2.1 INTRODUCTION The four parameters which affect the performance of a transmission line as an clement of a power system are inductance, capacitance, resistance and conductance. Shunt conductance, which is normally due to leakage over line insulators, is almost always neglected in overhead transmission lines. This chapter deals with the series line parameters, . inductance and resistance. These parameters are uniformly distributed along the line and they together form the series impedance of the line. Inductance is by far the most dominant line parameter from a power system engineer's viewpoint. As we shall see in later chapters, it is the inductive reactance which limits the transmission capacity of a line, 2.2 DEFINITION OF INDUCTANCE Voltage induced in a circuit is given by eoty dr where represents the flux linkages of the circuit in weber- i This can be written in the form ‘pets We: 4 = di L di y di dr dr dy ry inductanee of the general may be a function of /. In with constant permeability, Q.2) where L is defined as the “reuit in henrys, which in 4 linear Magnet flux linkages Vv a on : tic circuit, ary ex ven by Yibearly with current such that the inductance is constant gModern Power System Analysis Where © tmis values of flux linkages and current rep; These are: of course in phase. Repl, @ © steady state AC y TE PSM in hg (2.1) (bya, sno sept abe teal etaes Ai YOlage dy JwAV (2 On similar tines, the mutual inductance between two circuits is defined ag te AUX Linkages of one Circuit due to current in another, ie., M,= 2 4 h, The voltage drop in circuit 1 due to e rent in circuit cM al The concept of mutual inductance is required while consilering the coupling between parallel lines and the influence of power lines on telephone fizes fy V 27 2.3 FLUX LINKAGES OF AN ISOLATED CURRENT. CARRYING CONDUCTOR Transmission line: purposes, can be are composed of parallel conductors which, forall practical sidered as infinitely long. Let S first develop expressions for flux linkages of a long isolated current. ying cylindrical conductor wit return path lying at infinity. This system fos a single-turn circuit, flux linking which is in the form of circular lines Concentric to the conductor, The total flux can be divided into two parts, that which is internal to the conductor and the flux external to the conductor. Such a division is helpful as the inemal ft progressively links a smaller amount Of currrent as we Proceed inwards towars the centre of the conductor, while the external flux always links the total cure! inside the conductor, Flux Linkages due to Internal Flux . a Figure 2.1 shows the cross-sectional View of a long cylindrical com carrying current 1, The mmf round a concentric Closed circular Path of radi conductor 45 shown in the figure is f Hycds Apere’s law) feFig. 2.1 Flux linkages due to intemal tax er tional aw) where H, = magnetic field intensity (AT/my J, = current enclosed (A: By symmetry, #, is constant path, Therefore, from E 2ayH, and is in direetion of dy all along the circular 2.8) we have 2.9) Assuming uniform Current density* (2.10) = atm Qa) The flux density B,, y metres from the cenire of the conductors is By =pH, = 2 Whi? 2.12) oat where jis the permeability of the conductor Consider now an infinitesimal tubular element of thickness dy and length one metre, The flux in the tubular element dé = 8, dy webers links the fractional | turn (1,1 = y°/7) resulting in flax linkages of js quite reasonable i nssume uniform current 1 “For power frequency of $0 Hz, it Is quits a Te ‘The effect of boo-aiJorm cteos dendy ip contig ater In ts chapier while treating resistance.i: = FS ¥ v 5 dA id a dh W-Tim rating, we get the total internal flux linkag a { 1 = y dy E Wh-Tir ewe? 24 n For a relative permeability j,, = 1 oe 10° Him, ther 4 . 1077 WE-Tim Quy and - x10" Him Qig Flux Linkage due to Flux Between Two Points Extemal “ to Conductor Sin Figure 2.2 shows two points P, and P, at distances D, and D, from # conde ‘which carries a current of / amperes. As the conductor is far removed from the cies serait bath, the magnetic field external to the conductor is conceatse Circles around the conductor and therefore all the flux between P, and Pines Pri Within the concentric cylindrical surfaces passing through P, and Py Flux ~ ¥ Seth) | L j J oe | = ve Tot je f Fig. 2.2 Flux linkages due to tux between external points P,. Ps ‘Magnetic field intensity at distance y from the conductor is = 4,=—L atm logari ony_____Inductanoe and Re: stance of Transmission Lines a The flax'dg contained in the tubular clement of thickness dy is dp= Ht $= 5d Wh/m length of conductor The flux do being extemal to the conductor Hinks al the which together with the retum cotducior that its flux linkages are given by rent in the conductor ‘a: infinity forms a single rewwm, such ail = xdgoAgy Therefore, the ‘oul flux linkages of the conductor due to flux between points til D, 2 J, Tyo a! ie WET where In stands for natural logarithm: Since ja=1, ps = 4 x107 Ayy=2 x 1077 In Wom 247) B, The inductance of the conductor contributed by the flux included between points P, and P, is then Ly=2 x 107 in 2 Hm 218 Dd or Ly) = 0.461 log Ps tik 2.19) Dy Flux Linkages due to Flux up to an External Point Let the external point be at distance D irom the centre of the conductor. Flux linkages of the conductor due to external flux (from the surface of the conductor upto the external point) is obtained from Eq, (2.17) by substituing D, =r and Dy i Doge 2x 107 Tha = (2.20) Total fluc linkages of the conductor due to intemal and exteral fx are Netegkee = Layrp 2x10” im “Throughout the book in denotes logarithm to base 10. natural logarithn (base -¢), while log denotesne anainsenshaeatnenaenmenenenetllcenee Zs in) r 7 sj =2x10%in—2, re Let r= re = 0.9788r ) "7 y=2x 10% 2 wo-Tim a 7 22a) Inductance of the conductor due to flux up tO an Enteral point is ther oD L=2x 107m; Him 2aty Here r’ can be regarded as the radius of a fictitious conductor Wil np internal inductance but the same total inductance as the actual conducte, 2.4 INDUCTANCE OF A SINGLE-PHASE TWO-WIRE LINE Consider a simple two-wire line composed of solid round conductors camry currents J, and J, as shown in Fig. 2.3. In a single-phase line, h+h=0 ing or 1 \ \ 2 > > Ain 7 | oe / fen tS 2——} »! | i. ——— —p —+} _,! | ee | Fig. 2.3, Single-phase two-wire lin le and the magnetic field due to current” ‘Conductor 1 nly ne tis i a ee ‘0 note that the effect of earth's presence on magnetic fel! is about the eo This is so because the relative permeability of of air and its electrical conductivity is relatively s! —__ oy, Uh electric field geometry wit ater while deating ih age neve be very much affected as we stalli Af == Se ——lduianee and Resistance of Tiansmlesion Lines St To ‘stair with, Let us consid, oa cr the flu linkiges