Mobility Engineering

Automobile
 Classification of automobile

The internal combustion engines may be classified in many ways, but the following are important from
the subject point of view
1. According to the type of fuel used:
(a) Petrol engines. (b) Diesel engines or oil engines, and (c) Gas engines.
2. According to the method of igniting the fuel used:
a) Spark ignition engines (briefly written as S.1. engines), (b) Compression ignition engines (briefly
written as C.I. engines), and (c) Hot spot ignition engines
3. According to the number of strokes per cycle:
(a) Four stroke cycle engines, and (b) Two stroke cycle engines.
4. According to the cycle of operation:
(a) Otto. cycle (also known as constant volume cycle) engines, (b) Diesel cycle(also known as constant
pressure cycle) engines, and (c) Dual combustion cycle(also known as semi-diesel cycle) engines.
 Classification of automobile

5. According to the speed of the engine:

(a)Slow
\ speed engines, (b) Medium speed engines, (c) High speed engines.
6. According to the cooling system:
(a)Air-cooled engines. (b) Water-cooled engines. (c) Evaporative cooling engines.
7. According to the method of fuel injection:
(a)Carburetor engines, (b) Air injection engines, (c) Airless or solid injection engines.
8. According to the number of cylinders:
(a)Single cylinder engines (b) Multi-cylinder engines.
9. According to the arrangement of cylinders:
(a)Vertical engines, (b) Horizontal engines, (c) Radial engines, (d) In-line multi-cylinder engines,
(e)V-type multi-cylinder engines, (j) Opposite-cylinder engines,(g) Opposite-piston engines
Types of car
 Specifications of Two-wheeler (Honda Unicorn)

Source: https://www.honda2wheelersindia.com/unicorn-BS-VI/specifications
 Specifications of Two-wheeler (Honda Unicorn)

Source: https://www.honda2wheelersindia.com/unicorn-BS-VI/specifications
 Specifications of Four-wheeler (Hyundai I10)

Source: https://www.hyundai.com/in/en/find-a-car/grand-i10-nios/specification
 Specifications of Four-wheeler (Hyundai I10)

Source: https://www.hyundai.com/in/en/find-a-car/grand-i10-nios/specification
 Specifications of Four-wheeler (Hyundai I10)

Source: https://www.hyundai.com/in/en/find-a-car/grand-i10-nios/specification
 Specifications of multi axle vehicles (BLAZO X 49)

Source: https://www.mahindratruckandbus.com/english/heavy-commercial-vehicles/multi-axle-trucks/multiaxle-blazox49-specification.aspx
 Specifications of multi axle vehicles (BLAZO X 49)

Source: https://www.mahindratruckandbus.com/english/heavy-commercial-vehicles/multi-axle-trucks/multiaxle-blazox49-specification.aspx
 Drive train system

Front wheel Drive (FWD)

Rear Wheel Drive (RWD)
Four Wheel Drive (4WD)
All Wheel Drive (AWD)- Sending the power
to other drive if required

Source : https://www.drivespark.com/off-beat/car-drivetrain-systems-explained-022723.html
 Chassis layout and drives
• Types of Chassis Layout
• 1. Front Engine Front Wheel Drive
• 2. Front Engine Rear Wheel Drive
• 3. Mid Engine Rear Wheel Drive
• 4. Rear Engine Rear Wheel Drive
• 5. All Wheel Drive
Types of chassis layout and drives
 All Wheel Drive

Source: https://autoexplor.blogspot.com/2020/04/chassis-layout-of-automobile.html
 MAIN PARTS OF THE PETROL ENGINE

• Cylinder & Cylinder • Valves

Head • Spark Plug
• Piston • Carburettor
• Piston Rings • Cam & Cam Shaft
• Gudgeon Pin
• Connecting Rod
• Crank Shaft
• Crank
• Engine Bearing
• Crank Case
• Fly Wheel
• Governor
 Working of I.C. Engine (four stroke-Petrol Engine)

Source: http://4mechtech.blogspot.com/2013/12/four-stroke-cycle-petrol-engine_9.html
 Working of I.C. Engine (four stroke-Diesel Engine)

Source: https://www.gtuengineeringstudent.com/2021/02/Four-stroke-petrol-engine-construction-and-working.html
 Working of I.C. Engine (Two stroke-Petrol
Engine)

Source: https://www.gtuengineeringstudent.com/2021/02/Four-stroke-petrol-engine-construction-and-working.html
 Difference between Two stroke and Four stroke
Engine
4 STROKE ENGINE 2 STROKE ENGINE
 Four stroke engine completes 2 rotations of crankshaft  Two stroke engine completes 1 rotation of crankshaft
after completing one cycle. after completing one cycle.

 Power is produced once every 4 strokes of the piston.  Power is produced once during 2 strokes of the piston.

