BASIC CALCULUS

Name of Learner:________________________________ Grade Level:__________

Section:__________________ Date:________________

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET

ILLUSTRATE IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION

Background Information for Learners

In our previous activities, most of the problems in differentiation include functions y
written explicitly as functions of the independent variable x which implies that the function
can be expressed in the form y = f(x). In this, f(x) is interchangeable with y and some x terms
will follow since one variable is being expressed in terms of another. On the other hand, there
are plenty of other functions that are not set up exactly like this which means that there are
functions y expressed implicitly as functions of x. They are called implicit functions and we
can apply the technique called implicit differentiation to differentiate functions that either
can’t be expressed explicitly in terms of x or the subsequent function is too complex to deal
with.
For example, the circle x2 + y2 = 25 can be expressed as 𝑦 = √25 − 𝑥 2 or 𝑦 = −√25 − 𝑥 2 .
Which form should be used if we differentiate the function? Let us try both forms to find out
which one is easier.
Approach 1. (Using Implicit Approach 2. (Using Chain Rule)
Differentiation) x2 + y2 = 25
y2 = 25- x2
x2 + y2 = 25 𝑦 = √25 − 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 1
2x + 2y 𝑑𝑥 =0
y = (25 − 𝑥 2 )2
𝑑𝑦 −1
2y = -2x 𝑑𝑦 1
𝑑𝑥 = (25 − 𝑥 2 ) 2 ∙ −2𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 −2𝑥 −1
= 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥 2𝑦 =−𝑥(25 − 𝑥 2 ) 2
𝑑𝑦 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑑𝑦
=
−𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 √25−𝑥 2
Since 𝑦 = √25 − 2
𝑥 , then by substitution,
𝑑𝑦 −𝑥
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑦

In most cases, it is easier to differentiate an implicit function without the need to reorganize it
as shown in Approach 1. In general, if we take the expression f(y), where the function of x is
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
y, then 𝑑𝑥 (𝑓 (𝑦)) = 𝑑𝑥 (𝑓 (𝑦)) ∙ 𝑑𝑥 or 𝑑𝑥 (𝑓 (𝑦)) = 𝑑𝑥 (𝑓(𝑦)) ∙ 𝑦′.
𝑑𝑦
Consider the following steps to easily find 𝑑𝑥 or 𝑦 ′of implicit functions using x and y as the
variables.
1. Consider y as a differentiable function operating on x.
2. With respect to x, take the derivatives of the two sides of the equation. When you
𝑑𝑦
differentiate a y term, multiply it by 𝑑𝑥 or 𝑦 ′. Note that mastery on the use of the different
rules will be an advantage.

111
 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
3. Write all the terms with 𝑑𝑥 or 𝑦 ′ on one side of the equation while the terms without or
𝑑𝑥
𝑦 ′on the other side.
𝑑𝑦
4. Factor out or 𝑦 ′and simplify.
𝑑𝑥

Learning Competency
Illustrate Implicit Differentiation (STEM_BC11LC-IIIi-2)

Directions:
Activity 1. Identify whether the given function is expressed EXPLICITLY or IMPLICITLY.
Write E if it is written explicitly and I, otherwise.
____1. y = 3x6 – 4 ____6. cos x2 + sin y2 = 8
1
____2. y2 – 2x3 + 5y = 2 ____7. 𝑥 + ln y + (xy)4 =3x
1
____3. x2 + y2 = 49 ____8. y = 𝑥 2
____4. 2x -3 = y ____9. tan (x4y2) = 2x + y3
____5. y = ±√64 − 𝑥 2 ____10. ex – cos (y) = x

Activity 2. Previously, we had several activities involving Chain Rule. Our knowledge of the
said rule will be needed as we continue to grasp the concept of Implicit Differentiation. To
have a review of it, try to solve the following functions using Chain Rule.

1. f(x) = (x3-3x)2 4. f(x) = cos (x2 + 3)- 2x3

2. g(x) = (5x2-2x+5)-2 5. h(x) = ln (5x3 + x4)

3 3
3. y = √27 − 8𝑣 6. V(w) = 8 + 4𝑒 2𝑤 +𝑤

112
 𝑑𝑦
Activity 3. For the following problems, solve 𝑑𝑥 or 𝑦 ′ by implicit differentiation. Each
problem is represented by a letter and has its corresponding answer found in the figure below.
To reveal the missing message, just write the letter that represents the problem below the
correct answer. Show your complete solution.

