Pre-Exam Final (Mathematic) Y2S2 Full Solution PDF

PRE-EXAM FINAL MATHEMATICS II
Instructed by: Phauk Sokkhey, Ph.D.

Prepared by: UK Pe (TSI210057)
November, 2022
Contents
1. Vector Space……………………………………………………………1
1.1 Inner Produce Space…………………………………………………………...1
1.1.1 Example…………………………………………………………………………...1
2. Linear Transformation………………………………………………...5
2.1 Linear Transformation………………………………………………………...5
2.1.1 Example…………………………………………………………………………...5
3. Jordan Canonical Form……………………………………………….11

3.1 Eigenvalue and eigenvector…………………………………………………...11
3.1.1 Example…………………………………………………………………………..11
4. First order and first-degree differential equation…………………...21
4.1 Separable……………………………………………………………………….21
4.1.1 Example…………………………………………………………………………..21
4.2 Exact Equation…………………………………………………………………24
4.2.1 Example…………………………………………………………………………...24
4.3 First order linear ODE………………………………………………………...26
4.3.1 Example…………………………………………………………………………...26
4.4 Bernoulli’s equation……………………………………………………………29
4.4.1 Example…………………………………………………………………………...29
5. Higher order ODE……………………………………………………...32
5.1 Homogenous and undetermined Coefficients…………………………………32
5.1.1 Example……………………………………………………………………………34
Reference………………………………………………………………......38
TECHO SEN INSTITUTE OF PUBLIC WORKS AND TRANSPORT
PRE-EXAM FINAL MATHEMATICS II
1. Vector Space
1.1 Inner Produce Space
Definition
A map .,. : V  V → is called an inner produce in V. if it satisfies the following
properties. For all vectors u, v, w  V and for all scalars k  ,
1. u , u  0 , u, u = 0  u = 0.
2. u , v = v, u .
3. ku , v = k u , v .
4. u + v, w = u , w + v, w .
1.1.1 Example
Example 1: Determine whether the following vector space equipped with real mappings are inner
product spaces.
A. 2
equipped with x, y = x1 y1 + 2 x2 y2 .
B. 2
equipped with x, y = x12 + y12 + x2 2 + y2 2 .
C. 2
equipped with x, y = x1 y13 + x2 y23 .
D. 2
equipped with x, y = 4 x1 y1 + 2 x2 y2 + 3 x3 y3 + 7 x4 y4 .
E. 2
equipped with x, y = x1 y1 + x2 y2 − 2 x3 y3 .
F . C 0  0;1 equipped with f 2 , f 3 =  tf1 ( t ) f 2 ( t ) dt

1
G. P3 equipped with a0 + a1t + a2t + a3t 3 ; b0t + b1t + b2t 2 + b3t 3 = a0b0 + a1b1 + 2a2b2 + a3b3
2
Solution
Determine whether the following vector space equipped with real mappings are inner product
spaces
A. 2
equipped with x, y = x1 y1 + 2 x2 y2 .
1. x, x = x12 + 2 x2 2  0 , x = ( x1 , x2 )  2
x, x = 0  x12 + 2 x2 2 = 0  x1 = x2 = 0
2. x, y = x1 y1 + 2 x2 y2 = y1 x1 + 2 y2 x2 = y, x = y, x
UK Pe (TSI210057) 1
3. kx, y = ( kx1 ) y + 2 ( kx2 ) y2 = k ( x1 y1 + 2 x2 y2 ) = k x, y
4. x + y, z = ( x1 + y1 ) z1 + 2 ( x2 + y2 ) z2 = ( x1 z1 + 2 x2 z2 ) + ( y1 z1 + 2 y2 z2 ) = x, z + y, z
2
So It is an inner product
B. 2
equipped with x, y = x12 + y12 + x2 2 + y2 2 .
Let x = ( 4, 2 ) , y = (1,3)  and k = 2

