Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute

University of the Philippines Diliman

EE 251
Fault Studies

Notes No. 4
Change in Symmetry

Shunt Fault Point

 a
Ia   b
Ib Ic
c
   Za Zb Zc
Va Vb Vc 
3Ia0 Zg
Ground
 
Va Za  Zg Zg Zg I
 a
Vb = Zg Zb  Zg Zg Ib
 
Vc Zg Zg Zc  Zg Ic

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 Single Line-to-Ground Fault
For a fault in phase a, set Za=0, Zb=Zc=.

a
b
c  
    Ib Ic
Va Vb Vc Ia Zg

Ground
 
Boundary Conditions: (1) Va  ZgIa
 
(2) Ib  Ic  0

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From (2), we get 1:1

    
Ia0  Ia1  Ia2  1
3
Ia F0 + Ia0
Va0
From (1), we get N0 -
 
(Va0  3ZgIa0 ) 3Zg 1:1
   
 Va1  Va2  0 F1 + Ia1 1
Ia
Va1 3
N1 -

1:1

F2 + Ia2
Va2
N2 -

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2
For a fault in phase b, set Zb=0, Za=Zc=.

a
b
c  
   Ia  Ic
Va Vb Vc Ib Zg

Ground

 
Boundary Conditions: (1) Vb  ZgIb
 
(2) Ia  Ic  0

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From (2), we get 1:1

    
Ia0  a2 Ia1  a Ia2  1
3
Ib F0 + Ia0
Va0
From (1), we get N0 -
 
(Va0  3ZgIa0 ) 3Zg 1:a2
   
2
 a Va1  aVa2  0 F1 + Ia1 1
I
Va1 3 b
N1 -

1:a

F2 + Ia2
Va2
N2 -

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 Fault Diagram for SLG Fault
1:n0
Faulted Phase Shift 
F0 + Ia0
Phase n0 n1 n2 Va0
N0 -
a 1 1 1
3Zg 1:n1
b 1 a2 a
 
c 1 a a2
F1 + Ia1 1
I
Va1 3 F
N1 -

1:n2

F2 + Ia2
Va2
N2 -

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Double Line-to-Ground Fault

For a fault in phases b and c, set Zb=Zc=Z, Za=.
a
b
c   
   Ia Ib Z Z Ic
Va Vb Vc
Zg
Ground

Boundary Conditions: (1) Ia  0
  
(2) Vb  (Z  Zg )Ib  ZgIc
  
(3) Vc  (Z  Zg )Ic  ZgIb

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From (1), we get 1:1
   
Ia0  Ia1  Ia2  0 F0 + Ia0
Va0
From (2) and (3), we N0 -
get 3Zg+Z 1:1
 
Va1  Z Ia1 F1 +

  Ia1
 Va2  Z Ia2 Va1
N1 -
 
 Va0  (Z  3Zg )Ia0 Z 1:1

F2 + Ia2
Va2
N2 -

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Fault Diagram for DLG Fault

1:n0
Faulted Phase Shift 
F0 + Ia0
Phases n0 n1 n2 Va0
N0 -
bc 1 1 1
3Zg+Z 1:n1
ca 1 a2 a

ab 1 a a2
F1 + Ia1
Va1
N1 -

Z 1:n2

F2 + Ia2
Va2
N2 -

Z
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 Series Fault
 Point
f +Vfm  a- m
a  
Ia +V
fm b
- Za
b  
Ib +Vfm  c - Zb
c 
+
 +
 +
 Ic Zc +  +  +
Vf  a Vf b Vf  c Vm a Vmb Vm  c
- - - - - -

  
Vf  a  Vm  a Za I
  a
Vf b  Vm b = Zb Ib
  
Vf  c  Vm  c Zc Ic

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Fault Diagram for 1 Line Open

1:n0
Open Phase Shift  
F0  + Ia0 I0
Phase n0 n1 n2 N0 Vfm0
M0 -
a 1 1 1
Z 1:n1
b 1 a2 a
 
F1  + Ia1 I1
c 1 a a2 N1 Vfm 1
M1 -
Note: This is similar Z 1:n2
to the fault diagram  
F2  + Ia2
of a double line-to- I2
N2 Vfm 2
ground fault. M2 -

Z
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 Fault Diagram for 2 Lines Open
1:n0
Open Phase Shift 
F0  + Ia0
Phases n0 n1 n2 N0 Vfm0
M0 -
bc 1 1 1
Z 1:n1
ca 1 a2 a

F1  + Ia1
ab 1 a a2 N1 Vfm 1
M1 -
Note: This is similar Z 1:n2
to the fault diagram 
F2  + Ia2
of a single line-to- N2 Vfm 2
ground fault. M2 -

