Tavi 16 - msesxeblis kreditunarianobis Sefaseba

gavagrZeloT magaliTis ganxilva: yovelive amis Semdeg saboloo

qulebis SejamebiT miiReba msesxeblisaTvis garkveuli kategoriis mini-
Webis sistema, magaliTad:
• 500 qulaze meti _ pirveli klasis msesxebeli;
• 450-500 qula _ kargi msesxebeli;
• 350-450 qula _ damakmayofilebeli msesxebeli;
• 250-350 qula _ garkveuli problemebis mqone msesxebeli;
• 250 qulaze naklebi _ ar finansdeba.
ra Tqma unda, aq moyvanili qulebi rogorc doneebis, ise saboloo
reitingis mixedviT, pirobiTia da damokidebulia konkretuli komerci-
uli bankis sakredito politikasa da gaangariSebis meTodikaze.
aseTi sistemis TvalsaCino magaliTia skoringis meTodi, romelic
ufro farTod gamoiyeneba fizikuri pirebis kreditunarianobis Se-
fasebisas da Semdeg paragrafSi ganvixilavT.

16.5. fizikuri piris kreditunarianobis Sefaseba

fizikuri piris kreditunarianobis Seswavlis procesi iuridi-

uli piris kreditunarianobis Sefasebis gamartivebuli modelia, anu
am SemTxvevaSic adgili aqvs sakredito ganacxadis Sevsebas potenciuri
msesxeblis mier, Sexvedras (an Sexvedrebs) sakredito oficerTan, bankis
mier proeqtis Seswavlas, aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi damatebiTi infor-
maciis warmodgenas da a.S.
martivad Tu CamovayalibebT, fizikuri piris kreditunarianobis
Sefaseba, ZiriTadad, emyareba misi wminda Semosavlebis (Semosavlebi
xarjebis gamoklebiT) da moTxovnili kreditis erTmaneTTan Sedarebas,
finansuri mdgomareobis zogad Sefasebas, qonebis Rirebulebasa da
sakredito istorias. SeiZleba gamovyoT fizikuri piris kreditunari-
anobis Sefasebis sami ZiriTadi meTodi: kompleqsuri analizi, sakredi-
to istoriis Seswavla da Sefasebis reitinguli sistemebi. ganvixiloT
aRniSnuli meTodebi.

1) fizikuri piris kreditunarianobis gansazRvris kompleq-

suri meTodi.
es meTodi yvelaze axlosaa wina paragrafSi ganxiluli iuridiuli
piris kreditunarianobis Sefasebis sistemasTan, vinaidan am dros xdeba
maCvenebelTa kompleqsis Seswavla da analizi, romlebic ganapirobeben
fizikuri pirisaTvis kreditis gacemis gadawyvetilebas. es maCveneble-
bia:
• informacia fizikuri piris Sesaxeb;
• fizikuri piris finansuri SesaZleblobebi;
• fizikuri piris qonebis Sefaseba;
• kreditis uzrunvelyofa;
• dakreditebis pirobebi.

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 ირაკლი კოვზანაძე, გოგი კონტრიძე - თანამედროვე საბანკო საქმე: თეორია და პრაქტიკა

es TiToeuli maCvenebeli SeiZleba Sedgebodes sxvadasxva faqto-

risa da koeficientisagan. cxadia, rogorc maCveneblebis CamonaTvali,
ise faqtorebica da koeficientebic, damokidebulia konkretuli ko-
merciuli bankis strategiasa da sakredito politikaze, aseve qveyanaSi
arsebul ekonomikur mdgomareobaze.
am meTodis naklad SeiZleba CaiTvalos misi araoperatiuloba.
rogorc wesi, mas iyeneben SedarebiT msxvili kreditebis gacemisas. es
meTodi aseve gamoiyeneba sabanko bazris axali moTamaSeebis mier.
samomxmareblo dakreditebis bazarze arsebuli mZafri konkuren-
cia aiZulebs bankebs, eZebon ufro moqnili da operatiuli meTodebi
konkurentuli upiratesobis mosapoveblad. aseTi mcdelobebis kargi
magaliTebia Semdegi ori meTodi.

2) fizikuri piris kreditunarianobis Sefaseba sakredito is-

toriis SeswavliT.
fizikuri piris kreditunarianobis aRniSnuli meTodi gansa-
kuTrebiT gavrcelebulia aSS-Si. banki potenciuri msesxeblis piradi
monacemebis safuZvelze moipovebs informacias bankebidan, sakredito
baraTebis emitentebidan, ipoTekuri kompaniebidan, sakredito biuroe-
bidan gadaxdebisa da dafarvebis Sesaxeb, riTac iqmneba misi sakredi-
to istoria. Tumca, sakredito istoriis garda, komerciuli bankis
gadawyvetilebaze gavlenas axdens damatebiTi informacia _ fizikuri
piris mimdinare finansuri mdgomareoba (Semosavlebisa da valebis done),
bolo samuSao adgilze muSaobis staJi, bolo misamarTze cxovrebis xan-
grZlivoba da kapitali (uZrav-moZravi qoneba).
aRniSnuli meTodis arsebobasa da popularobas xels uwyobs
konkretul qveyanaSi sakredito informaciis gacvlis done (xarisxi).
aSS-Si, magaliTad, 2000-ze meti sakredito biuro funqcionirebs, rom-
lebic floben informacias fizikur pirTa umravlesobaze, romelTac
odesRac auRiaT krediti, am kreditis dafarvis istoriasa da am msesxe-
blis sakredito reitingze.