of the circuit caused by ex in conductor 1 only. We mace thr : caused by current ¢ Obsertations in regan to these flux linkages: , 7s a be External flux from to CD — ra) ined athe eument in conductor | External fx from (D = 15) 0°() + 1) tinks » Guten whose magnitude progressively rectices from 1, 10 zero along this distance, because of the effect Of negative cument flowing in conductor 2 3. Flux beyond (D+ 2) links a net current of zero, For calculating the total inductance due to current in conductor 1, a simplifying assumption will now be made. If D i ihich (which is normally the case for overhead lines) it eut be from (D ~ r,) to the centre af conducto: from th fet than rj and ry essumed that the flux 2 Tinks all the curvent A, and the flux 0 (D+ m5) links zero current® Based on the above assumption, the current in conductor | as per centre of conductor 2 flux linkages of the circuit caused by (2.21a) ae My 2x 1071, in £ nn The inductance of the conductor due to current in conductor | only is then (2.22b) (2.23) Using the superposition theorem, the flux linkages and likewise the inductances Of the circuit caused by current in eech conductor considered separately may be added to obtain the total circuit inductance. Therefore, for the complete circuit dD Him 4x 107 In— Vr b=h+ by L=4x% 107 In Dir Wm = 0.921 log Dir! mH’km (2.25b) sais isti ci S D in practical situations ssi nfinitely long compared to casei ond effects in the above derivation have been nepal and therefore 2.5 CONDUCTOR TYPES 2 ismission lines consisting of single solid FE ave vonsidered transmission r Se. at Be detsoa for forward and retin paths, To provide the necessary hexity for stringing, conductors used in practice are always stranded except le: 8 i imbark [19] has shown thal the resus based Gr this assum scour iON are fairly~~ >———Mosein Power System Ans for very small cross-se strands of wire, Ctional areas, Stranded conductors are compo, electrically in par se J, with alternate layers spiraitey °t led jg SpPosite direction to prevent unwinding, The total number of strands yin soncentrically stranded cables w ith total annular space filled with n strands. gf mn diameter (d) is given by N= 3y-3r 41 (2.269) Where is the number of layers wherein the single central strand is coun % the first layer. The overall diameter (D) of a stranded conductor is (2v - Iw Aluminium is now the most commonly employed conductor mate the advantages of being ch Copper though with jeg Conductivity and tensile strength. Low density and low conductivity resuie jy larger overall conductor diameter, which offers another incidental advantage jy high voltage lines. Increased diameter results in reduced electical stress 4 conductor surface for a given volt the line is corana free. The low tensile strength of aluminiura conductors is made up by providing central strands of high tensile strength steel. Such a conductor is known § aluminium conductor ste! reinforeed (ACSR) and is most commonly used in overhead transmission lines. Figure 2.4 shows the cross-sectional view of an ACSR conductor with 24 strands of aluminium and 7 strands of steel. E (2.261) ial. Ithas aper und lighter t 80 th ‘ Steel strends | > Aluminium strands. Fig. 24 Cross-sectional view of ACSR-7 steel strands, 24 aluminium strands {n extra high voltage (EHV) transmission line, expanded ACSR conductors are Used. These are provided with paper or hessian between various layers! Sands $0 as to increase the overall conductor diameter in an attempt vo reds? electrical stress at conductor surface and prevent corona. The most effec? Say of constructing corona-free EHV lines is ‘0 provide several conductors Phase in suitable geometrical configuration. These are known as bund? conductors and are a common practice now for EHV lines. ——— ce Where 1, Fro of con The aboInductance and Resistance AL of Transmission Lines 3 26 FLUX LINKAGES OF ONE CONDUCTOR IN A GROUP As shown in Fig. 2 phasor cur conductors from a remo. sider a group of n parallel round conductors carr Distances of these Point P are indicated ws 9), Dy... Dy. Let us ob an expression for the total flux. link considering flux up to the 4 the ith conductor of the roup point P only 7 | | Fig. 2.5 Arbitrary croup of 1 parallel round conductors camyrig currents The flux linkages of ith conductor due toits own current J, (self linkages) are given by [see Eq, (2.21)] eee A= 2x 1074; in) We-Tm 2.27) The Mux linkages of conductor idue to current in conductor j (refer to Eq pete ee 107, n > We-Tim 228) where D, is the distance of ith conductor from jth conductor carrying current |. From Eg, (2.27) and by repeated use of Eq. (2.28), the total flux linkages of conductor ¢ due to flux up to point P are N= yt Apt + Ay tet Ay D 5 D, =2x107 (4 in + hla », 4+ hn ) p, The above equation can be reorganized as A 7 at | st fog fy 2x10 [[a mgr nin +. ia ily x 4h in Pith In Dy tot Tilt Dy tot Ly ln Dy (2.29) D+ by toe + Aya)Modem Power System Analysis Substituting for 1, in the second erm of Eq 2) and. simplifyin, have { I \=2x 10 In I Het In : : 4 Dy *D r D D; ri Be +2, tn! fin 1 In in D, ), D, D, P,., }) In order to account for total flux linkages of conductor é, let the poine ms such as In Di/D,, ete: approsch In 1 = 0. Also fop the sake of symmetry, denoting r/as Dy. we have recede to infinity. The f ; i — , 2 * 0.7788 m | Substituting the values of yarieys ‘erdistances and self distances in Dy.we get *x 0.7788)' x 44 x 8!” Similarly, Dig = (5 x 103 x 0.7788)? x 42yll4 ~ = 0.125 m on, he values of, D., and Dig in Ba, (2.256), we et the various Sty hic | £4 =0:461 log88_ _ 635 miH/km ay 0367 88 Ly = 0.461 log $3 _ 5. . ‘e 6 Pf OIo5 ~ O85 mHAm L=L, + Ly = 1.485 mim If the conductors in this strands as in Exam; self distances as | Dy= 217, Where 4; is the strand radius. Problem are each composed of en identical ple 2.1, the problem can be solved by w. g the conductor 2.8 INDUCTANCE oF THREE-PHASE LINES So far ‘we have considered only single-phase lines. The basic equations developed can, however, be easily adapted to the calculation of the inductance | of three-phase lines. Figure 2,10 shows the conductoss of a three-phase line with unsymmetrical spacing. jw) Ne Dry Ge ae Cross-sectional view of a three-pase line with unsymmetrical spacingie aaa Rae Assume that there is no neutral wire, so that Lth+l=0 me. Unsymmetrical spacing causes the flux linkages and sabe each phase to be different resulting in unbalanced pS mi =e a i When sending-end voltages and line currents are balanced A © y = Pees induced in adjacent communication lines even when! line et eat . ie ‘This problem is tackled by exchanging the postions ofthe conducters i Gok intervals along the line such that each conductor occupies ne : ia. of every other conductor over an equal distance. Such a y excl a ee eee tt positions