Z
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Example: Consider the power system shown. The

data for the system are expressed in per-unit of a
common MVA base. Assume a single line-to-ground
fault in phase a at point F. Find the phase currents
in the transmission line.
T1 T2
F
G1 G2

 o
G1: X1=X2=0.12 X0=0.1 E
 G1  1.230
o
G2: X1=X2=0.16 X0=0.13 EG2  1.00
T1: X=0.1 T2: X=0.12
Line: X1=X2=0.5 X0=1.0

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Positive-Sequence Network:
F1 
j0.1 j0.5 Ia1
 j0.12
j0.12 Ia1L  j0.16
 + Ix +
EG1 EG2
- N1 -

Get the Thevenin

 equivalent network between F1
and N1. With Ia1  0, we get
 1.230o  1.0
Ix   0.6013  3.74o
j1.0

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 
Vth  1.0  j0.28Ix  1.0259.44o
Z1  Z2  j(0.72 // 0.28)  j0.202

Zero-Sequence Network:
F0 
j0.1 j1.0 Ia0
 j0.12
Ia0L
j0.13
N0

Z0  j(1.1 // 0.25)  j0.204

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Sequence Fault Currents:
   1.0259.44o
Ia0  Ia1  Ia2 
j[2(0.202)  0.204]
 1.689  80.57o
Sequence Currents in the Line:
 0.25 
Ia0L  Ia0  0.313  80.57o
1.1  0.25
 0.28 
Ia2L  Ia2  0.473  80.57o
0.28  0.72

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Positive sequence voltage at the fault

  
Va1  Vth  Ia1Z1  0.6849.43o
From KVL, we get
o
 
1.230  j0.72Ia1L  Va1

Substitution gives Ia1L  0.845  36.74o

Phase Currents in the Line:

   
Ia  Ia0L  Ia1L  Ia2L  1.512  57.88o
   
Ib  Ia0L  a2 Ia1L  a Ia2L  0.497  136.48o
   
Ic  Ia0L  a Ia1L  a Ia2L  0.756112.75o
2

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Example: Consider the power system used in the
previous example. Assume a single line-to-ground
fault in phase b at point F. Find the phase currents
in the transmission line.
Since the fault is in phase b, we get

n0 = 1 n1 = a2 n2 = a

Sequence Fault Currents:

 
 n1Vth a2 Vth
Ia0  
Z1  Z2  Z0 Z1  Z2  Z0
1.025  110.56o
  1.689159.44o
j[2(0.202)  0.204]

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 
 Ia0 Ia0
Ia1   2  1.689  80.57o
n1 a
 
 I I
Ia2  a0  a0  1.68939.44o
n2 a
Sequence Currents in the Line:
 0.25 
Ia0L  Ia0  0.313159.44o
1.1  0.25
 0.28 
Ia2L  Ia2  0.47339.44o
0.28  0.72

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Positive sequence voltage at the fault
  
Va1  Vth  Ia1Z1  0.6849.43o
From KVL, we get
 
1.230o  j0.72Ia1L  Va1

Substitution gives Ia1L  0.845  36.74o

Phase Currents in the Line:

   
Ia  Ia0L  Ia1L  Ia2L  0.756  7.26o
   
Ib  Ia0L  a2 Ia1L  a Ia2L  1.512  177.8o
   
Ic  Ia0L  a Ia1L  a2 Ia2L  0.497103.52o

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
Ic


Fault in phase a Ic

  
Ib Ib Ia
 Fault in phase b
Ia
 
Ia  1.512  57.88o Ia  0.756  7.26o
 
Ib  0.497  136.48o Ib  1.512  177.8o
Ic  0.756112.75o Ic  0.497103.52o

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Example: Consider the power system used in the
previous example. Assume phase a is open at point
F. Find the phase currents in the transmission line.
Positive-Sequence  F1 M1

Network: I Ia1
j0.1 j0.5 a1
 j0.12
j0.12 Ia1L j0.16
 + +
EG1 EG2
- N1 -

Vth  1.230o  1.0  0.60186.26o
Z1  Z2  j1.0

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Zero-Sequence
Network:  F0 M0

j0.1 j1.0 Ia0 Ia0
 j0.12
Ia0L
j0.13
N0

Z0  j1.35
Sequence Fault Currents:

 Vth
Ia1   0.382  3.74o
Z1  Z2 // Z0

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  1.35 
Ia2   Ia1  0.219176.26o p.u.
1.35  1.0
  
Ia0  (Ia1  Ia2 )  0.162176.26o p.u.