3) fizikuri piris kreditunarianobis gansazRvris reitinguli

sistemebi.
fizikuri piris kreditunarianobis Sefasebis ucxour sabanko praq-
tikaSi adaptirebulia d. diuranis (1941), e. altmanis (1968), d. fulmerisa
(1984) da sxva avtorebis skoringuli modelebi. Tumca, bankebis didi
nawili iyenebs fizikuri piris kreditunarianobis Sefasebis sakuTar
skoringul sistemebs. maTi variaciebi bevr ramezea damokidebuli, maT
Soris, konkretuli bankis sakredito politikaze, dakreditebis prog­
ramebze (sakredito produqtebi), kreditis moculobaze da a.S. skoringi
ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba fizikuri pirebis kreditunarianobis Sefasebisas,
gansakuTrebiT _ samomxmareblo an sablanko sesxebis gacemisas.
skoringi (scoring) _ esaa maTematikuri an statistikuri modeli,
romlis safuZvels warmoadgens komerciuli bankis yvela arsebuli
msesxeblis klasifikacia sxvadasxva niSniT da maTi SefasebiT miRebul
saboloo maCvenebelTan potenciuri msesxeblis analogiuri maCveneb-

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 Tavi 16 - msesxeblis kreditunarianobis Sefaseba

lis Sedareba. sxva sityvebiT, skoringi aris sakredito riskis Sefasebis

meTodika, romelic aanalizebs potenciuri msesxeblis garkveul maxa-
siaTebelTa jgufs, udarebs maT saSualostatistikur maCvenebels da
iZleva pasuxs kiTxvaze, SeiZleba Tu ara, mivceT mas sesxi.
mokled CamovayaliboT, rogor iqmneba bankis skoringuli modeli:
1) xdeba msesxeblebis damaxasiaTebeli ZiriTadi kriteriumebis,
faqtorebis („maxasiaTeblebi“) siis Seqmna. ukeTesi analizisaT-
vis SeiZleba isini dajgufdnen raime niSnebiT;
2) am TiToeuli maxasiaTeblisaTvis dgindeba ramdenime SesaZlo
varianti (ra Tqma unda, maTi raodenoba erTze meti unda iyos);
3) TiToeuli maxasiaTeblisaTvis xdeba maqsimaluri qulis mini-
Weba, misi prioritetidan gamomdinare. „prioritetulobaSi“
igulisxmeba is, rom SedarebiT mniSvnelovan, sistemaSemqmnel
maCvenebels ufro maRali qula aqvs;
4) TiToeuli maxasiaTeblisaTvis miniWebuli maqsimaluri qulidan
gamomdinare xdeba qulebis miniWeba TiToeuli SesaZlo varian-
tisaTvis (0-dan 10 qulamde);
5) am modelis gavrcelebiT bankSi dafarul kreditebze (anu
statistikur monacemebze) dayrdnobiT, xdeba „kargi“ da „cudi“
msesxeblebis gamijvna garkveuli „kritikuli zRvris“ quliT
(Cvens SemTxvevaSi, magaliTad, 40 qula);
6) amis Semdeg axali sakredito ganacxadis „gatarebiT“ skoringul
modelSi 40 qulaze naklebi qulis mogroveba avtomaturad uars
gulisxmobs.
ra Tqma unda, banks skoringuli sistemis SeqmnisaTvis sWirdeba er-
Tiani sainformacio baza klientebis Sesaxeb da Sesabamisi programuli
uzrunvelyofa.
qvemoT (cxr. №16.3.) mocemulia fizikuri piris kreditunarianobis
Sefasebis skoringuli modelis gaangariSebis tipuri magaliTi.
tipur magaliTSi maxasiaTeblebi dayofilia oTx jgufad _ piradi
maxasiaTeblebi, profesiuli maxasiaTeblebi, bankebTan urTierToba da
qonebrivi mdgomareoba. cxadia, rogorc maCvenebelTa jgufebi, aseve
maCveneblebis CamonaTvali, maTi qulebiT gamoxatuli prioritetuloba
pirobiTia da damokidebulia iseT Sida da gare faqtorebze, rogorebi-
caa: konkretuli komerciuli bankis sakredito politika da strategia,
qveynis ekonomikuri mdgomareoba, sabanko bazarze arsebuli situacia
da konkurenciis done da sxv. amasTan, es yovelive SeiZleba icvlebodes
gare da Sida faqtorebis cvlilebebTan erTad.
potenciuri msesxeblis kreditunarianobis Sefasebis aRniSnuli
sistemebis upiratesobaa didi moculobis sakredito ganacxadebis da-
muSaveba umokles droSi da minimaluri danaxarjebiT. amasTan, sakredi-
to ganacxadebis damuSaveba SeuZlia naklebi kvalifikaciis Tanam­
Sromelsac, vinaidan gamoiyeneba programuli uzrunvelyofa, rac kidev
ufro amcirebs saoperacio xarjebs.