is called rransposition. A complete transposition e ae be Fig. 2.11. This arrangement causes each conductor to have t e cae average inductance over the transposition cycle. Over the length of a ae eyele, the total flux linkages and hence net voltage induced in a nearby Bie Ho telephone line is zero. 6 Stal ; a 2 oe dis: yi be | EB 6 ee Se Se Y ee I . e /\ be SN ce Ps , Fig. 2.11. A comple‘e transposition cycle To find the average inductance of each conductor of a transposed line, the Br flux linkages of the conductor are found for each position it Occupies in the Tansposed cycle. Applying Eq, (2.30) to conductor @ of Fig, 2.11, for section 1 of the transposition cycle wherein @ is in position 1, b is in position 2 and [Ex cis in position 3, we get > Show Ag=2 x wt n+, In goth feo } Wo-Tim flux | For the second section is 7 i a 4a 29101, n tinh ap a meee For the tied section : Py Pa Aw=2x w°{t In + hin NeraBe fx Hnkages of condugoy ao dys wt Atay 3 1 1 + In—— Db, 8 ae } Wb-T/m Fe |e] i) (Dy: DyDuy)Inductanc Sf Transmission Unes Bitth =— 4, hence F An = 2% 107 7, tn Pa Dy) Let j a Deg = (D\xDay0y)" = eauivatent equilateral spacing y= 2% 107 In = 2107 ino Hi 2.36) D This is the same relation as Eq, (2 bewwes where D,, = D.,, the mutual GMD nave © thiee-phase conductors. If » Teis not the present ; pose the power lines at However, an interchange in the position of the conductors is mad stations to balance the inductance of the ph dissymmetry be taken equal t gular intervals. at sw ing ses. Foy all practical purposes the lected end the inductance of an untransposed line can of a transposed line. If the spacing is equilateral, then De =D and 2x 107 bh 2 Him ean vy If r, = r= ra it follows from Eq, (2.37) that Poa Byes eS ; ple 2 Z th of one transposition cycle oF & power line, the total arby telephone line are zer, for balanced three-phase Show that over the le flux linkages of @ ne currents, a ‘ © > R Dat f oh De ~ th te ‘of a telephone line induced voltage position 0”Modern Power System Analysis _ Solution Referring to Fig. 2.12, the Mux linkages of the conductor t, of the telephone line are 1 ——| Wh-T/m (2,3; Dy fa 1 | elle tt | \y= 2x 10) | +, we Dy Similarly, 5 ‘a F Wb-Tim 2 Ap = 2'* 10 [4a I EL gegen = ‘ a ‘The net flux linkages of the telephone line are Ay An Ap De gn 22 H Day Da ‘The emf induced in the telephone line loop is E, = 2af), Vim Under balanced load conditions, 4, is not very large beca Cancellation to a great extent of the flux linkages due to /,, J, and /_ Such cancellation does not take place with harmonic currents which are multiples of three and are therefore in phase. Consequently, these frequencies, if present, may be very troublesome. If the power line is fully transposed with respect to the telephone line AnD +A, (ID+ 2, (1D) =2x10 t tn be +h } Wb-T/n (2.49) se there is a da si Where 4,,(1), 4,,(I1) and A, (TI) are the flux linkages of the telephone line yin the three transposition sections of the power line. Writing for 4, (1), AU) and A,,(Tll) by repeated use of Eq. (2.38), we have Ay= 210 (la tty +f, )In Similarly, (Day Din B'S Jy = Sat ald) + Ap cam Sat All) + 49ND 3 = 2x 107, 44, 4 Lin ! — (DazDypDe2¥" A= DH 107, +4 4,)y DasPrs Ki+h+1=0 , <9; (Duy D3) r= 0. A=0, ie, voltage ' area, euspoation Gideon fe ge ee in the telephone loop is ty be noted here thay t line, De condition 1 4 Fy +1. = 0 is not satistied ™ i Tae td = 34, sound fault) currents, where ie a) & = BS ev esas (a) F (b) Fj(ii) third aad multipje where 41) + 43) + 73) EB) = 67713) ih to ways: tl Le the Fre Within the Avoid the presence wen Gi) Higher frequencies come ity Thus there is need to fine from considerations of the It has been shown above that volt “ea toa paver e ts Feduced to zer if the power tine is transposed and potted it Carries balanced cunenis. t ‘as tls> shown that power. lie aoe tine cane ete it teducing the inden telephone line voltage when power line cwrents are unbalanced or when they contain third hamiorics Powerline transposition apart from being ineffective imreduces mechanical and insulation problems. It is, therefore, easier tg eliminate induced voltages. by transposing the telephone line instead. Tn fact, the reader can easily verify thar even when the power line Currents are unbalanced o- when they contain hummonics, the voltage induced ove- Complete transposition cycle (called @ barrel) of a telephone line is zero, Some induced voltage will always be present na telephone line running parallel to a Power line because in actual practice transposition is never completely symmeirica!. Therefore, when the lines na parallel over a considerable length, it is a good practice to transpose both power and telephone lines. The two transposition cycles are staggered and the ‘telephone line is transposed over shorter lengths compared to the power line. Example 2.5 my Attiree-phase, 50 Hz, 15 km long line has four No. 4/0 wires (1.cm dia) spaced fontally 1.5 m apart in a plane. The wi der are carrying currents J, i ina plane, The wires in order are carrying; mt ath wire, which is @ neutral, carries zero current. The 4yand 1, and the fo . OF Such harmonic ance OF nearby te ge induces curren's on power ‘lephone lines, “19 @ telephone tine running are: [,=-30+ 50.4 J,=-25 + SSA / {= 55 - fl05 A The line is untransposed. jon, find the flux Linkages of the neural, 9) From the fundamental eonsiderst the neu Also find the volzage induced 1% Find the voltage drop in each of the three: a ral wire phase wired:| Modem Pov b a tom} son Fig. 2.13 Arrangement of conductors for Example 2.5 Solution (a) From Fig, 2.13, Dy, = 45 Me Dy = 3M, Dey Flox linkages of the neutral wire 7 are L5m 2x10 Ii, Neco res in +7, in Wb-T/m Substituting the values of D,., Dy, and D,, and simplifying, we get \=-2x 107 (LSI I, = 1.1 4, +0405 J.) Wo-Tm Since J, =— (J, + [,) (this is easily checked from the given values), =2 x 10711051, + 0.695%,) We—T/m ‘The voltage induced in the neutral wire is then V, = jwA, x 15 x 10° V == [B14 x 15 x 10° x 2x 10°7(1.105/,+ 0.695),) ¥ or V, = ~ j0.942 (1.105 1, + 0.695 7,) V Substituting the values of ¥, and 4, und simplifying ® V, = 0.842 x 105 = 100 V {b) From Eq. (2.30), the flux linkages of the conductor aare 2x 107 nth In pth in | Wb-Tim The voltage drop/metre in phase @ can be written as hints), may, ne View 2D Since 1. =~ (j, +1,) i i ,), and further AY, can be written in simplified ome e r, the expression for AV,= 2 1077). 