EE251 Notes5 - Simultaneous Faults

Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute
University of the Philippines Diliman
EE 251
Fault Studies
Notes No. 5
Simultaneous Fault
Two-Port Network
I1 I2
+ RLC +
V1 V2
-
Network -
I1 I2
Impedance or Z parameters
V1 z11 z12 I1
= or V = ZI
V2 z21 z22 I2
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE 251 – Fault Studies

University of the Philippines Diliman 2
1
I1 I2
+ RLC +
V1 V2
- Network -
I1 I2
Admittance or Y parameters
I1 y11 y12 V1
=
I2 y 21 y 22 V2
or
I = YV

I1 I2
+ RLC +
V1 V2
- Network -
I1 I2
Hybrid or H parameters
V1 h11 h12 I1
=
I2 h21 h22 V2
or
U = HW

2
Example: For the electric circuit shown, find the Z
parameters.
2 4
+ +
I1 I2
V1 5 V2
- -
From the defining equations,
V1  z11I1  z12I2 and V2  z21I1  z22I2

we get
V1
z11   7
I1 I2  0

V2
z21   5
I1 I2  0
Similarly, we get
V1
z12   5
I2 I1  0
V2
z22   9
I2 I1  0
Note: z12=z21

3
We can also write voltage equations for the input
and output ports. For the input side, we get
V1  2I1  5(I1  I2 )  7I1  5I2
Compare with V1  z11I1  z12I2 . We get
z11  7 and z12  5
Similarly for the output side, we get
V2  4I2  5(I1  I2 )  5I1  9I2

Compare with V2  z21I1  z22I2. We get
z21  5 and z22  9

Example: For the electric circuit shown, find the Y

parameters.
2 4
+ +
I1 I2
V1 5 V2
- -
From the defining equations,
I1  y11V1  y12V2 and I2  y21V1  y22V2

we get
I1 I2
y11  and y21 
V1 V2  0
V1 V2  0

4
Let V2=0.
2 4
+ +
I1 I2
V1 5 V2=0
- -
V1 5(4) 38
zin  2  
I1 54 9
or
9 1
y11  
38
Using current division, we get
5 5
 I2  I1  I1
54 9

Since I1=y11V1 when V2=0, we get

5
 I2  y11V1
9
or
I2 5 5 1
y21    y11   
V1 9 38
Also from the defining equations, we get
I1 I2
y12  and y22 
V2 V1  0
V2 V1  0

5
Let V1=0.
2 4
+ +
I1 I2
V1=0 5 V2
- -
V2 5(2) 38
zout  4  
I2 52 7
or
7 1
y22  
38
Using current division, we get
5 5
 I1  I2  I2
52 7

Since I2=y22V2 when V1=0, we get

5
 I1  y22V2
7
or
I1 5 5 1
y12    y22   
V2 7 38
We can also get the Y parameters by taking the
inverse of the matrix of the Z parameters.
7 5 1 9 5
Z=  Y=Z-1= -1
5 9 38 5 7
Note: y12=y21

6
Two-Port Network with Sources
I1 I2
+ RLC & +
V1 V2
-
Sources -
I1 I2
Assume all internal sources are independent. With
all sources set to zero, the network is described by
either (1) V = ZI
(2) I = YV
(3) U = HW

With all sources active, the network will be

described, respectively, by
(1) V = ZI + Vs
(2) I = YV + Is
(3) U = HW + Us
where
(1) Vs = V when I = 0 (open circuit)
(2) Is = I when V = 0 (short circuit)
(3) Us = U when W = 0 (open/short)

7
Example: For the electric circuit shown, find the Z
parameters. 
- V1 +
  
I1 I1 I2
j0.1 j0.5 - j0.12
j0.12  j0.15
 + V2 +
EG1 EG2
+
- -
  
EG1  1.130o I2 EG2  1.00o
First, re-draw the circuit so that it looks like a two-

port network.


+
 EG1  -  +
 I1 EG2 I2 
V1  +  V2
I1 j0.27 I2
- -
Next, reduce the sources to zero and find the Z

parameters.
+
  +
 I1 I2 
V1  j0.27  V2
I1 I2
- -
     
V1  z11 I1  z12 I2 and V2  z21 I1  z22 I2

8

V1
z11    j(0.5  0.27  0.22)  j0.99
I1 I  0
2

V
z21  2   j0.27
I1 I  0
2

V
z22  2  j0.27
I2 I  0
1
We get z11 z12 j0.99  j0.27

Z= =
z21 z22  j0.27 j0.27

When the sources are active, we get

  
V1 z11 z12 I Vz1
 = 1 + 
V2 z21 z22 I2 Vz2
     
If I1  I2  0, then Vz1  V1 and Vz2  V2 . By
inspection, we get
  
Vz1  EG2  EG1  1.0  1.130o
 0.552  85.08o
 
Vz2  EG2  1.00o

9
Series Connection
Two two-port networks are connected in series if
their input currents are the same and their output
currents are likewise the same.
+ Network +
I1 V1a V2a I2
A
V1 V2
I1 Network I2
- V1b V2b -
B
Problem: Find the over-all Z parameters.

For two-port network A, we get
V1a z11(a) z12(a) I1

=
V2a z21(a) z22(a) I2
Similarly for two-port network B, we get
V1b z11(b) z12(b) I1

=
V2b z21(b) z22(b) I2
The terminal conditions are
V1=V1a+V1b and V2=V2a+V2b

10
Adding the two-port network equations, we get
V1 (z11(a)  z11(b) ) (z12(a)  z12(b) ) I1

=
V2 (z21(a)  z21(b) ) (z22(a)  z22(b) ) I2
Remarks:
(1) For two two-port networks in series, the
over-all Z parameters is the sum of the
individual Z parameters.
(2) This result applies to any number of two-
port networks in series.
(3) Series-connected two-port networks must
be described using the Z parameters.

