑙 −𝑙
𝑎𝑛 1 2𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥 1 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
∫ 𝑓(𝑥) cos ( ) 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) cos ( ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 0 𝑙 𝑙 −𝑙 𝑙
𝑏𝑛 1 2𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥 1 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
∫ 𝑓(𝑥) sin ( ) 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) sin ( ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 0 𝑙 𝑙 −𝑙 𝑙
Putting 𝑙 = 𝜋 in Fourier series above, we obtain the Fourier series of a periodic function 𝑓(𝑥)
with period 2𝜋 & Fourier coefficients 𝑎0 , 𝑎𝑛 & 𝑏𝑛 are given by as follows
𝑛=∞
𝑎0
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑ [ 𝑎𝑛 cos(𝑛𝑥) + 𝑏𝑛 sin(𝑛𝑥)]
2
𝑛=1
Interval (𝟎, 𝟐𝝅) (−𝝅, 𝝅)

Fourier Coefficients
𝑎0 1 2𝜋 1 𝜋
∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0 𝜋 −𝜋
𝑎𝑛 1 2𝜋 1 𝜋
∫ 𝑓(𝑥) cos(𝑛𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) cos(𝑛𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0 𝜋 −𝜋
𝑏𝑛 1 2𝜋 1 𝜋
∫ 𝑓(𝑥) sin(𝑛𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) sin(𝑛𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0 𝜋 −𝜋
Dirichlet’s Conditions
These are conditions under which Fourier series expansion of 𝑓(𝑥) is possible and also the find
the function to which the series converges. These conditions are
(i) The function 𝑓(𝑥) be piecewise continuous & bounded in the interval (−𝑙, 𝑙) .
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(ii) 𝑓(𝑥) is defined and continuous for all 𝑥 in (−𝑙, 𝑙) except, may be, at a finite number of
points in (−𝑙, 𝑙).
(iii) At a point of discontinuity, let 𝑥0 ∈ (−𝑙, 𝑙), the Fourier series of 𝑓(𝑥) converges to the
arithmetic mean of the left and right hand limits of 𝑓(𝑥) at 𝑥0 , that is
1
𝑓(𝑥0 ) = [𝑓(𝑥0 − 0) + 𝑓(𝑥0 + 0)]
2
Problems
1. Obtain the Fourier series for 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒆−𝒙 , in (𝟎, 𝟐𝝅), 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙 + 𝟐𝝅) . Hence
obtain a series for 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒉 𝝅 .
For the given function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 −𝑥 in the interval 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋, 𝑓(2𝜋 − 𝑥) = 𝑒 −(2𝜋−𝑥) ≠ 𝑓(𝑥).
Hence, the function 𝑓(𝑥) is neither ever nor odd function and we have to find the values of
𝑎0 , 𝑎𝑛 & 𝑏𝑛 . Also, the graph of function is
1 2𝜋 1 2𝜋 1 1
𝑎0 = 𝜋 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋 ∫0 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋 [−𝑒 −𝑥 ]2𝜋
0 = 𝜋 [−𝑒
−2𝜋
+ 𝑒 −0 ]
1
= 𝜋 [1 − 𝑒 −2𝜋 ], ∴ 𝑒 −0 = 1.
1 2𝜋 1 2𝜋
𝑎𝑛 = 𝜋 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) cos(𝑛𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋 ∫0 𝑒 −𝑥 cos(𝑛𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑒 𝑎𝑥
= 𝜋(1+𝑛2 ) [ 𝑒 −𝑥 (− cos 𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑛 sin 𝑛𝑥)]2𝜋
0 ,∴ ∫𝑒
𝑎𝑥
cos 𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎2 +𝑏2 (a cos 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑏 sin 𝑏𝑥).
1
= 𝜋(1+𝑛2 ) [𝑒 −2𝜋 (− cos 2𝜋𝑛 + 𝑛 sin 2𝜋𝑛) − 𝑒 −0 (− cos 0. 𝑛 + 𝑛 sin 0. 𝑛)]
1
= 𝜋(1+𝑛2 ) [1 − 𝑒 −2𝜋 ], ∴ cos(2𝜋𝑛) = 1 & sin(2𝜋𝑛) = 0, 𝑛 ∈ 𝐼 .
1 2𝜋 1 2𝜋
𝑏𝑛 = 𝜋 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) sin(𝑛𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋 ∫0 𝑒 −𝑥 sin(𝑛𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
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1 𝑒 𝑎𝑥
= 𝜋(1+𝑛2 ) [ 𝑒 −𝑥 (− sin 𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑛 cos 𝑛𝑥)]2𝜋
0 ,∴ ∫𝑒
𝑎𝑥
sin 𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎2 +𝑏2 (a sin 𝑏𝑥 − 𝑏 cos 𝑏𝑥).
1
= 𝜋(1+𝑛2 ) [𝑒 −2𝜋 (− sin 2𝜋𝑛 − 𝑛 cos 2𝜋𝑛) + 𝑒 −0 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 0. 𝑛 + 𝑛 cos 0. 𝑛)]
𝑛
= 𝜋(1+𝑛2 ) [1 − 𝑒 −2𝜋 ], ∴ cos(2𝜋𝑛) = 1 & sin(2𝜋𝑛) = 0, 𝑛 ∈ 𝐼 .
Thus, the Fourier series is given by

𝑛=∞
𝑎0
2
𝑛=1
[1−𝑒 −2𝜋 ] 1 𝑛
𝑒 −𝑥 = + ∑𝑛=∞
𝑛=1 [ 𝜋(1+𝑛2 ) [1 − 𝑒
−2𝜋 ].
cos 𝑛𝑥 + 𝜋(1+𝑛2 ) [1 − 𝑒 −2𝜋 ]. sin 𝑛𝑥]
2𝜋
𝑛=∞
−𝑥
[1 − 𝑒 −2𝜋 ] [1 − 𝑒 −2𝜋 ] (cos 𝑛𝑥 + 𝑛 sin 𝑛𝑥)
𝑒 = + ∑
2𝜋 𝜋 (1 + 𝑛2 )
𝑛=1
Putting 𝑥 = 𝜋 in the Fourier series given above

𝑛=∞
−𝜋
[1 − 𝑒 −2𝜋 ] [1 − 𝑒 −2𝜋 ] (cos 𝑛𝜋 + 𝑛 sin 𝑛𝜋)
𝑒 = + ∑
2𝜋 𝜋 (1 + 𝑛2 )
𝑛=1
𝑒 −𝜋 1 1 cos 𝑛𝜋
[1−𝑒 −2𝜋 ]
= 2𝜋 + 𝜋 ∑𝑛=∞
𝑛=1 (1+𝑛2 ) ∴ sin(𝑛𝜋) = 0, 𝑛 ∈ 𝐼.
𝑛=∞ 𝑛=∞
𝑒 −𝜋 1 1 cos 𝑛𝜋 1 1 cos 𝜋 cos 𝑛𝜋
−2𝜋
= [ +∑ 2
]= [ + 2
+∑ ]
[1 − 𝑒 ] 𝜋 2 (1 + 𝑛 ) 𝜋 2 (1 + 1 ) (1 + 𝑛2 )
𝑛=1 𝑛=2
𝑒 −𝜋 1 1 1 cos 𝑛𝜋
[1−𝑒 −2𝜋 ]
= 𝜋 [2 − 2 + ∑𝑛=∞
𝑛=2 (1+𝑛2 )]
𝑛=∞
1 1 cos 𝑛𝜋
= ∑
[𝑒 𝜋 − 𝑒 −𝜋 ] 𝜋 (1 + 𝑛2 )
𝑛=2
𝑛=∞
1 1 cos 𝑛𝜋
= ∑
2 sinh 𝜋 𝜋 (1 + 𝑛2 )
𝑛=2
10
𝑛=∞
1 1 cos 𝑛𝜋
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ 𝜋 = ∑
2 𝜋 (1 + 𝑛2 )
𝑛=2
𝑛=∞
1 cos 𝑛𝜋
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ 𝜋 = ∑
𝜋 (1 + 𝑛2 )
𝑛=2
2. Find the Fourier series for the function 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 , −𝝅 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝝅, 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒇(𝒙) =
𝝅𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒇(𝒙 + 𝟐𝝅) . Hence show that = 𝟏 − 𝟐𝟐 + 𝟑𝟐 − 𝟒𝟐 + ⋯.
𝟏𝟐
For the given function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 in the interval −𝜋 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋. Here, 𝑓(−𝑥) = (−𝑥) +
(−𝑥)2 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 ≠ 𝑓(𝑥). Hence, the function 𝑓(𝑥) is neither ever nor odd function and we
have to find the values of 𝑎0 , 𝑎𝑛 & 𝑏𝑛 . Also, the graph of function is given by
1 𝜋 1 𝜋 1 𝜋
𝑎0 = 𝜋 ∫−𝜋(𝑥 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋 ∫−𝜋 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝜋 ∫−𝜋 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 .
2 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
= 0 + 𝜋 ∫0 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 , ∴ ∫−𝜋 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∫−𝜋 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 (−𝜋, 𝜋).
𝜋
2 𝑥3 2 (𝜋)3 −02 2 𝜋2
= 𝜋[3] = 𝜋[ ]= .
0 3 3
1 𝜋 1 𝜋
𝑎𝑛 = 𝜋 ∫−𝜋 𝑓(𝑥) cos(𝑛𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋 ∫−𝜋(𝑥 + 𝑥 2 ) cos(𝑛𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
1 𝜋 1 𝜋
= ∫ 𝑥 cos(𝑛𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥 2 cos(𝑛𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 −𝜋 𝜋 −𝜋
2 𝜋 2
= 0+ ∫ 𝑥 cos(𝑛𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0
11
𝜋 𝜋
∴ ∫−𝜋 𝑥 cos(𝑛𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∫−𝜋 𝑥 2 cos(𝑛𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 (−𝜋, 𝜋).
2 sin(𝑛𝑥) cos(𝑛𝑥) sin(𝑛𝑥) 𝜋

