II-Sem-Module-2-Vector Calculus - 2023 - Notes

DAYANANDA SAGAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi)

Shavige Malleshwara Hills, Kumaraswamy Layout, Bengaluru-560078
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
Course Material
COURSE ESSENTIAL MATHEMATICS - II
COURSE CODE 22MATC21/22MATS21/22MATM21/

22MATE21
MODULE II
MODULE NAME VECTOR CALCULUS
STAFF INCHARGE NAGARATHNAMMA K G
pg. 1
VECTOR CALCULUS
NOTE : i = 𝑖̂ , j= 𝑗̂ , k= 𝑘̂ unit
vectors
Objectives:
At the end of this Module, student will be able to:
• Understand of definition of scalar point and vector point functions

• Gradient of a scalar function and its application
• Divergence and Curl of a vector function and its applications
• Understand the line integral
• Greens, Gauss divergence and Stokes’ theorems.
INTRODUCTION:
In this lesson we define partial derivatives of vectors and we understand the concepts of scalar
fields, vector fields and the differential operator which are the basic definitions to know the
concepts of gradient divergence and curl.
Partial Derivatives of vectors:


If F is a vector depending on more than one scalar variable say, x, y, z, for e.g., then we write
  
F = F (x, y, z). The Partial derivative of F with respect to x is defined as
  
F F ( x + x , y , z ) − F ( x , y , z )
=
x lim x → 0 x
  
F F ( x, y + y, z ) − F ( x, y, z )
=
y lim y →0 y
  
F F ( x, y, z + z ) − F ( x, y, z )
= , are the partial derivative with respect to
z lim y →0 z
x, y & z respectively, if these limits exist.
The higher derivatives can be defined as in the calculus of scalars. Thus for e.g.
pg. 2
 
 2 F   F 
=  
x 2 x  x 
 
2F   F 
=  
y 2 y  y 
 
 2 F   F 
=  
z 2 z  z 
 
2F   F 
=  
xy x  y 
 
3F   2F 
=  
xy 2 x  y 2 
NOTE: Partial derivatives of a vector are analogous to scalar calculus.
Vector velocity and vector acceleration

Consider a body moving in 3 dimensions. Suppose that we know the Cartesian
coordinates, 𝑥, 𝑦 and z of this body as time, t progresses. Let us consider how we can use this
information to determine the body's instantaneous velocity and acceleration as functions of
time.
The vector displacement of the body is given by
𝑟(𝑡) = [𝑥(𝑡), 𝑦(𝑡), 𝑧(𝑡)]

By analogy with the 1-dimensional equation, the body's vector
𝑣 = (𝑣𝑥 , 𝑣𝑦 , 𝑣𝑧 )
Velocity is simply the derivative of r with respect to t. In other words,
𝑟(𝑡 + ∆𝑡) − 𝑟(𝑡) 𝑑𝑟
𝑣(𝑡) = lim =
∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡 𝑑𝑡
When written in component form, the above definition yields
𝑑𝑥
𝑣𝑥 =
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦
𝑣𝑦 =
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑧
𝑣𝑧 =
𝑑𝑡
pg. 3
Thus, the x-component of velocity is simply the time derivative of the x-coordinate, and so on.
By analogy with the 1-dimensional equation, the body's vector, acceleration 𝑎 = (𝑎𝑥 , 𝑎𝑦 , 𝑎𝑧 ) is
simply the derivative of v with respect to t.
In other words,
𝑣(𝑡 + ∆𝑡) − 𝑣(𝑡) 𝑑𝑣 𝑑 2 𝑟
𝑎(𝑡) = lim = =
∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 2
When written in component form, the above definition yields

𝑑𝑣𝑥 𝑑2 𝑥
𝑎𝑥 = = 2
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑣𝑦 𝑑 2 𝑦
𝑎𝑦 = = 2
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑣𝑧 𝑑 2 𝑧
𝑎𝑧 = = 2
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Thus, the x-component of acceleration is simply the time derivative of the x-component of
velocity, and so on.
As an example, suppose that the coordinates of the body are given by

x=sint
y =cost
z =3t
The corresponding components of the body's velocity are then simply

𝑑𝑥
𝑣𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡
𝑑𝑦
𝑣𝑦 = = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑧
𝑣𝑧 = =3
𝑑𝑡
While the components of the body's acceleration are given by
𝑑𝑣𝑥 𝑑 2 𝑥
𝑎𝑥 = = 2 = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑣𝑦 𝑑 2 𝑦
𝑎𝑦 = = 2 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑣𝑧 𝑑 2 𝑧
𝑎𝑧 = = 2=0
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
pg. 4
Note:
1. Component of a vector 𝐴⃗ along a given vector (direction) 𝐷
⃗⃗ is the resolved part of⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴 , given by
𝐷⃗⃗
𝐴⃗. 𝑛̂ where 𝑛̂ = |𝐷⃗⃗| .
2. Component of a vector 𝐴⃗ perpendicular to 𝐷 ⃗⃗ (along the normal) is given by |⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝐴−
(resolved part of ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗)| = |⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴 along 𝐷 𝐴 − (𝐴⃗. 𝑛̂)𝑛̂|
Unit Tangent vector and unit normal vector

Let A be a fixed point on the curve and let the length of the arc AP be equal s, where P= (x, y, z)
and we have 𝑟⃗ = 𝑥(𝑡)𝑖 + 𝑦(𝑡)𝑗 + 𝑧(𝑡)𝑘
The tangent vector is 𝑇⃗⃗ = 𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑟⃗ 𝑑𝑟⃗ 𝑑𝑟⃗
And hence the unit tangent vector 𝑇̂ = 𝑑𝑠 = ⃗⃗/|𝑇
/ | 𝑑𝑡 |=𝑇 ⃗⃗|
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑇̂
The normal vector is 𝑑𝑠
𝑑𝑇̂
̂=
The unit normal vector 𝑁 𝑑𝑠⁄ which is also called as the principal normal vector.
𝑑𝑇̂
| 𝑑𝑠 |
Problems 1:
A particle moves along a curve whose parametric equations are 𝑥 = 𝑒 −𝑡 , 𝑦 = 2 cos 3𝑡, 𝑧 =
2𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡 where t is the time. Find the velocity and the cceieration at any time t and also their
magnitudes at t=0.
Solution:
Let 𝑟⃗ = 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑖̂ + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡𝑗̂ + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡𝑘̂
𝑑𝑟⃗
𝑉= = 𝑒 −𝑡 (−1)𝑖̂ − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡. 3𝑗 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡. 3𝑘
𝑑𝑡
= −𝑒 −𝑡 𝑖̂ − 6𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡𝑗 + 6𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡 𝑘
𝑑2 𝑟⃗
𝑎 = 2 = 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑖̂ − 18𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡𝑗 − 18𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡 𝑘
𝑑𝑡
At t=0, v=-𝑖̂+6k and a=𝑖̂-18j
∴ |𝑎|=√1 + 324 = √325
pg. 5
Problems 2:
Find the unit tangent vector and unit normal vector to the curve x = 2t, y = 𝑡 2 and z = 𝑡 2 − 1 at
t=0.
Solution: Let 𝑟⃗ = 2𝑡𝑖̂ + 𝑡 2 𝑗 + (𝑡 2 − 1 )𝑘
⃗⃗ = 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 2𝑖̂+2tj+2t
𝑇 𝑑𝑡
⃗⃗
𝑇 2𝑖̂+2𝑡𝑗+2𝑡𝑘
𝑇̂ = |𝑇⃗⃗|=√4+4𝑡 2 2
+4𝑡
∴ At t=0, 𝑇̂ = 𝑖
𝑑 𝑇̂ 𝑑 𝑇̂ 𝑑𝑠
Unit normal vector = = ⁄ 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑡
𝑑 𝑇̂ 𝑑𝑟⃗
= ⁄| 𝑑𝑡 |
𝑑𝑡
2𝑗+2𝑘
= √4+4𝑡 2
+4𝑡 2
𝑑 𝑇̂
∴ At t = 0, =𝑗+𝑘
𝑑𝑠
Problem 3:
A particle moves along the curve 𝑥 = (1 − 𝑡 3 ), 𝑦 = (1 + 𝑡 2 ), 𝑧 = (2𝑡 − 5) determine its
velocity and acceleration. Also find the component s of velocity and acceleration at t=1, in the
direction of 2𝑖̂ + 𝑗 + 2𝑘.
Solution: Let 𝑟⃗ = 𝑥(𝑡)𝑖 + 𝑦(𝑡)𝑗 + 𝑧(𝑡)𝑘
𝑟⃗ = (1 − 𝑡 3 )𝑖̂ + (1 + 𝑡 2 )𝑗 + (2𝑡 − 5)
𝑑𝑟
𝑣= = −3𝑡 2 𝑖̂ + 2𝑡𝑗 + 2𝑘
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑣
𝑎=
= −6𝑡𝑖̂ + 2𝑗
𝑑𝑡
At t=1, 𝑣 = −3𝑖̂ + 2𝑗 + 2𝑘, 𝑎 = −6𝑖̂ + 2𝑗
Let 𝐷⃗⃗ = 2𝑖̂ + 𝑗 + 2𝑘 be the given direction.