Parallel Connection
Two two-port networks are connected in parallel if
their input voltages are the same and their output
voltages are likewise the same.
+ Network +
I1 I1a I2a I2
A
V1 V2
I1 Network I2
- I1b I2b -
B
Problem: Find the over-all Y parameters.

11
I1a y11(a) y12(a) V1

=
I2 a y21(a) y22(a) V2
I1b y11(b) y12(b) V1

=
I2b y21(b) y22(b) V2
I1=I1a+I1b and I2=I2a+I2b

I1 (y11(a)  y11(b) ) (y12(a)  y12(b) ) V1

=
I2 (y21(a)  y21(b) ) (y22(a)  y22(b) ) V2
Remarks:
(1) For two two-port networks in parallel, the
over-all Y parameters is the sum of the
individual Y parameters.
port networks in parallel.
(3) Parallel-connected two-port networks must
be described using the Y parameters.

12
Hybrid Connection
Two two-port networks are connected in hybrid if
one port is connected in series and the other port
is connected in parallel.
+ Network +
I1 V1a I2a I2
A
V1 V2
I1 Network I2
- V1b I2b -
B
Problem: Find the over-all H parameters.

V1a h11(a) h12(a) I1

= h h22(a)
I2a 21(a) V2
V1b h11(b) h12(b) I1

=
I2b h21(b) h22(b) V2
V1=V1a+V1b and I2=I2a+I2b

13
V1 (h11(a)  h11(b) ) (h12(a)  h12(b) ) I1

=
I2 (h21(a)  h21(b) ) (h22(a)  h22(b) ) V2
Remarks:
(1) For two two-port networks in hybrid
connection, the over-all H parameters is
the sum of the individual H parameters.
port networks in hybrid connection.
(3) Hybrid-connected two-port networks must
be described using the H parameters.

Series Network Connection

1:n0
Z 

F0 + Ia0 - I0
Zg 0 Va0 V0
K0 - +
K=M Zg0 1:n1 
K=N Zg0=Z
- I1

Zg0=3Zg F1 + Ia1
1 Va1 V1
Symmetrical Phase Shift K1 - +
Phase n0 n1 n2
Z 1:n2 
a 1 1 1
- I2

F2 + Ia2
b 1 a2 a 2 Va2 V2
c 1 a a2 K2 - +
Z
14
Parallel Network Connection
1:n0 
Z  I0
F0 + Ia0 -
Z 0 Va0 V0
Z Z
K0 - +
Zg
K=M Zg0 1:n1 
K=N Zg0=Z  I1
Zg0=Z+3Zg F1 + Ia1 -
1 Va1 V1
Symmetrical Phase Shift K1 - +
Phase n0 n1 n2
Z 1:n2 
a 1 1 1  I2
F2 + Ia2 -
b 1 a2 a 2 Va2 V2
c 1 a a2 K2 - +
Z
Simultaneous
  Fault Connection

I10 Ik 0 Ik'0 I
nk0:1 1:nk’0 20
+ + K0 K’0 + +
V10 Vk 0 Vk '0 V20
- - F0 F’0 - -
   
I11 Ik1 Ik '1 I21
nk1:1 1:nk’1
+ K1 K’1 +
+ +
V11 Vk1 Vk '1 V21
- - F1 F’1 - -
   
I12 Ik 2 Ik '2 I22
nk2:1 1:nk’2
+ + K2 K’2 + +
V12 Vk 2 Vk '2 V22
- - F2 F’2 - -

15
Series-Series Connection
A series-series connection of two-port sequence
networks is required to represent the following
simultaneous faults:
(1) SLG fault at F and SLG fault at F’;
(2) SLG fault at F and two lines open at F’;
(3) Two lines open at F and two lines open at F’.
The interconnected two-port sequence networks

must be represented by Z parameters.

Sequence
  
Network Connection
  
I1 I10 Ik 0 Ik'0 I I
nk0:1 1:nk’0 20 2
+ + K0 K’0 + +
V10 Vk 0 0 Vk '0 V20
- - F0 F’0 - -
   
I11 Ik1 Ik '1 I21
nk1:1 1:nk’1
 
+  +
K1 K’1 + + 
V1 V11 Vk1 1 Vk '1 V21 V2
- - F1 F’1 - -
   
I12 Ik 2 Ik '2 I22
nk2:1 1:nk’2
+ + K2 K’2 + +
V12 Vk 2 2 Vk '2 V22
- - F2 F’2 - -

16
Positive Sequence Network:
   
I11 Ik1 Ik '1 I21
nk1:1 1:nk’1
K1 K’1
+ + + +
V11 Vk1 Vk '1 V21
- - F1 F’1 - -
   
V11 I11 V21 I
nk1     nk'1    21
Vk1 Ik1 Vk'1 Ik'1
Using Z parameters, we get
   
Vk1  z11(1)Ik1  z12(1)Ik'1  Vz1
   
Vk'1  z21(1)Ik1  z22(1)Ik'1  Vz2

Multiply the first equation by nk1

  nk'1  
nk1Vk1  z11(1)nk1Ik1  z12(1)nk1 Ik'1  nk1Vz1
nk'1
or    
nk1
V11  z11(1)I11  z12(1) I21  nk1Vz1
nk'1
Similarly, multiply the second equation by nk’1. We
get
 nk1   
nk'1Vk'1  z21(1)nk'1Ik1  z22(1)nk'1Ik'1  nk'1Vz2
nk1
or    
n
V21  k'1 z21(1) I11  z22(1) I21  nk'1Vz2
nk1