2
2 2 2 2
(
Since kx, y = ( kx1 ) + y1 + ( kx2 ) + y2 , k x, y = k x12 + y12 + x2 2 + y2 2 )
 kx, y = (2  4) 2 + 12 + (2  2) 2 + 32 = 90
 k x, y = (12 + 12 + 22 + 32 ) = 15
 kx, y  k x, y
So It is an not inner product
C. 2
equipped with x, y = x1 y13 + x2 y23 .
Let x = ( 4, 2 ) , y = (1,3) 
2
Since x, y = x1 y1 + x2 y2 and y, x = y1 x1 + y2 x2 .
3 3 3 3
 x, y = 4.13 + 2.33 = 58
 y, x = 1.43 + 3.23 = 88
 x, y  y , x
So It is an not inner product
D. 2
equipped with x, y = 4 x1 y1 + 2 x2 y2 + 3x3 y3 + 7 x4 y4 .
1. x, x = 4 x12 + 2 x2 2 + 3 x32 + 7 x4 2  0 , x = ( x1 , x2 )  2
UK Pe (TSI210057) 2
x, x = 0  4 x12 + 2 x2 2 + 3x32 + 7 x4 2 = 0  x1 = x2 = 0
2. x, y = 4 x1 y1 + 2 x2 y2 + 3x3 y3 + 7 x4 y4 = 4 y1x1 + 2 y2 x2 + 3 y3 x3 + 7 y4 x4 = y, x = y, x
3. kx, y = 4 ( kx1 ) y1 + 2 ( kx2 ) y2 + 3 ( kx3 ) y3 + 7 ( kx4 ) y4
= k ( 4 x1 y1 + 2 x2 y2 + 3 x3 y3 + 7 x4 y4 ) = k x, y
4. x + y, z = 4( x1 + y1 ) z1 + 2( x2 + y2 ) z2 + 3( x3 + y3 ) z3 + 7( x4 + y4 ) z4
= (4 x1 z1 + 2 x2 z2 + 3x3 z3 + 7 x4 z4 ) + (4 y1 z1 + 2 y2 z2 + 3 y3 z3 + 7 y4 z4 )
= x, z + y , z
2
E. 2
equipped with x, y = x1 y1 + x2 y2 − 2 x3 y3 .
Let x = ( 0,0, 2 ) 
3
Since x, x = x12 + x2 2 − 2 x32
 x, x = 02 + 02 − 2 (1) = −2  0
2
2
F . C 0  0;1 equipped with f1 , f 2 =  tf1 ( t ) f 2 ( t ) dt

1
f  C 0  0;1 , f , f =  tf ( t ) dt  0 , t = ( 0,1) , t  0
1
1.
0
f, f =0  f ( t ) = 0 , t = ( 0,1)
f , g =  tf ( t ) g ( t ) dt =  tg ( t ) f ( t ) dt = g , f = g , f
1 1
2. , g, f 
0 0
kf , g =  t ( kf )( t ) g ( t ) dt = k  tf ( t ) g ( t ) dt = k f , g
1 1
3.
0 0
f + g , h =  t ( f + g ) ( t ) h ( t ) dt =  tf ( t ) h ( t ) dt +  tg ( t ) h ( t ) dt = f , h + g , h
1 1 1
4.
0 0 0
It is an inner product C  0;1