K. xy-4 =1 U. y2+ x3 = 8 A. 4x = (6 + y)2

M. (y+ 4x)2 =3xy T. (4x2–y)3 = -6x I. 2y2 = 1 - x

S. 4x = (xy - 3x)2

5𝑦+32𝑥 2 𝑦+2𝑥 3 (𝑦−3)3−3 𝑦

y’ = − y’ = 𝑦+6 y’ = − y’ = 4𝑥
2𝑦+5𝑥 𝑥

1 𝑦+2𝑥 3 (𝑦−3)3−3
y’ = − y’ = −
4𝑦 𝑥

2
y’ = 𝑦+6

5𝑦+32𝑥 3𝑥 2 𝑦+2𝑥 3 (𝑦−3)3−3 8𝑥(4𝑥 2 −𝑦)2 +2

y’ = − y’ = − y’ = − y’ =
2𝑦+5𝑥 2𝑦 𝑥 (4𝑥 2 −𝑦)2

MESSAGE: “_________________________________________________________.”

113
Reflection

What have you learned from this topic?

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

References
Book: Balmaceda, J.M., Arceo, C.P., Lemence, R., Ortega, O., & Vallejo, L.J. (2016). Basic
Calculus: Teaching Guide for Senior High School. EC-TEC Commercial.

Internet: Dawkins, P. (2016). Calculus I-Paul’s Online Math Notes. Pdfdrive.

https://www.pdfdrive.com/calculus-i-pauls -online-math-notes-d10909841.html

Answer Key

Activity 1
1. E 2. I 3. I 4. E 5. E 6. I 7. I 8. E 9. I 10. I

Activity 2
1. f ‘(x) = 6x (x2-3) (x2-1)

2(10𝑥−2)
2. g ‘(x) = − (5𝑥2 −2𝑥+5)3

8
3. y’ = − 2
3(27−8𝑣)3

4. f ‘(x) = -2x(sin(x2+3)+3x)
4𝑥+15
5. h ‘(x)= 𝑥(𝑥+5)

3 +2𝑤
6. V ‘(w) = (12w2+8)𝑒 𝑤

114
Activity 3
𝑦 8𝑥(4𝑥 2 −𝑦)2 +2
K. y’ = 4𝑥 T. y’ = (4𝑥 2 −𝑦)2

3𝑥 2 1
U. y’ = − I. y’ = − 4𝑦
2𝑦

2 𝑦+2𝑥 3 (𝑦−3)3 −3
A. y’ = 𝑦+6 S. y’ = − 𝑥

5𝑦+32𝑥
M. y’ = − 2𝑦+5𝑥

MESSAGE: “MASK IS A MUST.”

115
 BASIC CALCULUS
Name of Learner: ____________________Grade Level: __________________
Section: ____________________________Date: ________________________

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET

SOLVE PROBLEMS (INCLUDING LOGARITHMIC, AND INVERSE
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS) USING IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION
Background Information for Learners
One of the methods used in differentiating functions is called implicit differentiation.
This method is best employed when a function is not expressed explicitly or some equations
in x and y cannot be easily solved for y or it is impossible to differentiate for y at all. Let us
consider this equation 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦 2 = 0, while it can be solved for y but tedious, it is not
permissible to determine y in terms of x. But with this technique in differentiation, implicit
differentiation, all equations that are not written in the form 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) but in more complex
form can now be easily solved. In addition, implicit differentiation follows the usual method
of getting the derivative of a function for x and y except that it follows y’ upon differentiating
the variable y. In particular, this section presents the steps in solving the derivative of
Logarithmic, and Inverse Trigonometric functions in simplified form.
Take these few examples as your guide in going through the foregoing activities. It
shows the necessary concepts such as the rules in differentiation and other related ideas on
derivatives. In doing the activity, recall these rules involving logarithmic and inverse
trigonometric functions.