17
Negative Sequence Network:
   
I12 Ik 2 Ik '2 I22
nk2:1 1:nk’2
K2 K’2
+ + + +
V12 Vk 2 Vk '2 V22
- - F2 F’2 - -
   
V12 I12 V22 I
nk2     nk'2    22
Vk2 Ik2 Vk'2 Ik'2
Using Z parameters, we get
  
Vk2  z11(2)Ik2  z12(2)Ik'2
  
Vk'2  z21(2)Ik2  z22(2)Ik'2


  nk'2 
nk2 Vk2  z11(2)nk2 Ik2  z12(2)nk2 Ik'2
nk'2
or   
n
V12  z11(2) I12  k2 z12(2) I22
nk'2
get
 nk2  
nk'2 Vk'2  z21(2)nk'2 Ik2  z22(2)nk'2 Ik'2
nk2
or
 n  
V22  k'2 z21(2)I12  z22(2) I22
nk2

18
Zero Sequence Network:
   
I10 Ik 0 Ik'0 I
nk0:1 1:nk’0 20
+ + K0 K’0 + +
V10 Vk 0 Vk '0 V20
- F0 - F’0 - -
   
V I V20 I
nk 0  10  10  1 nk'0    20  1
Vk 0 Ik 0 Vk'0 Ik'0
Using Z parameters, it can be shown that
  
V10  z11(0)I10  z12(0)I20
  
V20  z21(0)I10  z22(0)I20

The two-port sequence networks are connected in

series. Thus, the over-all Z parameters equals the
sum of the individual Z parameters.
z11  z11(0)  z11(1)  z11(2)
nk1 n
z12  z12(0)  z12(1)  k2 z12(2)
nk'1 nk'2
nk'1 n
z21  z21(0)  z21(1)  k'2 z21(2)
nk1 nk2
z22  z22(0)  z22(1)  z22(2)

19
   
V1  0  V10  V11  V12
   
V2  0  V20  V21  V22
   
I1  I10  I11  I12
   
I2  I20  I21  I22
The resulting equations are
   
V1  0  z11 I1  z12 I2  nk1Vz1
   
V2  0  z21 I1  z22 I2  nk '1Vz2
 
which are solved for I1 and I2 .

Example: For the power system shown, consider

the following fault: at point F, phases a and b are
open; at point F’, a SLG fault in phase b.
T1 T2
F F’
G1 G2
B C
 o
G1: X1=X2=0.12 X0=0.1 E
 G1  1.130
G2: X1=X2=0.15 X0=0.13 EG2  1.00o
T1: X=0.1 T2: X=0.12
Line: X1=X2=0.5 X0=1.0
Find the phase currents and phase voltages at the
location of circuit breakers B and C.

20
We get a series connection both at F and F’. We
need to find the Z parameters.
Zero-Sequence Network:
F0 K0 F’0

j0.1  Ik'0 j0.12
B Ik 0 C
j1.0
j0.13

Ik'0
K’0
Re-draw to make it look like a two-port network.

K0   +K’0
+
 Ik 0 Ik '0 
Vk 0  j0.25  V
k '0
Ik 0 C Ik '0
- -
F0 B F’0
We get
  
Vk0  z11(0)Ik0  z12(0)Ik'0
  
Vk'0  z21(0)Ik0  z22(0)Ik'0
where

V
z11(0)  k0  j(1.0  0.25  0.1)  j1.35
Ik 0 
Ik '0  0

21

Vk '0
z21(0)     j0.25
Ik 0 
Ik ' 0  0

Vk '0
z22(0)    j0.25
Ik '0 
Ik 0  0
Thus, for the zero-sequence two-port network, we

get
 
Vk 0 j1.35  j0.25 I
 = k 0
Vk '0  j0.25 j0.25 Ik '0

Negative- F2 K2
 F’2
Sequence j0.1  Ik '2 j0.12
Network: B
Ik 2 C
J0.5
j0.12 j0.15

Ik '2
K’2
Re-draw the network.
K2   +K’2
+
 Ik 2 Ik '2 
Vk 2  j0.27  V
Ik 2 C Ik '2
k '2
- -
F2 B F’2

22
The network is described by
  
Vk2  z11(2)Ik2  z12(2)Ik'2
  
Vk'2  z21(2)Ik2  z22(2)Ik'2
Following the same procedure as in the zero-

sequence two-port network, we get
 
Vk 2 j0.99  j0.27 I
 = k 2
Vk '2  j0.27 j0.27 Ik '2

Positive- F1 K1
 F’1
Network: B Ik1 C
j0.5
j0.12 j0.15
 + +
EG1 EG2
-  -
Ik '1
K’1

K1
+  EG1  -  + K’1
 Ik1 EG2 Ik '1 
Vk1  +  V
Ik1 j0.27 I k '1
k '1
- C -
F1 B F’1

23
The two-port network is described by
  
Vk1 j0.99  j0.27 Ik1 Vz1
 =  + 
Vk '1  j0.27 j0.27 Ik'1 Vz2
In a previous example, we showed that
  
Vz1  EG2  EG1  0.552  85.08o
 
Vz2  EG2  1.00o
Phase Shifting Transformers:
At F: nk0=1 nk1=a nk2=a2
At F’: nk’0=1 nk’1=a2 nk’2=a

