Theory of Structures Dr. Lateef N.

Assi
Lecture 7
Third Stage Mazaya University College

Example: For the beam shown in figure, determine

1. Reaction at support A

2. Shear force at section located 3 m from support A.

3. Bending moment at section located 3 m from support A.

4 kN 4 kN 3 kN
A
B C

2m 2m 2m 2m

Solution:

∑ 𝑀𝐵 = 0 → 𝑅𝐴 ∗ 6 − 4 ∗ 4 − 4 ∗ 2 + 3 ∗ 2 = 0 → 𝑅𝐴 = 3 𝑘𝑁

∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 → 𝑅𝐵 = 8 𝑘𝑁

𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑡 3𝑚 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐴, 𝑉 = 𝑅𝐴 − 4 = 3 − 4 = −1 𝑘𝑁

𝐵𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑡 3𝑚 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐴,

𝑀 = 𝑅𝐴 ∗ 3 − 4 ∗ 1 = 3 ∗ 3 − 4 ∗ 1 = 5 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚

I.L. for 𝑹𝑨 𝑃1=1

* when 𝑃1 = 1 is over 𝐴 → 𝑅𝐴 = 𝑃1 = 1
A D B C

𝑅𝐴 𝑅𝐵

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 Theory of Structures Dr. Lateef N. Assi
Lecture 7
Third Stage Mazaya University College

𝑃2=1

A D B C
*when 𝑃2 = 1 is over𝐵

→ 𝑅𝐵 = 𝑃2 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅𝐴 = 0 𝑅𝐴 𝑅𝐵

𝑃3=1

A D B C
* when 𝑃3 = 1 is over 𝐶
∑ 𝑀𝐵 = 0 → 𝑅𝐴 ∗ 6 + 𝑃3 ∗ 2 = 0 𝑅𝐴 𝑅𝐵

→ 𝑅𝐴 = −

4 kN 4 kN 3 kN
+1

0.666
0.333
A D B C
−0.333
I. L. for Ra

From I. L. graph 𝑅𝐴 = 4 ∗ (0.666) + 4 ∗ (0.333) + 3(−0.333) = 3 𝑘𝑁

I.L. for Shear Force at D, VD

* when 𝑃1 = 1 is over → 𝑅𝐴 = 𝑃1 = 1 𝑃1=1

A D B C
𝑉𝐷 = 𝑅𝐴 − 𝑃1 = 1 − 1 = 0

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 Theory of Structures Dr. Lateef N. Assi
Lecture 7
Third Stage Mazaya University College

𝑅𝐴 𝑅𝐵

1=𝑃2

A D B C
* when 𝑃2 = 1 is over 𝐷 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡
𝑉𝐷 = 𝑅𝐴 − 𝑃2 = 0.5 − 1 = −0.5 𝑅𝐴 𝑅𝐵

𝑃3=1

A D B C
* when 𝑃3 = 1 is over 𝐷 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
𝑉𝐷 = 𝑅𝐴 = 0.5 𝑅𝐴 𝑅𝐵

𝑃4=1

A D B C
* when 𝑃4 = 1 is over 𝐵
𝑉𝐷 = 𝑅𝐴 = 0 𝑅𝐴 𝑅𝐵
𝑃5=1

A D B C
* when 𝑃5 = 1 is over 𝐶
𝑉𝐷 = 𝑅𝐴 = − 𝑅𝐴 𝑅𝐵

4 kN 4 kN 3 kN
+0.5

0.333
−0.333 D B
A C
-0.5 −0.333

I. L. for 𝑉𝐷

From I. L. graph 𝑉𝐷 = 4 ∗ (−0.333) + 4 ∗ (0.333) + 3(−0.333) = −1 𝑘𝑁

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 Theory of Structures Dr. Lateef N. Assi
Lecture 7
Third Stage Mazaya University College

I.L. for Bending Moment at D, Md

𝑃1=1 𝑃2 =1 𝑃3=1 𝑃4=1

A D B C

𝑅𝐴 𝑅𝐵
* when 𝑃1 = 1 is over 𝐴 → 𝑅𝐴 = 𝑃1 = 1

𝑀𝐷 = 𝑅𝐴 ∗ 3 − 𝑃1 ∗ 3 = 0

* when 𝑃2 = 1 is over 𝐷 → 𝑅𝐴 = 0.5

𝑀𝐷 = 𝑅𝐴 ∗ 3 = 1.5

* when 𝑃3 = 1 is over 𝐵 → 𝑅𝐴 = 0

𝑀𝐷 = 𝑅𝐴 ∗ 3 = 0

* when 𝑃4 = 1 is over 𝐶 → 𝑅𝐴 = −

𝑀𝐷 = 𝑅𝐴 ∗ 3 = −1

4 kN 4 kN 3 kN
+1.5

1 1
A
D B C
−1
I. L. for 𝑀𝐷

From I. L. graph 𝑀𝐷 = 4 ∗ 1 + 4 ∗ 1 + 3(−1) = 5 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚

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 Theory of Structures Dr. Lateef N. Assi
Lecture 7
Third Stage Mazaya University College

Relationships of Influence Lines and Structural Loading

1. If a single concentrated force of magnitude (W) move across a beam, the effect
of loading is obtained by simply placing it at given loading X1 and
multiplying the influence line ordinate IL(X1) at that point by the magnitude
of the W
𝐹 = 𝐼 𝐿 (𝑥1) . 𝑊

where; 𝐹 : is the value of the fraction of intersect (reaction, shear, bending moment).
W
𝑥1

I. L (𝑥1 )

2. If a distributed load 𝑞(𝑥) over a portion of a structure, its effect can be

calculated by considering the distributed load as a series of concentrated load
each of which with magnitude 𝑞(𝑥). 𝑑𝑥

𝑞(x)

𝑥1
𝑑𝑥
𝑥

𝑥2

q(x).dx

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 Theory of Structures Dr. Lateef N. Assi
Lecture 7
Third Stage Mazaya University College

1 2 =I. L (𝑥) 3

The effect of the load 𝑞(𝑥). 𝑑𝑥 is given by 𝑑𝐹 = 𝐼𝐿 (𝑥).𝑞(𝑥). 𝑑𝑥

The effect of the loading situated between 𝑥1 and 𝑥2 can be obtained by the integration
between these points.

𝑥 𝑥

𝐹 𝐼𝐿 . 𝑑𝑥
𝑥𝑥

If the loading uniform distributed load 𝑞 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

𝑥

𝐹 𝑞 𝐼𝐿 .𝑑𝑥
𝑥

𝐹 .𝐴

where; 𝐴 = area under influence line between 𝑥1 and 𝑥2 Example:

Construct the I.L for RA, Vb, and Mb for the hinged beam shown, calculate the extreme
values of there exist self-weight of beam of 8 KN/m, uniform distributed load of any
length of 6 KN/m and a concentrated load of 40 KN?

A C D E

6
 Theory of Structures Dr. Lateef N. Assi
Lecture 7
Third Stage Mazaya University College

B
2m 2m 3m 3m
Solution:

I.L for reaction Ra

𝑃1 =1 𝑃2 =1 𝑃3 =1 𝑃4 =1

C
B D
A E
𝑅𝑎 𝑅𝑐 𝑅𝑒

Loading for Ra

* when 𝑃1 = 1 is over 𝐴 → 𝑅𝑎 = 𝑃1 = 1

* when 𝑃2 = 1 is over 𝐶 → 𝑅𝑐 = 𝑃2 = 1, 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑅𝑎 = 0

* when 𝑃3 = 1 is over 𝐷

𝐵. 𝑀. = 0 𝑎𝑡 ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑒 (𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡)

3𝑅𝑒 = 0 → 𝑅𝑒 = 0

∑ 𝑀𝑐 = 0 → 𝑅𝑎 ∗ 4 + 𝑃3 ∗ 3 − 𝑅𝑒 ∗ 6 = 0 → 𝑅𝑎 = −0.75

*when 𝑃4 = 1 is over 𝐸 → 𝑅𝑒 = 𝑃4 = 1, 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑅𝑎 = 0

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 Theory of Structures Dr. Lateef N. Assi
Lecture 7
Third Stage Mazaya University College

I.L. for Vb
𝑃1 = 1 𝑃4 = 1 𝑃5 = 1 𝑃 =1
𝑃2 = 1 𝑃3 = 1

C E
A
B D

𝑅𝑎 𝑅𝑐 𝑅𝑒

Loading for Vb

* when 𝑃1 = 1 is over 𝐴 → 𝑅𝐴 = 𝑃1 = 1

𝑉𝑏 = 𝑅𝐴 − 𝑃1 = 1 − 1 = 0

* when 𝑃2 = 1 is over 𝐵 (𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡) 𝑅𝐴 = 0.5(𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐼. 𝐿. 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑅𝐴)

𝑉𝑏 = 𝑅𝐴 − 𝑃2 = 0.5 − 1 = −0.5

when 𝑃3 = 1 is over 𝐵 (𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡) 𝑅𝐴 = 0.5

𝑉𝑏 = 𝑅𝐴 = 0.5

*when 𝑃4 = 1 is over 𝐶 → 𝑅𝐴 = 0

𝑉𝑏 = 𝑅𝐴 = 0

*when 𝑃5 = 1 is over 𝐷 → 𝑅𝐴 = −0.75

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 Theory of Structures Dr. Lateef N. Assi
Lecture 7
Third Stage Mazaya University College

𝑉𝑏 = 𝑅𝐴 = −0.75

*when 𝑃 = 1 is over 𝐸 → 𝑅𝐴 = 0

𝑉𝑏 = 𝑅𝐴 = 0

+0.5

C D
B

A E
-0.5
I. L. for Vb -0.75

I.L for Bending Moment at B (Mb)