= 𝜋 [𝑥 2 ( ) − (2𝑥) (− ) + (2) (− )] =
𝑛 𝑛2 𝑛3 0
2 2 sin(𝑛𝜋) cos(𝑛𝜋) sin(𝑛𝜋) sin(0.𝑛) cos(0.𝑛)
[𝜋 ( 𝑛 ) − (2𝜋) (− ) + (2) (− ) − 0. ( ) + (2.0) (− )−
𝜋 𝑛2 𝑛3 𝑛 𝑛2
sin(𝑛𝜋)
(2) (− )]
𝑛3
2 −2𝜋.cos(𝑛𝜋) −4.cos(𝑛𝜋) −4(−1)𝑛

= [ ]= = , ∴ sin(𝑛𝜋) = 0 & cos(𝑛𝑥) = (−1)𝑛 , 𝑛 ∈ 𝐼 .
𝜋 𝑛2 𝑛2 𝑛2
1 𝜋 1 𝜋
𝑏𝑛 = 𝜋 ∫−𝜋 𝑓(𝑥) sin(𝑛𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋 ∫−𝜋(𝑥 + 𝑥 2 ) sin(𝑛𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
1 𝜋 1 𝜋 2
= ∫ 𝑥 sin(𝑛𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥 sin(𝑛𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 −𝜋 𝜋 −𝜋
2 𝜋
= ∫ 𝑥 sin(𝑛𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + 0
𝜋 0
𝜋 𝜋
∴ ∫−𝜋 𝑥 sin(𝑛𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∫−𝜋 𝑥 2 cos(𝑛𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 (−𝜋, 𝜋).
2 cos(𝑛𝑥) sin(𝑛𝑥) 𝜋
= 𝜋 [𝑥 (− ) − (1) (− )]
𝑛 𝑛2 0
2 cos(𝑛𝜋) sin(𝑛𝜋) cos(0.𝑛) sin(0.𝑛)

= 𝜋 [𝜋 (− ) − (1) (− ) − 0. (− ) + (− )]
𝑛 𝑛2 𝑛 𝑛2
2
= 𝑛 𝜋 [𝜋. −cos(𝑛𝜋)]
2
= − 𝑛 (−1)𝑛 , ∴ cos(𝑛𝜋) = (−1)𝑛 , 𝑛 ∈ 𝐼 .

𝑛=∞
𝑎0
2
𝑛=1
𝑛=∞
𝜋2
2
−4(−1)𝑛 2
𝑥+𝑥 = + ∑[ 2
. cos 𝑛𝑥 − (−1)𝑛 sin 𝑛𝑥]
3 𝑛 𝑛
𝑛=1
12
𝑛=∞
𝜋2
2
4 cos 𝑛𝑥 2 sin 𝑛𝑥
𝑥+𝑥 = − (−1)𝑛 ∑ [ + ]
3 𝑛2 𝑛
𝑛=1
Putting 𝑥 = 0 in the Fourier series given above

𝑛=∞
2
𝜋2 4 cos 𝑛. 0 2 sin 𝑛. 0
0+0 = − ∑ (−1)𝑛 [ + ]
3 𝑛2 𝑛
𝑛=1
𝑛=∞
𝜋2 (−1)𝑛
0= −4 ∑
3 𝑛2
𝑛=1
𝑛=∞
𝜋2 (−1)𝑛
= ∑
12 𝑛2
𝑛=1
𝜋2 1 1 1
=1− 2+ 2− 2+⋯
12 2 3 4
𝟏−𝒙, 𝟎<𝒙≤𝟏 𝝅𝟐
3. Obtain the Fourier Series for 𝒇(𝒙) = { } . Hence, deduce that 𝟖 = 𝟏 +
𝟎, 𝟏≤𝒙≤𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
+ 𝟓𝟐 + 𝟕𝟐 + ⋯
𝟑𝟐
1−𝑥, 0< 𝑥 ≤ 1
Given that 𝑓(𝑥) = { } in the interval 0 < 𝑥 ≤ 2 & 2𝑙 = 2.Here, ∅(𝑥) = 1 −
0, 1≤𝑥 ≤ 2
𝑥 , 𝜑(𝑥) = 0 & ∅(2𝑙 − 𝑥) = ∅(2 − 𝑥) = 1 − (2 − 𝑥) = 𝑥 − 1 ≠ 𝜑(𝑥) . Hence, the
function 𝑓(𝑥) is neither ever nor odd function and we have to find the values of 𝑎0 , 𝑎𝑛 & 𝑏𝑛 .
Also, the graph of function is given by
13
1 2𝑙 1 2 1 2
𝑎0 = 𝑙 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 1 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫1 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 .
1 2 1
= ∫ (1 − 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 0 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (1 − 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
0 1 0
1
𝑥2 1 1
= [𝑥 − ] = (1 − ) = .
2 0 2 2
1 2𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥 1 1 1 2
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) cos ( ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (1 − 𝑥 ) cos(𝑛𝜋𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 0. cos(𝑛𝜋𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 0 𝑙 1 0 1 1
1
= ∫ (1 − 𝑥 ) cos(𝑛𝜋𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
0
sin(𝑛𝜋𝑥) cos(𝑛𝜋𝑥) 1
= [(1 − 𝑥) ( ) − (−1) (− )]
𝑛𝜋 𝑛2 𝜋 2 0
sin(𝜋𝑛) cos(𝜋𝑛) sin(0.𝑛𝜋) cos(0.𝑛𝜋)

= [(1 − 1) ( ) − (−1) (− ) − (1 − 0). ( )+( )]
𝑛𝜋 𝑛2 𝜋 2 𝑛𝜋 𝑛2 𝜋 2
1
= 𝑛2 𝜋2 [1 − cos(𝜋𝑛)], ∴ sin(𝜋𝑛) = 0, 𝑛 ∈ 𝐼 .
1
= 𝑛2 𝜋2 [1 − (−1)𝑛 ], ∴ cos(0) = 1 & cos(𝑛𝜋) = (−1)𝑛 , 𝑛 ∈ 𝐼 .
0, 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
𝑎𝑛 = 2 , ∴ (−1)𝑛 = 1, 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 & (−1)𝑛 = −1, 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑 .
, 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑
𝑛2 𝜋 2
1 2𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥 1 1 1 2
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) sin ( ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (1 − 𝑥 ) sin(𝑛𝜋𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 0. sin(𝑛𝜋𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 0 𝑙 1 0 1 1
1
= ∫ (1 − 𝑥 ) sin(𝑛𝜋𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
0
cos(𝑛𝜋𝑥) sin(𝑛𝜋𝑥) 1
= [(1 − 𝑥) (− ) − (−1) (− )]
𝑛𝜋 𝑛2 𝜋 2 0
cos(𝑛𝜋) sin(𝑛𝜋) cos(0.𝑛𝜋) sin(0.𝑛𝜋)

= [(1 − 1) (− ) − (−1) (− ) − (1 − 0). (− )+( )]
1
= 𝑛𝜋 , ∴ sin(𝜋𝑛) = 0, 𝑛 ∈ 𝐼 .
14

𝑛=∞ 𝑛=∞ 𝑛=∞
𝑎0 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑎0
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑ [ 𝑎𝑛 cos ( ) + 𝑏𝑛 sin ( )] = + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 cos(𝑛𝜋𝑥) + ∑ 𝑏𝑛 sin(𝑛𝜋𝑥)
2 𝑙 𝑙 2
𝑛=1 𝑛=1 𝑛=1
𝑛=∞
1 2 1
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑ 2 2 cos(𝑛𝜋𝑥) + ∑ sin(𝑛𝜋𝑥)
4 𝑛 𝜋 𝑛𝜋
𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑛=1
𝑛=∞
1 2 cos(𝑛𝜋𝑥) 1 sin(𝑛𝜋𝑥)
𝑓(𝑥) = + 2 ∑ + ∑
4 𝜋 𝑛2 𝜋 𝑛