2d. Sina 88 (tn, I 2) Vim % voltage drop/metre of phases ses b and © can he Written as AY, =2% 197 2 Hoty in AVe= 2x 197 jy ( Pes 2 As spa syn inde tele line Sol Total 4The voltage drop of phase @ is calculated below AV, =j2x10" 314 x 15 x 10" in 30+ j50) 4 0.693(—25+ (5) =- (486+ 70 V Example 2.6 A single-phase 50 Hz power line is supponed on a ho spa tween the ‘conductors is 3m. At symmetically below the power line as shown in Fig. 2.14. Find the matual inductance between the two circuits and th induced per kilometre in the telephone line if the current in the power Tine is 100 A. Assume the teleptrone ontal cress-arm, The We line is supported a ’ fine current to be zero Solution Flux linkages of conductor 7 hae 1) ae 1 =2 i 2x 107) 1, 0.6951) Y w= 210? [Pern xo Flax linkages of conductor 7; DB Ae 251077 aS is am : + Lip a Py ‘ 2s oe am b, es TL osm! ® vim Fig. 2:14 Power andtelenhons lines for Example 2.6 Toul flux linkage of the telophane circuit Tek haan den lo ire___ Modem Power System Analysis ? Dz M,=4x 107 In 9? Him ny D, 10.921 log > mH/km D, (5.21)! Dy =U. + Dy= (1.9 + 24) = 7.61)" 761 M,,= 0921 tog (28!) "= 0.0758 mH/km 1 Voltage induced in the telephone circuit V; = jaMy, W,l= 314 x 0.0758 x 10° x 100 = 2.379 Vm 2.9 DOUBLE-CIRCUIT THREE-PHASE LINES reuit three-phase lines so as to increase point of view of itis common practice to build doub! transmission reliability at somewhat enhanced cost. From the power transfer from one end of the line to the other (vee S desirable to build the two lines with as low an inductance/phi order to achieve this, self GMD (D,) should be made high and matial GMD (D,,) should be made low, Therefore, the individual conductors of & phase should be kept as far apart as possible (for high self GMD), while the distance between phases be kept as low as permissible (for low mutual GMD) Figure 2.15 shows the three sections of the transposition cycle of two parallel Gireuit three-phase lines with vertical spacing (t isa very commonly ust! configuration), 12.3), itis s possible, In a e . b ® ’ : h h h ° p ° p 6 » a a ¢ e t t 4 @ 4 5 | ve a » e . . Section 1 Section 2 ‘Section’ Fig. 2.15 Arrangement of conductors of a double-circutt three-phase In? 1K may be noted here that conductors «and a’ in parallel compe P= and similarly 6 and b” compose phase b and ¢ and ¢’ compose phase ¢ It to achieve high D, the conductors of two phases are placed diamet™, opposite to each other and those of the third phase are horizontally oPP™ each to Low where Hence kn transp so do 1 3 of th Self Gi Self G) Equ Becai Tanspos Teader The iIndu ctr nce and Resisiance of Transmission Lines each other. (The reader can try other c low D,..) Applyii Snvigurations to verify that these will lea fe +) Applying the method of GMD, the equivalent nina ee Di, = (DyDy, BAe (2.42) where D,» = mutual GMD x between phases and oti She eas and b in section 1 of the = (Dpbp)'" = (pp)'* Dy. = mutual GMD betwee: transposition cycle = (Dp)! n phases b and c in section | of the D.,, = mutual GMD between phases c and a in section | of the transposition cyele = (2Dh)'? = 6pi2,13;16 Hence Dog = Dp (2.43) It may be noted here that D,, remains the same in each section of the transposition cycle, as the conductors of each parallel circuit rotate cyclically, so do D,,, D,..and D.,. The reader is a¢vised to verify this for sections 2 and’ 3 of the transposition cycle in Fi ay Self GMD in section 1 of phase a Dy, = (arg) = Self GMD of phases } and c in section | are respectively Dyy= (hry! = (rT)? conductors a and a") is rg D,.= (arg) = (r'g)"" 18 ©. Equivalent self GMD. D, = (DyPspP sc) ms qn" (244) - ion of conductors of each parallel circuit over the «St a ea reader should verify this for sections 2 and 3 in Fig. 215. ‘The inductance per phase is D, p=2x 107 In a 116 pit apie aeae ___Modiern Power System Analysis Equation (2.45) ean mow be written as aD (p 107 in? + 2x10°%in {2 ’ q) | elem where M is the mutual inductance between the two circulls, i.e p) 2% 107 in This is a well known result for the two coupled curcuiis connected in paral {at similar polarity ends) Ith» D,| \@ becomes zero. Under this condition ? and M — 0, ile. the mutual impedance between the cir b=) x 1070 r The GMD method, though applied aboye to a particular conti double circuit, is valid for any configuration as long as the circuits at electrically parallel. While the GMD method is valid for fully transp: applied for untrensposed lines and is quite accurate for practical purposes sed lines, it is commonly 2.10 BUNDLED CONDUCTORS It is economical to transmit large chunks of power over long distances employing EHV lines, However, the line voltages that can be used are severely limited by the pheromenon of corona. Carona, in fact, is the result of ionizai® of the atmosphere when a certain field intensity (about 3,000 kV/m at NTP) reached. Corona discharge causes communication interference and assoc power loss which can be severe in had weather conditions. Critical line VO for formation of corona cen be raised considerably by the use of unde! conductors— group of two or more conductors per phase, This inces® 7 critical corona voltage is dependent on umber of conductors in the SOUP clearance between them and the distance between the groups form! separate phases’. Reichman [111] has shown that the spacing of eandute” a bundle affects voltage gradiem and the optimum spacing is of the oe * The bundle usually compdses two, three or four conductors arranged. eat tions ilusiated ip Fig. 2.16, The current will noc divide equally sone "yp ‘of the bundle unless conductors within the busdle are fully: transpose method is sill fairly securate for all practical purposes 8-10 times t in the bund Further, considerably OF the line | Example 2: Find the induc bundled condo All the conduc Even thoug enter and leas complete trans uncle) so that The mutual Matual GMD b ‘Mutual GMD "Tie mire the7 a te SE inductance and Resistang of Transm) aNsmission Line 8-10 times the conductor’ He conductor's diameter, irreyne pees Bective of the number of conductors é Fig. 2.18 Configuration of bundied conductors + 3=04 mi O¢m os=04m|< a _ b » © ° Fig, 2.17 3undled conductor three-phase line Further, because of increased self GMD" line inductance is reduced considerably with the incidental advantage of increased transmission capacity of the line. ‘Example 2.7 Find the induetive reactance in ohms per kilometer at 50 Hz of a three-phase bundled conductor line with two conductors per phase as shown in Fig, 2.17. All the conductors are ACSR with radii of 1.725 em, h ally transposed (except when they at lines are not normally transpose See ‘lation), it is sufficiently accurate to assume ct an ee a svcd wel a of rcs a bundle) so iets method of GMD can be applied. ‘The mutual GMD between bundles of phases @ and > yd D,, =(d d+ d= 9) Mutual GMD berween bundles of phase> band ¢ Dy. = Dus by symmetty) Sadana pres oon TTT Dd. = (adds) Od say’ 7 & ase ” wae aa ae Sud = 99d 9X24 ~ 09) x (apn aroay 14,4)(13.000 = =saim . cs id me ete AT “The more the number waeMouiom Powor Systam Analysis D,= (rier tye (r4N"® = (0.7988 x 1.725 x 10 0.073 m Inductive reactance per phase BAL 0.073 X, = 314 x 0.461 x 10" tog \ =0.301 