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Study Guide in MATH 102 – DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS Module No. 1

STUDY GUIDE FOR MODULE NO. 1

FUNCTIONS, LIMITS, THE DERIVATIVE, & THE SLOPE

MODULE OVERVIEW

Welcome to Math 102 – Differential Calculus!

This Study Guide will provide some preliminary information to help you get started. Please read carefully to
help prepare you to start off this course successfully.

This course is an introductory course covering the core concepts of limit, continuity and differentiability of
functions involving one or more variables. This also includes the application of differential calculations in
solving problems on optimization, rates of change, related rates, tangents and normal, and approximations;
partial differentiation and transcendental curve tracing. This module 1 deals with functions, limits, the
derivative, & the slope.

MODULE LEARNING OBJECTIVES

At the end of this module 1, you should be able to:

1. understand the core concepts of limit, continuity and differentiability of functions involving one or more
variables.
2. carry out calculations on the core concepts of limit, continuity and differentiability of functions involving one
or more variables.

1.1 FUNCTIONS

CALCULUS – is a branch of mathematics which uses derivative to analyze the way in which the values of a
function vary.

SIR ISAAC NEWTON (1642-1727) used Calculus in finding the velocity of a moving body, the work done by
force, and the centroid of mass of a body.

GOTTFIELD WILHELM LEIBNIZ (1646-1716) worked independently with Newton, developed the Calculus in
connections with their work. Leibniz is the one who initiated the modern notation of dx and ∫.

Calculus is divided into 5 major branches:

1. Differential Calculus
2. Integral Calculus
3. Differential Equations
4. Calculus of Variations
5. Calculus of Errors

DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS – is a branch of Calculus involving application such as the determination of

maximum and minimum points and the rate of change.

RELATION AND FUNCTION

Not all relations are function but all functions are relation. A good example of a relation that is not a
function is a point in the Cartesian Coordinate System, say (2, 3). Though 2 and 3 in (2, 3) are related to each
other, neither is a function of the other.
FUNCTION – is a relation between two variables that inhibits an apparent connection. If the variables are x
and y, then y can be determined for some range of values of x. In symbol;

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Study Guide in MATH 102 – DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS Module No. 1

y = f(x) → which is read as “y is a function of x”

where y is the dependent variable and x as the independent variable.

IMPLICIT FUNCTION – is not expressed in terms of a single variable that is

f(x) = 0.

Ex: 2x + 3y = 6 → an implicit function

EXPLICIT FUNCTION – is the function itself.

Ex: 2x + 3y = 6
2
y = - 3 𝑥 + 2 → an explicit function

Other examples:
4y + 3x + 2 = 5 → implicit
3 3
y = - 4 𝑥 + 4 → explicit
4y2 + 3x + 6 = 0 → implicit

THE LINEAR FUNCTION

The simplest type of function is the linear function, where the graph is a LINE. To graph a linear
function, we need only 2 points in keeping with “EUCLID AXIOM.” Two points determine a line or “the shortest
distance between two points is a line.”

EQUATION OF A LINE:
y = mx + b → “y is called the linear function of x”
where: m = slope of the line
b = y-intercept
Note:
a. If m = 0 → horizontal line
then f(x) = b, which is called a CONSTANT FUNCTION.
b. If a constant function is a set of real number, then the graph of f(x) = b is a HORIZONTAL LINE.
The line parallel to the y-axis is called a VERTICAL LINE. Vertical lines are not functions.

THE QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS

Any equation in the form of:
y = f(x)
y = ax2 + bx + c

where a ≠ 0 is called a QUADRATIC FUNCTION. The restriction that a ≠ 0 is necessary because if a

= 0 then the equation becomes a linear function. The graph of a quadratic function is called PARABOLA.
y = f(x) = ax2 + bx + c a≠0
Note:
a. If a > 0, the parabola opens upward and has a minimum value at the vertex.
b. If a < 0, the parabola opens downward and has maximum value at the vertex.
VERTEX OF THE PARABOLA:
𝑏 4𝑎𝑐−𝑏2
x = - 2𝑎y = 4𝑎

THE CUBIC FUNCTION

y = f(x) = ax3 + bx2 + c + a a≠0

THE RATIONAL FUNCTION

𝑝(𝑥)
f(x) = 𝑞(𝑥) q(x) ≠ 0

SPECIAL TYPES OF FUNCTIONS:

1. THE SQUARE ROOT FUNCTION
- two roots, positive and negative roots

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Study Guide in MATH 102 – DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS Module No. 1

√𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 = 𝑎 − 𝑏 ; if a ≥ b
√𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 = 𝑏 − 𝑎 ; if a < b
√𝑥 2 = 𝑥 ; if x ≥ 0
√𝑥 2 = − 𝑥 ; if x < 0

2. THE ABSOLUTE – VALUE FUNCTION

/x/ = x ; for x ≥ 0
/x/ = - x ; for < 0

3. THE SIGNUM FUNCTION

Signum = Sign
Sgn x = - 1 ; for x < 0
Sgn x = 0 ; for x = 0
Sgn x = + 1 ; for x > 0

Example 1

𝐼𝑓 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 3, 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑓(0), 𝑓(2), 𝑓(−4) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓(−2𝑥)

Example 2

𝐼𝑓 𝑓(𝑦) = 𝑦(𝑦 − 3)2 , 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑓(𝑐), 𝑓(−1), 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓(𝑥 + 3)

Example 3

𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑓(0), 𝑓(2), 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓(𝑥 + 5) 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠:

𝑎. ) 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 2

𝑥 − 𝑥2
𝑏. ) 𝑓(𝑥) =
1 + 𝑥2

𝑐. ) 𝑓(𝑥) = √4 − 𝑥 2

For discussion and solution of these examples, watch the video using this link:

Differential Calculus: Functions

https://youtu.be/jwFgxGg4SI8

1.2 LIMITS

lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿 is read as “the limit of the function of x, as x approaches a is L”

𝑥→𝑎

Same is to be conveyed when:

As x → a, f(x)→ L→ is read as “as x approaches a, f(x) approaches L”

The lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿, if for every positive number Є (arbitrarily small), there exists a number δ such that in order
𝑥→𝑎
to make

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Study Guide in MATH 102 – DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS Module No. 1

/f(x) – δ/ < Є

It is sufficient that x satisfy

/x – a/ < δ ; x≠0

THEOREM ON LIMITS
THEOREM 1: The limit of thesumof two (or more)functions is equal to the sum of their limits.
lim [𝑢(𝑥) + 𝑣(𝑥)] = [lim 𝑢(𝑥)] + [lim 𝑣(𝑥)]
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

THEOREM 2: The limit of theproductof two (or more)functions is equal to the product of their limits.
lim [𝑢(𝑥) . 𝑣(𝑥)] = [lim 𝑢(𝑥)][lim 𝑣(𝑥)]
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

THEOREM 3: The limit of thequotientof two functions is equal to the quotient of their limits, provided the limit
of the denominator is not zero.
𝑢(𝑥) lim 𝑢(𝑥)
lim 𝑣(𝑥) = 𝑥→𝑎
; lim 𝑣(𝑥) ≠ 0
𝑥→𝑎 lim 𝑣(𝑥) 𝑥→𝑎
𝑥→𝑎

THEOREM 4: If a is measured in radians

sin 𝑎
lim =1
𝑎→0 𝑎
tan 𝑎
lim =1
𝑎→0 𝑎
1
lim =1
𝑎→0 cos 𝑎
lim cos 𝑎 = 1
𝑎→0

Evaluate the ff:

Example 1

lim(𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 5)
𝑥→4

Example 2

𝑥2 − 4
lim
𝑥→2 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 8

Example 3

sin 3Ɵ
lim
Ɵ→0 Ɵ

Example 4

1 − cos 𝑦
lim
𝑦→0 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑦

Example 5

𝑠𝑖𝑛2 Ɵ
lim𝜋 3
Ɵ→ 4 𝑡𝑎𝑛 Ɵ

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Study Guide in MATH 102 – DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS Module No. 1

For discussion and solution of these examples, watch the video using this link:

Differential Calculus: Limits

https://youtu.be/-xXt70c2Xgs

1.3 THE DERIVATIVE

Given a function

y = f(x) (given)

continuous at the point P (x, y), let us assign to x an arbitrary increment ∆x, and compute the corresponding
increment ∆y of y. We have,

y+∆y=f(x+∆x) (step 1, add ∆y to y and ∆x to x)

so that,

∆y
f(x) + ∆y=f(x+∆x) (step 2, substitute the value of y in the given and form the ratio )
∆x
∆y=f(x+∆x) - f(x)
∆y f(x + ∆x) − f(x)
=
∆x ∆x