Over-all Z Parameters:
z11  z11(0)  z11(1)  z11(2)  j3.33

nk1 n
z12  z12(0)  z12(1)  k2 z12(2)
nk'1 nk'2
2
 z12(0)  a z12(1)  az12(2)  j0.02
nk'1 n
z21  z21(0)  z21(1)  k'2 z21(2)
nk1 nk2
2
 z21(0)  az21(1)  a z21(2)  j0.02
z22  z22(0)  z22(1)  z22(2)  j0.79

24
   
V1  0  z11 I1  z12 I2  nk1Vz1
   
V2  0  z21 I1  z22 I2  nk '1Vz2
Substitution gives
 
j3.33I1  j0.02I2  0.552214.92o
 
j0.02I1  j0.79I2  1.0  120o
Solving simultaneously, we get

I1  0.159123.76o

I2  1.262150.08o

The zero-sequence currents are

 
Ik 0  I1  0.159123.76o
 
Ik'0  I2  1.262150.08o
The positive-sequence currents are
 
I  1
I  0.1593.76o
 k1 a 1

Ik '1  1
I  1.262  89.92o
a2 2
The negative-sequence currents are

 
Ik 2  1
a2
I1  0.159  116.24o
 
Ik'2  1
I  1.26230.08o
a 2

25
Sequence currents at circuit breaker B
 
Ia0  Ik 0  0.159123.76o
 
Ia1  Ik1  0.1593.76o
 
Ia2  Ik2  0.159  116.24o
Phase currents at circuit breaker B

   
Ia  Ia0  Ia1  Ia2  0
   
Ib  Ia0  a2 Ia1  a Ia2  0
   
Ic  Ia0  a Ia1  a2 Ia2  0.477123.76o

Sequence voltages at circuit breaker B

 
Va0   j0.1Ik 0  0.01633.76o
  
Va1  EG1  j0.22Ik1  1.08528.34o
 
Va2   j0.22Ik2  0.035153.76o
Phase voltages at circuit breaker B

   
Va  Va0  Va1  Va2  1.08129.93o
   
Vb  Va0  a2 Va1  aVa2  1.111  90.82o
   
Vc  Va0  aVa1  a2 Va2  1.065145.85o

26
Sequence currents at circuit breaker C
  
Ia0C  Ik'0  Ik 0  1.122153.68o
  
Ia1C  Ik'1  Ik1  1.282  97.02o
  
Ia2C  Ik'2  Ik2  1.39733.70o
Phase currents at circuit breaker C

   
Ia  Ia0C  Ia1C  Ia2C  0
   
Ib  Ia0C  a2 Ia1C  a Ia2C  3.787150.08o
   
Ic  Ia0C  a Ia1C  a2 Ia2C  0.477  56.24o

Sequence voltages at circuit breaker C

 
Va0   j0.25Ia0C  0.2863.68o
  
Va1  EG2  j0.27Ia1C  0.6583.69o
 
Va2   j0.27Ia2C  0.377  56.3o
Phase voltages at circuit breaker C

   
Va  Va0  Va1  Va2  0.99  1.16o
   
Vb  Va0  a2 Va1  aVa2  0
   
Vc  Va0  aVa1  a2 Va2  0.99128.55o

27
The Simultaneous Fault
F F’
a a’
b b’
c c’
   
Ia  Ib  0 Ia'  Vb '  0
 
Ic  0.48123.8o I '  3.79150.1o
 b
Va  1.0829.9o Ic '  0.48  56.2o
 
Vb  1.11  90.8o Va'  0.99  1.2o
 
Vc  1.06145.8o Vc '  0.99128.6o

Parallel- Parallel Connection

A parallel- parallel connection of two-port sequence
(1) DLG fault at F and DLG fault at F’;
(2) DLG fault at F and one line open at F’;
(3) One line open at F and one line open at F’.

must be represented by Y parameters.

28
Sequence
 
Network Connection
 
I10 Ik 0 Ik'0 I
nk0:1 1:nk’0 20
+ + K0 K’0 + +
V10 Vk 0 0 Vk '0 V20
- - F0 F’0 - -
     
I1 I11 Ik1 Ik '1 I21 I2
nk1:1 1:nk’1
K1 K’1 +

+ +  + 
+ +
V1 V11 Vk1 1 Vk '1 V21 V2
- - - F1 F’1 - - -
   
I12 Ik 2 Ik '2 I22
nk2:1 1:nk’2
K2 K’2
 +  +  + 
+
V12 Vk 2 2 Vk '2 V22
- - F2 F’2 - -


   
I11 Ik1 Ik '1 I21
nk1:1 1:nk’1
+ K1 K’1 +
+ +
V11 Vk1 Vk '1 V21
- - F1 F’1 - -
   
V11 I11 V21 I
nk1     nk'1    21
Vk1 Ik1 Vk'1 Ik'1
Using Y parameters, we get
   
Ik1  y11(1)Vk1  y12(1)Vk'1  Iy1
   
Ik'1  y21(1)Vk1  y22(1)Vk'1  Iy2

29
  n  
nk1Ik1  y11(1)nk1Vk1  k'1 y12(1)nk1Vk'1  nk1Iy1
nk'1
or    
n
I11  y11(1)V11  k1 y12(1)V21  nk1Iy1
nk'1
get
 n   
nk'1Ik'1  k1 y21(1)nk'1Vk1  y22(1)nk'1Vk'1  nk'1Iy2
nk1
or    
nk'1
I21  y21(1)V11  y22(1)V21  nk'1Iy2
nk1