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 ირაკლი კოვზანაძე, გოგი კონტრიძე - თანამედროვე საბანკო საქმე: თეორია და პრაქტიკა

cxr. №16.3. fizikuri piris kreditunarianobis Sefasebis skoringuli

modelis gaangariSebis tipuri magaliTi

maxasiaTeblebi varianti qula

I jgufi – piradi maxasiaTeblebi

1. asaki 18-30 4
31-45 6
46-60 2
2. ganaTleba umaRlesi 6
saSualo specialuri 4
saSualo 2
3. sacxovrebeli adgili sakuTari 10
girao 8
qira 6
cxovrobs sxvasTan 4
4. bolo misamarTze cxovrebis xangrZlivoba 5 welze meti 5
2-5 wlamde 4
1-2 wlamde 3
1 wlamde 2
II jgufi – profesiuli maxasiaTeblebi
5. dasaqmeba daqiravebuli 6
saxelmwifo samsaxuri 4
sakuTari saqme 2
6. ramdeni welia muSaobs am samsaxurSi 3 welze meti 5
1-3 weli 3
1 welze naklebi 1
7. Tanamdeboba topmenejeri 10
menejeri 8
rigiTi 6
8. ramdeni welia muSaobs am Tanamdebobaze 3 welze meti 6
1-3 weli 4
1 welze naklebi 2
III jgufi – bankebTan urTierToba
9. klientis statusi bankis TanamSromeli 10
korp. klientis TanamSr. 8
klientis TanamSromeli 6
araklienti 4
10. sadepozito angariSis floba ki 5
ara 0
11. sakredito istoria kargi 6
istoria ar aris 3
cudi 0
IV jgufi – qonebrivi mdgomareoba
12. sacxovrebeli sakuTari bina da agaraki 10
sakuTari bina 5
ara 0
13. avtomanqana ki 5
ara 0
14. dazRvevis polisi mTeli ojaxisaTvis 10
sakuTar Tavze 8
ara 0

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 Tavi 16 - msesxeblis kreditunarianobis Sefaseba

skoringis saSualebiT SesaZlebeli xdeba im maxasiaTeblebis gamov-

lena, romlebic gansakuTrebiT mWidrod arian dakavSirebulni msesxeb-
lis saimedoobasTan. esaa skoringis diskriminaciuli xasiaTi _ adamiani,
romelic formaluri niSan-TvisebebiT moxvdeba „cudi“ msesxeblebis
jgufSi, kredits ver miiRebs. sxva naklovanebebidan SeiZleba davaxa­
siaToT is, rom sistema saWiroebs mudmiv srulyofasa da ganaxlebas.
xSiri cvlilebebi zrdis Secdomebis risks TviTon sistemaSi, rac Sei-
Zleba banks didi danakargis fasad daujdes.

sakontrolo kiTxvebi:

1. ras warmoadgens komerciuli bankis mxridan potenciuri

msesxeblis kreditunarianobis Sefasebis mizani da amocanebi?
2. ras niSnavs msesxeblis kreditunarianoba?
3. ra sxvaobaa kreditunarianobasa da gadamxdelunarianobas Soris?
4. potenciuri msesxeblis kreditunarianobis Sefasebis romeli
kriteriumebi iciT?
5. ratom aris mniSvnelovani bankSi warmodgenili proeqtis
Sesabamisoba bankis sakredito politikasTan?
6. ras gulisxmobs prudenciuli bazisi, rogorc potenciuri
msesxeblis kreditunarianobis Sefasebis erT-erTi kriteriumi?
7. ras gulisxmobs da ra datvirTva aqvs potenciuri msesxeblis
reputacias bankSi misi kreditunarianobis Sefasebisas?
8. ganmarteT saxsrebis sesxebis unari da SesaZlebloba, rogorc
potenciuri msesxeblis kreditunarianobis Sefasebis erT-erTi
kriteriumi.
9. ra ganapirobebs msesxeblis kreditunarianobis Sefasebis
meTodebis mravalgvarobas?
10. rogor wesi, komerciuli bankis seriozuli problemebisa da
zogjer gakotrebis mizezi romeli garemoebebi xdeba xolme?
11. komerciuli bankebis mier potenciuri msesxeblebis
kreditunarianobis Sefasebis romeli meTodebi iciT?

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