𝑛=∞
1 2 cos(𝑛𝜋) 1 sin(𝑛𝜋)
𝑓(1) = + 2 ∑ 2
+ ∑
4 𝜋 𝑛 𝜋 𝑛
1 2 cos(𝑛𝜋)
0= + 2 ∑ , ∴ f(0) = 1 & sin(𝜋𝑛) = 0, 𝑛 ∈ 𝐼
4 𝜋 𝑛2
𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑
1 2 cos(𝑛𝜋)
− = 2 ∑
4 𝜋 𝑛2
𝜋2 (−1)𝑛
− = ∑ , ∴ cos(𝑛𝜋) = (−1)𝑛 , 𝑛 ∈ 𝐼
8 𝑛2
𝜋2 1 1 1 𝜋2 1 1 1
− = −1 − 2 − 2 − 2 + ⋯ 𝑂𝑅 = 1+ 2+ 2+ 2+⋯
8 3 5 7 8 3 5 7
4. Find the Fourier series for the function 𝒇(𝒙), defined on [−𝟐, 𝟐] , where
−𝟏 , −𝟐 ≤ 𝒙 < 𝟎 𝝅 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒇(𝒙) = { } . Hence, deduce that prove that 𝟒 = 𝟏 − 𝟑 + 𝟓 − 𝟕 + ⋯.
𝟐 , 𝟎<𝒙≤𝟐
−1 , −2 ≤ 𝑥 < 0
Given that 𝑓(𝑥) = { } in the interval −2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2 & 2𝑙 = 4 .Here, ∅(𝑥) =
2 , 0<𝑥≤2
−1 , 𝜑(𝑥) = 2 & ∅(−𝑥) = −1 ≠ 𝜑(𝑥) = 2. Hence, the function 𝑓(𝑥) is neither ever nor odd
function and we have to find the values of 𝑎0 , 𝑎𝑛 & 𝑏𝑛 . Also, the graph of function is given by
15
1 𝑙 1 2 1 0 1 2
𝑎0 = 𝑙 ∫−𝑙 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫−2 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫−2 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + 2 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 .
1 0 1 2 1 1
= ∫ −1 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 = − [𝑥]0−2 + [𝑥]20 = − [0 − (−2)] + [2 − 0] = 1.
2 −2 2 0 2 2
1 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥 1 2 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) cos ( ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) cos ( ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 −𝑙 𝑙 2 −2 2
1 0 𝑛𝜋𝑥 1 2 𝑛𝜋𝑥
= ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) cos ( ) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) cos ( ) 𝑑𝑥
2 −2 2 2 0 2
= ∫ (−1) cos ( ) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 2. cos ( ) 𝑑𝑥
2 −2 2 2 0 2
1 0 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2
𝑛𝜋𝑥
= − ∫ cos ( ) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ cos ( ) 𝑑𝑥
2 −2 2 0 2
1 2 𝑛𝜋𝑥 0 2 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2
= − 2 [(𝑛𝜋) (sin ( ))] +[(𝑛𝜋) (sin ( ))]
2 −2 2 0
1 𝑛𝜋𝑥 0 2 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2
=− [sin ( )] + [sin ( )]
𝑛𝜋 2 −2 𝑛𝜋 2 0
1 𝑛𝜋. 0 𝑛𝜋. −2 2 𝑛𝜋. 2 𝑛𝜋. 0
=− [sin ( ) − sin ( )] + [sin ( ) − sin ( )]
𝑛𝜋 2 2 𝑛𝜋 2 2
1 2
= [0 − sin(𝑛𝜋)] + [sin(𝑛𝜋) − 0]
𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
= 0, ∴ sin(𝑛𝜋) = 0, 𝑛 ∈ 𝐼
16
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) sin ( ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) sin ( ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 −𝑙 𝑙 2 −2 2
= ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) sin ( ) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) sin ( ) 𝑑𝑥
2 −2 2 2 0 2
= ∫ (−1) sin ( ) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 2. sin ( ) 𝑑𝑥
2 −2 2 2 0 2
1 0 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2
𝑛𝜋𝑥
= − ∫ sin ( ) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ sin ( ) 𝑑𝑥
2 −2 2 0 2
1 2 𝑛𝜋𝑥 0 2 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2
= − 2 [(𝑛𝜋) (− cos ( ))] +[(𝑛𝜋) (− cos ( ))]
2 −2 2 0
1 𝑛𝜋𝑥 0 2 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2
= [cos ( )] − [cos ( )]
𝑛𝜋 2 −2 𝑛𝜋 2 0
1 𝑛𝜋. 0 𝑛𝜋. −2 2 𝑛𝜋. 2 𝑛𝜋. 0
= [cos ( ) − cos ( )] − [cos ( ) − cos ( )]
𝑛𝜋 2 2 𝑛𝜋 2 2
1 2
= [1 − cos(𝑛𝜋)] − [cos(𝑛𝜋) − 1]
𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
3 3
= [1 − cos(𝑛𝜋)] = [1 − (−1)𝑛 ], ∴ cos(𝑛𝜋) = (−1)𝑛 , 𝑛 ∈ 𝐼
𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
0, 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
𝑏𝑛 = 6 , ∴ (−1)𝑛 = 1, 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 & (−1)𝑛 = −1, 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑 .
, 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑
𝑛𝜋
𝑛=∞
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑ [ 𝑎𝑛 cos ( ) + 𝑏𝑛 sin ( )
2 𝑙 𝑙
𝑛=1
𝑛=∞ 𝑛=∞
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 cos ( ) + ∑ 𝑏𝑛 sin ( )
2 2 2
𝑛=1 𝑛=1
17
𝑛=∞
1 𝑛𝜋𝑥 6 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑ 0. cos ( )+ ∑ sin ( )
2 2 𝑛𝜋 2
𝑛=1 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑
1 6 1 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑ sin ( )
2 𝜋 𝑛 2
1 6 1 𝑛𝜋
𝑓(1) = + ∑ sin ( )
2 𝜋 𝑛 2
1 6 𝜋 1 𝜋 1 𝜋 1 𝜋
2= + [𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) + sin (3 ) + sin (5 ) + sin (7 ) + ⋯]
2 𝜋 2 3 2 5 2 7 2
1 6 1 1 1
2− = [1 − + − + ⋯]
2 𝜋 3 5 7
𝜋 1 1 1
= 1− + − +⋯
4 3 5 7
𝟏 𝟏
5 Expand 𝒇(𝒙) = √𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 , 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟐𝝅 in a Fourier series. Hence, evaluate + 𝟑.𝟓 +
𝟏.𝟑
𝟏
+ ⋯ … ….
𝟓.𝟕
The given function 𝑓(𝑥) = √1 − cos 𝑥 is in the interval 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋. Simplifying the 𝑓(𝑥),
𝑥 𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = √1 − cos 𝑥 = √2 sin2 (2) = √2 sin (2) , ∴ 1 − cos 2𝑥 = 2 sin2 𝑥.
2𝜋−𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
Here, 𝑓(2𝜋 − 𝑥) = √2 sin ( ) = √2 sin (𝜋 − 2) = √2 sin (2) = 𝑓(𝑥). Hence, the function
2
𝑓(𝑥) is even function and 𝑏𝑛 = 0 . We have to find the values of 𝑎0 & 𝑎𝑛 . Also, the graph of
function is given by
18
2 𝜋 2 𝜋 𝑥 2√2 𝜋 𝑥
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ √2 sin ( ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ sin ( ) 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0 𝜋 0 2 𝜋 0 2
𝑥 𝜋
2√2 cos (2)
4√2 𝑥 𝜋 4√2 𝜋 4√2
= [− ] =− [cos ( )] = − [cos ( ) − cos(0)] =
𝜋 1/2 𝜋 2 0 𝜋 2 𝜋
0
2 𝜋 2 𝜋 𝑥 √2 𝜋 𝑥
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) cos(𝑛𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ √2 sin ( ) cos(𝑛𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2 sin ( ) cos(𝑛𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0 𝜋 0 2 𝜋 0 2
√2 𝜋 𝑥 𝑥
= ∫ [ sin ( + 𝑛𝑥) + sin ( − 𝑛𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥 , ∴ 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 = sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) + sin(𝐴 − 𝐵)
𝜋 0 2 2
√2 𝜋 1 + 2𝑛 √2 𝜋 1 − 2𝑛
= ∫ sin ( ) 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ sin ( ) 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0 2 𝜋 0 2
√2 2 1+2𝑛 2 1−2𝑛 𝜋
= [(1+2𝑛) (− cos ( 2 ) 𝑥) + (1−2𝑛) (− cos ( ) 𝑥)]
𝜋 2 0
=
√2 2 1+2𝑛 2 1+2𝑛 2 1−2𝑛
[− ( ) cos ( )𝜋 + (1+2𝑛) cos ( ) . 0 − (1−2𝑛) cos ( )𝜋 +
𝜋 1+2𝑛 2 2 2
2 1−2𝑛
(1−2𝑛) cos ( ) . 0]
2
2√2 1 𝜋 1 1 𝜋 1
= [− (1+2𝑛) cos ( 2 + 𝑛𝜋) + (1+2𝑛) − (1−2𝑛) cos ( 2 − 𝑛𝜋) + (1−2𝑛)]
𝜋
2√2 1 1 1 1
= [(1+2𝑛) sin(𝑛𝜋) + (1+2𝑛) − (1−2𝑛) sin(𝑛𝜋) + (1−2𝑛)], .
𝜋
𝜋 𝜋
∴ cos ( + 𝑛𝜋) = − cos ( − 𝑛𝜋) = − sin(𝑛𝜋) = 0, 𝑛 ∈ 𝐼
2 2
19
2√2 1 1 4√2
= [(1+2𝑛) + (1−2𝑛)] = 𝜋 (1+2𝑛)(1−2𝑛) .
𝜋

𝑛=∞
𝑎0
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 cos 𝑛𝑥
2
𝑛=1
𝑛=∞
𝑥 2√2 4√2
√2 sin ( ) = +∑ cos 𝑛𝑥
2 𝜋 𝜋 (1 + 2𝑛)(1 − 2𝑛)
𝑛=1
𝑛=∞
𝑥 2√2 4√2 cos 𝑛𝑥
√2 sin ( ) = + ∑
2 𝜋 𝜋 (1 + 2𝑛)(1 − 2𝑛)
𝑛=1
𝑥 2 4 cos 𝑥 cos 2𝑥 cos 3𝑥

sin ( ) = + [ + + +⋯]
2 𝜋 𝜋 (1 + 2)(1 − 2) (1 + 2.2)(1 − 2.2) (1 + 2.3)(1 − 2.3)
𝑥 2 4 cos 𝑥 cos 2𝑥 cos 3𝑥

sin ( ) = + [− − − +⋯]
2 𝜋 𝜋 1.3 3.5 5.7
0 2 4 cos 0 cos 2.0 cos 3.0

sin ( ) = + [− − − +⋯]
2 𝜋 𝜋 1.3 3.5 5.7
2 4 1 1 1
0= − [ + + +⋯]
𝜋 𝜋 1.3 3.5 5.7
1 1 1 1
=[ + + +⋯]
2 1.3 3.5 5.7
6 Find the Fourier series expansion of the function 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐 in −𝟐 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟐 . Hence

𝝅𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
show that = 𝟏 + 𝟐𝟐 + 𝟑𝟐 + 𝟒𝟐 + 𝟓𝟐 …. .
𝟔
Given that 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 2 in the interval −2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2 & 2𝑙 = 4. Here, 𝑓(−𝑥) = (−𝑥)2 − 2 =

𝑥 2 − 2. Hence, the function 𝑓(𝑥) is even function and we have to find the values of 𝑎0 & 𝑎𝑛 .
Also, the graph of function is given by
20
2 𝑙 2 2 2
𝑎0 = 𝑙 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 (𝑥 2 − 2) 𝑑𝑥 .
2
𝑥3 23 8 4
= [ − 2𝑥] = [ − 2.2 − 0] = − 4 = −
3 0
3 3 3
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) cos ( ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) cos ( ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 0 𝑙 2 0 2
2
𝑛𝜋𝑥
= ∫ (𝑥 2 − 2) cos ( ) 𝑑𝑥
0 2
2 sin(𝑛𝜋𝑥/2) 4 cos(𝑛𝜋𝑥/2) 8 sin(𝑛𝜋𝑥/2) 2