   
I12 Ik 2 Ik '2 I22
nk2:1 1:nk’2
+ + K2 K’2 + +
V12 Vk 2 Vk '2 V22
- - F2 F’2 - -
   
V12 I12 V22 I
nk2     nk'2    22
Vk2 Ik2 Vk'2 Ik'2
Using Y parameters, we get
  
Ik2  y11(2)Vk2  y12(2)Vk'2
  
Ik'2  y21(2)Vk2  y22(2)Vk'2

30
  n 
nk2 Ik2  y11(2)nk2 Vk2  k'2 y12(2)nk2 Vk'2
nk'2
or   
nk2
I12  y11(2)V12  y12(2)V22
nk'2
get
 n  
nk'2 Ik'2  k2 y21(2)nk'2 Vk2  y22(2)nk'2 Vk'2
nk2
or   
nk'2
I22  y21(2)V12  y22(2)V22
nk2


   
I10 Ik 0 Ik'0 I
nk0:1 1:nk’0 20
+ + K0 K’0 + +
V10 Vk 0 Vk '0 V20
- F0 - F’0 - -
   
V I V20 I
nk 0  10  10  1 nk'0    20  1
Vk 0 Ik 0 Vk'0 Ik'0
Using Y parameters, it can be shown that
  
I10  y11(0)V10  y12(0)V20
  
I20  y21(0)V10  y22(0)V20

31
parallel. Thus, the over-all Y parameters equals the
sum of the individual Y parameters.
y11  y11(0)  y11(1)  y11(2)
nk1 n
y12  y12(0)  y12(1)  k2 y12(2)
nk'1 nk'2
nk'1 n
y21  y21(0)  y21(1)  k'2 y21(2)
nk1 nk2
y22  y22(0)  y22(1)  y22(2)


   
I1  0  I10  I11  I12
   
I2  0  I20  I21  I22
   
V1  V10  V11  V12
   
V2  V20  V21  V22
   
I1  0  y11V1  y12V2  nk1Iy1
   
I2  0  y21V1  y22V2  nk'1Iy2
 
which are solved for V1 and V2.

32
the following fault: at point F, phase b is open; at
point F’, a DLG fault in phases b and c.
T1 T2
F F’
G1 G2
B C
 o
G1: X1=X2=0.12 X0=0.1 E
 G1  1.130
G2: X1=X2=0.15 X0=0.13 EG2  1.00o
T1: X=0.1 T2: X=0.12
Line: X1=X2=0.5 X0=1.0

We get a parallel connection both at F and F’. We

need to find the Y parameters.
F0 K0 F’0

j0.1  Ik'0 j0.12
B Ik 0 C
j1.0
j0.13

Ik'0
K’0

33
K0   +K’0
+
 Ik 0 Ik '0 
Vk 0  j0.25  V
k '0
Ik 0 C Ik '0
- -
F0 B F’0
  
Ik0  y11(0)Vk0  y12(0)Vk'0
  
Ik'0  y21(0)Vk0  y22(0)Vk'0
We get
 
I  j0.909  j0.909 Vk 0
k 0 = 
Ik '0  j0.909  j4.909 Vk '0

Negative- F2 K2
 F’2
Network: B
Ik 2 C
J0.5
j0.12 j0.15

Ik '2
K’2
K2   +K’2
+
 Ik 2 Ik '2 
Vk 2  j0.27  V
Ik 2 C Ik '2
k '2
- -
F2 B F’2

34
We get
 
I  j1.389  j1.389 Vk 2
k 2 = 
Ik '2  j1.389  j5.093 Vk '2
Positive-Sequence Network:
F1 K1
 F’1
j0.1  Ik '1 j0.12
B Ik1 C
j0.5
j0.12 j0.15
 + +
EG1 EG2
-  -
Ik '1
K’1


K1
+ 
EG1  -  + K’1
 Ik1 EG2 Ik '1 
Vk1  +  V
Ik1 j0.27 I k '1
k '1
- C -
F1 B F’1
We get
  
I  j1.389  j1.389 Vk1 Iy1
k1 =  + 
Ik'1  j1.389  j5.093 Vk '1 Iy 2

35
When Vk1=Vk’1=0, we get

K1  EG1  -  K’1
Iy1 EG2 Iy2
+ 
j0.27 Iw
F1 F’1
From KVL, we get
 
EG1  j(0.22  0.5)Iy1
which gives
 1.130o
Iy1  o
 1.528  60o
0.7290

Similarly from KVL, we get

 
EG2  j0.27Iw
or 
Iw  3.704  90o
From KCL, we get

  
Iy2  Iy1  Iw  5.084  81.36o
At F: nk0=1 nk1=a2 nk2=a
At F’: nk’0=1 nk’1=1 nk’2=1

36
Over-all Y Parameters:
y11  y11(0)  y11(1)  y11(2)   j3.687

n n
y12  y12(0)  k1 y12(1)  k2 y12(2)
nk'1 nk'2
 y12(0)  a2y12(1)  ay12(2)  j0.48
nk'1 n
y21  y21(0)  y21(1)  k'2 y21(2)
nk1 nk2
 y21(0)  ay21(1)  a2y21(2)  j0.48
y22  y22(0)  y22(1)  y22(2)   j15.094


   
I1  0  y11V1  y12V2  nk1Iy1
   
I2  0  y21V1  y22V2  nk'1Iy2
Substitution gives
 
0   j3.687V1  j0.48V2  1.528
 
0  j0.48V1  j15.094V2  5.084  81.36o

V1  0.41296.07o

V2  0.336  173.59o

37
The zero-sequence two-port voltages are
 
Vk 0  V1  0.41296.07o
 
Vk'0  V2  0.336  173.59o
The positive-sequence two-port voltages are
  
Vk1  1
nk 1
V1  a12 V1  0.412216.07o
   o
Vk '1  1
nk '1
V 2  V 2  0.336  173.59
The negative-sequence two-port voltages are