⃗⃗
𝐷 2𝑖̂ + 𝑗 + 2𝑘 2𝑖̂ + 𝑗 + 2𝑘
𝑛̂ = = =
|𝐷⃗⃗| √22 + 12 + 22 3
Component of velocity along the given direction⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐷 is
2𝑖̂ + 𝑗 + 2𝑘 −6 + 2 + 4
𝑣⃗. 𝑛̂ = (−3𝑖̂ + 2𝑗 + 2𝑘). = =0
3 3
Component of acceleration along the given direction⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐷 is
pg. 6
2𝑖̂ + 𝑗 + 2𝑘 −12 + 2 −10

𝑎⃗. 𝑛̂ = (−6𝑖̂ + 2𝑗). = =
3 3 3
Scalar fields: Consider a region R of space such that every point P in this region is connected with
some physical property. Let the physical property be expressed by a quantity which has a definite
value at every such point P. The region in which the physical property is specified is called a field.
If the quantity expressing the physical property is a scalar, then the field is known as the scalar
field and the function is known as scalar point function which has different values at different
points of the region.
Eg: 1) The temperature at each point in the room.
2) The density at each point of the room
Vector Fields:
If the physical property of a region is represented by a vector quantity, it is said to constitute a
vector field and a function which represents the physical property by a vector quantity is known
as a vector point function.
Eg: 1) The temperature at each point in the room.
2) The density at each field crated by a charged particle
2) Force of gravity force created by a body
Vector differential operator:

Vector differential operator is defined as follows
  
 =i + j +k
x y z
 is a symbolic vector, consisting of three symbolic components among the axes i, j, k the
  
symbolic magnitudes of them being , , respectively, so  is a vector operator.
x y z
GRADIENT OF A SCALAR FUNCTION:

Let  ( x, y, z ) be a scalar function of position throughout some region of space. Then the vector
  
function i+ j+ k is known as the gradient of  and is denoted by grad  . In forming
x y z
pg. 7
  
this new vector, it is assumed that the partial derivatives , j, k exist. Such a vector
x y z
exists corresponding to each point of the region in which  (x, y, z) is continuous and differential.
      
 grad = i+ j+ k = i + j + k  = 
x y z  x y z 
It is to be noted that  defines a vector field.
Directional Derivative:
Let P be a point in the space and b be a unit vector from P in the given direction. Let S be the arc
lengths measured from P to another point Q along the ray C in the direction of b .
Now consider, f ( s) = f ( x, y, z ) = f ( x(r ), y(r ), z (r )) → (1)
df f x f y f z
 = + + → (2)
ds x s y s z s
df df
The directional derivative of 𝑓 at the point P in the given direction b is given by (2), gives
ds ds
dx dy dz
the rate of change of 𝑓 in the direction of b ,Since, i+ j + k = b = unit vector.
ds ds ds
df
Using the del operator defined by (1), given by (2) can be re-written as
ds
df  f f f   dx dy dz     
=  i+ j + k  i+ j + k =  i+ j + k f b
ds  x y z   ds ds ds   x y z 
= f  b
Thus the directional derivative of 𝑓 at P is the component (dot product) of f
df a
In the direction of any vector a is = f 
ds a
Properties of Gradient:
➢ Projection of f in any direction is equal to the derivative of 𝑓 in that direction.
➢ The Gradient of 𝑓 in the direction of the normal to the level surface
𝑓 (x, y, z) = C= constant, so the angle between any two surfaces f(x, y, z)=C1and g(x, y,
z)=C2 is the angle between their corresponding normal given by f and g
respectively.
pg. 8
➢ The gradient at P is in the direction of maximum increase of 𝑓 at P

➢ A Vector function A is said to be a conservative vector field if A = f , i.e.,
A is the gradient of a scalar function f. In this case f is known as the potential function of
A.
PROBLEMS:
Problem 1: If  = x 3 + y 3 + z 3 − 3xyz , find  ,  at (2, 1, -2)
  
Solution:  = i+ j+ k
x y z
 ( x 3 + y 3 + z 3 − 3xyz )  ( x 3 + y 3 + z 3 − 3xyz ) ( x 3 + y 3 + z 3 − 3xyz )
 = i+ j+ k
x y z
= (3x 2 − 3 yz )i + (3 y 2 − 3xz ) j + (3z 2 − 3xy)k
  ( 2,1, −2 ) = (12 + 6)i + (3 + 12) j + (12 − 6)k = 18i + 15 j + 6k
 at (2, 1, -2) is 18 + 15 + 6 = 585

2 2 2
Problem 2: If f=f(r), then show that

^
a) grad f = f (r )  r
1 −r
=
r 
b) grad 3
r
r
c) grad log r =
r2
3
d) grad r = 3 r r
f f f
Proof: a) grad = i+ j+ k
x y z
f (r ) f (r ) f (r )
= i+ j+ k
x y z
r r r
= f 1 (r ) i + f 1 (r ) j + f 1 (r ) k
x y z
x y z
= f 1 (r ) i + f 1 (r ) j + f 1 (r ) k
r r r
pg. 9
( xi + yj + zk )
= f 1 (r )
r
r ^
= f 1 (r ) r
= f 1 (r )
r
     
1  1  1  1
b) grad =  i +   j +  k
r x  r  y  r  z  
r
     
− 1 r − 1 r − 1 r
= 2 i− 2 j− 2 k
r x r y r z
−1 x −1 y −1 z
= 2
i− 2 j− 2 k
r r r r r r
−1 −r
( xi + yj + zk ) =

= 3 3
r r
r
c) grad log r =
r2
 (log r )  (log r )  (log r )
= i+ j+ k
x y z
 (log r ) r  (log r ) r  (log r ) r
= i+ j+ k
x x y y z z
1x 1y 1z ( xi + yj + zk ) r
= i+ j+ k= 2
= 2
rr rr rr r r
 3
d) grad r =3 r r
=

x
()
3
r i+

y
r ( ) j + z (r ) k
3 3
r 3 r r 3 r r 3 r
= i+ j+ k
r x y y z z
x y z
= 3r 2 i + 3r 2 j + 3r 2 k
r r r
2
r
= 3 (r ) = 3 r r
r
pg. 10
Problem 3: If 𝜑 = 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑧𝑥 and 𝐹⃗ = 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑖 + 𝑦 2 𝑧𝑗 + 𝑧 2 𝑥𝑘 find 𝐹⃗ . 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝜑 and 𝐹⃗ × 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝜑

at the point (3, -1, 2)
  
Solution: grad = i+ j+ k
x y z
 ( xy + yz + zx)  ( xy + yz + zx)  ( xy + yz + zx)
= i+ j+ k
x y z
= ( y + z )i + ( x + z ) j + ( y + x)k
Therefore, F grad = ( x 2 yi + y 2 zj + z 2 xk )  ( y + z )i + ( x + z ) j + ( y + x)k
= x 2 y ( y + z ) + y 2 z ( x + z ) + z 2 x ( y + x)
= x 2 y 2 + x 2 yz + y 2 zx + y 2 z 2 + x 2 z 2 + z 2 xy
(
 F grad )3, −1, 2 = 9 − 18 + 6 + 4 + 24 − 12 = 13
i j k
 F  grad = x y 2
y z2 2
z x
y+z x+z x+ y
= i{xy 2 z + y 3 z − z 2 x 2 − z 3 x} + j{z 2 xy + z 3 x − x 3 y − x 2 y 2 ) + k{x 3 y + x 2 yz − y 3 z − y 2 z 2 }

(
 F  grad )3, −1, 2
= − 56i + 30 j − 47k
  2  
 A A  A 2 A 2 A
Problem 4: If A = (4 x 2 y − x 3 )i + (e xy − x sin y) j + ( x 2 cos y)k , find
x, y, x 2 , y 2 , xy,

2 A
yx,

A   
Solution: = (4 x 2 y − x 3 )i + (e xy − x sin y ) j + ( x 2 cos y )k
x x x x