ohm/km In Most Cases, it is sufficiently accu it ciently accurate to use the centre 1 centre ¢ u He distance i bundles rather than mutual GMD between bundles for computin ith this approximation, we have for the example in hand D,g= 0&7 14/5 8.82 m X= 314 x 0.461 x 10° log: : 00 = 0.301 ohm/km Thus the approximate method yields almost the same reactance valle as the exact method. It is instructive to compare the inductive reactance of & butdled n equivalent (on heuristic basis) single conctctor Line Fix 7 m and conductor conductor line with the example in hand, the equivalent line will have d diameter (for same total crass-sectional area) as Y2 > 1,725 em = 314 x 0461 x LO log —— = 0.7788 «1.725 x10 = 0.53) ohm/km This is 76.41% higher then the corresponding value for a bundled conducer As already pointed out, lower reactance of a bundled conductor line line. increases its transmission capacity, 2.11 RESISTANCE impedance caf oss, Thus will resistance rst ‘Though the conisibution of line resistance to series line neglected in most cases, it is the main source of tine po considering (ransmission line economy, the presence of line considered, ‘The effective AC resistance is given by average power lass int condue ar where / is the rms current in the conductor in amperes. Ohmic or DC resistance is given by the formula S ohms: 2 Ro= é ohms § p= resistivily of the conductor, obm= [= length, m where The effectiv conductor | throughout For smutl in accordan where = R % Equation (2 resistance 212 SKI The distribs uniform on! flowing thre cross-sectior conductor o more prono, effect. Ik caw Same value conductor x the phenom Imagine Sonvenicnce area. The fi foward the does mot Link decreases ou than the int frequency th Mare pronou Solid cone2.12 SKIN EFFECT AND PROXIMITY EFFECTma is Modern, Power System Analysis flux tink’ (a Sin tens gu batre its inductance) is the least and it increge, a‘ or ke ce", Thus the density of AC flowing through te conductors is highest at the inner edges (aa’) of the conductor ie Eopsicten ahr th xes (aa’) of the conductors and is the fea at the outer edges (ec!). This type of non-uniform AC current distribuige becomes more pronounced us the distance between conductors is reduced i a skin effect, the non-uniformity of current distribution caused by proximity eff i also increases the effective conductor resistance. For normal 5 oti overhead lines, this effe ote underground cables wh effect is always of a negligible order. However, foe -e conductors are located close to each other, proximity uses an appreciable increase in effective conductor resistance : Fig. 2.18 Both skin and proaimity effects depend upon conductor size, ‘requenty distance between conductors and permeability of conductor material ————EEEEE PROBLEMS 2.1 Derive the formula for the internal inductance in Him of a hollow a conductor having inside radius r; and outside radius rp and also determine the expression for the inductance in H/m of a single-phase line consisting of the hollow conductors described above with conductors spaced F distance D apart. 2.2 Calculate the SO Hz inductive reactance at | m spacing in ohmsikm of cable consisting of 12 equal strands around a nonconducting cote. The 294 50 diameter of each strand is 0.25 cm and the outside diameter of the cable aes is 1.25 cm, 23. A concentric cable consists of two thin-walled tubes of mean radi ral a Os R respectively. Derive an expression for the inductance of the cable Fe o unit length. 7 2.4 A single-phase 50 Hz circuit comprises two single-core lead ste | cables laid side by side; if the centres of the cables are 0.5 m apy vss cach sheath has a mean diameter of 7.5 cm, estimate the Jongit ff Ae: induced per kin of sheath when the circuit curries # Ul a aS: rots ina qecel eon cary inven aan = WNT ‘magnetic field intensity at a point P, shown in Pig. P25?_— Ss AWS. Q; _————__atctanoe ANd Resistance of ot Tr a Fig. P-as 2.6 Two thive-phase lines connected in parallel th . in parallel have self X,, If the mutual reactance between them i st a reactance between the two en Le phase SO Hz power line is supported om a he between conductors is 25 supported on a horizontal cross-arm in power line. The conductors of the teleph spaced 0.6 m between centres, The distance be conductors of the two lines is 20 m. Find the mnistual the circuits and the voltage per kilometre induced in the 150 A current flowing over the power line. } 28 A telephone line runs parallel to an untrasposes th line, as shown in Fig. P-2.8. The powe 400 A per phase. Find the mutual inductance Detwe | calculate the 50 Hz voltage induced in the telephone 5m én Ld 2.8 Telephone line Ps arrangement oF 0H 0 Fig. P- 29 A 500 kV line hus a bundling as shown in Fig. P29 in reactances of X, au hat is the effec n e-phase transmission line carries balanced current of en the circuits and Fine per km. raiel to 2 power fine anductors per phat____Modern Power System Analysis 2.10 An overhead line 50 kms in length is to be constructed of cond cm in diameter, for single-phase transmission. Tae line reactance myst ny — exceed 31.4 ohms, Find the maximum permissible spacing 2.11 In Fig. P-2.11 which depicts two three-phase circuits on a steel tower they is symmetry about both the horizontal and vertical centre Hines. Let acy Bat three-phase circuit be transposed by replacing a by band then by ¢, op i that the reactances of the three-phase are equal and the GMD method ¢ reactance calculations can be used, Each circuit remains on its own side 2 of the tower, Let the self GMD of a single conductor be | cm. Condicing a and a and other corresponding phase conductors are connects jg parallel. Find the reactarce per phase of the system. a ¢ 5 ) 6. i . te 15m. + 4m ' 7, 12 “ &. I 9, Me sO a7 10. 7.5m + 7 PB e ef ‘ape hk Fig. P-2.11 : 2.12 A double-circuit three-phase line is shown in Fig. P-2.12. The conduct a, a/b, b' and e, ¢! belong to the same phase respectively. The rads"! each conductor is. 1.5 em. Find the inductance of the double-circuit lie! mH/kavphase. a t e a’ 6 of tm te tim ole tim ele tm ol tim! Fig. P-2.12 Arrangement of conductors for a double-circultthree-pnas® 2.13 A three-phase line with equilateral spacing of 3 m is to d¢ rebul horizontal spacing (D,, = 2D,, = 2D,:). "The conductors are © % transposed. Find the spacing hetween adjacent conductors suc! few line has the same inductance as the original tine. , 2.14 Find the self GMI of three arrangements of buncied conductors St Fig. 2.16 in terins of the total cross-sectional area A of condi! in each case) and the distance d between them. i eeInductane ANd Aodiotancy ! NANCE pf Books \. Electrical Transmission ani Manufacturing Co 1 Distelburion ang Est Mayburgh, p Waddicor, H., Principles. op Blecrrig Hall, London, 1964. 