0
So
UK Pe (TSI210057) 3
G. P3 equipped with a0 + a1t + a2t 2 + a3t 3 ; b0t + b1t + b2t 2 + b3t 3 = a0b0 + a1b1 + 2a2b2 + a3b3
1. a ( t ) , a ( t ) = a0 2 + a12 + a2 2 + a32  0
a (t ) , a (t ) = 0  a0 2 + a12 + a2 2 + a32 = 0
 a0 = a1 = a2 = a3 = 0  a (t ) = 0
2. a ( t ) , b ( t ) = a0b0 + a1b1 + 2a2b2 + a3b3 = b0 a0 + b1a1 + 2b1a1 + b3a3 = b ( t ) , a ( t ) = b ( t ) , a ( t )
3. ka ( t ) , b ( t ) = ( ka0 ) b0 + (ka1b1 ) + 2(ka2 )b2 + (ka3 )b3 = k ( a0b0 + a1b1 + 2a2b2 + a3b3 ) = k a ( t ) , b ( t )
4. a ( t ) + b ( t ) , c ( t ) = (a0 + b0 )c0 + (a1 + b1 )c1 + 2(a2 + b2 )c2 + (a3 + b3 )c3
= (a0c0 + a1c1 + 2a2c2 + a3c3 ) + ( b0c0 + b1c1 + 2b2c2 + b3c3 ) = a, c + b, c
It is an inner product C  0;1

0
So
UK Pe (TSI210057) 4
2. Linear Transformation
2.1 Linear Transformation
Definition
Let V ,W  V . A mapping L : V → W is said to be a linear transformation or linear
if
1. u, v  V : L ( u + v ) = L ( u ) + L ( v )
2. v  V ,   : L ( v ) = L ( v )
Theorem
If L  L (V ,W ) , then L ( 0 ) = 0
L  L (V ,W ) if and only if for v1 , v2  V and   :
L ( v1 + v2 ) = L ( v1 ) + L ( v2 )
Definition
1. The image of V1  V is defined by L (V1 ) =  L ( v ) : v  V1
2. The range or the image of L is defined by

Im ( L ) = R ( L ) = L (V ) = L ( v )  W : v  V .
3. The pre-image of L−1 (W1 ) = v  V : L ( v ) = w  W1
4. The kernel or null space of L is defined by

ker ( L ) = N ( L ) = L−1 (0 ) = v  V : L ( v ) = 0.
5. L is one-to-one because ker ( L ) = 0
6. L is onto because Im ( L ) = W
2.1.1 Example
Example 1: Determine if the following mappings are linear transformation.
A. L: 3
→ 2
defined by L ( x, y, z ) = ( x + 2 y − 3z , 4 x − 5 y + 6 z ) .
B. L: 2
→ 2
defined by L ( x, y ) = ( x 2 , y 2 )
C. L: 3
→ 2
defined by L ( x, y, z ) = ( x + 1, y + z )
UK Pe (TSI210057) 5
D. L : 2
→ 2
defined by L ( x1 , x2 ) = ( x1 − 2 x2 ,3 + x1 + 3x2 )
E. L : 3
→ 2
defined by L ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) = ( x1 + 2 x2 + x3 , x1 − x2 )
F. L : 2
→ 2
defined by L ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) = ( x1 + 2 x2 , x1 x2 )
Solution
Determine if the following mappings are linear transformation.
 x + 2 y − 3z 
A. L : 3
→ 2
defined by L ( x, y, z ) = ( x + 2 y − 3z,4 x − 5 y + 6 z ) =  
 4x − 5 y + 6z 
 u1   v1 
   
Let u =  u2  , v =  v2   ,  .
3
u  v 
 3  3
 u1   v1    u1 + v1 
       u1 + v1 + 2u2 + 2v2 − 3u3 − 3v3 
 L ( u + v ) = L  u2  +   v2   = L  u2 + v2  =  
 u3   v   u + v   4u1 + 4v1 − 5u2 − 5v2 + 6u3 + 6v3 
  3   3 3 
 u1 + 2u2 − 3u3   v1 + 2v2 − 3v3  

=   +    = L ( u ) + L ( v )
 4u1 − 5u2 + 6u3   4v1 − 5v2 + 6v3  
So L is a linear transformations
 x2 
B. L : 2
→ 2
defined by L ( x, y ) = ( x , y ) =  2 
2 2
y 
 v1 
Let v =   ,=3
2
 2
v
We have L ( v ) = L ( v )
 9v12   v12   v12 