A
= (8 xy − 3x 2 )i + ( ye xy − sin y ) j + (2 x cos y )k
x

A   
= (4 x 2 y − x 3 )i + (e xy − x sin y ) j + ( x 2 cos y )k
y y y y
pg. 11

A
= (4 x 2 )i + ( xe xy − x cos y ) j − ( x 2 sin y )k
y

2 A   
= (8 xy − 3x 2 )i + ( ye xy − sin y ) j + (2 x cos y )k
x 2
x x x

 A
2
= (8 y − 6 x)i + ( y 2 e xy ) j + (2 cos y )k
x 2

2 A   
= (4 x 2 )i + ( xe xy − x cos y ) j + ( x 2 sin y )k
y 2
y y y

2 A
= 0i + ( x 2 e xy + x sin y ) j + (− x 2 cos y )k
y 2
2 A   
= (4 x 2 )i + ( xe xy − x cos y ) j + (− x 2 sin y )k
xy x x x

2 A
= (8 x)i + ( xye xy + e xy − cos y ) j − (2 x sin y )k
xy

2 A   
= (4 x 2 )i + ( xe xy − x cos y ) j + (− x 2 sin y )k
yx x x x

2 A
= (8 x)i + ( xye xy + e xy − cos y ) j − (2 x sin y )k
yx
 
2 A 2 A
Note: = implies continuity of function
xy yx
Problem 5: In what direction from the point (-1,1,2) is the directional derivative of
 = xy 2 z 3 a maximum? What is the magnitude of this maximum?
   
Sol:   =  i + j + k  xy 2 z 3
 x y z 
Φ = y 2 z 3i + 2 xyz 3 j + 3z 2 y 2 xk is the direction in which it is maximum.
 ( −1,1, 2) = 8i − 16 j − 12k = 64 + 256 + 144 = 464
Problem 6: Find the directional of  = 2 xy + 5 yz + zx at the point (1,2,3) in the direction of
3i − 5 j + 4k
pg. 12
   
Solution:   =  i + j + k  (2 xy + 5 yz + zx )
 x y z 
= i (2 y + z ) + j (2 x + 5 z ) + k ( x + 5 y )
Therefore,(   ) at (1,2,3)= 7i + 17 j + 11k
The directional derivative of  in any direction is equal to the projection of  in that direction.
r1  r2
The Projection of a vector r1 on another vector r2 is
r2
Hence, the required directional derivative is
(7i + 7 j + 11k )  (3i − 5 j + 4k ) 21 − 85 + 44
= = −2 2
3i − 5 j + 4k 9 + 25 + 16
Problem 7: Find the unit normal to the surface  = 2 xz − y 2 at (1,3,2)
Solution: Unit normal to the surface is given by
  
 = i+ j+ k
x y z
  
( 2 xz − y ) + j ( 2 xz − y ) + k ( 2 zx − y 2 )
2 2
=i
x y z
= 2 zi − 2 yj + 2 xk
Therefore, (  ) (1,3, 2 = 4i − 6 j = 2k
^  4i − 6 j + 2k
 n= =
 56
Problem 8: Find the directional derivative of  = xy 2 + yz 3 at the point (1, -2, -1) in the
direction of the normal to the surface x log x − y = −4 at (-1,2,1)
2
  
Solution: The projection of the vector  on another vector  is given by

  
Hence,  = i+ j+ k
x y z
  
( xy 2 + yz 3 ) i + ( xy + yz )j+ ( xy 2 + yz 3 )k
2 3
=
x y z
= y 2i + (2 xy + z 3 ) j + z 3 k
Therefore, (  ) (1, −2,1) = 4i − 5 j + 6k
pg. 13
  
Now,  = i+ j+ k
x y z
  
= ( x log z − y 2 − 4)i + ( x log z − y 2 − 4) j + ( x log z − y 2 − 4)k
x y z
x
= log zi − 2 yj + k
z
Therefore, (  ) −1, 2,1 = −4 j − k
   (4i − 5 j + 6k )  (−4 j − k ) 26
 = =
 16 + 1 17
Problem 9: Find the directional derivative of  = x 2 yz + 4xz 2 at the point
P (1, -2, -1) along the vector a=2i-j-2k.
Solution: For the given  , we find that  = (2 xyz + 4 z 2 )i + x 2 zj + ( x 2 y + 8zx)k
At the point P (1, -2, -1), this becomes  = 8i − j − 10k → (1) .
Next, we find that the given vector a, we have Therefore, the unit vector
^ a 1
along a is a = = (2i − j − 2k ) → (2)
a 3
^ 1 37
From (1) and (3), we get   a = (16 + 1 + 20) =
3 3
This is the directional derivative of the given function  along the given
vector a at the given point P.
Problem 10: Find the directional derivative of  = 2e ( 2 x− y+ z ) at the point P in the direction
towards the point Q (2,1,3)
Solution: For the given  = 2e ( 2 x− y + z ) (2i − j + k )
At the point P (1, 3, 1), this becomes  = 2(2i − j + k ) → (1)
Now, PQ = i − 2 j + 2k and PQ = 1 + 4 + 4 = 3 → (2)
PQ 2
Therefore, the required directional derivative is, from (1) and (2)   = (2 + 2 + 2) = 4
PQ 3
Problem 11: Find the directional derivative of f ( x, y, z ) = x 2 y 2 z 2 at the point P (1, 1, -1) in the
direction of the tangent to the curve x = e t , y = 1 + 2 sin t , z = t − cos t , where − 1  t  1.
pg. 14
Solution: For the given f, we find that f = 2 xy 2 z 2i + 2 x 2 y z 2 j + 2 x 2 y 2 zk

At the given point P (1, 1, -1), this becomes f = 2(i + j − k ) → (1)
For the given curve, we have,

dr
= e t i + 2 cos tj + (1 − sin t )k
dt
We check that, on the curve, the point P (1, 1, -1) corresponds to t=0. Therefore, at P, we have
 
dr dr
= i + 2 j + k and = 6 , so that the unit tangent to the curve at P is
dt dt

 dr 
 
t =   =
^
dt 1
(i + 2 j + k ) → (2)
dr 6
dt
^2 4
From (1) and (2), we get f  t = (1 + 2 − 1) =
6 6
This is the required directional derivative.
Problem 12: Find the directional derivative of  = xy 2 + yz 3 at the P (2, -1, 1) in the direction of
the normal to the surface x log x − y 2 = −4 taken at the point Q (-1, 2, 1).
Solution: For the given  , we find that  = y 2i + (2 xy + z 3 ) j + 3 yz 2 k
At the point P (2, -1, 1), this becomes,  = i − 3 j − 3k → (1)
The equation of the given surface S is  ( x, y, z ) = −4, where
x
 = x log z − y 2 . We find that  = (log z )i − 2 yj + k .
z
At the point Q (-1, 2, 1), this becomes  = −4 j − k , so that the unit normal
^
 1
To the surface S at Q is n = =− ( 4 j + k ) → ( 2)
 17
Therefore, the required directional derivative, obtained from (1) and (2) is
^ 1 15
  n = − (−12 − 3) =
17 17
Problem 13: Find the angle between the surfaces  = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 9, z = x 2 + y 2 − 3 at the
points 2, -1, 2.
pg. 15
Solution: The angle between the surfaces = Angle between the normal.
1   2
Hence, cos  =
1   2
1 = 2 xi + 2 yj + 2 zk
Now,
 (1 ) 2, −1, 2 = 4i − 2 j + 4k
Again,  2 = 2 xi + 2 yj − k
 (2 ) ( 2, −1, 2) = 4i − 2 j − k
1   2 (4i − 2 j + 4k )  (4i − 2 j − k ) 16 8
 cos  = = = =
1   2 16 + 4 + 16 16 + 4 + 1 6 21 3 21
EXERCISE:
1) If  ( x, y, z ) = x 2 y − 2 yz 3 , find  at the point (1,2,-1)
2) Find the angle between the surfaces at the specified points
i)  ( x, y, z ) = xy 3 z 3 − 4 at the point (-1,-1, 2)
ii)  ( x, y, z ) = x 3 − xyz + z 3 − 1 at the point (1,1,1)
DIVERGENCE AND CURL

INTRODUCTION: The divergence and curl play an important role in engineering problems. The
concepts of divergence and curl help to understand the physical and mathematical aspect of an
realistic problem. Hence we define the divergence and curl of a vector point function and its
physical interpretation.
Divergence of a Vector point Function: Let P be a point with co-ordinates (x, y, z) referred to the
fixed axis O (x, y, z) in Space. Suppose there is a vector function F such that for each position of
P, there exist a unique point function or a vector field.
Let F = F1i + F2 j + F3 k , associated with this vector, we define a scalar called
Divergence of F in the following form,
     
divF =   F =  i + j + k   (F1i + F2 j + F3 k )
 x y z 
F F F
= 1+ 2+ 3
x y z
pg. 16
If divF = 0, then F is called a SOLENOIDAL FIELD.