 Engine design is a bit complicated due to valve

 Two stroke engine has ports which makes it's design
mechanism which is operated through gear & chain
simpler.
mechanism.

 No need of adding oil or lubricant to fuel.  Addition of oil is required.

 A bump or protuberance may be needed on top side of
 Top side of the piston is flat.
piston.
 Air-fuel mixture enters through inlet port & travels to
 Mixture remains only in the combustion chamber.
combustion chamber passing through crankcase.

 Four stroke engines are heavier.  Two stroke engines are lighter comparatively.
 Gear Box
The gearbox is a mechanical device used to increase the output torque or to change the speed (RPM) of a motor. The
shaft of the motor is connected to one end of the gearbox and through the internal configuration of gears of a
gearbox, provides a given output torque and speed determined by the gear ratio.
To maintain engine speed on all conditions of load and vehicle speed, the gearbox uses a system to maintain engine
speed, while sacrificing the same road speed. To enable the engine to run faster on-road wheels as well as to multiply
the torque, a gearbox is required.

Source: https://www.automobileinformer.com/what-is-gearbox.html
 Types of Gear Box

Source:
https://www.automobileinformer.com/what-is-
gearbox.html
Location of Clutch

Basic Mechanical & Robotics Engineering​

Clutch

A Clutch is a machine element used to

connect the driving shaft to a driven shaft,
so that the driven shaft may be started or
stopped at will, without stopping the
driving shaft. A clutch thus provides an
interruptible connection between two
rotating shafts

Basic Mechanical & Robotics Engineering​

 Functions of clutch

1. To shift/change gears as and when required

2. To slow down or to stop the vehicle when engine is running
3. To have smooth takeoff of the vehicle from the rest
4. To transmit full or partial power to the driven shaft

Basic Mechanical & Robotics Engineering​

 Classification of Clutch

Clutch

Positive Friction
Clutch Clutch

Plate / disc Centrifugal

Jaw Clutch Cone Clutch
Clutch Clutch

Toothed 1) Single Plate

Clutch 2) Multi plate
Positive Clutch

JAW CLUTCH
Basic Mechanical & Robotics Engineering​
 Friction Clutch

• It operates on the principle of friction. Connected to engine-Driving

member
• When two surfaces are brought in contact and
are held against each other due to friction
between them, they can be used to transmit
power.
• One surface is connected to engine and other
to the transmission system of automobile.
• Thus clutch is combination of two friction
surfaces.
Connected to transmission
system-Driven member

Basic Mechanical & Robotics Engineering​

Basic Mechanical & Robotics Engineering​
 Single Plate Clutch Construction

It consists of
(a) a driving member,
(b) a driven member, and
(c) an operating member.

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 Single Plate Clutch

Pressure Plate
Clutch
Plate
Flywheel
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Single Plate Clutch
Multi-plate clutch
Cone clutch

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Centrifugal clutch

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Brakes

A brake is a device that resists motion by

absorbing energy from moving system. Or it is
device which stops or slows down speed of a
moving object or system. It works on principle
of friction.

Basic Mechanical & Robotics Engineering​

 Functions

1. It is used to slow down or completely stop the motion of a moving

system.
2. While performing this function, the brake absorbs K.E. and dissipates
it in the form of heat to the surrounding air.
3. It is also used to hold the parts of the system in position in rest.

Basic Mechanical & Robotics Engineering​ 37 06-Jan-23

 Classification
A) On the basis of mode of their actuation, the brakes can be classified
1. Mechanical Brake
2. Hydraulic Brake
3. Electric Brake
4. Magnetic Brake
B) On the basis of their configuration
1. Block or Shoe brake
2. Drum and shoe brake
3. Disk brake
4. Band brake
5. Band and block

Basic Mechanical & Robotics Engineering​

 Working principle

Let,
f
A A = c/s area of larger piston
a = c/s area of smaller piston
F = force available at larger piston
a f = force applied at smaller piston
F P=
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎

𝐹 𝑓
P= =𝑎
𝐴

𝑓×𝐴
F= 𝑎

Basic Mechanical & Robotics Engineering​

Basic Mechanical & Robotics Engineering​
Drum and shoe brake

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Disc Brakes

Basic Components
1. Wheel Hub
2. Caliper Assembly
3. Disc Rotor

Basic Mechanical & Robotics Engineering​

 Simple Numerical on Gear Drive
• A spur gear train consists of three gears A, B, and C in constant mesh. The rotations of
gear are 120 rpm, 60 rpm, 20 rpm, respectively. Find the number of teeth on gear C, if
number of teeth on gear B is 20.
Solution:
N1T1=N2T2= N3T3

120* T1 = 60*20= 20*T3

60*20= 20*T3
T 3 = 60
Simple Numerical on Gear Drive
Simple Numerical on Gear Drive