Phase Currents in the Line:

   
Ia  Ia0  Ia1  Ia2  0
   
Ib  Ia0  a2 Ia1  a Ia2  0.575  118.83o
   
Ic  Ia0  a Ia1  a2 Ia2  0.575111.34o

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Example: Consider the power system used in the

previous example. Assume phase c is open at point
F. Find the phase currents in the transmission line.
Since the fault is in phase c, we get
n0 = 1 n1 = a n2 = a2
Using the generalized fault diagram, we get

 aVth
I1   0.382116.26o
Z1  Z2 // Z0
 1.35 
I2   I1  0.219  63.74o p.u.
1.35  1.0
  
I0  (I1  I2 )  0.162  63.74o p.u.

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Sequence Fault Currents:
 
Ia0  I0  0.162  63.74o p.u.

 I
Ia1  1  0.382  3.74o
a
 I
Ia2  22  0.21956.26o p.u.
a
Phase Currents in the Line:
   
Ia  Ia0  Ia1  Ia2  0.5751.17o
   
Ib  Ia0  a2 Ia1  a Ia2  0.575  128.66o
   
Ic  Ia0  a Ia1  a2 Ia2  0

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Series Network Connection

1:n0
Z 

F0 + Ia0 - I0
Zg 0 Va0 V0
K0 - +
K=M Zg0 1:n1 
K=N Zg0=Z
- I1

Zg0=3Zg F1 + Ia1
1 Va1 V1
Symmetrical Phase Shift K1 - +
Phase n0 n1 n2
Z 1:n2 
a 1 1 1
- I2

F2 + Ia2
b 1 a2 a 2 Va2 V2
c 1 a a2 K2 - +

Z
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 Parallel Network Connection
1:n0 
Z  I0
F0 + Ia0 -
Z 0 Va0 V0
Z Z
K0 - +
Zg
K=M Zg0 1:n1 
K=N Zg0=Z  I1
Zg0=Z+3Zg F1 + Ia1 -
1 Va1 V1
Symmetrical Phase Shift K1 - +
Phase n0 n1 n2
Z 1:n2 
a 1 1 1  I2
F2 + Ia2 -
b 1 a2 a 2 Va2 V2
c 1 a a2 K2 - +

Z
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Power Invariant Transformation

Consider an electrical network which is described
by the matrix voltage equation
V = ZI
where
V = vector of voltages, dimension n x 1
I = vector of currents, dimension n x 1
Z = impedance matrix, dimension n x n
Suppose we want to transform the old vector of
currents I to a new vector of currents I’ through a
linear transformation.

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In general, I = KI’, where K is called the constraint
or connection matrix. It is also referred to as the
Kron’s transformation matrix. In the domain of I’,
the network is described by
V’ = Z’I’

Question: What is the relationship between V’ and

V? What is the relationship between Z’ and Z?

Assume a power-invariant transformation; that is

t 
V I  V't I'
t   t 
Substitution gives V (K I' )  V' I'

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Simplifying, we get
t
(V K  V't ) I'  0
or t
(V K  V't )  0
V'  Kt V
Similarly, since V = ZI and I = KI’, we get
V'  KtZI  KtZKI'
Since V’ = Z’I’ , therefore

Z'  KtZK

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Example: Consider the circuit shown. Let I be the
vector of branch currents. Let I’ be the vector of
loop currents. Find the connection matrix K.
By inspection, we get
I1 = Ia+Ic R6
I2 = Ib-Ia
I4 I6 I5
I3 =- Ib-Ic Ic
R4 R5
I4 = Ia R1 R2 R3
I5 = Ib I1 I2 I3
Ia Ib
I6 = Ic

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In matrix form, we get I = KI’

I1 1 0 1
I2 1 1 0
Ia
I3 0 1 1
= Ib
I4 1 0 0
Ic
I5 0 1 0
I6 0 0 1

Connection Matrix

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 Kron’s Primitive Network
Kron visualized a collection of individual branches
which can be described by individual voltage
equations.
- - -
Z1 I1 Z2 I2 Zb Ib
+ V1 + V2 … + Vb
E1 E2 Eb
- + - + - +

V1=Z1I1-E1 V2=Z2I2-E2 Vb=ZbIb-Eb

The primitive networks are obtained when the

individual branches are shorted.

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Thus, we get

Z1 I1 Z2 I2 Zb Ib
+ + +
E1 E2 Eb
- - -

E1=Z1I1 E2=Z2I2 Eb=ZbIb

or
E1 Z1 I1
E2 Z2 I2
=
…
…

Eb Zb Ib

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18
Example: Consider
the circuit shown.
Za Ia Ic Zc
+ I1 Zb Ib I2 +
Va Vc
- -

The primitive networks are shown below.