  
Vk 2  1
nk 2
V1  1a V1  0.412  23.93o
   o
Vk '2  1
nk '2
V 2  V 2  0.336  173.59

From the zero-sequence two-port network, we get

 
I  j0.909  j0.909 Vk 0
k 0 = 
Ik '0  j0.909  j4.909 Vk '0
or

I  j0.909  j0.909 0.41296.07o
k 0 =
Ik '0  j0.909  j4.909 0.336  173.59o
which gives

Ik 0  0.48245.46o

Ik'0  1.69283.63o

38
From the negative-sequence two-port network,
 
I  j1.389  j1.389 Vk 2
k 2 = 
Ik '2  j1.389  j5.093 Vk '2
or

I  j1.389  j1.389 0.412  23.93o
k 2 =
Ik '2  j1.389  j5.093 0.336  173.59o
which gives

Ik 2  0.29  168.41o

Ik '2  1.254109.74o

From the positive-sequence two-port network,

  
I  j1.389  j1.389 Vk1 Iy1
k1 =  + 
Ik'1  j1.389  j5.093 Vk '1 Iy 2

where Vk1  0.412216.07o

Vk '1  0.336  173.59o

Iy1  1.528  60o

Iy2  5.084  81.36o
We get 
Ik1  0.546  46.59o

Ik '1  2.871  85.29o

39
Sequence currents at circuit breaker B
 
Ia0  Ik 0  0.48245.46o
 
Ia1  Ik1  0.546  46.59o
 
Ia2  Ik2  0.29  168.41o

   
Ia  Ia0  Ia1  Ia2  0.443  14.52o
   
Ib  Ia0  a2 Ia1  a Ia2  0
   
Ic  Ia0  a Ia1  a2 Ia2  1.28362.85o

Sequence voltages at circuit breaker B

 
Va0   j0.1Ik 0  0.048  44.54o
  
Va1  EG1  j0.22Ik1  0.98428.38o
 
Va2   j0.22Ik2  0.064  258.41o

   
Va  Va0  Va1  Va2  1.01629.23o
   
Vb  Va0  a2 Va1  aVa2  1.06  92.23o
   
Vc  Va0  aVa1  a2 Va2  0.874148.13o

40
Sequence currents at circuit breaker C
  
Ia0C  Ik'0  Ik 0  1.34696.41o
  
Ia1C  Ik'1  Ik1  2.46993.23o
  
Ia2C  Ik'2  Ik2  1.24696.41o

   
Ia  Ia0C  Ia1C  Ia2C  0.443165.48o
   
Ib  Ia0C  a2 Ia1C  a Ia2C  3.764148.78o
   
Ic  Ia0C  a Ia1C  a2 Ia2C  3.74531.4o

Sequence voltages at circuit breaker C

 
Va0   j0.25Ia0C  0.3366.41o
  
Va1  EG2  j0.27Ia1C  0.3366.41o
 
Va2   j0.27Ia2C  0.3366.41o

   
Va  Va0  Va1  Va2  1.016.41o
   
Vb  Va0  a2 Va1  aVa2  0
   
Vc  Va0  aVa1  a2 Va2  0

41
F F’
a a’
b b’
c c’
 
Ia  0.44  14.5o Ia'  0.44165.5o
I 0 
 b Ib '  3.76148.8o
Ic  1.2862.8o 
 Ic '  3.7431.4o
V
 a
 1.0229.2o 
Vb  1.06  92.2o Va'  1.016.41o
  
Vc  0.87148.1o Vb '  Vc '  0

Series-Parallel Connection
A series - parallel connection of two-port sequence
(1) SLG fault at F and DLG fault at F’;
(2) SLG fault at F and one line open at F’;
(3) Two lines open at F and DLG fault at F’.
(4) Two lines open at F and one line open at F’.

must be represented by H parameters.

42
Sequence
  
Network Connection
 
I1 I10 Ik 0 Ik'0 I
nk0:1 1:nk’0 20
+ + K0 K’0 + +
V10 Vk 0 0 Vk '0 V20
- - F0 F’0 - -
    
I11 Ik1 Ik '1 I21 I2
nk1:1 1:nk’1
 +  +
K1 K’1 + 
+ +
V1 V11 Vk1 1 Vk '1 V21 V2
- - F1 F’1 - - -
   
I12 Ik 2 Ik '2 I22
nk2:1 1:nk’2
K2 K’2
 +  +  + 
+
V12 Vk 2 2 Vk '2 V22
- - F2 F’2 - -


   
I11 Ik1 Ik '1 I21
nk1:1 1:nk’1
+ K1 K’1 +
+ +
V11 Vk1 Vk '1 V21
- - F1 F’1 - -
   
V11 I11 V21 I
nk1     nk'1    21
Vk1 Ik1 Vk'1 Ik'1
Using H parameters, we get
   
Vk1  h11(1)Ik1  h12(1)Vk'1  Vh1
   
Ik'1  h21(1)Ik1  h22(1)Vk'1  Ih2

43
  n  
nk1Vk1  h11(1)nk1Ik1  k'1 h12(1)nk1Vk'1  nk1Vh1
nk'1
or    
nk1
V11  h11(1) I11  h12(1)V21  nk1Vh1
nk'1
get
 n   
nk'1Ik'1  k1 h21(1)nk'1Ik1  h22(1)nk'1Vk'1  nk'1Ih2
nk1
or    
nk'1
I21  h21(1) I11  h22(1)V21  nk'1Ih2
nk1