Physical interpretation of Divergence: If V is the velocity of a moving fluid at a point p at time

t, the divergence of v represents the rate at which the fluid moves out of a unit volume
enclosing the point p .

If the fluid is incompressible, there is no movement of the fluid. Hence div v =0.this is known as
the equation of continuity for incompressible fluids.
Curl of a Vector Point Function
If F = F1i + F2 j + F3 k is a differentiable vector field, then the curl or rotation of F, written
       
  F , curlF or rotF is defined by   F =  i + j + k   (F1i + F2 j + F3 k )
 x y z 
i j k
  
=
x y z
F1 F2 F3
If curl F = 0, then F is called IRROTATIONAL FIELD.


Physical interpretation of curl: If v is the velocity of a particle in a rigid body rotating about a

fixed axis, then the angular velocity at any point is equal to half of curl v .

Problems 1: Prove that divr = 3, curl r = 0
     
Proof: divr =   r =  i + j + k  ( xi + yj + zk )
 x y z 
x y z
= + + = 1+1+1 = 3
x y z
i j k
  
Curl r =   r =
x y z
x y z
 ( z ) ( y) 
  ( x)  ( x)    ( y )  ( x) 
= i − +
j −  + k − =0
 y z   z z   x y 

Problem 2: Find the divergence and curl of F for the following vector F = xyzi + xyz 2 j + x 2 yzk
pg. 17
   
Solution:   F =  i + (
j + k   xyzi + xyz 2 j + x 2 yzk )
 x y z 
= yz + xz 2 + x 2 y
i j k
   
 F =
x y z
xyz xyz 2

x 2 yz   
= i x 2 z − 2 xyz + jxy − 2 xyz + k yz 2 − xz 
Problem 3: Determine the constant ‘a’ so that the vector F = ( x + 3 y )i + ( x − 2 z ) j + ( x + az )k is

Solenoidal.
   
Solution:   F =  i + j + k   (( x + 3 y )i + ( y − 2 z ) j + ( x + az )k )
 x y z 
= 1 +1 + a
But,   F = 0, since it is solenoidal
0 = 2 + a  a = −2

Problem 4: Find the constants a, b, c so that F = ( x + 2 y + az )i + (bx − 3 y − z ) j + (4 x + cy + 2 z )k
is irrotational.
Solution:
i j k
  
Curl F =   F = =0
x y z
x + 2 y + az bx − 3 y − z 4 x + cy + 2 z
  (4 x + cy + 2 z )  (bx − 3 y − z )    ( x + 2 y + az )  (4 x + cy + 2 z ) 
i −  + j − +
 y z   z z 
  (bx − 3 y − z )  ( x + 2 y + az ) 
k − =0
 x y 
pg. 18
Since   F = 0 for the irrotational vector, we have i th , j th , k th to equal to zero.

c + 1 = 0, a − 4 = 0, b − 2 = 0
 a = 4, b = 2, c = −1
Problem 5: Find div F and curl F where F = ( x 3 + y 3 + z 3 − 3xyz )

   
Solution: F =  i + j + k   ( x3 + y 3 + z 3 − 3xyz )
 x y z 
= (3x 2 − 3 yz )i + (3 y 2 − 3xz ) j + (3z 2 − 3xyz )k
   
  F =  i + j + k   (3x 2 − 3 yz )i + (3 y 2 − 3xz ) j + (3z 2 − 3xyz )k
 x y z 
= 6( x + y + z )
i j k
  
Curl F =   F =
x y z
3 x 2 − 3 yz 3 y 2 − 3 xz 3 z 2 − 3 xyz
= (−3x + 3x)i + (−3 y + 3 y 2 ) j + (−3z + 3z )k
=0
Problem 6: Show that the following vector is irrotational and find its scalar potential.
(6 xy + z 3 )i + (3x 2 − z ) j + (3xz 2 − y)k
pg. 19
i j k
  
Solution: Curl F =   F = =
x y z
6 xy + z 3 3x 2 − z 3 xz 2 − y
  ()  (bx − 3 y − z )    ( x + 2 y + az )  (4 x + cy + 2 z ) 
i −  + j − +
 y z   z z 
  (bx − 3 y − z )  ( x + 2 y + az ) 
k − =0
 x y 
   F = 0  F is Irrotational
 F = 
  
= (6 xy + z 3 )i + (3x 2 − z ) j + (3xz 2 − y)k = i+ j+ k
x y z
  
= = 6 xy + z 3 , = 3x 2 − z , = 3 xz 2 − y
x y z
After integrating these three terms, we get
 = 3x 2 y + z 3 x + const (inependentofx)
 = 3x 2 y − yz + const (independentofy)
 = xz 3 − yz + const (independentofz)
  = 3 x 2 y + z 3 x − yz + const
Problem 7: Show that F = yzi + zxj + xyk is irrotational. Find  so that F = 
Solution: We know that   F = 0 is Irrotatoinal.
i j k
  
Curl F =   F =
x y z
yz zx xy
  ( xy )  ( zx)    ( yz )  ( xy ) 
i −  + j − +
 y z   z z 
=
  ( zx)  ( yz ) 
k − 
 x y 
pg. 20
= ix − x + jy − y + k z − z = 0
 F = 
  
= yzi + zxj + xyk = i+ j+ k
x y z
  
= yz = , zx = , xy =
x y z
After integrating these three terms, we get
xyz + const = 
xyz + const = 
xyz + const = 
 = xyz + const
xi + yj
Problem 8: Show that F = is both Solenoidal and Irrotational.
x2 + y2
xi + yj
Solution: Given, F =
x2 + y2
     xi yi 
Now,   F = divF =  i + j + k    2 + 2 
 x y z   x + y 2
x + y 2 
  x    y 
=  2 +
2 
 2 
2 
x  x + y  y  x + y 
y2 − x2 x2 − y2
= +
(x 2
+ y2 ) (x
2 2
+ y2 )
2
y2 − x2 + x2 − y2
= =0
(x 2
+ y2 )
2

  F = 0  F is Solenoidal
pg. 21
i j k
  
Curl F =   F =
x y z
x y
0
x + y2
2
x + y2
2
  y    x 
= i0 − 0 + j0 − 0 + k   2  −  2
2 

2 
 x  x + y  y  x + y 
 − 2 xy + 2 xy 
= k 2 
=0
(
 x 2 + y 2 )

Curl F =   F = 0  F is Irrotational

Hence F is both soleniodal and irrotational
    
Problem 9:If V = W  r , show that   V = 2W
i j k
 
Proof: V = W  r = w1 w2 w3
x y z
= (w2 z − w3 y )i + (w3 x − w1 x ) j + (w1 y − w2 x )z
i j k
   
 V =
x y z
w2 z − w3 y w3 x − w1 x w1 y − w2 x
= i(w1 + w2 ) + j (w2 + w2 ) + k (w3 + w3 )
= 2( w1i + w2 j + w3 k )
s
= 2w
 
   V = 2W
EXERCISE:

1)Find the divergence and curl of the vector field F = x 2 zi − 3xy 3 zj + 4 yzk
 
2)If r = xi + yj + zk ,show that r n r is irrotational for all values of n and is solenoidal
pg. 22
Only if n= -3.
Self-Learning topic:
Vector identities
Let ф be a scalar point function and u, v be vector point functions. We can form the following
products between these point functions (u, v) scalar operating with  secularly or vectorialy, we
get the expressions .u,   u, (u.v),   (u  v) . Let us obtain the following results of applying
 to various combinations of scalar & vector functions.
1. To prove that
  
div(u ) = divu + u .grad
  
.(u ) = .u + u .
 F F F
divF = i. + j +k
x y z
  
  (u )  (u )  (u )
div(u ) = i. + j. + k.
x y z
  (u1i + u 2 j + u 3 k )
duv(u ) =  i.
x
  (u1i )
div(u ) =  i
x
  (u1 )
div(u ) = 
x
 u 
div(u ) =   1 + u1
x x
On expanding summation
 u  u  u 
div(u ) =  1 + u1 +  2 + u2 +  3 + u3
x x x y z z
  u u u    
div(u ) =   1 + 2 + 3  + u1 + u2 + u3
 x y z  x y z

div(u ) = divu + grad .u
pg. 23
2. curl ( u ) = curl u + grad  u

i j k
  
curl ( u ) =
x y z
u1 u 2 u 3
  (u 3 )  (u 2 )    (u1 )  (u 3 )    (u 2 )  (u1 
curl ( u ) = i −  + j −  + k − 
 y z   z x   x y 
 u u 
curl ( u ) =  i (u 3 +  3 −  2 − u2 )
y y z z
 u u     
curl ( u ) =  i  3 − 2  +  a3 − a2 
 y z   y y 
i j k
  
curl ( u ) =
x y z
u1 u 2 u 3
  (u 3 )  (u 2 )    (u1 )  (u 3 )    (u 2 )  (u1 
curl ( u ) = i −  + j −  + k − 
 y z   z x   x y 
 u u 
curl ( u ) =  i (u 3 +  3 −  2 − u2 )
y y z z
 u u     
curl ( u ) =  i  3 − 2  +  a3 − a2 
 y z   y y 
on expanding
pg. 24
i j k i j k
     
curl ( u ) =  +
x y z x y z
u1 u2 u3 u1 u2 u3
curl ( u ) = curl u+ grad  u
Second order differential operators:

 
Let ф & F be scalar and vector point functions respectively. We know that  ф is vector,  . F
  
is a scalar   F is a vector. We can apply  to these functions  ф,  . F &   F .we
shall prove the following identities concerning such operations.
Laplacian operators:
2 2 2
The operator + + is called Laplacian operator which is denoted symbolically as
x 2 y 2 z 2
2 2 2
2 = + + .Hence. We have  .  ф=  2 ф. Let us prove this as identities.
x 2
y 2
z 2
        
 i + j + k . i + j+ k
 x y z   x y z 
           
divgrad ф=  +  +  
x  x  y  y  z  z 
 2  2  2
= + +
x 2 y 2 z 2
3. curl grad ф=0
    
proof: grad ф=  i + j+ k
 x y z 
pg. 25
i j k
  
curl grad ф= x y z
  
x y z
i j k
  
= x y z
  
x y z
  2  2    2  2    2  2 
= i −  + j −  + k − 
 yz yz   zx zx   xy xy 
= 0.

4. div curl F = 0
Proof:
i j k
   
Curl F =
x y z
F1 F2 F3
 F F   F1 F3   F2 F1 
i 3 − 2  + j  −  + k − 
=  y z   z x   x y 
     F F   F F   F F 
 i + j + k . 3 − 2  + j  1 − 3  + k  2 − 1 
=  x y z   y z   z x   x y 
pg. 26
 2 F3  2 F2  2 F1  2 F3  2 F2  2 F1
= − + − + − =0
xy yz yz xy xz yz
 
Problem 1: Find divcurl F where F = x 2 yi + xzj + 2 yzk
i j k
  

Solution: curl F = x y z
x2 y xz 2 yz
  (2 yz )  ( xz )    ( x 2 y )  ( xz )    ( xz )  ( x 2 y ) 
 i − + j −  +  − 
z 
k
Curl F =  y  z x   x y 

i2 z − x  + j− z  + k z − x 2 

 i +
  

j + k .i2 z − x  + j− z  + k z − x 2 
 x y z 
=
  (2 z − x)  ( z ) ( z − x 2 ) 
 + j+ k 
 x y z 
=0
Problem 2: Find curlgradF where F = x 2 + y 2 + z 2

 u u u 
Solution: gradF =  i + j+ k . ( F = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )
 x y z 
 ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 
=  i+ j+ k .
 x y z 
=2xi+2yj+2zk
i j k
  
Curl gradF=
x y z
2x 2y 2z
pg. 27
  (2 z )  (2 y )    (2 x)  (2 y )    (2 y )  (2 x) 
= i − + − + k −
z  y 
j 
 y  z x   x
=0
Problem 3: Prove that  2 r n = n(n + 1)r n−2 where r=xi + y j + z k & r = r
Solution: r = r = x 2 + y 2 + z 2
r x r y r z
= , = , =
x r y r z r
(r n ) r x
= nr n −1 = nr n −1 = nr n − 2 x
x x r
 2 (r n ) r
= nr n − 2 + xn(n − 2)r n −3
x 2
x
 (r )
2 n
x
= nr n − 2 + xn(n − 2)r n −3
x 2
r
 2 (r n )
= nr n − 2 + x 2 n(n − 2)r n − 4
x 2
 (r n )
2
= nr n − 2 + y 2 n(n − 2)r n − 4
y 2
 2 (r n )
= nr n − 2 + z 2 n(n − 2)r n − 4
z 2
 2 2 2  n
 2 + 2 + 2 r = 3nr n − 2 + n(n − 2)r n − 4 ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )
 x y z 
 2 2 2  n
 2 + 2 + 2 r = 3nr n − 2 + n(n − 2)r n − 2
 x y z 
 2 2 2  n
 2 + 2 + 2 r = 3nr n − 2 + n(n − 2)r n − 2
 x y z 
= nr n − 2 (3n + n 2 − 2n)
= nr n − 2 ( n + n 2 )
pg. 28
= nr n−2 n(n + 1)
2
Problem 4: Prove that  2 f (r ) = f ' ' (r ) + f ' (r )
r
  
Solution: f (r ) = f (r )i + f (r ) j + f (r )k
x y z
r r r
= f ' (r ) i + f ' (r ) j + f ' (r ) k
x y z
x y z
= f ' (r ) i + f ' (r ) j + f ' (r ) k
r r r
x  x 
 2 f (r ) = f ' (r ) + f ' (r ) .( ) by using identity (1)
r  r 
r r    r
= f ' (r ) . + f ' (r )  i + j + k .
r r  x y z  r
r2    x    y    z 
= f ' (r ) . + f ' (r )    +   +  .
 x  r  y  r  z  r 
2
r
r2 2
= f ' (r ) 2
. + f ' (r )
r r
Exercise:

1. Show that curl (r n r ) = 0
  
2. Prove that curl (r  a ) = −2a where ‘a’ is a constant vector.

3. Prove that  2 (r n r ) = n(n + 3)r n −2 r
pg. 29
VECTOR INTEGRATION
Over View
In module you will be introduced to limits line integral of a vector Function. It deals with
surface integration and the volume integration and some problems based on it. Introduced to
greens theorem problems & verify greens theorem. we discuss stokes theorem and Gauss
divergence theorem (statements only) & problems.
Objectives:
At the end of vector integration students will be able to understand:
• Line integral of a vector function are helpful in determining total work done by a
force F & find the circulation of F.
• Green’s theorem establishes a connection between a double integral and line
integral & Green’s theorem in a plane applies to simply connected region bounded
by closed curve
• Green’s theorem can also be extended to line integrals in space
• Stokes’ theorem relates the line integral of a vector function to the surface integral
of the curl of the vector function
• Stokes’ theorem is useful in transforming a line integral in to surface integral and vice
versa
• Green’s theorem in a plane is a special case of stokes theorem.
• The significance of the Divergence theorem lies in the fact that a surface integral may
be expressed as a Volume integral and a vice versa
Line Integral
OVERVIEW:
In this lesson we understand the concept of line integral surface integral volume integral
some of the integrals are solved as a example for a better understanding
OBJECTIVE:
At the end of this topic students will be able to understand
➢ To evaluate line integral.
➢ Evaluate of these integrals are helpful in understanding the fundamental theorems
pg. 30
Line Integrals
A curve C in two-dimensional space is defined by
where α and β specify initial and final points A and B of the curve, respectively. Suppose a function
f (x, y) is defined along a curve C joining A to B
We call the limit the line integral of f (x, y) along the curve C, and denote it by
1) If A = (3x2 + 6y) i - 14yzj + 20xz2k, evaluate from (0, 0, 0) to (1, 1, 1) along

the following paths C:
(a) C = {(x, y, z)| x = t, y = t2, z = t3}.
(b) the straight lines from (0, 0, 0) to (1, 0, 0), then to (1, 1, 0), and then to (1, 1, 1).
Ans :-
pg. 31
(a) If x = t, y = t2, z = t3, points (0, 0, 0) and (1, 1, 1) correspond to t = 0 and t = 1

respectively. Then
(b) Along the straight line from (0, 0, 0) to (1, 0, 0) y = 0, z = 0, dy = 0, dz = 0 while

x varies from 0 to 1. Then the integral over this part of the path is
Along the straight line from (1, 0, 0) to (1, 1, 0) x = 1, z = 0, dx = 0, dz = 0 while y

varies from 0 to 1. Then the integral over this part of the path is
Along the straight line from (1, 1, 0) to (1, 1, 1) x = 1, y = 1, dx = 0, dy = 0 while z

varies from 0 to 1. Then the integral over this part of the path is
(c) The straight line joining (0, 0, 0) to (1, 1, 1) is given in parametric form x = t, y = t2
z = t3. Then
pg. 32
1
∫ 𝐴𝑑𝑟 = ∫ (3𝑡 2 + 6𝑡 2 ) 𝑑𝑡 − 14𝑡. 𝑡. 𝑑(𝑡 2 ) + 20𝑡. 𝑡 2 𝑑(𝑡 3 )
𝑐 0
13
= 3
→ → →
2) if F = xy i+yz j+zx k evaluate  F d r where C is the curve represented by
C
x = t y = t2 z = t3 , -1  t  1
→ → →
Ans F = xy i+yz j+zx k and r = xi + yj + zk will give d r = dxi + dyj + dzk
→ →
F d r = xydx + yzdy + zxdz x = t, y = t2 , z = t3 by data we obtain
dx = dt, dy=2tdt, dz= 3t2 dt
→ →
F d r = t 3 dt + t 5 (2t )dt + t 4 (3t 2 )dt = (t 3 + 5t 6 )dt
→ → 1
10