Za Ia Zc Ic
+ Zb Ib +
Va Vc
- -

Va=ZaIa 0=ZbIb Vc=ZcIc

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In matrix form, we get

Va Za Ia
0 = Zb Ib
Vc Zc Ic
Get the connection matrix

Ia=I1 Ib=I2-I1 Ic=-I2

Ia 1 0
I1
Ib = 1 1
I2
Ic 0 1

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From V'  Kt V, we get
Va
1 1 0 Va
V' = 0 =
0 1 1  Vc
Vc
t
From Z'  K ZK , we get
Za 1 0
1 1 0
Z' = Zb 1 1
0 1 1
Zc 0 1

(Za  Zb )  Zb
=
 Zb (Zb  Zc )

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In the new coordinate system, we get

V'  Z' I'

or

Va (Za  Zb )  Zb I1
=
 Vc  Zb (Zb  Zc ) I2

Note: It can be easily verified that these are the

loop equations that describe the electric circuit.

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 Shunt Fault Transformations
Start with the sequence networks.
F0 F1  F2
 
+ Ia0 + Ia1 + Ia2
  Z1 
Va0 Z0 Va1 + Va2 Z2
Vth
- - - -
N0 N1 N2
      
Va0   Ia0Z0 Va1  Vth  Ia1Z1 Va2   Ia2Z2

To get the Kron’s primitive networks, set

  
Va0  Va1  Va2  0

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We get
F0 F1 F2
  
+ Ia0 + +
  Z1 Ia1  Ia2
Va0 Z0 Va1 + Va2 Z2
Vth
- - - -
N0 N1 N2
   
0  Ia0Z0 Vth  Ia1Z1 0  Ia2Z2
or 
0 Z0 Ia0
 
Vth = Z1 I
a1
0 Z2 Ia2

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 SLG Faults
From the generalized fault diagram,
  
Ia0  n1Ia1  n2 Ia2
or

Ia0 1  

Ia1 = n2 Ia0  K Ia0

Ia2 n1
1
For a fault in phase a, we get K = 1
1

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For a fault in phase b, we get

1
K= a
a2

For a fault in phase c, we get

1
K = a2
a

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University of the Philippines Diliman 44

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 DLG Faults
From the generalized fault diagram,
  
Ia0  n1Ia1  n2 Ia2  0
or 
Ia0  n1  n2 
 I
Ia1 = 1 0 a1
 Ia2
Ia2 0 1
For a fault in phases b 1 1
and c, we get
K= 1 0
0 1

Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE 251 – Fault Studies

University of the Philippines Diliman 45

For a fault in phases a and c, we get

 a2 a
K= 1 0
0 1
For a fault in phases a and b, we get

 a  a2
K= 1 0
0 1

Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE 251 – Fault Studies

University of the Philippines Diliman 46

23
Example: Consider a double line-to-ground fault in
phases a and b.

 a  a2
 a2 1 0
t
K= 1 0 K =
a 0 1
0 1

From V'  Kt V, we get

0 
 a2 1 0  Vth
V' = Vth =
a 0 1 0
0

Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE 251 – Fault Studies

University of the Philippines Diliman 47

t
From Z'  K ZK , we get
Z0  a  a2
 a2 1 0
Z' = Z1 1 0
a 0 1
Z2 0 1

(Z0  Z1 ) aZ0
=
a2Z0 (Z0  Z2 )
The resulting equation is
 
Vth (Z0  Z1 ) aZ0 I
= a1
0 a2Z0 (Z0  Z2 ) Ia2

Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE 251 – Fault Studies

University of the Philippines Diliman 48

24
From the second equation, we get
 
0  a2Z0 Ia1  (Z0  Z2 )Ia2
 Z0 
Ia2   a2 Ia1
Z0  Z2
From the first equation, we get
  
Vth  (Z0  Z1 )Ia1  aZ0 Ia2
 Z0 
 (Z0  Z1 )Ia1  aZ0 a2 Ia1
 Z0  Z2
 Vth
or Ia1 
Z0Z2
Z1 
Z0  Z2
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE 251 – Fault Studies
University of the Philippines Diliman 49

Series Fault Transformations

It is clear from the generalized fault diagrams that
a one-to-one correspondence exists between the
series and shunt faults.
The transformation for a single line-to-ground fault
also applies to two-lines open.
The transformation for a double line-to-ground
fault also applies to one-line open.

Note: The line-to-line fault may be treated as a

special case of the double line-to-ground fault.

Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE 251 – Fault Studies

University of the Philippines Diliman 50

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