Note that 𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 (𝒙) is the same as “𝑨𝒓𝒄𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙” and read as “Arc sine of x”. This is
similar with the remaining inverse trigonometric functions.

116
 (4𝑥−1)
Example 1. Differentiate 5𝑦 = log , find y’.
(4𝑥+1)

Solution:
1 𝑑𝑢
This follows 𝑦 ′
(4𝑥−1)
Using the rule in (d) above, we let 𝑢 = (4𝑥+1)
. = , hence,
𝑢 ln 𝑏 𝑑𝑥

• (4𝑥+1) 𝑑𝑢
1 (4𝑥−1)
5𝑦′ = (4𝑥−1)
ln 10 𝑑𝑥
(4𝑥+1)

(4𝑥−1) 𝑑𝑢 (4𝑥+1)4−[(4𝑥−1)4] 8
Since 𝑢 = (4𝑥+1)
, then its derivative is = (4𝑥+1)2
= (4𝑥+1)(4𝑥+1)
𝑑𝑥

(4𝑥+1) 8 8
5𝑦 ′ = (4𝑥−1) 𝑙𝑛10 • =
(4𝑥+1)(4𝑥+1) (4𝑥−1)(4𝑥+1)𝑙𝑛10
8
=
5(16𝑥 2 −1)𝑙𝑛10

8
= (80𝑥 2 ▄
−5)𝑙𝑛10

𝑑𝑦
Example 2. Determine 𝑑𝑥 in the equation sin 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛3 4𝑥 6 .

Solution:
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑢
Applying the rule in (e), we let 𝑢 = 4𝑥 6 , then 𝑑𝑥 = 24𝑥 5 . Now, using = , then
𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑥2 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 3𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛2 4𝑥 6 72𝑥 5 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛2 4𝑥 6

cos 𝑦 = • 24𝑥5 = ▄
𝑑𝑥 √1−(4𝑥 6 )2 √1−16𝑥 12 cos 𝑦

Example 3. If 2𝑦 = (1 + 𝑥 2 )𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑥, find 𝑦 ′.

Solution:
Using the product rule and the rule for inverse tangent function in differentiation, we have,
1
2𝑦 ′ = (1 + 𝑥 2 ) ( ) + (𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 )(2𝑥 ) − 1
1 + 𝑥2
2𝑦 ′ = 1 + (𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 )(2𝑥 ) − 1
2𝑥 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥
𝑦′ = = 𝑥 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 ▄
2

Learning Competencies
Solve problems (including logarithmic, and inverse trigonometric functions) using implicit
differentiation (STEM_BC11LC-IIIj-1).

117
Exercise 1. Find 𝒅𝒚/𝒅𝒙 of the following functions. [2 points each]
1
1. 𝑦 = sin−1 2 𝑥

2. 𝑦 = tan−1 6𝑥 2
1
3. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 sec −1
𝑥
3
4. 𝑦 = ln(𝑏 2 + 𝑥 2 )2

1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
5. 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛√
1−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

Exercise 2. Using implicit differentiation, determine the derivative of the following inverse
trigonometric functions. [2 points each]
1. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 = 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒 5𝑥 2
2. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 = 3𝑥𝑦 − 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑠 4𝑥
𝑏
3. 2𝑦 3 = 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑏 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡.

1
4. 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛√1 + 𝑥

𝑥
5. sin 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛 − 𝑥√𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 , where a is constant
𝑎

Exercise 3. Using implicit differentiation, determine the derivative of the following

logarithmic functions. [2 points each]

1. 2𝑥𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛√1 + 2𝑥
𝑥 3 (1−𝑥 2 )2
2. 4𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛
(1+𝑥 2 )2

3. 𝑦 3 = ln(𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 )
4. sin 𝑦 = ln sin2 5𝑥
1 1
5. 𝑦 = + ln
ln 𝑥 𝑥

118
Reflection:
What have you learned from this topic?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

References
Alferez, G. S. (2014). Introduction to Calculus. Quezon City, Manila
Asin, C. R. (2004). Differential Calculus. Quezon City, Manila
Balmaceda, JM. P (2016). Basic Calculus. Diliman, Quezob City
Leithold, L. (1996). The Calculus 7. New York City.
Mateo, A. Rolando (2002) et.al. Differential Calculus. Sampaloc, Manila

