PANCREAS

• Pancreas is a gland which is partly

exocrine & partly endocrine; the
endocrine cells are most numerous
in the tail.
• It lies transversely across the
posterior abdominal wall, at the
levelof L1 & L2.
• The head of pancreas lies in the
concavity of the duodenum, where
as tail lies in the hilum of spleen.
• Main pancreatic duct is arranged in
a “herring-bone pattern”

The pancreas is supplied by:-

1. Pancreatic artery ( branch of splenic artery),
2. Sup. Pancreaticoduodenal artery
3. Inf. Pancreaticoduodenal artery

Carcinoma of pancreas is common in the head of pancreas.

 LIVER

Largest gland of body.

It has 5 surfaces:-
• Anterior, Posterior, Superior, Inferior and Right.
• The liver is divided into right & left lobes by the attachment of falciform
ligament
• Falciform ligament:- Attaches the antero-superior surface of liver with
anterior abdominal wall.
• Ligamentum venosum:- is the remanant of Ductus venosus of the foetal
life.
• Ligamentum teres:- represents the obliterated left umblical vein.

• The Porta hepatis is deep, transverse fissure, situated on the inferior surface
of the right lobe of liver. It lies between the caudate and quadrate lobe, The
portal vein, hepatic artery entre the liver through this while rt. & left
hepatic ducts leave it. The arrangement of structures here from behind
forwards is:
• Portal vein, Hepatic artery, Hepatic duct
• Mnemonic- VAD

Blood Supply:-
The liver recieves 20% of its blood supply through the hepatic artery and 80%
through portal vein.

 Liver enlarges towards right iliac fossa.

KIDNEY AND URETER
1. Kidneys extend from T12 to L3.
2. The left kidney is a little longer and narrower than the right kidney
3. Right kidney is slightly lower than the left.

VASCULAR SEGMENTS:-
• The renal artery gives 5 segmental branches, 4 from its anterior diision and 1
from its posterior division.
• The segments are apical, upper, middle and lower and posterior segments.
Kidneys develop around the 1st sacral vertebrae and ascend upwards
around 6th to 9th week of intrauterine life, upto the level of L2 or L3
vertebrae. During this ascent, kidney is also rotated by 90 degrees
towards the vertebral column.

The angle between lower border of the 12th rib and the outer
border of erector spinae is known as Renal angle.

Kidneys develop from metanephros, though pronephros and

mesonephros appear to diasppear. Only the duct of mesonephros
persists.
URETERS:-
1. A pair of narrow, thick walled
muscular tubes which convey urine
from the kidneys to the urinary
bladder.
2. Each ureter is about 25cm long.

3. The ureter is slightly constricted at 5

places
 SUPRARENAL GLAND

Each gland is supplied by:-

1. Sup. Suprarenal artery- branch of Inf. Phrenic artery
2. Middle Suprarenal artery- branch of abdominal aorta
3. Inf. Suprarenal artery- Branch of renal artery
• Each gland is drained by one vein- The right suprarenal vein drains into
Inferior vena cava while left suprarenal vein into the left renal vein.