C
Fd r = 
t = −1
(t 3 + 5t 6 )dt =
7
→ → →
3) Evaluate
C
 F d r where F = xyi + (x2+y2) j along
1) the path of the straight line from (0,0) to (1,0) and then to (1,1)
2) the straight line joining the origin and (1,2)
Ans
→ →
1)  F d r =  ( xy dx + (x2+y2) dy) ----------- 1
C C
→ → → → → →
 Fd r =  Fd r +
C oA
 F d r ----------------------- 2
AB
Along OA , y= 0, dy = 0 & 0  x  1
→ →
From 1
OA
 Fd r = 0 ---------------------- 3
pg. 33
Along AB, x= 1 ,dx = 0 & 0  y  1 Again from 1
→ → 1
4
 Fd r =  0 +(1 + y )dy =
2
--------------------------4
AB y =0
3
→ →
4 4
Using 3) &4) in2) we obtained  F d r = 0+
C
=
3 3
2)C is the straight line joining (0,0) & (1,2)
( y − 0) 2 − 0
The equation of the line is given by =
( x − 0) 1 − 0
ie y=2x , dy = 2 dx and x varies from 0 to 1
→ → 1
 Fd r =  x.2 xdx + ( x + 4x 2 )2dx = 4

2
hence 1)
c x =0
SURFACE AND VOLUME INTEGRATS

Overview:
In this topic , we study the evaluation of surface integrals and volume integrals .
OBJECTIVES:
➢ Evaluation of surface integrals and volume integral in vectorial notation lessens
calculation.
➢ Conversion of line, surface and volume integrals can be done easily using the well known
theorems of vector integration.
SURFACE INTEGRALS:
Any integral which is to be evaluated over a surface is called a surface integral.
Let 𝐹⃗ (P) be a continuous vector point function and S a two sided surface. Divided S into a finite
number of sub-surfaces ∂𝑆1,∂𝑆2 ,……..,∂𝑆𝐾. Let 𝑃𝑖 be any point in ∂𝑆𝑖 and 𝑛𝑖 be the unit vector at
P in the direction of outward drawn normal to the surface at 𝑃𝑖 .Then the limit of the sum
∑𝑘𝑖=1 𝐹 (𝑃𝑖 ). 𝑛̂ ∂𝑆𝑖 , as k→∞ and each ∂𝑆𝑖 →0 is called the normal surface integral of 𝐹⃗ (P) over S
and is denoted by ∬ 𝐹⃗ .𝑛̂ dS
𝑠
pg. 34
The surface element ∂𝑆⃗ surrounding any point P can regarded as a vector whose magnitude is
area ∂S and the direction that of the outward drawn normal 𝑛̂ i.e., ∂𝑆⃗=𝑛̂∂S. The surface integral
may alternatively be written as ∬𝑠𝐹⃗ .d𝑆⃗.
If 𝐹⃗ represents the velocity of a fluid at any point P on a closed surface S, then 𝐹⃗ .𝑛̂ is the normal
component of ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹 at P and ∬ 𝐹⃗ .𝑛̂ dS =∬ 𝐹⃗ .d𝑆⃗ is a measure the flux of ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑠 𝑠
𝐹 over S.
Let R be the orthogonal projection of S on the xy-plane.
Let 𝑛̂=cos 𝛼𝑖̂+cosβ𝑗̂ + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛾 𝑘̂ where cos α, cosβ, cosγ are the direction cosines of 𝑛̂.
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
Now, dxdy=Projection of dS on the xy-plane= dS cos 𝛾 ⇒ dS= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛾
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
Also |𝑘̂.𝑛̂|=cos 𝛾 dS=|𝑘̂ .𝑛̂ |
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
Hence ∬𝑠𝐹⃗ .𝑛̂ dS=∬𝑅 𝐹⃗.𝑛̂ |𝑘̂ .𝑛̂ | .
VOLUME INTEGRAL:
Any integral which is to be evaluated over a volume is called a volume integral.
If V is a volume bounded by a surface S, then the triple integrals
∭  𝑑𝑉 and ∭ 𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑉 are called volume integrals. The first of these is a scalar and the second
𝑉 𝑉
is a vector.
If we sub-divide the volume V into small cuboids by drawing planes parallel to the coordinate
planes, then dV=dxdydz.
∭𝑉  𝑑𝑉 =∭𝑉 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
If 𝐹⃗ =𝐹1 𝑖̂+𝐹2 𝑗̂+𝐹3 𝑘̂,then
∭𝑉 𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑉 =𝑖̂ ∭𝑉 𝐹1 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 +𝐽̂ ∭𝑉 𝐹2 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 +𝑘̂ ∭𝑉 𝐹3 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
pg. 35
EXAMPLE 1: Evaluate ∬𝑆 ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝐴 =(x+𝑦 2 )𝑖̂ -2x𝑗̂+2yz𝑘̂ and S is the surface of the plane
𝐴 .𝑛̂ dS, where ⃗⃗⃗⃗
2x+y+2z=6 in the first octant.

Sol: A vector normal to the surface S is given by
(2x+y+2z)=2𝑖̂+𝑗̂+2𝑘̂
 𝑛̂ =a unit vector normal to surface S
̂
2𝑖̂+𝑗̂ +2𝑘 2 1 2
= =3 𝑖̂ + 3 𝑗̂+ 3 𝑘̂
√(2)2 +(1)2 +(2)2
2 1 2 2
𝑘̂ . 𝑛̂ = 𝑘̂.( 3 𝑖̂ + 3 𝑗̂+ 3 𝑘̂ )= 3
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
 ∬𝑆 𝐴
⃗⃗⃗⃗ .𝑛̂ dS = ∬ 𝐴⃗.𝑛̂
𝑅 ̂ .𝑛̂ |
,
|𝑘
Where R is the projection of S, i.e., triangle LMN on the xy-plane. The region R , i.e., triangle OLM
is bounded by x-axis, y-axis and the line 2x+y=6,z=0.
Now ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ̂ . (2 𝑖̂ + 1 𝑗̂+ 2 𝑘̂ )
𝐴 . 𝑛̂ =[(x+𝑦 2 )𝑖̂ -2x𝑗̂+2yz𝑘] 3 3 3
2 2 2 4 2 2 4
=3(x+𝑦 )- 3 x + 3 yz= 3 𝑦 + 3 yz
2 4 6−2𝑥−𝑦)
=3 𝑦 2 + 3 y ( )
2
2 4
=3 y(y+6-2x-y)= 3 y(3-x).
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
Hence ⃗⃗⃗⃗ .𝑛̂ dS = ∬ 𝐴⃗.𝑛̂
∬𝑆 𝐴 𝑅 ̂ .𝑛̂ |
|𝑘
4 3
=∬𝑅 3 y(3-x). 2 dxdy
3 6−2𝑥
=∫0 ∫0 2𝑦(3 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
3 𝑦2
=∫0 2(3 − 𝑥).[ 2 ]6−2𝑥
2 dx
3
=∫0 (3 − 𝑥) (6 − 2𝑥)2 dx
3 (3−𝑥)4
=4 ∫0 (3 − 𝑥)3 dx =4. [ 4(−1) ]30
pg. 36
= -(0-81)
=81.
EXAMPLE 3: If 𝐹⃗ = (2𝑥 2 -3z)𝑖̂ +2𝑥𝑦𝑗̂ - 4x𝑘̂ ,then evaluate ∭𝑉  . 𝐹⃗dV, where V is bounded by the
planes x=0,y=0,z=0 and 2x+2y+z=4.
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
Sol: .𝐹⃗ =𝜕𝑥 (2𝑥 2 -3z) + 𝜕𝑦 (-2xy)+ 𝜕𝑧 (-4x) =4x-2x=2x.
 ∭𝑉  . 𝐹⃗ dV = ∭𝑉 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
2 2−𝑥 4−2𝑥−2𝑦 2 2−𝑥 4−2𝑥−2𝑦
=∫0 ∫0 ∫0 2𝑥 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 ∫0 2𝑥[𝑧]0 dy dx
2 2−𝑥 2 2−𝑥
= ∫0 ∫0 2𝑥 (4 − 2𝑥 − 2𝑦)𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 ∫0 [4𝑥(2 − 𝑥) − 4𝑥𝑦]𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
2 2
=∫0 [4𝑥(2 − 𝑥)𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦 2 ]2−𝑥
0 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 [4𝑥(2 − 𝑥)2 − 2𝑥 (2 − 𝑥)2 ]dx
2 2
=∫0 2𝑥 (2 − 𝑥)2 dx = 2∫0 (4𝑥 − 4 𝑥 2 +𝑥 3 )dx
𝑥3 𝑥4 2 32 8
=2 [2𝑥 2 − 4 + ] = 2 (8 - 3 +4) =3.
3 4 0
GREEN’S THEOREM
INTRODUCTION
In this topic the statement of Green’s theorem is given the Green’s theorem is verified for
some integrals and also applied to evaluate some of the integrals
OBJECTIVE :-
➢ To evaluate the area enclosed by a given region