Since L ( v ) = L ( 3v ) =  2  = 9  2  and 3L ( v ) = 3  2 
 9v  v  v 
 2   2   2 
 L ( v )  L ( v )
So L is not a linear transformations
UK Pe (TSI210057) 6
C. L : 3
→ 2
defined by L ( x, y, z ) = ( x + 1, y + z )
0
We have L ( 0 ) =  
0
0
   0 + 1  1   0 
Since L  0  =  =  
0 0 + 0 0 0
 
D. L : 2
→ 2
defined by L ( x1 , x2 ) = ( x1 − 2 x2 ,3 + x1 + 3 x2 )
0
We have L ( 0 ) =  
0
0
  0 − 0  0 0
Since L  0  =  =  
0 3 + 0 + 0 3 0
 
E. L : 3
→ 2
defined by L ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) = ( x1 + 2 x2 + x3 , x1 − x2 )
 u1   v1 
   
Let u =  u2  , v =  v2   ,  .
3
u  v 
 3  3
 u1   v1    u1 + v1 
       u1 + v1 + 2u2 + 2v2 + u3 + v3 
 L ( u + v ) = L  u2  +   v2   = L  u2 + v2  =  
 u + v   u1 + v1 − u3 − v3 
 u3   v 
 3   3 3 

 u1 + 2u2 + u3   v1 + 2v2 + v3  
=   +    = L ( u ) + L ( v )
  u1 − u3   v1 − v3 
So L a linear transformations
UK Pe (TSI210057) 7
 x + 2 x2 
F. L : 3
→ 2
defined by L ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) = ( x1 + 2 x2 , x1 x2 ) =  1 
 x1 x2 
 v1 
Let v =   ,=3
2
 v2 
We have L ( v ) = L ( v )
 3v1 + 2  3v2   v1 + 2v2   v1 + 2v2 

Since L ( v ) = L ( 3v ) =   = 3  and 3L ( v ) = 3  
 3v1  3v2   3v1  v2   v1  v2 
 L ( v )  L ( v )
Example 2: Let L : 2
→ 3
be a linear transformation defined by
1 1 
 x1     x1 
L   =  1 −1   
 x2   2 3   x2 
 
A. Find the kernel of L and one of its bases. Is L one-to-one?
B. Find the range of L and one of its bases. Is L onto?
Solution
Let L : 2
→ 3
1 1 
 x1     x1 
L   =  1 −1   
 x2   2 3   x2 
 
1 1  1 1  1 1
  R2 → R2 − R1    
Since  1 −1  0 −2   0 1 
 2 3  R3 → R3 − 2 R1 0 1  0 0
     
UK Pe (TSI210057) 8
0 
 x1 = x2 = 0  ker ( L ) =   = 0
0 
So ker ( L ) = 0
Since ker ( L ) = 0 then L is one-to-one
So L is one-to-one
Where rank ( L ) = dim ( Im ( L ) )
1 1  1 1
   
We have  1 −1 0 1
2 3  0 0
   
1  1  
    
 Im ( L ) = Span 1  ,  −1   dim ( Im ( L ) ) = 2
 2   3  
    
 rank ( L ) = dim ( Im ( L ) ) = 2
So rank ( L ) = 2
Since rank ( L ) = 2 , dim 2

=2
 rank ( L ) = dim 2
So L is onto
Example 3: Let L : 3
→ 3
 x1   2 0 −1  x1 
    
L  x2  =  1 1 0   x2 
 x   2 −1 0   x 
 3   3 
UK Pe (TSI210057) 9
Solution
 2 0 −1  1 1 0 
   
Since  1 1 0  0 1 0
 2 −1 0   0 0 1 
   
0 
 
 x1 = x2 = x3 = 0  ker ( L ) = 0  = 0
0 
 
So ker ( L ) = 0
Since ker ( L ) = 0 then L is one-to-one
So L is one-to-one
Where rank ( L ) = dim ( Im ( L ) )
 2 0 −1  1 1 0 
   