= [(𝑥 2 − 2) ( ) − (2𝑥) (− ) + (2) (− )]
𝑛𝜋 𝑛2 𝜋 2 𝑛3 𝜋 3 0
2
2
2 sin(𝑛𝜋𝑥/2) 4 cos(𝑛𝜋𝑥/2) 8 sin(𝑛𝜋𝑥/2)
= [(𝑥 − 2) ( ) + (2𝑥) ( 2 2
) − 2( )]
𝑛𝜋 𝑛 𝜋 𝑛3 𝜋 3 0
2 sin(𝑛𝜋) 4 cos(𝑛𝜋) 8 sin(𝑛𝜋) 2 sin(𝑛𝜋. 0)

= [(22 − 2) ( ) + (2.2) ( 2 2
) − 2( 3 3
) − (0 − 2) ( )
𝑛𝜋 𝑛 𝜋 𝑛 𝜋 𝑛𝜋
4 cos(𝑛𝜋. 0) 8 sin(𝑛𝜋. 0)
− (2.0) ( ) + 2 ( )]
𝑛2 𝜋 2 𝑛3 𝜋 3
16 cos(𝑛𝜋) 16(−1)𝑛
= = , ∴ cos(0) = 1, sin(𝑛𝜋) = 0 & cos(𝑛𝜋) = (−1)𝑛 , 𝑛 ∈ 𝐼 .
𝑛2 𝜋 2 𝑛2 𝜋 2
𝑛=∞ 𝑛=∞
𝑎0 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑎0 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 cos ( )= + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 cos ( )
2 𝑙 2 2
𝑛=1 𝑛=1
21
𝑛=∞ 𝑛=∞ 𝑛𝜋𝑥

2 16(−1) 𝑛
𝑛𝜋𝑥 2 16 cos ( 2 )
𝑥2 − 2 = − + ∑ cos ( ) = − + 2 ∑ (−1)𝑛
3 𝑛2 𝜋 2 2 3 𝜋 𝑛2
𝑛=1 𝑛=1
2 16 cos(𝜋𝑥/2) cos(𝜋𝑥) cos(3𝜋𝑥/2) cos(2𝜋𝑥) cos(5𝜋𝑥/2)

𝑥 2 − 2 = − + 2 [− + − + − +⋯]
3 𝜋 12 22 32 42 52
2 16 cos(𝜋) cos(2𝜋) cos(3𝜋) cos(4𝜋) cos(5𝜋)

2 = − + 2 [− + − + − +⋯]
3 𝜋 12 22 32 42 52
2 16 1 1 1 1 1
2+ = 2[ 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 +⋯]
3 𝜋 1 2 3 4 5
𝜋2 1 1 1 1
=1+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 2 +⋯
6 2 3 4 5
7 Find the Fourier series 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 in (−𝝅, 𝝅).
For the given function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 cos 𝑥 in the interval −𝜋 < 𝑥 < 𝜋, the length of interval is 2𝜋.
Here, 𝑓(−𝑥) = (−𝑥) cos(−𝑥) = −𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = −𝑓(𝑥), ∴ cos(−𝑥) = cos 𝑥. Hence, the
function 𝑓(𝑥) is odd function and we have to find the values of 𝑏𝑛 only & 𝑎0 = 𝑎𝑛 = 0. Also,
the graph of function is given by
2 𝜋 2 𝜋 1 𝜋
𝑏𝑛 = 𝜋 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) sin(𝑛𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋 ∫0 𝑥 cos 𝑥 sin(𝑛𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋 ∫0 𝑥 [2 cos 𝑥 sin(𝑛 𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥
1 𝜋
= 𝜋 ∫0 𝑥[ sin(𝑥 + 𝑛𝑥) − sin(𝑥 − 𝑛𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥 , ∴ 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 = sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) − sin(𝐴 − 𝐵)
22
1 𝜋 1 𝜋
= 𝜋 ∫0 𝑥 sin(1 + 𝑛)𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 𝜋 ∫0 𝑥 sin(1 − 𝑛)𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 cos(1 + 𝑛)𝑥 sin(1 + 𝑛)𝑥 cos(1 − 𝑛)𝑥

= [𝑥 (− ) − (1) (− ) − 𝑥 (− )
𝜋 (1 + 𝑛) (1 + 𝑛)2 (1 − 𝑛)
𝜋
sin(1 − 𝑛)𝑥
+ (1) (− )] 𝑛 ≠ 1
(1 − 𝑛)2
0
1 cos(1 + 𝑛)𝜋 sin(1 + 𝑛)𝜋 cos(1 − 𝑛)𝜋 sin(1 − 𝑛)𝜋

= [−𝜋 ( )+( 2
)+𝜋( )−( )]
𝜋 (1 + 𝑛) (1 + 𝑛) (1 − 𝑛) (1 − 𝑛)2
1 cos(1 + 𝑛). 0 sin(1 + 𝑛). 0 cos(1 − 𝑛). 0 sin(1 − 𝑛). 0

− [−0 ( )+( 2
) + 0. ( )−( )]
𝜋 (1 + 𝑛) (1 + 𝑛) (1 − 𝑛) (1 − 𝑛)2
1 cos 𝑛𝜋 sin 𝑛𝜋 cos 𝑛𝜋 sin 𝑛𝜋

= 𝜋 [−𝜋 (− (1+𝑛)
)+ (− (1+𝑛)2 ) + 𝜋 (− (1−𝑛) ) − (− (1−𝑛)2 )]
1 1 1
= [𝜋 cos 𝑛𝜋 ( − )] ∴ sin 𝑛𝜋 = 0
𝜋 (1 + 𝑛) (1 − 𝑛)
2𝑛 cos 𝑛𝜋 2𝑛 (−1)𝑛
=− = − , 𝑛 ≠ 1, ∴ cos(𝑛𝜋) = (−1)𝑛 , 𝑛 ∈ 𝐼
(1 − 𝑛2 ) (1 − 𝑛2 )
For 𝑛 = 1, 𝑏1 is given by
2 𝜋 1 𝜋 1 𝜋
𝑏1 = ∫ 𝑥 cos 𝑥 sin(𝜋) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 [2 cos 𝑥 sin( 𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0 𝜋 0 𝜋 0
1 cos 2𝑥 sin 2𝑥 𝜋 1 cos 2𝑥 sin 2𝑥 𝜋

𝑏1 = [𝑥 (− ) − (1) (− )] = [−𝑥 ( )+( )]
𝜋 2 4 0 𝜋 2 4 0
1 cos 2𝜋 sin 2𝜋 cos 2.0 sin 2.0 1

= [−𝜋 ( )+( ) + 0. ( )−( )] = −
𝜋 2 4 2 4 2

𝑛=∞ 𝑛=∞
𝑓(𝑥) = ∑ 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑛𝑥 = 𝑏1 + ∑ 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑛𝑥

𝑛=1 𝑛=2
𝑛=∞ 𝑛=∞
1 2𝑛 (−1)𝑛 1 𝑛 (−1)𝑛 sin 𝑛𝑥
𝑥 cos 𝑥 = − + ∑ − sin 𝑛𝑥 = − − 2 ∑
2 (1 − 𝑛2 ) 2 (1 − 𝑛2 )
𝑛=2 𝑛=2
23
𝒙, 𝟎≤𝒙≤𝟏
8 Obtain the Fourier series for the function (𝒙) = { . Hence, deduce that
(𝒙 − 𝟐), 𝟏 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟐
𝝅 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= 𝟏 − 𝟑 + 𝟓 − 𝟕 + ⋯ …..
𝟒
𝑥, 0≤𝑥≤1
Given that 𝑓(𝑥) = { in the interval 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2 & 2𝑙 = 2. Here, ∅(𝑥) =
(𝑥 − 2), 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2
𝑥 , 𝜑(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 2) & ∅(2𝑙 − 𝑥) = ∅(2 − 𝑥) = (2 − 𝑥) = −(𝑥 − 2) = − 𝜑(𝑥). Hence, the
function 𝑓(𝑥) is odd function and we have to find the values of 𝑏𝑛 only & 𝑎0 = 𝑎𝑛 = 0. Also,
the graph of function is given by
2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2 1
𝑏𝑛 = 𝑙 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) sin ( ) 𝑑𝑥 = 1 ∫0 𝑥 sin(𝑛𝜋𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑙
cos(𝑛𝜋𝑥) sin(𝑛𝜋𝑥) 1
= 2 [𝑥 (− ) − (1) (− )]
𝑛𝜋 𝑛2 𝜋 2 0
1
cos(𝑛𝜋𝑥) sin(𝑛𝜋𝑥)
= 2 [−(𝑥) ( ) + ( 2 2 )]
𝑛𝜋 𝑛 𝜋 0
cos(𝑛𝜋) sin(𝑛 𝜋) cos(𝑛𝜋.0) sin(𝑛𝜋.0)

= 2 [−(1) ( )+( ) + (0). ( )−( )]
cos(𝑛𝜋) 2(−1)𝑛
= −2 [ ]=− , ∴ cos(0) = 1, sin(𝑛𝜋) = 0 & cos(𝑛𝜋) = (−1)𝑛 , 𝑛 ∈ 𝐼 .
𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋

𝑛=∞ 𝑛=∞
𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = ∑ 𝑏𝑛 sin ( ) = ∑ 𝑏𝑛 sin(𝑛𝜋𝑥)
𝑙
𝑛=1 𝑛=1
24
𝑛=∞ 𝑛=∞
2(−1)𝑛 2 (−1)𝑛 sin(𝑛𝜋𝑥)
𝑓(𝑥) = ∑ − sin(𝑛𝜋𝑥) = − ∑
𝑛𝜋 𝜋 𝑛
𝑛=1 𝑛=1
2 sin 𝜋𝑥 sin 2𝜋𝑥 sin 3𝜋𝑥 sin 4𝜋𝑥 sin 5𝜋𝑥 sin 6𝜋𝑥 sin 7𝜋𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = − [− + − + − + − +⋯]
𝜋 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1
𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋
1 2 sin 2 sin 𝜋 sin 2 sin 2𝜋 sin 2 sin 3𝜋 sin 2
𝑓 ( ) = − [− + − + − + − +⋯]
2 𝜋 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 2 1 1 1
= [1 − + − + ⋯ ]
2 𝜋 3 5 7
𝜋 1 1 1
= 1− + − +⋯
4 3 5 7
25
EXCERSISE
1. Find the Fourier series for expansion of the following periodic function of period 4 where
2 + 𝑥 , −2 ≤ 𝑥 < 0 4[1−(−1)𝑛 ]
𝑓(𝑥) = { } , 𝑓(𝑥 + 4) = 𝑓(𝑥).ANSWER: 𝑎0 = 2, 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑛2 𝜋2 , 𝑏𝑛 = 0 .
2−𝑥 , 0<𝑥 ≤2
𝜋 + 𝑥 , −𝜋 < 𝑥 < 0
𝑓(𝑥) = { } , 𝑓(𝑥 + 2𝜋) = 𝑓(𝑥).
0 , 0≤𝑥<𝜋
𝜋 [1−(−1)𝑛 ]
ANSWER: 𝑎0 = 2 , 𝑎𝑛 = , 𝑏𝑛 = −1/𝑛 .
𝜋 𝑛2
𝜋 , −𝜋 < 𝑥 < 0
𝑓(𝑥) = { } , 𝑓(𝑥 + 2𝜋) = 𝑓(𝑥).
𝜋−𝑥 , 0≤𝑥 <𝜋
3𝜋 [1−(−1)𝑛 ]
ANSWER: 𝑎0 = , 𝑎𝑛 = , 𝑏𝑛 = (−1)𝑛 /𝑛 .
2 𝜋 𝑛2
4. Find the Fourier series of the function of the given function on the given interval
2[1−(−1)𝑛 ]
𝑓(𝑥) = 1 − |𝑥|, −𝜋 < 𝑥 < 𝜋 . ANSWER: 𝑎0 = (𝜋 − 2), 𝑎𝑛 = , 𝑏𝑛 = 0.
𝜋 𝑛2
5. Find the Fourier series of the function of the given function on the given interval
𝑥 2 , −𝜋 < 𝑥 < 0
𝑓(𝑥) = { } , 𝑓(𝑥 + 2𝜋) = 𝑓(𝑥).
−𝑥 2 , 0 ≤ 𝑥 < 𝜋
2𝜋(−1)𝑛 ] 4[1−(−1)𝑛 ]
ANSWER: 𝑎0 = 𝑎𝑛 = 0, 𝑏𝑛 = +
𝑛 𝜋 𝑛3
26
Half-Range Series
Suppose that we have to find a Fourier series for a function 𝑓(𝑥) which is defined only in half
period say in the interval 0 < 𝑥 < 𝑙. Then we can obtain the Fourier series of function 𝐹(𝑥) in
−𝑙 < 𝑥 < 𝑙 such that
𝐹(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑖𝑛 0 < 𝑥 < 𝑙.
If we define 𝐹(𝑥) 𝑖𝑛 − 𝑙 < 𝑥 < 0, then the Fourier series of 𝐹(𝑥) can be determined. The form
of 𝐹(𝑥) is generally find out by two ways:
(a) Half-Range Cosine Series

Let 𝐹(𝑥) be an even function in −𝑙 < 𝑥 < 𝑙 such that (𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑖𝑛 0 < 𝑥 < 𝑙 . The graph of
𝑦 = 𝐹(𝑥) is then symmetrical about the y-axis because 𝐹(−𝑥) = 𝐹(𝑥). Here the half range
cosine series in interval 0 < 𝑥 < 𝑙 is same given for the Fourier series of even function, that is
𝑛=∞
𝑎0 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 cos ( )
2 𝑙
𝑛=1
2 𝑙 2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 , 𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) cos ( ) 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑏𝑛 = 0
𝑙 0 𝑙 0 𝑙
Putting 𝑙 = 𝜋 in half range Fourier cosine series above, we obtain the half range cosine series in
interval 0 < 𝑥 < 𝜋
𝑛=∞
𝑎0
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 cos(𝑛𝑥)
2
𝑛=1
2 𝜋 2 𝜋
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 , 𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) cos(𝑛𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑏𝑛 = 0
𝜋 0 𝜋 0
(b) Half-Range Sine Series

Let 𝐹(𝑥) be an odd function in −𝑙 < 𝑥 < 𝑙 such that (𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑖𝑛 0 < 𝑥 < 𝑙 . The graph of
𝑦 = 𝐹(𝑥) is then symmetrical about the origin because 𝐹(−𝑥) = −𝐹(𝑥). Here the half range
sine series in interval 0 < 𝑥 < 𝑙 is same given for the Fourier series of odd function, that is
27
𝑛=∞
𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = ∑ 𝑏𝑛 sin ( )
𝑙
𝑛=1
2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑎0 = 0, 𝑎𝑛 = 0, 𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) sin ( ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 0 𝑙
Putting 𝑙 = 𝜋 in half range Fourier cosine series above, we obtain the half range cosine series in
interval 0 < 𝑥 < 𝜋
𝑛=∞
𝑓(𝑥) = ∑ 𝑎𝑛 sin(𝑛𝑥)
𝑛=1
2 𝜋
𝑎0 = 0, 𝑎𝑛 = 0, 𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) sin(𝑛𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0
PROBLEMS
9 Expand 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 in half range cosine series in the interval(𝟎, 𝝅) and show that
𝟐 𝟒 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟒𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟔𝒙
𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒙) = 𝝅 − 𝝅 [ + + +⋯].
𝟑 𝟏𝟓 𝟑𝟓
The given function 𝑓(𝑥) = sin 𝑥 is in the interval 0 < 𝑥 < 𝜋. The half range cosine series
is given by
𝑛=∞
𝑎0
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 cos 𝑛𝑥
2
𝑛=1
2 𝜋 2 𝜋
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ sin(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0 𝜋 0
2 2 2 4
= [− cos(𝑥)]𝜋0 = [− cos(𝜋) + cos(0)] = [−(−1) + 1] =
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
2 𝜋 2 𝜋 1 𝜋
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) cos(𝑛𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ sin(𝑥) cos(𝑛𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2 sin(𝑥) cos(𝑛𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0 𝜋 0 𝜋 0
1 𝜋
= ∫ [ sin(𝑥 + 𝑛𝑥) + sin(𝑥 − 𝑛𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥 , ∴ 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 = sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) + sin(𝐴 − 𝐵)
𝜋 0
28
1 𝜋 1 𝜋
= ∫ sin(1 + 𝑛)𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ sin(1 − 𝑛)𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0 𝜋 0
1 1 1 𝜋
= 𝜋 [(1+𝑛) (− cos(1 + 𝑛)𝑥) + (1−𝑛) (− cos(1 − 𝑛)𝑥)] , 𝑛 ≠ 1.
0
=
1 1 1 1 1
[− (1+𝑛) cos(1 + 𝑛)𝜋 + (1+𝑛) cos(1 + 𝑛). 0 − (1−𝑛) cos(1 − 𝑛)𝜋 + (1−𝑛) cos(1 −
𝜋
𝑛). 0]
1 1 1 1 1
= 𝜋 [− (1+𝑛) cos(𝜋 + 𝑛𝜋) + (1+𝑛) − (1−𝑛) cos(𝜋 − 𝑛𝜋) + (1−𝑛)]
1 1 1 1 1
= 𝜋 [(1+𝑛) cos(𝑛𝜋) + (1+𝑛) + (1−𝑛) cos(𝑛𝜋) + (1−𝑛)], .
∴ cos(𝜋 + 𝑛𝜋) = cos(𝜋 − 𝑛𝜋) = − cos(𝑛𝜋) = (−1)𝑛 , 𝑛 ∈ 𝐼

1 1 1 1 1 1
= 𝜋 [(1+𝑛) + (1−𝑛)] [1 + cos(𝑛𝜋)] = 𝜋 [(1+𝑛) + (1−𝑛)] [1 + (−1)𝑛 ] .
2[1 + (−1)𝑛 ]
= , 𝑛 ≠ 1.
𝜋(1 − 𝑛2 )
0, 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑
𝑎𝑛 = 4 , ∴ (−1)𝑛 = 1, 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 & (−1)𝑛 = −1, 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑 .
, 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
𝜋(1 − 𝑛2 )
Thus, the Fourier half range series is given by

𝑛=∞
𝑎0 𝑎0
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 cos 𝑛𝑥 = + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 cos 𝑛𝑥
2 2
𝑛=1 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
2 4 2 4 cos 𝑛𝑥
sin(𝑥) = + ∑ cos 𝑛𝑥 = + ∑
𝜋 𝜋(1 − 𝑛2 ) 𝜋 𝜋 (1 − 𝑛2 )
𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
2 4 cos 2𝑥 cos 4𝑥 cos 6𝑥

sin(𝑥) = + [ + + +⋯]
𝜋 𝜋 (1 − 2 ) (1 − 4 ) (1 − 62 )
2 2

sin(𝑥) = − [ + + +⋯]
𝜋 𝜋 3 15 35
29

sin(𝑥) = − [ + + +⋯]
𝜋 𝜋 1. 3 3.5 5.7
𝒍
𝟎≤𝒙<𝟐 𝟎
10 Determine the half range Fourier cosine series 𝒇(𝒙) = { 𝒍
}.
𝒍−𝒙 𝟐≤𝒙≤𝒍
𝑙
0 0≤𝑥<2
Given that 𝑓(𝑥) = { 𝑙 } in the interval 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑙 & the length of interval is 𝑙 .
𝑙−𝑥 2≤𝑥 ≤𝑙
The Fourier half range cosine series is given by
𝑛=∞
𝑎0 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 cos ( )
2 𝑙
𝑛=1
2 𝑙 2 𝑙/2 2 𝑙
𝑎0 = 𝑙 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑙 ∫𝑙/2 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 .
2 𝑙/2 2 𝑙 2 𝑙
= ∫ 0 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (𝑙 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (𝑙 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 0 𝑙 𝑙/2 𝑙 𝑙/2
𝑙
2 𝑥2 2 (𝑙)2 − (𝑙/2)2
= [𝑙𝑥 − ] = [𝑙(𝑙 − 𝑙/2) − ]
𝑙 2 𝑙/2 𝑙 2
2 𝑙 2 3𝑙 2 2 𝑙2 𝑙
= [ − ]= [ ]= .
𝑙 2 8 𝑙 8 4
2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2 𝑙/2 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥

𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) cos ( ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) cos ( ) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) cos ( ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 0 𝑙 𝑙 0 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙/2 𝑙
2 𝑙/2 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥

= ∫ 0 cos ( ) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (𝑙 − 𝑥) cos ( ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 0 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙/2 𝑙
2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
= ∫ (𝑙 − 𝑥) cos ( ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝑙/2 𝑙
𝑙
2 𝑙 sin(𝑛𝜋𝑥/𝑙) 𝑙2 cos(𝑛𝜋𝑥/𝑙)
= 𝑙 [(𝑙 − 𝑥) ( ) − (−1) (− )]
𝑛𝜋 𝑛2 𝜋 2 𝑙/2
30
𝑙
2 𝑙 sin(𝑛𝜋𝑥/𝑙) 𝑙 2 cos(𝑛𝜋𝑥/𝑙)
= [(𝑙 − 𝑥) ( )−( )]
𝑙 𝑛𝜋 𝑛2 𝜋 2 𝑙/2
2 𝑙 sin(𝑛𝜋) 𝑙 2 cos(𝑛𝜋) 𝑙 sin(𝑛𝜋/2) 𝑙 2 cos(𝑛𝜋/2)

= [(𝑙 − 𝑙) ( )−( ) − (𝑙 − 𝑙/2) ( ) + ( )]
𝑙 𝑛𝜋 𝑛2 𝜋 2 𝑛𝜋 𝑛2 𝜋 2
2 𝑙 2 cos(𝑛𝜋) 𝑙 sin(𝑛𝜋/2) 𝑙 2 cos(𝑛𝜋/2)

= [− ( ) − (𝑙/2) ( ) + ( )]
𝑙 𝑛2 𝜋 2 𝑛𝜋 𝑛2 𝜋 2
2𝑙 cos(𝑛𝜋) 𝑙 sin(𝑛𝜋/2) 2𝑙 cos(𝑛𝜋/2)

=− − +
𝑛2 𝜋 2 𝑛𝜋 𝑛2 𝜋 2
2𝑙 (−1)𝑛 𝑙 sin(𝑛𝜋/2) 2𝑙 cos(𝑛𝜋/2)
=− − + , ∴ cos(𝑛𝜋) = (−1)𝑛 , 𝑛 ∈ 𝐼 .
𝑛2 𝜋 2 𝑛𝜋 𝑛2 𝜋 2
𝑛=∞
𝑙 2𝑙 (−1)𝑛 𝑙 sin(𝑛𝜋/2) 2𝑙 cos(𝑛𝜋/2) 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑙 − 𝑥 = + ∑ [− 2 2
− + 2 2
] cos ( )
8 𝑛 𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑛 𝜋 𝑙
𝑛=1
𝑛=∞
𝑙 𝑙 2 [cos(𝑛𝜋/2) − (−1)𝑛 ] 𝜋 sin(𝑛𝜋/2) 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑙−𝑥 = + 2 ∑ [ 2
− ] cos ( )
8 𝜋 𝑛 𝑛 𝑙
𝑛=1
𝝅
𝒙 𝟎≤𝒙≤ 𝟐
11 Determine the half range Fourier sine series of 𝒇(𝒙) = { 𝝅 } in the
𝝅−𝒙 ≤𝒙≤𝝅
𝟐
𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟓𝒙
interval(𝟎, 𝝅) and show that 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝝅 [ − + + ⋯ ].
𝟏𝟐 𝟑𝟐 𝟓𝟐
𝜋
𝑥 0≤𝑥< 2
Given that 𝑓(𝑥) = { 𝜋 } in the interval 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋 & the length of interval is .
𝜋−𝑥 ≤𝑥≤𝜋
2
The Fourier half range sine series is given by
𝑛=∞
𝑓(𝑥) = ∑ 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑛𝑥
𝑛=1
31
2 𝜋 2 𝜋/2 2 𝜋
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0 𝜋 0 𝜋 𝜋/2
2 𝜋/2 2 𝜋
= ∫ 𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (𝜋 − 𝑥) sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0 𝜋 𝜋/2
2 cos(𝑛𝑥) sin(𝑛𝑥) 𝜋/2 2 cos(𝑛𝑥) sin(𝑛𝑥) 𝜋

= 𝜋 [𝑥 (− ) − (1) (− )] + 𝜋 [(𝜋 − 𝑥) (− ) − (−1) (− )]
𝑛 𝑛2 0 𝑛 𝑛2 𝜋/2
𝜋/2 𝜋
2 cos(𝑛𝑥) sin(𝑛𝑥) 2 cos(𝑛𝑥) sin(𝑛𝑥)
= [−𝑥 ( )+( )] + [−(𝜋 − 𝑥) ( )−( )]
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛2 0
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛2 𝜋/2
𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
2 cos ( 2 ) sin ( 2 ) cos(𝑛. 0) sin(𝑛. 0)
= [−𝜋 ( )+( 2
) + 0. ( )+( )]
𝜋 2𝑛 𝑛 2𝑛 𝑛2
𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
2 cos(𝑛𝜋) sin(𝑛𝜋) cos ( 2 ) sin ( 2 )
+ [−(𝜋 − 𝜋) ( )−( ) + (𝜋 − 𝜋/2) ( )+( )]
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛2 𝑛 𝑛2
𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
2 sin ( 2 ) 4 sin ( 2 )
= [2 ( )] =
𝜋 𝑛2 𝜋𝑛2
𝑛=∞ 𝑛𝜋 𝑛=∞ 𝑛𝜋
4 sin ( 2 ) 4 sin ( 2 )
𝑓(𝑥) = ∑ sin 𝑛𝑥 = ∑ sin 𝑛𝑥
𝜋𝑛2 𝜋 𝑛2
𝑛=1 𝑛=1
𝜋 2𝜋 3𝜋 4𝜋
4 sin (2) sin ( 2 ) sin ( 2 ) sin ( 2 )
𝑓(𝑥) = [ sin 𝑥 + sin 2𝑥 + sin 3𝑥 + sin 4𝑥
𝜋 12 22 32 42
5𝜋
sin ( 2 )
+ sin 5𝑥 + ⋯ ]
52
4 sin 𝑥 sin 3𝑥 sin 5𝑥

𝑓(𝑥) = [ − + +⋯]
𝜋 12 32 52
32
12 Determine the half range Fourier sine series 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 𝒊𝒏 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟏 .

Given that 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 in the interval 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1 & the length of interval is = 1 . The Fourier
half range sine series is given by Type equation here.
𝑛=∞ 𝑛=∞
𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = ∑ 𝑏𝑛 sin ( ) = ∑ 𝑏𝑛 sin(𝑛𝜋𝑥)
𝑙
𝑛=1 𝑛=1
2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥 1
𝑏𝑛 = 𝑙 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) sin ( ) 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫0 𝑥 3 sin(𝑛𝜋𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑙
1 1 1
= 2 [𝑥 3 (− cos(𝑛𝜋𝑥)) − (3𝑥 2 ) (− 2 2 sin(𝑛𝜋𝑥)) + (6𝑥) ( 3 3 cos(𝑛𝜋𝑥))
𝑛𝜋 𝑛 𝜋 𝑛 𝜋
1
1
− 6 ( 4 4 sin(𝑛𝜋𝑥))]
𝑛 𝜋 0
1 1 1
= 2 [−𝑥 3 ( cos(𝑛𝜋𝑥)) + 3𝑥 2 ( 2 2 sin(𝑛𝜋𝑥)) + 6𝑥 ( 3 3 cos(𝑛𝜋𝑥))
𝑛𝜋 𝑛 𝜋 𝑛 𝜋
1
1
− 6 ( 4 4 sin(𝑛𝜋𝑥))]
𝑛 𝜋 0
1 1 1 1
= 2 [−13 (𝑛𝜋 cos(𝑛𝜋)) + 312 (𝑛2 𝜋2 sin(𝑛𝜋)) + 6.1 (𝑛3 𝜋3 cos(𝑛𝜋)) − 6 (𝑛4 𝜋4 sin(𝑛𝜋)) − 0]
1 6
= 2 [− cos(𝑛𝜋) + 3 3 cos(𝑛𝜋)]
𝑛𝜋 𝑛 𝜋
1 6
= 2 cos(𝑛𝜋) [− + 3 3 ] , ∴ cos(0) = 1, sin(𝑛𝜋) = 0, 𝑛 ∈ 𝐼.
𝑛𝜋 𝑛 𝜋
2 cos(𝑛𝜋) 2 2]
2(−1)𝑛
= [6 − 𝑛 𝜋 = [6 − 𝑛2 𝜋 2 ] , ∴ cos(𝑛𝜋) = (−1)𝑛 , 𝑛 ∈ 𝐼.
𝑛3 𝜋 3 𝑛3 𝜋 3
𝑛=∞
3
2(−1)𝑛
𝑥 = ∑ [6 − 𝑛2 𝜋2 ] sin(𝑛𝜋𝑥)
𝑛3 𝜋 3
𝑛=1
𝑛=∞ 𝑛=∞
3
2 𝑛
[6 − 𝑛2 𝜋2 ] 2 6 𝜋2
𝑥 = ∑ (−1) sin(𝑛𝜋𝑥) = ∑ (−1)𝑛 [ − ] sin(𝑛𝜋𝑥)
𝜋3 𝑛3 𝜋3 𝑛 3 𝑛
𝑛=1 𝑛=1
33
EXCERSISE
1. Find the Fourier half-range sine series of the function of the given function on the given
2𝑘[1−(−1)𝑛 ]
interval (𝑥) = 𝑘, 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 5 . ANSWER: 𝑏𝑛 = .
𝜋𝑛
2. Find the Fourier half-range cosine series of the function of the given function on the given
4 4(−1)𝑛
interval (𝑥) = cos 𝑥 , 0 < 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋/2 . ANSWER: 𝑎0 = 𝜋 , 𝑎𝑛 = − 𝜋 (4𝑛2 −1) .
3. Find the Fourier half-range sine and cosine series of the function of the given function on the
given interval (𝑥) = 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 , 0 < 𝑥 < 1 .
4[(−1)𝑛 ] 4[1−(−1)𝑛 ]
ANSWER: For half-range sine series 𝑏𝑛 = − − .
𝜋𝑛 ( 𝑛𝜋)3
10 2[3(−1)𝑛 −1]
For half-range cosine series 𝑎0 = , 𝑎𝑛 = .
6 ( 𝑛𝜋)2
4. Find the Fourier half-range sine and cosine series of the function of the given function on
𝑥 , 0 < 𝑥 < 𝜋/2
the given interval 𝑓(𝑥) = { }.
𝜋 − 𝑥 , 𝜋/2 ≤ 𝑥 < 𝜋
4 𝑛𝜋
ANSWER: For half-range sine series 𝑏𝑛 = ( 𝑛𝜋)2 sin ( 2 ).
𝜋 2 𝑛𝜋
For half-range cosine series 𝑎0 = 8 , 𝑎𝑛 = ( 𝑛𝜋)2 [2 cos ( 2 ) − (−1)𝑛 − 1].
34
Numerical Harmonic Analysis