➢ To verify greens theorem in a plane
pg. 37
 (3x −2 8 y )dx + (4 y − 6 xy)dy where C is the

2 2
1) verify Green’s theorem in a plane for
x
boundary of the region enclosed by y= and y= x
Ans :-
given y= x and y= x 2 ie x = x 2 or x(x 3 - 1) =0
x = 0 , 1 and hence y = 0,1
the points of intersection are (0,0) & (1,1)
let M = 3 x 2 − 8 y and N =4y-6xy
M N
= −16 y, = −6 y
y x
we have Greens theorem in a plane
LHS =  Mdx + Ndy =  Mdx + Ndy +  Mdx + Ndy = I 1 + I 2

C OA AO
pg. 38
Along OA, y= x 2 , dy= 2xdx, x varies from 0 to1
 (3x )
1
I1 = 2
− 8 x 4 dx + (4 x 2 − 6 x 3 )2 xdx = -1
0
Along AO, y= x or x= y 2 ,dx= 2y dy, y varies from 1to 0
 (3 y )
0
5
I2 = 4
− 8 y 2 2 ydy + (4 y − 6 y 3 )dy =
1 2
5 3
I 1 + I 2 = -1+ =
2 2
N M
1 x
3
RHS =  ( x
−
y
)dxdy =   (−6 y + 16 y)dydx = 2
R 0 y= x2
3
Thus LHS=RHS= hence verified the theorem
2
2) verify Green’s theorem in a plane for  (3xy

C
+ y 2 )dx + x 2 dy where C is the boundary of
2
the region enclosed by y=x and y= x
Ans:-
pg. 39
given y=x and y= x 2 i.e., x= x 2 or x (1- x) =0
x = 0, 1 and hence y = 0,1
the points of intersection are (0,0) & (1,1) we have Green’s theorem in a plane
M N
let M = xy + y 2 and N = x 2 , = ( x + 2 y ), = 2x
y x
N M −1
1 x
RHS =  ( − )dxdy =   ( x − 2 y)dydx = 20
R
x y 0 y= x2
LHS =  Mdx + Ndy =  Mdx + Ndy +  Mdx + Ndy = I 1 + I 2

C OA AO
Along OA, y= x 2 , dy= 2xdx, x varies from 0 to1
 (x.x )
1
19
I1 = 2
+ x 4 dx + ( x 2 )2 xdx =
0 20
Along AO, y=x or x= y, dy=dx, x varies from 1to 0
0
I 2 =  ( x.x + x 2 )dx + x 2 dx = − 1
1
19 −1
I1 + I 2 = -1 =
20 20
pg. 40
−1
Thus LHS=RHS= hence verified the theorem
20
3) Evaluate by using the Green theorem, where C is the
triangle joining the points from O (0, 0) to A (1, 0), then to B (1,2)
and then back to
O(0, 0).
Ans;-
STOKES THEOREM
INTRODUCTION
In this lesson the stokes theorem is explained some illustrative examples are solved to verify the
stokes theorem
OBJECTIVE :-
➢ Establishes a relationship between line and surface integrals
➢ Helps in converting a two-dimensional problems to one dimensional.
Problems:
1) Verify Stokes' theorem for A = (2x - y)i - yz2j - y2zk, where S is the upper half surface
of the sphere x2 + y2+ z2 = 1 and C is its boundary.
Ans:- The boundary C of S is a circle in the xy plane of radius one and centre at the origin.
Let x = cost, y = sint, be parametric equations of C. Then
pg. 41
Also,
Then
where R is the projection of S on the xy plane. This last integral equals
and Stokes' theorem is verified
2) Verify stokes theorem for vector F =(x2+y2)i-2xyj taken round the rectangle bounded by the
lines x =  a , y= 0 and y = b
Ans
pg. 42
 Fdr =  Fdr +  Fdr +  Fdr +  Fdr = I

C AB BC CD DA
1 + I2 + I3 + I4
Fdr = =(x2+y2) dx-2xydy
1) Along AB y =0, dy = 0, -a  x  a
a
2a 3
I 1 =  x 2 dx =
−a
3
2) along BC, x= a, dx = 0, 0  x  b
− ab
b
I 2 =  − 2ayd y =
0
1
3) Along CD, y=b dy = 0, -a  x  a
−a
− 2a 3
I 3 =  ( x +b )dx =
2 2
− 2ab 2
x=a
3
4) Along DA, x=-a, dx = 0, b  x  0
0
I4 =  2aydy = −ab
2
y =b
 Fdr =  Fdr +  Fdr +  Fdr +  Fdr = I

C AB BC CD DA
1 + I2 + I3 + I4
= -4ab2 --------------------------------1)
pg. 43
i j k
  
Curl F =   F = = -4y.k
x y z
(x 2 + y 2 ) − 2 xy 0

ds= n ds = dydz i+dz dx j+dxdy k

curl F n ds = -4ydxdy
 a b
 curlF nds = −4   ydydx = −4ab

2
-------------------2)
s x = − a y =0
From equation 1) & 2) we concluded that the theorem is verified
GAUSS DIVERGENCE THEOREM

INTRODUCTION :-
In this lesson we study the Gauss divergences theorem the theorem is verified and applied to
evaluate some of the integral.
OBJECTIVE:-
➢ Establishes a relationship between surface integral and volume integral
➢ The relation helps to obtain the easy way of finding the solution either by deducing a
surface integral or volume integral
PROBLEMS:
1) Verify divergence theorem for vector function F= (x2-yz)i+(y2-zx)j+(z2-xy)k taken over the
rectangular parallelepiped 0  x  a,0  y  b,0  z  c
pg. 44
Ans :-
by divergence theorem
( x 2 − yz )  ( y 2 − zx)  ( z 2 − xy )
divF = .F = + + = 2( x + y + z )
x y z
a b c
LHS =  divFdv =   
v x =0 y =0 z =0
2( x + y + z ) dzdydx = abc(a+b+c) --------1)
 →
RHS =  F nds =  F ds is to be evaluated over the six faces of the rectangular
s s
parallelepiped namely
a 2b 2
xydydx =
 a b
1)  F nds =  
si x =0 y =0
4
pg. 45
c2a2
zxdzdx =
 a c
2)  F nds =  
s2 x =0 z =0
4
c 2b 2
yzdzdy =
 b c
3)  F nds =  
s3 y =0 z =0
4
a 2b 2
(c 2 − xy )dydx = abc 2 −
 a b
4)  F nds =  
s4 x =0 y =0
4
a 2c 2
(b 2 − zx)dzdx = acb 2 −
 a c
5)  F nds =  
s5 x =0 z =0
4
c 2b 2
(a 2 − yz )dzdy = a 2 bc −
 b c
6)  F nds =  
s6 y =0 z =0
4
Eq 1)+2)+3)+4)+5)+6) = abc(a+b+c) -------------------2
From eq 1) & 2) we conclude that the theorem is verified
EXERCISES:
→ →
1) Evaluate  Fdr where F = (x2-y2)i+ xyj where C is the arc of the curve y=x3 from
C
(0 ,0) to (2,8)
2)Using Greens theorem