   
I12 Ik 2 Ik '2 I22
nk2:1 1:nk’2
+ + K2 K’2 + +
V12 Vk 2 Vk '2 V22
- - F2 F’2 - -
   
V12 I12 V22 I
nk2     nk'2    22
Vk2 Ik2 Vk'2 Ik'2
Using H parameters, we get
  
Vk2  h11(2)Ik2  h12(2)Vk'2
  
Ik'2  h21(2)Ik2  h22(2)Vk'2

44
  n 
nk2 Vk2  h11(2)nk2 Ik2  k'2 h12(2)nk2 Vk'2
nk'2
or   
nk2
V12  h11(2) I12  h12(2)V22
nk'2
get
 n  
nk'2 Ik'2  k2 h21(2)nk'2 Ik2  h22(2)nk'2 Vk'2
nk2
or   
nk'2
I22  h21(2)I12  h22(2)V22
nk2


   
I10 Ik 0 Ik'0 I
nk0:1 1:nk’0 20
+ + K0 K’0 + +
V10 Vk 0 Vk '0 V20
- F0 - F’0 - -
   
V I V20 I
nk 0  10  10  1 nk'0    20  1
Vk 0 Ik 0 Vk'0 Ik'0
Using H parameters, it can be shown that
  
V10  h11(0)I10  h12(0)V20
  
I20  h21(0)I10  h22(0)V20

45
hybrid. Thus, the over-all H parameters equals the
sum of the individual H parameters.
h11  h11(0)  h11(1)  h11(2)
nk1 n
h12  h12(0)  h12(1)  k2 h12(2)
nk'1 nk'2
nk'1 n
h21  h21(0)  h21(1)  k'2 h21(2)
nk1 nk2
h22  h22(0)  h22(1)  h22(2)


   
V1  0  V10  V11  V12
   
I2  0  I20  I21  I22
   
I1  I10  I11  I12
   
V2  V20  V21  V22
   
V1  0  h11 I1  h12 V2  nk1Vh1
   
I2  0  h21 I1  h22 V2  nk '1 Ih2
 
which are solved for I1 and V2.

46
the following fault: at point F, a SLG fault in phase
b; at point F’, a DLG fault in phases a and c.
T1 T2
F F’
G1 G2
B C
 o
G1: X1=X2=0.12 X0=0.1 E
 G1  1.130
G2: X1=X2=0.15 X0=0.13 EG2  1.00o
T1: X=0.1 T2: X=0.12
Line: X1=X2=0.5 X0=1.0

We get a series connection at F and a parallel con-

nection at F’. We need to find the H parameters.
F0 F’0
 
j0.1 Ik 0 Ik'0 j0.12
B C
j1.0
j0.13
 
Ik 0 Ik'0
K0 K’0

47
K0   K’0
+ +
 Ik 0 Ik '0 
Vk 0  j0.1 j0.25  Vk '0
Ik 0 B C Ik '0
- j1.0 -
F0 F’0
  
Vk0  h11(0)Ik0  h12(0)Vk'0
  
Ik'0  h21(0)Ik0  h22(0)Vk'0
We get
 
Vk 0 j0.091 0.091 I
 = k 0
Ik'0  0.091  j4.909 Vk '0

F2 F’2
 
Negative- Ik 2 Ik '2
Sequence j0.1 j0.12
B C
Network: j0.5
j0.12 j0.15
 
Ik 2 Ik '2
K2 K’2
K2   K’2
+ +
 Ik 2 Ik '2 
Vk 2  j0.22 j0.27  Vk '2
Ik 2 B C Ik '2
- j0.5 -
F2 F’2

48
We get
 
Vk2 j0.153 0.306 I
 = k 2
Ik'2  0.306  j5.093 Vk '2
Positive- F1 F’1
Sequence  
Network: j0.1 Ik1 Ik '1 j0.12
B C
j0.5
j0.12 j0.15
 + +
EG1 EG2
-   -
Ik1 Ik '1
K1 K’1

K1  -   -  K’1
+ +
 Ik1 EG1 EG2 Ik '1 
+ +
Vk1  j0.22 j0.27  Vk '1
Ik1 Ik '1
- B j0.5 C -
F1 F’1
We get
  
Vk1 j0.153 0.306 Ik1 Vh1
 =  + 
Ik '1  0.306  j5.093 Vk '1 Ih2

49
When Ik1=Vk’1=0, we get
K1 -   - 
+
 0 EG1 EG2 Ih2
+ +
Vh1  j0.22 j0.27 
Ix Iy
- B j0.5 C
F1
We get
 1.130o
Ix  o
 1.528  60o
0.7290
From KVL, we get
  
Vh1  j0.22Ix  EG1  0.764  150o

Similarly , we get
 1.00o
Iy  o
 3.704  90o
0.2790
From KCL, we get
  
Ih2  Ix  Iy  5.084  81.36o
At F: nk0=1 nk1=a2 nk2=a
At F’: nk’0=1 nk’1=a2 nk’2=a

50
Over-all H Parameters:
h11  h11(0)  h11(1)  h11(2)  j0.396

n n
h12  h12(0)  k1 h12(1)  k2 h12(2)
nk'1 nk'2
 h12(0)  h12(1)  h12(2)  0.702
nk'1 n
h21  h21(0)  h21(1)  k'2 h21(2)
nk1 nk2
 h21(0)  h21(1)  h21(2)  0.702
h22  h22(0)  h22(1)  h22(2)   j15.094


   
V1  0  h11 I1  h12 V2  nk1Vh1
   
I2  0  h21 I1  h22 V2  nk '1 Ih2
Substitution gives
 
0  j0.396I1  0.702V2  0.76490o
 
0  0.702I1  j15.094V2  5.084158.64o

I1  2.302175o

V2  0.23661.3o

51
The sequence currents at point F
 
Ik 0  I1  2.302175o
  
Ik1  n1k1 I1  a12 I1  2.302  65o
  
Ik 2  n1k 2 I1  1a I1  2.30255o
The sequence voltages at point F’