We have  1 1 0  0 1 0
 2 −1 0   0 0 1 
   
 2   0   −1 
      
 Im ( L ) = Span 1  , 1  ,  0    dim ( Im ( L ) ) = 3
 2   −1  0  
      
 rank ( L ) = dim ( Im ( L ) ) = 3
So rank ( L ) = 3
Since rank ( L ) = 3 , dim 3

=3
 rank ( L ) = dim 2
So L is onto
UK Pe (TSI210057) 10
3. Jordan Canonical Form
3.1 Eigenvalue and Eigenvector
Definition
Let A  M n ( ).
2. A scalar   is said to be an eigenvalue of A if there exists a nonzero vector
x n
such that Ax = x . The nonzero vector x is said to be an eigenvector
associated to  .
3. The set of all eigenvalue of A is called spectrum of A, we write spect ( A ) .
4. The eigenspace corresponding to an eigenvalue  is defined as
E = ker ( A − I n ) =  x  n
: ( A − I n ) x = 0.
Definition
Let V  Vn , L  L (V ) , B be a basis for V , A =  L B , and   . The polynomial
pL (  ) = det ( L − I ) = det ( A − I ) does not depend on a basis for V. This polynomial
is called characteristic polynomial of L ( also of A ) and p A (  ) = pL (  ) = 0
is called characteristic equation from L ( also from A )

Theorem
Let V  Vn , L  L (V ) , B be a basis for V , and A =  L B .
Then
n
(
p A (  ) = pL (  ) = ( −1)  n − S1 n−1 + S 2 n−2 + ... + ( −1) S n
n
)
Where Si is the sum of the principal minors of order I of matrix A.
Note S1 = Tr ( A ) , S n = A
4.1.1 Example
Example 1: If A is a square matrix Ax = x for nonzero scalar  , then x is an eigenvector of A

Solution
Where A is a square matrix Ax = x for nonzero scalar 
A scalar   is said to be an eigenvalue of A if there exists a nonzero vector x  n

such
that Ax = x . The nonzero vector, x is said to be an eigenvector associated to  .
So x is an eigenvector of A
UK Pe (TSI210057) 11
 5 6 17 
 
Example 2: The eigenvalues of  0 −19 23  . Find all eigenvalues
 0 0 37 
 
Solution
• Find all eigenvalues
Let   be an eigenvalue of A.
 x1 
 
We have Ax = x , x  2
, x =  x2   3
, x0
x 
 3
 Ax − x = 0  ( A − I ) x = 0 , x  0
 5 6 17  1 0 0
  I = 0 1 0
Since A =  0 −19 23  ,  
 0 0 37  0 0 1
   
 5 6 17  1 0 0
   
 A − I = 0   0 −19 23  −   0 1 0  = 0
 0 0 37  0 0 1
   
5− 6 17
 0 −19 −  23 = 0
0 0 37 − 
 ( 5 −  )( −19 −  )( 37 −  ) = 0  1 = −19 ,  2 = 5 ,  3 = 37
So 1 = −19 ,  2 = 5 ,  3 = 37 It’s eigenvalue
Example 3: The eigenvalues of a 4  4 matrix ( A ) are given as 2, −3,13,7 . Then Find
det ( A ) = A equal to.
Solution
• Find det ( A ) = A
Where The eigenvalues of a 4  4 matrix ( A ) are given as 2, −3,13,7
UK Pe (TSI210057) 12
Then p (  ) = det ( A − I ) = ( −1) (  − 2 )(  + 3)(  − 13)(  − 7 )