3, Nageath, 1. and pp. Ke Wet houte Blectri Sylvania, 196 anid Power Transmission, Stee Chapt and Rie pain ne Flecirle Mochines, 2nd edn, ‘ata MeGruw- Hit 4 Stevenson, W.D,, Eltments of Porie System Aaalssis, 4th edn, Medicaw-N), New York, 1982 5. Edison Electric Institute, £¢V Transmissica Line Reference Book, 1968, 6 The Aluminium Association Alininian Blecwical Comutuctor Hundbook, New ‘York, 1971 7. Woodruff, LE, Princ iples of Electric Power Transmission, John Wiley. & Soni, New York, 1947 oy. New Yoirk, 1979, 8, Grows, C.A., Power System Analysis, Wiley, New — Weedy, BM, and BU. Cory Electric Power Sytem, th edn, Wiley, New York, on Power nd Signals, John Wiley, New 10. Kimbark, E.W., Electrical Trununission of Power a York, 1949 ; reac - Conductor Vollage Gradient Calculations," AMEE Trans “Bundled Condue 11, Reichman, J. 1959, Pi IL, 78; 598,% 1 Capacitance of Transmission Lines 3.1 INTRODUCTION forms the shunt admittance of a The capacitance together with conduct transmission line. As mentioned earlier the conductance is the result of leal over the Surface of insulators and is of 1 order, When an alternating voltage is applied to the line, the line capacitance draws a current called the charging current which is drawn even when the line is open circuited at the far end. The line capacitance being proportional to its length, the charging current is negligible for lines less than 100 km long. For lon the capacitan inc ely important and has to be accor jeading sinusoidal 3.2 ELECTRIC FIELD OF A LONG STRAIGHT CONDUCTOR Imagine an infinitely long straight conductor far removed from other conductors (including earth) carrying a uniform charge of g coulomb/metre length. 8Y symmetry, the equipotential surfaces will be concentric cylinders, while the line’ lectrostatic stress will de radial. The electric field intensity at a distavee } from the axis of the conductor is 4 2aky, Vin where & is the permittivity* of the medium. As shown in Fig. 3.1 consider two and D, respectively from the conch (between P, and P>) is given by points P, and Py located at disiances luctor axis, The potential difference "1? * In SI units the permittivity of free permittivity for air is ky = kiky = 1 ie space is fy = 8.85 x 10°? Fim. Rell Vin As integrat equipot 33 =»P oO Figure 3 Conduct each oth them. Th Meets th each conofa Capaci apaciance of Transmission Lines Vip (between Py and P5) is piven by Fig. 3.1 Electric field of a tong straight conductor Asthe potential difference is indesendent cf the patk, we choose the path of imegraton as P\PP, show in thick line. Since the pata PP, lies along an equipoteriial,¥2 is cbtained simply by integrating along PP, ie. , J, tage fe ey 1, Qaky 2k D Vv Gul) 3.3 POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TWO CONDUCTORS OF A GROUP OF PARALLEL CONDUCTORS Figure 3.2 shows a group of parallel charged conductors. It is assumed that the conduetors are fer removed from the ground and are sufficiently removed from tach other, ie. the conductor racii are much smaller than the distances between them. The spacing commonly used in overhead power transmission lines always mets these assumptions. Further, these assumptions imply that the charge on cach vonluctor remains unifocmly distributed around its periphery and length sora Medarn Power Sysiom Anaiyais = a The potential difference between any two conductors of the group Can them be or Obtained by adding the Contributions of the individual charged conductors yy Tepeated application of Eq. (3.1). So, the potertial difference betes, Conductors @ and b (voltage drop from a toh) is : D, Di | h, om — v (32) Be {4 tnt gy in Bg In body MD) 2) Each teem in Eq. (3.2) is the potential drop from a 9 caused by ap one of the conductors of the group, Expressions on similar lites. could be | ‘written for Yoltaze drop between any two conductors of the group, If the charges vary sinusoidally, so do che voltages (this is the case for Ac } transmission line), the expression of Eq, (3.2) still applies with charges/mere length and voltages regarced as phasor quantities, Equation (3.2) is chus valid for instantaneous quantities and for sinusoidal quantities as well, wherein al ) charges and voltages are phasors. : 3.4 CAPACITANCE OF A TWO-WIRE LINE } Consider a two-wite line shown in Fig, 2.3 excited from a single-phase source. The line develops equal and opposite sinusoidal charges on the two condustas whic can be represented as paasors g,, and @, so that g, =— 9, » &) {ee 6 ‘equiva Po st the line isat th Fig.3.3 Cross-sectonal view of a two-wire line by ‘The potential difference V,, can be written j i i ten in ter Los Paces he ae rms of the contritut | ) with associ Sons (i large and. ground is far mesh ries! N associated assumptions (i.e. Diris 1 a th Pan) a ei a = Gu We have Yau sie ty DE ™ Dak nn, # Tine capacitance Cis then y= te = ak Nay ray yom length of line_ _ Capacitance of Transinisaion Lines or s ___ 0.012 log (D7 (ry, 7) Mm ah= (Gab) 0.0121 fos (Diny thr wae The associated line ch Ag current is juCapVay Akon s G5) Cay (a) Line-to-Jine capacitance D a = a Con iy Can * Con = 2a (b) _ Line-to-neutral capacitance Fig. 3.4 ‘As shown in Figs, 3.4 (a) ard (b) the line-to-line capacitance can be equivalently considered as two equal capacitances is series. The voltage across, the lines divides equally between the capacitances such that the neutral point is at the ground potential. The capacitance of each line to neutral is then given 0.0242 (52 Cue 3 Oe im G6 Cy = Cay = Coy = 2Cav jog (Dir) } ) The assumptions inherent in the above derivation are: 7 tee ees on te surface of each conductor is assumed to be uniformly ' but this is strictly not correct. Tf non-uniformity of charge distribution ** 0.0242 — pf oe CG =e 2B a) wr 2 (3 | the sbove expression red ices to that of Eq, (3.6)and the error red distribution is negligible of uniform charge Sis assured fo be ical, hile taken into account, then ON sro used. The use of the radius of te ee oe ded conductor causes insignificant er70%: a Be ae Modem Power Sysiem Anata 3.5 CAPACITANCE OF A THREE-PHASE LINE WITH EQUILATERAL SPACING Figure 3.5 shows a three-phase line composed of three ide} tadius + placed in equilateral configuration al Conducts oy e @ eo, Fig. 8.5 Cross-section of a three-phase line with equilateral spacing Using Ea, (.2) we can write the expressions for V,, and V,. as Vip= D r D as a + oat na, in gin 2) Y, (3.8) ae dD, D , = Se (Gt tgs tn 2g In =) 6.9) D Adding Egs. (3.8) and (3.9), we get Vv, soy, D , ab + Vag Fak [24a In Gta) t) B10) ) ae are no oe hérges in the vicinity, the suiny of charges om the three ClOrs is Zero, 4 rae Bee eae m4 4. =~ 4, which when Substituted in Eq, (3.10) 3 Yon + Vig = =$ay,, D et) : aun With balanced three. his ar 80r diagram of Fig 36 he “plied to the tine, it follows from the Vie Vga av, Substituting for (Vay 2) ¥, from Eq. (3.12) in