𝑃1 = 1 𝑃2 = 1 𝑃3 = 1 𝑃4 = 1 𝑃5 = 1

C E
A
B D

𝑅𝑎 𝑅𝑐 𝑅𝑒

Loading for Mb

* when 𝑃1 = 1 is over 𝐴 → 𝑅𝐴 = 𝑃1 = 1

𝑀𝑏 = 𝑅𝐴

* when 𝑃2 = 1 is over 𝐵 → 𝑅𝐴 = 0.5 (𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐼. 𝐿. 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑅𝐴)

𝑀𝑏 = 𝑅𝐴

*when 𝑃3 = 1 is over 𝐶 → 𝑅𝐴 = 0

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 Theory of Structures Dr. Lateef N. Assi
Lecture 7
Third Stage Mazaya University College

𝑀𝑏

*when 𝑃4 = 1 is over 𝐷 → 𝑅𝐴 = −0.75

𝑀𝑏 = 𝑅𝐴

*when 𝑃 = 1 is over 𝐸 → 𝑅𝐴 = 0

𝑀𝑏
+1

C D
B E
A

I. L. for Mb -1.5

Extremes values

The maximum positive and maximum negative (minimum) values of Vb can be computed
as
40 𝑘𝑁

6 kN/m
8 kN/m
A E
B C D

𝑅𝑐 𝑅𝑒
Max. positive Vb 𝑅𝑎

40 𝑘𝑁

10
 Theory of Structures Dr. Lateef N. Assi
Lecture 7
Third Stage Mazaya University College

6 kN/m 6 kN/m
8 kN/m
A E
B C D

𝑅𝑐 𝑅𝑒
Max. negative Vb 𝑅𝑎
(Minimum Vb)

𝑀𝑎𝑥.
𝑘𝑁

𝑀𝑖𝑛.

𝑘𝑁

Example: Draw the I.L. for the bending moment (Mb) at point (B) for the beam
shown, compute the extremes value of Mb due to self-weight of the beam of 10
KN/m uniformly distributed load of any length of 5 KN/m and a concentrated load
of 80 KN/m ?

A B C D E F

10 m 8m 6m 12 m 4m

Solution:
𝑃1 = 1 𝑃2 = 1 𝑃3 = 1 𝑃4 = 1 𝑃5 = 1 𝑃 =1

A
B C D E F

𝑅𝑎 𝑅𝑐 𝑅𝑒

11
 Theory of Structures Dr. Lateef N. Assi
Lecture 7
Third Stage Mazaya University College

* when 𝑃1 = 1 is over 𝐴 → 𝑅𝐴 = 𝑃1 = 1

𝑀𝑏

* when 𝑃2 = 1 is over 𝐵
𝐵. 𝑀. = 0 𝑎𝑡 ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝐷 (𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡)

𝑅𝐸 → 𝑅𝐸 = 0

→ 𝑅𝐴 𝑅𝐸 → 𝑅𝐴 = 0.444

𝑀𝑏 = 𝑅𝐴

*when 𝑃3 = 1 is over 𝐶 → 𝑅𝐶 = 𝑃3 = 1, 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑅𝐴 = 0

𝑀𝑏

*when 𝑃4 = 1 is over 𝐷

𝐵. 𝑀. = 0 𝑎𝑡 ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝐷 (𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡)

𝑅𝐸 → 𝑅𝐸 = 0

→ 𝑅𝐴 → 𝑅𝐴 = −0.333

𝑀𝑏

*when 𝑃5 = 1 is over 𝐸 → 𝑅𝐸 = 𝑃5 = 1, 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑅𝐴 = 0

𝑀𝑏 = 𝑅𝐴

*when 𝑃 = 1 is over 𝐹

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 Theory of Structures Dr. Lateef N. Assi
Lecture 7
Third Stage Mazaya University College

𝐵. 𝑀. = 0 𝑎𝑡 ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝐷 (𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡)

𝑅𝐸 → 𝑅𝐸 = 1.333

→ 𝑅𝐴 𝑅𝐸 → 𝑅𝐴 = 0.111

𝑀𝑏 = 𝑅𝐴

0.444
0.111
A D
B C E F

−0.333
I. L. for Ra

4.444
1.111
D
B C E
A
F

−3.333
I. L. for Mb

Extreme Values

80 kN

5 𝑘𝑁 𝑚 5 𝑘𝑁 𝑚
10 𝑘𝑁 𝑚

A B C E FD

Loading for Max. Mb

80 kN

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Theory of Structures Dr. Lateef N. Assi
Lecture 7
Third Stage Mazaya University College

5 𝑘𝑁 𝑚
10 𝑘𝑁 𝑚

A B C E FD

Loading for Min. Mb

𝑀𝑎𝑥.
= +689 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚

𝑀𝑖𝑛.

.𝑚

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