4
Take  = 0
 det ( A − ( 0 ) I ) = det ( A) = A = ( −1) ( 0 − 2 )( 0 + 3)( 0 − 13)( 0 − 7 ) = −546

4
So det ( A ) = A = −546
 −5 2 
Example 4: Let A =   . Find its eigenvalues and eigenvectors.
 −7 4 
Solution
• Find its eigenvalues
 x1 
, x =   2
, x0
 x2 
 Ax − x = 0  ( A − I ) x = 0 , x  0
 −5 2  1 0
Since A =   , I = 0 1
 −7 4   
 −5 2  1 0
 A − I = 0    −   =0
 −7 4  0 1
−5 −  2
 =0
−7 4−
 2 +  − 6 = 0  1 = 2 ,  2 = −3
So 1 = 2 ,  2 = −3 It’s eigenvalue
• Find its eigenvectors
 −5 −  2   x1 
We have ( A − I ) x =     = 0 ( x is an eigenvector )
 −7 4 −   x2 
➢ For 1 = 2
UK Pe (TSI210057) 13
 −5 − 2 2   x1   −7 2   x1 
 ( A − 2I ) x =    =    = 0
 −7 4 − 2   x2   −7 2   x2 
 −2 
 −7 2   −7 2  −1 1
Since   R2 → R2 + R1   R1 → R1  7 
 −7 2  0 
 0 0 0 
7

2
Let x2 = t  x1 = t
7
2
 x1    
 x = =t 7 ,t
 x2  1 
 
2
So x = t 7  , t  
it’s is an eigenvector to 1 = 2
 
1 
➢ For  2 = −3
 −5 + 3 2   x1   −2 2   x1 
 ( A + 3I ) x =    =    = 0
 −7 4 + 3   x2   −7 7   x2 
 −2 2   1 −1
Since    
 −7 7   0 0 
Let x2 = u  x1 = u
x   1 
 x =  1  = u  , u 
 x2   1
 1 
So x = u  , u  it’s is an eigenvector to  2 = −3
 1
1 2 4
 
Example 5: Let A =  0 4 7  . Find the eigenvalues of A.
0 0 6
 
Solution
UK Pe (TSI210057) 14
• Find the eigenvalues of A.
 x1 
 
, x =  x2   3
, x0
x 
 3
 Ax − x = 0  ( A − I ) x = 0 , x  0
1 2 4 1 0 0
  I = 0 1 0
Since A =  0 4 7  ,  
0 0 6 0 0 1
   
1 2 4 1 0 0
   
 A − I = 0  0 4 7 − 0 1 0 = 0
0 0 6 0 0 1
   
1−  2 4
 0 4− 7 =0
0 0 6−
 (1 −  )( 4 −  )( 6 −  ) = 0  1 = 1 ,  2 = 4 ,  3 = 6
So 1 = 1 ,  2 = 4 ,  3 = 6 It’s eigenvalue
Example 6: Find all eigenvalues and their corresponding eigenspace of the following matrix.
 2 −3 1   −8 −3 −6 
3 0    
A. A =   , B. B =  1 −2 1  , C. C = 4 0 4 
1 2  1 −3 2   4 2 2
   
Solution
3 0
A, A =  
1 2
• Find all eigenvalues of the following matrix.
UK Pe (TSI210057) 15
 x1 
, x =   2
, x0
 x2 
 Ax − x = 0  ( A − I ) x = 0 , x  0 (1)
3 0 1 0
Since A =   , I = 
1 2 0 1
3 0 1 0 3− 0
 A − I = 0    −  =0 
1 2 0 1 1 2−
 ( 3 −  )( 2 −  ) = 0  1 = 2 ,  2 = 3 It’s eigenvalue.
So Spect ( A) = 2,3
• Find all corresponding eigenspace of the following matrix.
The eigenspace corresponding to an eigenvalue  is defined as
E = ker ( A − I n ) =  x  n
: ( A − I n ) x = 0 .
➢ For 1 = 2
 x1 
By (1) ; ( A − 1I ) x = 0 , x =    ( )
* 2
 x2 
1 0 
 ( A − 2I ) x = 0   x =0
1 0 
1 0   1 0 
Since     (REF)
1 0   0 0 
 x1 = 0
Let x2 = t  
 x2 = t
 x1   0 
 x =   =  ,t ( *
) is an eigenvector corresponding to  1 =2
 x2   t 
 0 
 