Ed. (3.11), we Bet ' You BD a The capacitance of line to, neutral immediatery. follows as Cy= fa 2k You IN Dinyof log (pin) “EMkin The line charging current of Phase G.14b) 4, (line chan 4) Bb Fig. 3.6 Phasor diagram of balanced three-piase voltages 46 CAPACITANCE OF A THREE-PHASE LINE WITH UNSYMMETRICAL SPACING Figute'37 shows the three identical conductors of radius r of a three-phase line With onsymtietrical spacing. Iti assumed that the lin is fully transposed. As ‘the conductors ase rotated cyclically in the three sections of the transposition “le, comespondingly three expressions can be written for Vy, These € first section of the transposition cycle Dy Ds. +4, wo) G.16a) In ttn D GO Vu = HaleDis 1 2 Q % ) 7 Cross-section of @ three-phase line with as; (lully transposed) ae ym metrical gy ing ig. 37 For the second section of the transposition cycle D. fave — Pein 7 in) 5 Vege (a. 1 2 IN + G2 Dp. | ll) 2 ak For the third section of the transposition cycle Vag = ul If the voltage drop along the line is neglected, Vay, is the same in egey transposition cycle. On similar lines three Stich equations can be Written for Vie= Vu, 2-120, Three More equations can be written equating to zero the summation of all line charges in each section of the transposition cycle. From these nine (independent) equations, itis possible to determine the nine unknowt charges. The rigorous solution though possible is too involved. With the usual Spacing of conductors sufficient accuracy is obtained by assuming Gat = Gen = G3 = Gas My = Wen = Gy = Yor Vg (avg) V3) or Yau = zale weet) tf peef ; Bee — “PS ot rnin, nes | 3 fan Br | Ml say yt | a dD, (3.18) P.g= (iD), ) D ae in r > qn S ‘cial cae a aang Eqs. 3-18) and (3.19), we got : aid D, Mae * Vow = 59, ta (dy +9.) In (3.20) | ; a 20) by Asper Eq. (3:12) for balanced three-phase vokages Vay + V5. = 3¥,, ‘ and also (g), + g.)=— % y Use of these relationships in Eq, (3.20) leads to yp — Way Pew Vo, = on 3.21 ch nk ee The capacit ance of line to neutral of the transposed Line is then given by 4, 2 a G=—=— Fim to neutral (3.224) mn V, In(D,,/¢) For air medium (k= 1) ’ = 0022 ein to neural (3.220) © tog (D.,/r) Itis obvious that for equilateral spacin: = D, the above (approximate) i formula gives the exact It presented earlier. ) ‘onmula gives the exact resul pl The Tne charging current for a three-phase line in phasor form is i , 3.23) : 4, Cine charging) = jw, Vy A/km ¢ © | 437 EPPECT OF EARTH ON TRANSMISSION LINE CAPACITANCE 1 Hines, the presence of earth was h Salculating the capacitance of prams ies pal seenicreraviay et: ‘Bored, so far. The effect of earth on capac! ‘M0 account by the metbod of images Method of Images Tre etectie feta of transmission lin the earth below. The earth for this conform to the presence Cone wae 10 bea perfectet _____ Modem Power System Analysis id conducting horizontal sheet of infinite extent which therefore acts like equipotential surface. The electric field of two long, parallel conductors ind -9 per unit is such that it has a zero potential plane midway between the conductors ag | shown in Fig, 3.8, Ifa conducting sheet of infinite dimensions is placed a the an nero potential plane, the electric field remains undisturbed. Further, if the charge -q is now remoyed. the electric field above the conductor carying a het stays intact, while that below it vanishes. Using these wep Snow results in reverse, we may equivalently replace the presence of groung below a charged conductor by a fictitious conductor having equal and Opposite conductin and located as far below the surface of ground as the overhead conductor lead conductor. This method of creating the same electric field as in the presence of earth is known as the method of images originally suggested by Lord Kelvig ‘ On, Briddeok the above il—such a fictitious conductor is the mirror image of the ov +9 h Zera potential Pane (ground) ! * h ' “9 Fig. 3.8 Electric field of ‘wo long, rarallel, oppositely charged conductors Capacitance of a Single-Phase Line Con: cra single-phase line shown in Fig, 3 Hance taking the presence of earth j described above. Th of earth into 9. It is required to calculate itt 4Ccount by the method of images = equation for the voltage drop Vip 08 determined by the follows: Sane b, and theie images a” and b’ ean be written 88 Vege Dd r iA? ye D2 ye : Bam re hg an oe DENA Fete ee: (324)MES and, ‘Sing lifVing, we get Vis= in ei) mh ri yy (3.25) Radius 4 +O) Real cage 6 zt ©)- Image charge +9 Fig. 3.9 Single-phase transmission ling with images It immediately follows that Fm line-to-line (3.26) rl-+(D7/4h? )!? C= —_4__. fm to neutral (3.260) A DA) wation thal the presence of earth musiies the ; Le pian Fe fr large compared to » (this is the case oe ae earth on line capacitance is of negligible order.8 ma _Modem Power System Analysis _ in position 2, and in ey ‘on Oy aN ( 1 4a) i Pe in ft | gs| InP ig fy 2k r h "Dp, Be . ni) images. With conductor @ in position |, b 4 V f D, Ins q.| In In | ene Iyy Similar equations for Vp can be written for the second and third sectig transposition cycle, If the fairly occurate assumption of constant chap length of the conductor throughout the transmission cycle is made, ¢ value of V.,, for the three sections of the cycle is given by Ox, TRS Of fy BE Pet ug, he ave Tage (Injingh in Llialts (Ay say shy 2(0) (3) where D,, = (D:DsxD3,)"" Das Dip tos Se} 1 1 ne Ge ( (a) Day 4a bay fi hs a Ground h B boy hia 1a, / ne —% 3Ke -a 2061 ©) Fig. 3.10 Three-phase line with images‘he equiition for the average y psaaner. Proceeding on the jin. yt %* F = 0, We ultimg capacitance (0 neutral tle OF tae # OF Sex. 3) \ Uhh « 9.0242 log — joy Chshish, JP PM 10 neutral (3.298) ¥ Cayh,) Comparing Eqs. (3.22a) id (3.298), it is evigern nee increase the capacitance of ident tha: the effect of earth is w pare one. If the conductors stance tors are high abov compared to the distances among them, the effect of earth Gis = eet of three-phase lines can be neglected a ihe cece Gileulste the capacitance to neutralcra of a single-otase tine composed of No, 2 single strand conductors (radius = 0.328 cm} spaced 3 m apact and 7.5 m above the gtound. Compare the results obtained by Eqs, (3.6). (3.7) and (3.26b). Solution (1) Neglecting the presence of earth (Eq, (3.6)) 0.0242 C= HFT ty of charge cistibution is almost ‘Since 2 915, the effest of non-uniform oP. c, = 0.00817 frmWm hb na __ Modern Power System Analysis (2) Considering the effect of earth and neglecting non-uniform *Y OF chy, distribution (Eg, (3.26b)} = 0.0242 C= - i ED TAI) dD a 300 = 807 0.3280 1.04 So = 20242. = 9.0082 jem 2.983 Note: The presenc parts in $00, of earth increases the capacitance by approximate ely 3 Example 3.2 A three-phase 50 Hz transmission line has flat horizontal spacing with 35 m between adjacent conductors. The