What we’ve seen so far…

How to get from one to the other

Collecting kinematic data
GPS
Timing gate
Video
High speed video
Passive motion capture system
Active motion capture system
Markerless motion capture system

Collecting kinetic data

Force plate
Pressure plate
Inertial sensor measurement system
Electromyography
Dynamometer

Kinematic data: GPS

Detects position
Calculates displacement
Calculates velocity
Calculates acceleration
Some systems have inertia sensors integrated to measure acceleration
Good whole body outputs, but no information on technique

Kinematic data: high speed video

Excellent tool for qualitative, visual, analysis
Can be further analysed with specialist software to get data
Easy to set up and use
Inexpensive
little expertise required

One camera is limited to 2D in direction of view

Maths linking two cameras 

required for 3D

Kinematic data: markerless motion capture (future)

Use of pattern recognition and arti cial intelligence to obtain data automatically, with no need for
markers
Will allow data collection in competitive situations
Reduces manual digitising time
We aren’t there quite yet in for competitive situations, some systems already working for lab
environments
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 2D perspective issues

Solution = need more than one camera to determine accurate

3D position

Camera frequency matches rate of change

(frequency = number of images taken per amount of
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Kinematic data: passive motion capture

Red light re ecting in markers, captured by a system of cameras

Accurate
Automate kinematics
Can sync with other equipment to automate kinetics too

Restricted environment
Expensive (for 3D)
Requires expert knowledge

Kinematic data: active motion capture

•Red LEDs
•Each marker unique frequency
•
•Limited volume
•Limited to battery life/wires
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 Kinetic/kinematic data: Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU)
Wearable
Automate kinematics & kinetics

Heavy, battery life

Can be expensive
Storage
Sensitivity

Only need one per segment

Need to calibrate to understand relative location
Often placed close to the midpoint near COM 

(can cause soft tissue problems)

Kinetic data: force plates

Most common means of quantify ground reaction forces

Assess the magnitude and direction of the applied force

Accurate

Can be synched with other systems

Needs to be mounted/installed for many sport actions

Summary
We have tools to record kinetic and kinematic data

We can sync to use several at the same time

We can apply mathematical tools to calculate ones from others:

Di erentiating takes us position -> velocity -> acceleration, an F=ma gives us forces

Integrating takes us acceleration -> velocity -> position

We’ve seen:

High speed

Motion capture (2D, 3D, passive, active)

IMUs

Force plates

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