ANSWER KEY

Exercise 1
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦 12𝑥 𝑑𝑦 −𝑥 2 1
1. = 2. = 1+36𝑥 4 3. 𝑑𝑥 = + sec −1 (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 √4−𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑥 2

𝑑𝑦 3𝑥 𝑑𝑦
4. = 𝑏2 +𝑥 2 5. 𝑑𝑥 = sec 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

Exercise 2
𝑑𝑦 25𝑥 𝑑𝑦 3𝑦√1−16𝑥 2 +4 𝑑𝑦
1. = 2. =− 3. =
𝑑𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦√1−25𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦+3𝑥)√1−16𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
−𝑏
6𝑦 (𝑥 2 +𝑏2 )
2

𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦 2𝑥 2
4. = 5. =
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦√𝑎2 −𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥√1+𝑥

Exercise 3
𝑑𝑦 1 ( 1) 𝑑𝑦 3−3𝑥 4 −8𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 𝑥2
1. = 2𝑥 (1+2𝑥 − 2𝑦) 2. = 𝑥(1−𝑥 2 )(1+𝑥 2 ) 3. = 𝑦 2 𝑥 3 +𝑦 5 −𝑦 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 10𝑠𝑖𝑛5𝑥 𝑑𝑦 1 1
4. = (sin2 5𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 5. = − 𝑥 ((𝑙𝑛𝑥)2 + 1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

119
 BASIC CALCULUS
Name of Learner: ____________________Grade Level: __________________
Section: ____________________________Date: ________________________

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET

SOLVE SITUATIONAL PROBLEMS INVOLVING RELATED RATES

Background Information for Learners

You have learnt from the previous discussions about the different rules and methods
of differentiation. This time, you will learn how to solve situational problems involving
derivatives with respect to time. The derivative of a function is analogous with the rate of
change. Related rates problems include two or more variables that may change with time
and an equation that expresses some relationships between these equations. If a variable x is a
𝑑𝑥
function of time t, the time rate of change of x with respect to t, is given by .
𝑑𝑡
Consider the derivatives of the following with respect to time t.
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
1. 𝑦 = 𝑥 4 ; = 4𝑥 3
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
2. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2 ; 2𝑥 𝑑𝑡 + 2𝑦 𝑑𝑡 = 0

4 𝑑𝑉 4𝜋 𝑑𝑟
3. 𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 3 ; = (3𝑟 2 )
3 𝑑𝑡 3 𝑑𝑡

Let y be the vertical displacement and x the horizontal

The examples below are applications displacement.
of rate of change with respect to time.
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 152
Perform the derivative,
Example 1.
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
A ladder 15 ft long leans against a 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 =0→ =− •
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑥 𝑑𝑡
vertical wall. If the top moves
downward at the rate of 3 𝑓𝑡/𝑠𝑒𝑐, Since x = 12 ft, then 𝑦 = √152 − 122 = 9 𝑓𝑡.
how fast is the bottom end moving Thus,
when it is 12 𝑓𝑡 away from the wall?
𝑑𝑦
with = −3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑝𝑠 𝑠𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑, we
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
have =− •
Solution: 𝑑𝑡 𝑥 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 9
= − 12 • (−3) = 2.25 𝑓𝑡/𝑠𝑒𝑐 ▄
𝑑𝑡

This means that the lower end of the ladder is moving

120
2.25 𝑓𝑡/𝑠𝑒𝑐 away from the wall. Note that the
negative sign implies the decreasing vertical
displacement.
 y

15 ft

Example 2.
Water is flowing into a conical tank 30ft deep and 12 ft across the top at the rate 16 ft 3/min.
Determine the rate of change at which the surface is rising when the water is 10 ft deep.
Solution:
12 ft 6