In many engineering & scientific problems, the explicit nature of function 𝑓(𝑥) is not known &
we have given only a set of values of 𝑥 and 𝑦. In such cases, the formulae for 𝑎0 , 𝑎𝑛 & 𝑏𝑛 may
be modified so that a numerical method can be used for the evaluation of the integrals. The
expanding form of Fourier series is given by
𝑎0
𝑓(𝑥) = + [𝑎1 cos 𝑥 + 𝑏1 sin 𝑥] + [𝑎2 cos 2𝑥 + 𝑏2 sin 2𝑥] + [𝑎3 cos 3𝑥 + 𝑏3 sin 3𝑥] + ⋯,
2
in which the term 𝑎0 is called constant term, [𝑎1 cos 𝑥 + 𝑏1 sin 𝑥] is called first harmonic,
[𝑎2 cos 2𝑥 + 𝑏2 sin 2𝑥] is called second harmonic, [𝑎3 cos 3𝑥 + 𝑏3 sin 3𝑥] is called third
harmonic, and so on.
The coefficients 𝑎0 , 𝑎𝑛 & 𝑏𝑛 are computed by the following formulae
2
𝑎0 = 2[𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 𝑖𝑛 (0,2𝑙)𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑] = ∑𝑦
𝑁
2 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑎𝑛 = 2[𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 𝑖𝑛 (0,2𝑙)𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑] = ∑ 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( )
𝑁 𝑙
2 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑏𝑛 = 2[𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 𝑖𝑛 (0,2𝑙)𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑] = ∑ 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( )
𝑁 𝑙
𝑁 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑
PROBLEMS
13 The following table gives the variations of periodic current over a period
t(sec) 0 T/6 T/3 T/2 2T/3 5T/6 T

A(amp) 1.98 1.30 1.05 1.30 -0.88 -0.25 1.98
Show that there is a direct current part of 0.75 amp in the variable current and obtain the
amplitude of the 1st harmonic.
35
Here, the length of interval is 2𝑙 = 𝑇 𝑜𝑟 𝑙 = 𝑇/2 because the value of amplitude at 𝑡 = 0 and
𝜋𝑡 𝜋𝑡 2𝜋𝑡 𝑡
𝑡 = 𝑇/6 are same due to periodic property . Also, 𝜃 = = 𝑇 = = 𝑇 . 3600 . The required
𝑙 𝑇
2
Fourier series up to the 1st harmonics is given by
𝑎0 2𝜋𝑡 2𝜋𝑡
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑡) = + [𝑎1 cos ( ) + 𝑏1 sin ( )]
2 𝑇 𝑇
𝑎0
= + [𝑎1 cos( 𝜃) + 𝑏1 sin( 𝜃)]
2
The harmonic table is given by
𝑡 𝐴 = 𝑓(𝑡) 𝜃 𝑦 cos 𝜃 𝑦 sin 𝜃

𝑡
= . 3600
𝑇
0 1.98 00 1.98 0
T/6 1.3 600 0.65 1.13
T/3 1.05 1200 -0.525 0.91
T/2 1.3 1800 -1.3 0
2T/3 -0.88 2400 0.44 0.76
5T/6 -0.25 3000 -0.125 0.22
Total ∑ 𝑦 =4.5 ∑ 𝑦 cos 𝜃 = 1.12 ∑ 𝑦 sin 𝜃 = −3.02
Then harmonic coefficients are given by
2 1
𝑎0 = 2[𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 𝑖𝑛 (0, 𝑇)] = ∑ 𝑦 = (4.5) = 1.5
6 3
2 1
𝑎1 = 2[𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 cos 𝜃 𝑖𝑛 (0, 𝑇)] = ∑ 𝑦 cos(𝜃) = (1.12) = 0.37
6 3
2 1
𝑏1 = 2[𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 sin 𝜃 𝑖𝑛 (0,2𝑙)] = ∑ 𝑦 sin(𝜃) = (−3.02) = −1.01
6 3
Therefore, required Fourier series up to the 1st harmonic is
1.5
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = + [0.37 cos(𝜃) − 1.01 sin(𝜃)]
2
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 0.75 + 0.37 cos(𝜃) − 1.01 sin(𝜃)
36
Thus, the direct current part of 0.75 amp in the variable current which is the direct part in
Fourier series 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) .The amplitude of the 1st harmonic is given by
𝐴1 = √(𝑎12 + 𝑏12 ) = √(0.37)2 + (1.01)2 = 1.076.
14 The fallowing values of y and x are given, find the Fourier series of y up to second
harmonics
x 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
y 9.0 18.2 24.4 27.8 27.5 22.0 9.0
Here, the length of interval is 2𝑙 = 12 𝑜𝑟 𝑙 = 6 because the value of function 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) at

𝜋𝑥 𝜋𝑥
𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 12 are same due to periodic property . Also, 𝜃 = = = 𝑥. 300 . The,
𝑙 6
required Fourier series up to the 2nd harmonics is given by
𝑛=2 𝑛=2
𝑎0 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑎0
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑[ 𝑎𝑛 cos ( ) + 𝑏𝑛 sin ( )] = + ∑[ 𝑎𝑛 cos(𝑛𝜃) + 𝑏𝑛 sin(𝑛𝜃)]
2 𝑙 𝑙 2
𝑛=1 𝑛=1
𝑎0
= + [𝑎1 cos(𝜃) + 𝑏1 sin(𝜃)] + [𝑎2 cos(2𝜃) + 𝑏2 sin(2𝜃)]
2
𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) 𝜃 𝑦 cos 𝜃 𝑦 sin 𝜃 𝑦 cos 2𝜃 𝑦 sin 2𝜃

0 9 00 9 0 9 0
2 18.2 600 9.1 15.76 -9.1 15.76
4 24.4 1200 -12.2 21.13 -12.2 -21.13
6 27.8 1800 -27.8 0 27.8 0
8 27.5 2400 -13.75 -23.82 -13.75 23.82
10 22 3000 11 -19.05 -11 -19.05
Total ∑ 𝑦 =128.9 ∑ 𝑦 cos 𝜃 ∑ 𝑦 sin 𝜃 ∑ 𝑦 cos 2𝜃 ∑ 𝑦 sin 2𝜃
= −24.65 = −5.98 = −9.25 = −0.6
2 1
𝑎0 = 2[𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 𝑖𝑛 (0,2𝑙)] = ∑ 𝑦 = (128.9) = 42.97
6 3
37
2 1
𝑎1 = 2[𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 cos 𝜃 𝑖𝑛 (0,2𝑙)] = ∑ 𝑦 cos(𝜃) = (−24.65) = −8.22
6 3
2 1
𝑎2 = 2[𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 cos 2𝜃 𝑖𝑛 (0,2𝑙)] = ∑ 𝑦 cos(2𝜃) = (−5.98) = −1.99
6 3
2 1
𝑏1 = 2[𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 sin 𝜃 𝑖𝑛 (0,2𝑙)] = ∑ 𝑦 sin(𝜃) = (−9.25) = −3.08
6 3
2 1
𝑏2 = 2[𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 sin 2𝜃 𝑖𝑛 (0,2𝑙)] = ∑ 𝑦 sin(2𝜃) = (−0.6) = −0.2
6 3
Therefore, required Fourier series up to the 2nd harmonics is
42.97
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = + [−8.22 cos(𝜃) − 3.08 sin(𝜃)] + [−1.99 cos(2𝜃) − 0.2 sin(2𝜃)]
2
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 21.49 − 8.22 cos(𝜃) − 3.08 sin(𝜃) − 1.99 cos(2𝜃) − 0.2 sin(2𝜃)
15 Express y in a Fourier series up to 2nd harmonics given,

x 𝟎° 𝟑𝟎° 𝟔𝟎° 𝟗𝟎° 𝟏𝟐𝟎° 𝟏𝟓𝟎° 𝟏𝟖𝟎° 𝟐𝟏𝟎° 𝟐𝟒𝟎° 𝟐𝟕𝟎° 𝟑𝟎𝟎° 𝟑𝟑𝟎°
y 2.34 3.01 3.69 4.15 3.69 2.20 0.83 0.51 0.88 1.09 1.19 1.64
The required Fourier series up to the 2nd harmonics is given by