conductors are No. 2/0 heré-drawn seyeq strand copper (outside conductor diameter = 1.05 em). The voltage of the line is 110 kV. Fird the capacitance to neutral and the chargi kilometre of line Solution D,g= (G5 35x7) =44m g current per 1. ____ 0.0242 log(D,,/r) log (440/0 = 0.00826 j/k 1 10° «C, 314 0.00826 = 0.384 x 10° O/km to neutral (110/./3)x1000 Charging curent | Feampte 23, ‘The six conductors of a acai : , aie ne on tia ‘uit three-phase line having an overall ralits vrnged as shawn in Fig. 3.11, Find the eapwctiv® feactance t¢ ol 3 aaah 110 kV. $0 Hes Mt harBing current per kilometre per conductor #Fig: 3-41 Cross-section of & double-creuk three-ahase ine Solution As in Sec. 3.6, assure that the harge-per conductor on each phase SSequal in all the three sections oF the transposition evele, Fo section J of the transposition cycle Yall = 5 ‘fon ftn 4), an tn i +n) tine aif ta Ie 3.30) jh For section II of the transposition cycle ' jean (tee ‘) V,, (= pelafin! that Heat gh ee (mdr 8] orseetion IH of the transposition cycte Finch) fpint I i In H+(int + } vaca fam! + i) a oe w)] G22) a(n +n ‘i iven by : Ba ition cycle is given ¢ of Vy, over the transposil vasan [onl gng) oe1 2 Tm (te) if i Similarly a avg) = —2 Vie (avg) = ap (de =a.) In Now Vay + Vigo 3 Vog = 4, 4 3Yoy = Hn oi an (FP Pa Capacitance to neutral per conductor = aan Pe ih (es) rfid Total capacitance to neutral for wo conductors in parallel C= Now h = 6m; d=8 m; j =8 m, Referring to Fig. 3.12, we can wie i} (4=a PP? i=[(2) ( 5 N =ViTm f= (PF +P)!" =10m g=(F +4)!" =/65 m Conductor radius (overall) = 0.865 x 107 m Substituting the values for various distances, we have c, = ARX1X885x10F <10° 1000 to sexo 10)" 100x8 0.865 = 0.0181 pFikm wC, = 314 x 0.0181 x 10% = 5.68 x 10° Uhkm ' . = 110x100. 56 x 10° = 0.361 0 ~. Charging currenconductor = oe = 0.1805 A/kmoe SHANGS Of Trahemiason li “tSmission Ling . 1% N=6m ) i 4 j W2=4m £ ) Pe een > d=6m J Fig. 3.12 48 METHOD OF GMD (MODIFIED) A comparison of various expressions for inductance and capacitance of sansmission lines [e.g. Eqs. (2.22b) and (3.6)! brings out the fact that the two we similar except that in inductance Expressions we have (o use the fictitious omductor radius ’ = 0.7788r, while in the expressions for capacitance actual conductor radius ris used. This fact Suggests that the method of GDM would beapplicable in the calculations for capacitance as well provided itis medified by using the outer conductor radius for finding Dy, the self geomettic mean distance. Example 3.3 can be conveniently solved as under by using the modified GMD method. For the first section of the transposition cyele mutual GMD is Dy, = (Cig) (ig) = (ig) Dy. = Cig)!” Dey = (jn? 0 7 18 = (2 g2ih 1? EF Dey = DyPuPea) (ea tn a in , eae transposition cycle self GMD is Dag =f f= hh” Day = (rd)? De ito eran er 2a ___ Modem Power System Analysis This result obviously checks with the fundamentally derived expressins Example 3.3 “ate 3.9 BUNDLED CONDUCTORS 3 A bundled conductor line is shown in Fig. 3.13. The conductors of any py bundle are in parallel, and itis assumed that the charge per bundle divyg equally among the conductors of the bundle as Dj, > d. Also Dyy~ ¢ += Dj, for the same reason, The results obtaine: a with these fairly accurate for usual spacings, Thus if the charge on pha conductors a and a’ have a charge of g,/2 cach; similarly the divided for phases b and c. beds d= Ke drk a! Oa +O! Oo «©! Oe 3 r Dy a Dys 4 I Dy sf Fig. 3.13 Cross-section of a bundled conductor three-phase transmission tne Now, writing an equation for the voltage from conductor a to conductor h, we get Dy ) r d 2 }rose(meemee] oe i a Te | Da Md yy Oo ] 39) ¥,= —| dain 2+ ne G a me (1 Terre qe In Day | Considering the line (o be transposed Be proceeding in the usual manner, & final result will be C, = — 00242 __ km to neutral log (D,,/vrd) where D,, = (DjpD3D,)'° ier bi from, Bq, (2:42) that the method! of modified GMD is eat? valid in this case (as it should be), (a0)__ PROBLEMS 44 Derive an expression for the charge (cy mph © condueter a oF an untransposed three-phase Value agpbed voltage is balanced three-phase sy 4 nO gas reference PhAsot- All conductors hayes charging current of phase a. Ne Pet metre Jength of of phase SAMe radii. Also ‘find the . i Sct Of ground, © © 9 - o ~ D i Fig. P-3 | 32 A three-phase double-circuit Ling j a shown in Fig P3 gach conductor is 2.0 cm. The fin g jood, Find the capacitance per pha 2. The diameter of i € 18 Mansposed and carries balanced 'Sé to neutral OF the line LO} on 2m £°@ Ov am He) Qe = 6m : Fig. P-3.2 33 A three-phase, 50 Hz overhead line has regularly transposed conductors ‘quilaterally spaced 4m apart. The capacitance of such a line is 0.01 défi. Recaleulate the capacitance pet kilomeire to neutral when the Stndlictors are in the same horizontal plane with successive spacing of _ 4mand are regularly cransposed. i - $4 Cinmsider the 500 kV, three-phase bundled conductor ae Sova __ Fig P-2.9, Find the capacitive reactance to neutral in ohm: : SA tee phase transrnigsion line bas fst, horizontal spacing with 2m adjacent conductors. The us of each conductor is 0.25 em. At eee conductor and om one of the ‘voltage drop between these om ect the effect of ground, and fi fomb/km at the instant specified. wreutit kilometre of a double-ci a ae in Fig, P-3:6, Given D = 7mDesh pisienip Fig, P-3.8 Double circuit thiee-phase line wit flat spacing 3.7 A single conductor power cable has a conductor af No, 2 (radius = 0.328 om). Paper insulation separating the contr concentric lead sheath has a thickness of 2.5 mm Bore permittivity of 3.8. The thickness of the Jead sheath is 2 =a hfe Capacitive reactance per kilo mace, Pp pmetre between the inner conde a Hd fy Find the capacitance of phase to neutral per kilometre of a line having conductors of 2 cm diameter placed av the comers of amy with sides 5 m, 6 m and 7 m respectively. Assume that the Vine isfy transposed and carries balanced load. 3.9 Derive an expression for the capacitance per metre length between tag long parallel conductors, each of radius,r, with axes separated by y distance D, where D » x, the insulating medium being air. Caloulate ite maximum potential difference permissible between the conductors, ifthe electric field strength between them is not to exceed 25 kV/em, bing 0.3 emand D = 35cm. w ee 2 REFERENCES Books 1, Stevenson, York, 1982. 2. Cotton, H., und H. Barber, W.D., Elements of Power System Analysis, 41h edi, MeGiraw-til. The Transmission ond Distribution d eto 3rd edn, Hodder and Stoughton, 1970. = 5 1, Generation, Transmission and Utilization of Electric Powe 1962. Papers “Electric Stresses aie to ig of acta oe at 4, Parton, 1B, and A. Wright, tors”. Imernational Fowrnat! 5, Stevens, R.A. and DM: Bae ae ee on Transmission Lines”, “Internati 1965, 2: 11. ‘