30 ft 30 r

10 ft h

1
Using the Volume of a cone, 𝑉 = 3 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ, let r be the radius of the base and height h at the
water level of the cone. Since, similar triangles exist, then the proportionality is applied.
Hence,
𝑟 6 ℎ
= 𝑜𝑟 𝑟 =
ℎ 30 5
121
 1 ℎ 𝜋 ℎ3
With 𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ and 𝑟 = , then, With 𝑉 = • . Differentiating the volume with
3 5 3 25
respect to time t, then we have,
𝑑𝑉 𝜋 𝑑ℎ
= (3ℎ2 )
𝑑𝑡 75 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑉
Since h = 10 ft and = 16 𝑓𝑡 3 /𝑚𝑖𝑛, then we have
𝑑𝑡

𝜋 𝑑ℎ
16 𝑓𝑡 3 /𝑚𝑖𝑛 = • 102
25 𝑑𝑡
𝑑ℎ 4
= 𝑓𝑡/𝑚𝑖𝑛 ▄
𝑑𝑡 𝜋

Learning Competencies
Solve situational problems involving related rates (STEM_BC11LC-IIIj-2).

Exercise 1. Determine the derivative with respect to time t of the following. [ 2 points each]
1. 4𝑥 + 8𝑦 = 12
2. 𝑥𝑦 = 15

3. 𝑉 = 𝑙𝑤ℎ
4. 𝑠 = √25 + 5𝑡 3
5. 𝑃3 = (3 − 3𝑡)3 − (5𝑡)4

Exercise 2. Solve the problems in time rates by using Inverse Trigonometric Functions
[ 5 points each]
1. A balloon leaves the ground 50 ft from an observer, rises at the rate of 8 ft/sec. How fast is
the angle of elevation of the observer’s line of sight increasing after 6 seconds?

2. A ladder 25 ft long is leaning against the wall. How fast is the angle 𝜃 between the ladder
and the ground changing at the given moment when the ladder is 20 ft away from the wall
and sliding along the ground away from the wall at the rate of 3 ft/sec?

3. A boat, moving 15 miles per hour, sails south for 20 mins, then turns east. If a searchlight
at the point of departure follows the boat, how fast is the light rotating 5 hours after the start?

122
Exercise 3. Solve the following related rates problems. [ 5 points each]

1. A stone is dropped into a still pond. Concentric circular ripples spread out, and the radius
of the disturbed region increase at a rate of 15 cm per second. At what rate does the area of
the disturbed region increase when its radius is 7 cm?

2. A water tank in the form of an inverted cone is being emptied at the rate of 5 m 3/min. The
height of the cone is 20 m, and the base radius is 10 m. Find the rate of change at which the
water level is decreasing when water is 8 m. deep.

3. Boyle’s law for the expansion of gas is PV = C, where P is the number of pounds per
square unit of pressure, V is the number of cubic units of volume of the gas, and C is a
constant. At a certain instant, the pressure is 2000 lb./ ft 2, the volume is 8 ft3, and the volume
is increasing at the rate of 6 ft3/mm. Find the rate of change of the pressure at this instant.
Reflection:
What have you learned from this topic?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
________________

References
Alferez, G. S. (2014). Introduction to Calculus. Quezon City, Manila
Asin, C. R. (2004). Differential Calculus. Quezon City, Manila
Balmaceda, JM. P (2016). Basic Calculus. Diliman, Quezob City
Leithold, L. (1996). The Calculus 7. New York City.
Mateo, A. Rolando (2002) et.al. Differential Calculus. Sampaloc, Manila

123
 ANSWER KEY
Exercise 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
1. 4 +8 =0 2. 𝑥 +𝑦 =0
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑉 𝑑ℎ 𝑑𝑙 𝑑𝑤 𝑑𝑠 15𝑡 2
3. = 𝑙𝑤 + ℎ𝑤 + 𝑙ℎ 4. =
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 2√25+5𝑡 3
𝑑𝑃
5. 3𝑃2 𝑑𝑡 = −9(3 − 3𝑡 )2 − 20(5𝑡 )3

Exercise 2
3
1. 0.07 rad per sec 3. 𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟 ℎ𝑟.
197
1
2. − rad per sec
5

Exercise 3
𝑐𝑚2 5𝜋 𝑙𝑏
1. 210𝜋 . 2. 𝑚 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑖𝑛. 3. −150 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑖𝑛.
𝑠𝑒𝑐 4 𝑓𝑡 2

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