C
 (cos x. sin y − xy)dx + sin x. cos ydy where C is the circle with
centre origin and unit radius
pg. 46
3)Verify Greens theorem in a plane  ( y − sin x)dx + cos xdy Where Cis the triangle formed
 2x C
by the lines y=0 x= 2 and y= 
→
4) Verify stokes theorem for the vector function F = 2xyi+(x2-y2)j over the circle (x2+y2)=1 &
z=0
→
5) Verify Gauss divergence theorem for F = 4xyi-y2j+yzk over unit cube
APPLICATIONS OF DOUBLE AND TRIPLE INTEGRALS (Self learning Component)

OVERVIEW:
The applications of double and triple integrals are discussed in detail.
OBJECTIVE:
• Geometrical applications of double integrals are plane area, surface area, volume
underneath a surface, volume of revolution.
• Also, area bounded by plane curves, volume and surface area of a solid.
• Application of triple integrals is evaluation of volumes in different co-ordinate system
they are Cartesian, cylindrical polar, spherical polar system.
• Transformations from one co-ordinate system to other simplifies the problem.
• Change of order of integration is helpful in understanding the convolution theorem of
Laplace transform.
INTRODUCTION:
The use of double integrals for computing areas of plane and
curved surfaces, and volumes. Volumes underneath a surface, volume of revolution. The
following are some of the examples to evaluate the area and volume.
pg. 47
1. Area bounded by the plane curve over the region R can be calculated by using
A =  dxdy
R
2. Surface area can be calculated by using
S = s
zdxdy
3. Volume can be calculated by using
V =  dxdydz
v
Problems:
1. Find the area bounded by the parabola y = x2 and the line y=x
Solution:
The given curves intersect at (0,0) and (1,1).
x : 0 →1
y : x2 → x
pg. 48
Required area
1 x
=  dydx
0 x2
1 x
=  y  dx
0 x2
1
=  ( x − x 2 )dx
0
3 1
x2 x𝑥2 
= −
2 3  0
1 1
= −
2 3
1
=
6
2. Find the area bounded by the curve r 2 = a 2 cos 2

Solution:
Required area is equal to 4 times the area in the first quadrant
pg. 49

Area = 4  rdrd
R
  a cos 2
cos 2
r 
4 a 4 2
= 4  rdrd = 4 
0 0 0
2 
0

4
 a cos 2 − 0 
= 2  d
2
0

 sin 2  4
= 2a  2

 2 0
= a 2 (1 − 0 )
= a2
3. Find the area between the parabola y = 4x - x2 and the line y = x, using double integration.
Solution: The required area is  dxdy

r
(2,4 y=x
)
(3,3
)
3 4x − x 2
 (3x − x ) dx
3
 
= dxdy = 2
x =0 y = x x =0
pg. 50
3 2 x 3  9
=  x −  =
 2 3 
0
2
Practice Questions:
1. Find the area enclosed by y 2 = 4ax, x + y = 3a and x-axis
2. Find the area bounded between the parabola y2 = 4x and the line y=x
3. Find the area bounded between the parabola y = x and the line x+y=2
2
4. Find the area inside the circle r = 2a cos  and outside circle r=a
5. Find the area inside the circles r = a sin  and outside the cardiod r = a (1 − cos  )
Problems:
1. Calculate by double integration, the volume generated by the revolution of the cardioid 𝑟 =
𝑎(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) about its axis.
Solution:
𝜃=𝜋 𝑎(1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)
Required volume = ∫𝜃=0 ∫𝑟=0 2𝜋𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
8𝜋𝑎3
= 3
pg. 51
2. Using triple integrals, find the volume of the sphere 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 𝑎2 .
Solution: By changing to spherical polar coordinates, we have
𝑉 = ∭ 𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃𝑑∅
𝑟=𝑎 𝜃=𝜋 ∅=2𝜋

2
4𝜋𝑎3
=∫ 𝑟 ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑑𝜃 ∫ 𝑑∅ =
𝑟=0 𝜃=0 ∅=0 3
pg. 52

II-Sem-Module-2-Vector Calculus - 2023 - Notes

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DAYANANDA SAGAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

(An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi)

COURSE ESSENTIAL MATHEMATICS - II

COURSE CODE 22MATC21/22MATS21/22MATM21/

MODULE NAME VECTOR CALCULUS

STAFF INCHARGE NAGARATHNAMMA K G

At the end of this Module, student will be able to:

• Understand of definition of scalar point and vector point functions

Partial Derivatives of vectors:

Vector velocity and vector acceleration

The vector displacement of the body is given by

𝑟(𝑡) = [𝑥(𝑡), 𝑦(𝑡), 𝑧(𝑡)]

When written in component form, the above definition yields

As an example, suppose that the coordinates of the body are given by

The corresponding components of the body's velocity are then simply

2. Component of a vector 𝐴⃗ perpendicular to 𝐷 ⃗⃗ (along the normal) is given by |⃗⃗⃗⃗

Unit Tangent vector and unit normal vector

Let 𝐷⃗⃗ = 2𝑖̂ + 𝑗 + 2𝑘 be the given direction.

2𝑖̂ + 𝑗 + 2𝑘 −12 + 2 −10

Vector differential operator:

GRADIENT OF A SCALAR FUNCTION:

➢ The gradient at P is in the direction of maximum increase of 𝑓 at P

 at (2, 1, -2) is 18 + 15 + 6 = 585

Problem 2: If f=f(r), then show that

Problem 3: If 𝜑 = 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑧𝑥 and 𝐹⃗ = 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑖 + 𝑦 2 𝑧𝑗 + 𝑧 2 𝑥𝑘 find 𝐹⃗ . 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝜑 and 𝐹⃗ × 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝜑

= i{xy 2 z + y 3 z − z 2 x 2 − z 3 x} + j{z 2 xy + z 3 x − x 3 y − x 2 y 2 ) + k{x 3 y + x 2 yz − y 3 z − y 2 z 2 }

Solution: For the given f, we find that f = 2 xy 2 z 2i + 2 x 2 y z 2 j + 2 x 2 y 2 zk

DIVERGENCE AND CURL

If divF = 0, then F is called a SOLENOIDAL FIELD.

If curl F = 0, then F is called IRROTATIONAL FIELD.

Problem 3: Determine the constant ‘a’ so that the vector F = ( x + 3 y )i + ( x − 2 z ) j + ( x + az )k is

Since   F = 0 for the irrotational vector, we have i th , j th , k th to equal to zero.

Problem 5: Find div F and curl F where F = ( x 3 + y 3 + z 3 − 3xyz )

2. curl ( u ) = curl u + grad  u

Second order differential operators:

Problem 2: Find curlgradF where F = x 2 + y 2 + z 2

Problem 3: Prove that  2 r n = n(n + 1)r n−2 where r=xi + y j + z k & r = r

A curve C in two-dimensional space is defined by

1) If A = (3x2 + 6y) i - 14yzj + 20xz2k, evaluate from (0, 0, 0) to (1, 1, 1) along

(a) C = {(x, y, z)| x = t, y = t2, z = t3}.

(a) If x = t, y = t2, z = t3, points (0, 0, 0) and (1, 1, 1) correspond to t = 0 and t = 1

(b) Along the straight line from (0, 0, 0) to (1, 0, 0) y = 0, z = 0, dy = 0, dz = 0 while

Along the straight line from (1, 0, 0) to (1, 1, 0) x = 1, z = 0, dx = 0, dz = 0 while y

Along the straight line from (1, 1, 0) to (1, 1, 1) x = 1, y = 1, dx = 0, dy = 0 while z

Along AB, x= 1 ,dx = 0 & 0  y  1 Again from 1

 Fd r =  x.2 xdx + ( x + 4x 2 )2dx = 4

SURFACE AND VOLUME INTEGRATS

∭𝑉 𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑉 =𝑖̂ ∭𝑉 𝐹1 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 +𝐽̂ ∭𝑉 𝐹2 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 +𝑘̂ ∭𝑉 𝐹3 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧

2x+y+2z=6 in the first octant.

➢ To evaluate the area enclosed by a given region

 (3x −2 8 y )dx + (4 y − 6 xy)dy where C is the

given y= x and y= x 2 ie x = x 2 or x(x 3 - 1) =0

x = 0 , 1 and hence y = 0,1

the points of intersection are (0,0) & (1,1)

let M = 3 x 2 − 8 y and N =4y-6xy

we have Greens theorem in a plane

LHS =  Mdx + Ndy =  Mdx + Ndy +  Mdx + Ndy = I 1 + I 2

Along OA, y= x 2 , dy= 2xdx, x varies from 0 to1

Along AO, y= x or x= y 2 ,dx= 2y dy, y varies from 1to 0

2) verify Green’s theorem in a plane for  (3xy

given y=x and y= x 2 i.e., x= x 2 or x (1- x) =0

x = 0, 1 and hence y = 0,1