𝑛=2
𝑎0
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑[ 𝑎𝑛 cos(𝑛𝑥) + 𝑏𝑛 sin(𝑛𝑥)
2
𝑛=1
𝑎0
= + [𝑎1 cos(𝑥) + 𝑏1 sin(𝑥)] + [𝑎2 cos(2𝑥) + 𝑏2 sin(2𝑥)]
2
𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑦 cos 𝑥 𝑦 sin 𝑥 𝑦 cos 2𝑥 𝑦 sin 2𝑥

00 2.34 2.340 0 2.340 0
300 3.01 2.619 1.505 1.505 2.619
600 3.69 1.845 3.210 -1.845 3.210
900 4.15 0 4.150 -4.150 0
1200 3.69 -1.845 3.210 -1.845 -3.210
1500 2.20 -1.914 1.100 1.100 -1.914
38
1800 0.83 -0.830 0 0.830 0

2100 0.51 -0.444 -0.255 0.255 -0.255
2400 0.88 -0.444 -0.766 -0.444 -0.766
2700 1.09 0 -1.090 -1.090 0
3000 1.19 0.595 -1.035 -0.595 -1.035
3300 1.64 1.427 -0.820 0.820 -1.427
Total ∑ 𝑦 =25.22 ∑ 𝑦 cos 𝑥 ∑ 𝑦 sin 𝑥 ∑ 𝑦 cos 2𝑥 ∑ 𝑦 sin 2𝑥
= 3.353 = 9.209 = −3.115 = −0.547
2 1
𝑎0 = 2[𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 𝑖𝑛 (0,2𝜋)] = ∑ 𝑦 = (25.22) = 4.203
12 6
2 1
𝑎1 = 2[𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 cos 𝑥 𝑖𝑛 (0,2𝜋)] = ∑ 𝑦 cos(𝑥) = (3.353) = 0.559
12 6
2 1
𝑎2 = 2[𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 cos 2𝑥 𝑖𝑛 (0,2𝜋)] = ∑ 𝑦 cos(2𝑥) = (−3.115) = −0.519
12 6
2 1
𝑏1 = 2[𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 sin 𝑥 𝑖𝑛 (0,2𝜋)] = ∑ 𝑦 sin(𝑥) = (9.209) = 1.535
12 6
2 1
𝑏2 = 2[𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 sin 2𝑥 𝑖𝑛 (0,2𝜋)] = ∑ 𝑦 sin(2𝑥) = (−0.547) = −0.091
12 6
Therefore, required Fourier series up to the 2nd harmonics is
4.203
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = + [0.559 cos(𝑥) + 1.535 sin(𝑥)] + [−0.519 cos(2𝑥) − 0.091 sin(2𝑥)]
2
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 2.101 + 0.559 cos(𝑥) + 1.535 sin(𝑥) − 0.519 cos(2𝑥) − 0.091 sin(2𝑥)
39
EXCERSISE
1. Express y as a Fourier series up to the 3rd harmonics given the fallowing values
x 0 1 2 3 4 5
y 1 1.4 1.9 1.7 1.5 1.2
ANSWER: 𝑎0 = 2.9, 𝑎1 = −0.37, 𝑎2 = −0.1, 𝑎3 = 0.03, 𝑏1 = 0.17, 𝑏2 = −0.06, 𝑏 = 0.
2. The following values of y give the displacement in cms of a certain machine part of the
rotation x of the flywheel. Expand f(x) in the form of Fourier series up to the 2nd harmonics.
x 0 𝜋/6 2𝜋/6 3𝜋/6 4𝜋/6 5𝜋/6 𝜋

y 0 9.2 14.4 17.8 17.3 11.7 0
ANSWER: 𝑎0 = 23.46, 𝑎1 = −7.733, 𝑎2 = −2.833, 𝑏1 = −1.566, 𝑏2 = −0.116.
3. Express y in a Fourier series up to 3rd harmonics given that
x 0° 30° 60° 90° 120° 150° 180° 210° 240° 270° 300° 330°
y 1.8 1.1 0.30 0.16 0.50 1.30 2.16 1.25 1.30 1.52 1.76 2.00
ANSWER: 𝑎0 = 2.52, 𝑎1 = 0.04, 𝑎2 = 0.53, 𝑎3 = −0.01, 𝑏1 = −0.63, 𝑏2 = −0.23, 𝑏 = 0.085.
VIEDO URL for more information about Fourier Series:
(i) https://youtu.be/r18Gi8lSkfM
(ii) https://youtu.be/ds0cmAV-Yek
(iii) https://youtu.be/Mm2eYfj0SgA
40

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DAYANANDA SAGAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

(An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi)

COURSE TRANFORMS & NUMERICAL METHODS

COURSE CODE 19MA3GCTNM

MODULE NAME FOURIER SERIES

STAFF INCHARGE Dr. SANJAY OLI

 Student will be able to write the Fourier series representation of periodic

functions in terms of sin and cosine series.

of x and y and represent the function 𝑓(𝑥) in terms of harmonics.

 cos(𝑥 + 4𝜋) = cos(𝑥 + 2.2𝜋) = cos[2𝜋 + (𝑥 + 2𝜋)] = cos(𝑥 + 2𝜋) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

(vi) A constant function is periodic for any positive 𝑇.

 If 𝑓(𝑥) = 2, then 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝑇) = 𝑓(𝑥) for any positive value of 𝑇.

The function 𝑓(𝑥) is said to be even function on interval [0,2𝑙] if

(𝑖)𝑓(2𝑙 − 𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) , 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝑙.

Also, the graph of even function is symmetric about 𝑦 –axis.

(iii) If 𝑓(𝑥) is even function, then

 ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 + cos(2𝑥) , 𝑥 2 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 for interval [−𝑙, 𝑙].

 ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 . cos(𝑥) , 𝑥 2 . 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 2 for interval [−𝑙, 𝑙].

The function 𝑓(𝑥) is said to be odd function on interval [0,2𝑙] if

(𝑖)𝑓(2𝑙 − 𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥) , 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝑙.

(iii) If 𝑓(𝑥) is odd function, then

 ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + sin(3𝑥) , 𝑥 5 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2𝑥 for interval [−𝑙, 𝑙].

 ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 . cos(𝑥) , 𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 for interval [−𝑙, 𝑙].

 ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑥 7 . sin(5𝑥) , 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 for interval [−𝑙, 𝑙].

Neither Even Nor Odd Function

The function 𝑓(𝑥) is said to be even function on interval [0,2𝑙] if

(𝑖)𝑓(2𝑙 − 𝑥) ≠ 𝑓(𝑥) , 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝑙.

where 𝑎0 , 𝑎𝑛 & 𝑏𝑛 for 𝑛 = 1,2,3, ⋯ ⋯ are called the coefficients.

Interval (𝟎, 𝟐𝒍) (−𝒍, 𝒍)

Interval (𝟎, 𝟐𝝅) (−𝝅, 𝝅)

Thus, the Fourier series is given by

Putting 𝑥 = 𝜋 in the Fourier series given above

2 sin(𝑛𝑥) cos(𝑛𝑥) sin(𝑛𝑥) 𝜋

2 −2𝜋.cos(𝑛𝜋) −4.cos(𝑛𝜋) −4(−1)𝑛

2 cos(𝑛𝜋) sin(𝑛𝜋) cos(0.𝑛) sin(0.𝑛)

Thus, the Fourier series is given by

Putting 𝑥 = 0 in the Fourier series given above

sin(𝜋𝑛) cos(𝜋𝑛) sin(0.𝑛𝜋) cos(0.𝑛𝜋)

cos(𝑛𝜋) sin(𝑛𝜋) cos(0.𝑛𝜋) sin(0.𝑛𝜋)

Thus, the Fourier series is given by

Putting 𝑥 = 1 in the Fourier series given above

Putting 𝑥 = 1 in the Fourier series given above

Thus, the Fourier series is given by

𝑥 2 4 cos 𝑥 cos 2𝑥 cos 3𝑥

𝑥 2 4 cos 𝑥 cos 2𝑥 cos 3𝑥

Putting 𝑥 = 0 in the Fourier series given above

0 2 4 cos 0 cos 2.0 cos 3.0

6 Find the Fourier series expansion of the function 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐 in −𝟐 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟐 . Hence

Given that 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 2 in the interval −2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2 & 2𝑙 = 4. Here, 𝑓(−𝑥) = (−𝑥)2 − 2 =

2 sin(𝑛𝜋𝑥/2) 4 cos(𝑛𝜋𝑥/2) 8 sin(𝑛𝜋𝑥/2) 2

2 sin(𝑛𝜋) 4 cos(𝑛𝜋) 8 sin(𝑛𝜋) 2 sin(𝑛𝜋. 0)

𝑛=∞ 𝑛=∞ 𝑛𝜋𝑥

2 16 cos(𝜋𝑥/2) cos(𝜋𝑥) cos(3𝜋𝑥/2) cos(2𝜋𝑥) cos(5𝜋𝑥/2)

Putting 𝑥 = 2 in the Fourier series given above

2 16 cos(𝜋) cos(2𝜋) cos(3𝜋) cos(4𝜋) cos(5𝜋)

7 Find the Fourier series 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 in (−𝝅, 𝝅).

1 cos(1 + 𝑛)𝑥 sin(1 + 𝑛)𝑥 cos(1 − 𝑛)𝑥

1 cos(1 + 𝑛)𝜋 sin(1 + 𝑛)𝜋 cos(1 − 𝑛)𝜋 sin(1 − 𝑛)𝜋

1 cos(1 + 𝑛). 0 sin(1 + 𝑛). 0 cos(1 − 𝑛). 0 sin(1 − 𝑛). 0

1 cos 𝑛𝜋 sin 𝑛𝜋 cos 𝑛𝜋 sin 𝑛𝜋

1 cos 2𝑥 sin 2𝑥 𝜋 1 cos 2𝑥 sin 2𝑥 𝜋

1 cos 2𝜋 sin 2𝜋 cos 2.0 sin 2.0 1