Δy f(x + ∆x) − f(x)

lim = (step 3, find the limit of the ratio ∆y as ∆x approaches 0)
Δx→ 0 Δx ∆x ∆x

∆y
The limit of the ratio as ∆x approaches 0 is called the derivative of y with respect to x.
∆x

Differentiate the ff:

Example 1

𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥

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Study Guide in MATH 102 – DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS Module No. 1

Example 2

𝑦 = 4𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 2

Example 3

1
𝑦 = 2 − 3𝑥 −
𝑥

Example 4

𝑥+2
𝑦= .
3−𝑥

For discussion and solution of these examples, watch the video using this link:

Differential Calculus: The Derivative

https://youtu.be/f3qj8vlwSKM

1.4 THE SLOPE

Δy 𝑑𝑦
lim , , y’, f’(x) – derivative of y with respect to x
Δx→ 0 Δx 𝑑𝑥
- also known as slope

Proof:
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏
𝑦 + ∆𝑦 = 𝑚(𝑥 + ∆𝑥) + 𝑏
∆𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑚∆𝑥 + 𝑏 − 𝑦
∆𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑚∆𝑥 + 𝑏 − (𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏)
∆𝑦 = 𝑚∆𝑥
Δ𝑦
𝑚 = Δ𝑥 → slope

Find the slope of the curve @ the given point:

Example 1

𝑦 = 2−𝑥 2 𝑎𝑡 (3, −7)

Example 2

𝑥 1
𝑦= 𝑎𝑡 (2, )
𝑥2 + 4 4

For discussion and solution of these examples, watch the video using this link:

Differential Calculus: The Derivative | Slope

https://youtu.be/Vtp5uFRvBs0

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Study Guide in MATH 102 – DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS Module No. 1

LEARNING ACTIVITY

As you go through this module and after you watched the videos provided, solve the following:

FUNCTIONS
1 𝑥2
𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑓(−1), 𝑓 ( ) , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓 ( ) 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠:
4 2

1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 3

𝑥+7
2. 𝑓(𝑥) =
√4𝑥 − 1

LIMITS

𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔:

1. lim 𝑥 3 − 10
𝑥→5

3
√𝑥 − 2
2. lim
𝑥→2 𝑥−2

1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥
3. lim
𝑥→0 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥

4. 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝜋 csc 𝑥
𝑥→ 2

THE DERIVATIVE

𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 3 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑝 𝑟𝑢𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

1. 𝑦 = 5𝑥 3

1
2. 𝑥 =
𝑡

THE SLOPE

1. 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 𝑎𝑡 (1,0)

2. 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 − 3𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 2 = 0 𝑎𝑡 (1,2)

(Your solutions and answers in this learning activity will be compiled in your Assignment 1 to be submitted on
an announced date)

REFERENCE/S

Love, Clyde E. and Rainville, Earl D. (1962), Differential and Integral Calculus. 6th ed. The McMillan Co.,
New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

Arreola, Matias A. (1995), Solutions to Problems in Differential Calculus. SI (Metric) ed. Ken Incorporated,
Quezon City.

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Study Guide in MATH 102 – DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS Module No. 1

Besavilla, Venancio I. Civil Engineering Board Reviewer, VIB Publisher

INSTRUCTIONS

Assignment format:

Orientation: Portrait
Paper size: long coupon bond (8.5” x 13”)
Borderline: 0.5 inch or 1 cm on all sides
Without guidelines
Hand-written

Content:

I. Cover Page (No borderlines)

a. Pangasinan State University
b. Urdaneta City Campus
c. College of Engineering and Architecture
d. Civil Engineering Department
e. __ Sem AY 20__ - 20__
f. Subject Code and Subject Title
g. Assignment Number
h. Title of Study Guide
i. Submitted by:
j. Submitted to:

II. Body (With borderlines)

Learning Activities

Prepared By:

DIANNE C. OLIVER, CE
Faculty, Civil Engineering Department

PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY 8