 
Vk'0  V2  0.23661.3o
  
Vk'1  nk1'1 V2  a12 V2  0.236181.3o
  
Vk'2  nk1'2 V2  1a V2  0.236  58.7o

From the zero-sequence two-port network, we get

  
Vk0  h11(0)Ik0  h12(0)Vk'0
or 
Vk 0  j0.091(2.302175o )
 0.091(0.23661.3o )
 0.190  92.4o
At breaker B, we get
 
Va0B  Vk 0  0.19087.6o

 Vk 0
Ia0B   1.898  182.4o
j0.1

52
At breaker C, we get
 
Va0C  Vk'0  0.236  118.7o

 Vk '0
Ia0C   0.944  28.7o
j0.25
From the positive-sequence two-port network, we
get    
Vk1  h11(1)Ik1  h12(1)Vk'1  Vh1
or

Vk1  j0.153(2.302  65o )
 0.306(0.236181.3o )  0.764  150o
 0.477  150.48o

 
Va1B  Vk1  0.47729.52o
 
 EG1  Vk1
Ia1B   2.833  59.64o
j0.22
 
Va1C  Vk'1  0.2361.3o
 
 EG2  Vk '1
Ia1C   2.83  90.4o
j0.27

53
From the negative-sequence two-port network, we
get   
Vk2  h11(2)Ik2  h12(2)Vk'2
or

Vk 2  j0.153(2.30255o )
 0.306(0.236  58.7o )
 0.287150.79o
 
Va2B  Vk2  0.287  29.21o

 Vk 2
Ia2B   1.30560.79o
j0.22

 
Va2C  Vk'2  0.236121.3o

 Vk '2
Ia2C   0.874  148.7o
j0.27

   
Va  Va0B  Va1B  Va2B  0.73122.9o
   
Vb  Va0B  a2 Va1B  aVa2B  0
   
Vc  Va0B  aVa1B  a Va2B  0.709156.35o
2

54
   
Ia  Ia0B  Ia1B  Ia2B  1.238  82o
   
Ib  Ia0B  a2 Ia1B  a Ia2B  6.035179.59o
   
Ic  Ia0B  a Ia1B  a2 Ia2B  1.43183.08o

   
Va  Va0C  Va1C  Va2C  0
   
Vb  Va0C  a2 Va1C  aVa2C  0.708  118.7o
   
Vc  Va0C  aVa1C  a2 Va2C  0


   
Ia  Ia0C  Ia1C  Ia2C  3.738  89.06o
   
Ib  Ia0C  a Ia1C  a Ia2C  1.014146.54o
2
   
Ic  Ia0C  a Ia1C  a2 Ia2C  3.7429.08o

55
F F’
a a’
b b’
c c’
 
Ia  1.24  82o Ia'  3.74  89.1o

Ib  6.03179.6o Ib '  1.01146.5o

I  1.4383.1o 
c Ic '  3.7429.1o
Va  0.7322.9o  
 Va'  Vc '  0
Vb 0 
 Vb '  0.71  118.7o
Vc  0.71156.3o

56

EE251 Notes5 - Simultaneous Faults

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Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute

University of the Philippines Diliman

Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE 251 – Fault Studies

Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE 251 – Fault Studies

Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE 251 – Fault Studies

From the defining equations,

V1  z11I1  z12I2 and V2  z21I1  z22I2

Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE 251 – Fault Studies

Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE 251 – Fault Studies

V2  4I2  5(I1  I2 )  5I1  9I2

z21  5 and z22  9

Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE 251 – Fault Studies

Example: For the electric circuit shown, find the Y

From the defining equations,

I1  y11V1  y12V2 and I2  y21V1  y22V2

Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE 251 – Fault Studies

Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE 251 – Fault Studies

Since I1=y11V1 when V2=0, we get

Also from the defining equations, we get

Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE 251 – Fault Studies

Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE 251 – Fault Studies

Since I2=y22V2 when V1=0, we get

Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE 251 – Fault Studies

Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE 251 – Fault Studies

With all sources active, the network will be

(1) Vs = V when I = 0 (open circuit)

(2) Is = I when V = 0 (short circuit)

(3) Us = U when W = 0 (open/short)

Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE 251 – Fault Studies

First, re-draw the circuit so that it looks like a two-

Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE 251 – Fault Studies

Next, reduce the sources to zero and find the Z

Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE 251 – Fault Studies

We get z11 z12 j0.99  j0.27

Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE 251 – Fault Studies

When the sources are active, we get

Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE 251 – Fault Studies

Problem: Find the over-all Z parameters.

Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE 251 – Fault Studies

For two-port network A, we get

V1a z11(a) z12(a) I1

Similarly for two-port network B, we get

V1b z11(b) z12(b) I1

The terminal conditions are

V1=V1a+V1b and V2=V2a+V2b

Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE 251 – Fault Studies

V1 (z11(a)  z11(b) ) (z12(a)  z12(b) ) I1

Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE 251 – Fault Studies

Problem: Find the over-all Y parameters.

Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE 251 – Fault Studies

I1a y11(a) y12(a) V1

Similarly for two-port network B, we get

I1b y11(b) y12(b) V1

The terminal conditions are

I1=I1a+I1b and I2=I2a+I2b

Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE 251 – Fault Studies

Adding the two-port network equations, we get

I1 (y11(a)  y11(b) ) (y12(a)  y12(b) ) V1

Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE 251 – Fault Studies

Problem: Find the over-all H parameters.

Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE 251 – Fault Studies

For two-port network A, we get

V1a h11(a) h12(a) I1