So The eigenspace corresponding to 1 = 2 is E2 =    2
t   = Span ( 0,1)

 t  

➢ For  2 = 3
UK Pe (TSI210057) 16
0 0 
 ( A − 3I ) x = 0   x =0
 1 −1
 0 0   1 −1
Since     (REF)  x1 − x2 = 0
 1 −1  0 0 
 x1 − x2 = 0  x1 = t
Let x2 = t  
 x2 = t
 x1   t 
 x =   =  ,t ( *
) is an eigenvector corresponding to 2 = 3
 x2   t 

 t  

So The eigenspace corresponding to  2 = 3 is E3 =    2
t   = Span (1,1)

 t  

 2 −3 1 
 
B, B =  1 −2 1 
 1 −3 2 
 
 x1 
 
We have Ax = x , x  , x =  x2   ( *) , x  0
2 3
x 
 3
 Ax − x = 0  ( A − I ) x = 0 , x  0 (1)
 2 −3 1 
 
Since A =  1 −2 1  ,
 1 −3 2 
 
 2 −3 1  1 0 0
   
 A − I = 0   1 −2 1  −   0 1 0  = 0
 1 −3 2  0 0 1
   
2− −3 1
 1 −2 −  1 =0
1 −3 2−
UK Pe (TSI210057) 17
− (  − 1)  −1 0 −1 1 0
 1 −2 −  1 =0  (  − 1) 1 −2 −  1
1 −3 2− 1 −3 2−
−1 0 0
 (  − 1) 1 −1 −  1 = 0  − (  − 1) ( −1 −  )( 2 −  ) + 2 = 0
1 −2 2−
 1 = 0 ,  2 =  3 = 1 It’s eigenvalue.
So Spect ( A) = 0,1
➢ 1 = 0
 2 −3 1 
 
 ( A − 0I ) x = 0   1 −2 1  x = 0
 1 −3 2 
 
 2 −3 1   1 0 −1
     x1 − x3 = 0  x1 = x3
Since  1 −2 1   0 1 −1 (REF)    
 1 −3 2   0 0 0   x2 − x3 = 0  x2 = x3
   
 x1   x3   1
     
 x =  x2  =  x3  = x3 1 , x3  ( *
)
x  x   1
 3  3  
  1 
   
So The eigenspace corresponding to 1 = 0 is E0 =  x3 1  3
x3   = Span (1,1,1)
  1 
   
➢  2 = 3 = 1
 1 −3 1
 
 (A− I)x = 0  1 −3 1 x = 0
 1 −3 1
 
UK Pe (TSI210057) 18
1 −3 1  1 −3 1 
   
Since 1 −3 1  0 0 0  (REF)  x1 − 3x2 + x3 = 0  x1 = 3x2 − x3
1 −3 1  0 0 0 
   
 x1   3x2 − x3  3  −1

       
 x =  x2  =  x2  = x2 1  + x3  0  , x2, x3  ( )
*
x  x  0 1 
 3  3     
 3  −1   3   −1 

          
So E 2,3 = E1 =  x2 1  + x3  0   3
x2 , x3   = Span 1  ,  0  
  0 1    0  1  
          
 −8 −3 −6 
 
C, C =  4 0 4 
 4 2 2
 
 x1 
 
We have Ax = x , x  , x =  x2   ( *) , x  0
2 3
x 
 3
 Ax − x = 0  ( A − I ) x = 0 , x  0 (1)
 −8 −3 −6 
 
Since A =  4 0 4 
 4 2 2
 
 −8 −3 −6  1 0 0
   
 A − I = 0   4 0 4  − 0 1 0 = 0
4 2 2 0 0 1
   
−8 −  −3 −6
 4 − 4 =0
4 2 2−
nn
(
By p A (  ) = pL (  ) = ( −1)  − S1 + S 2  + ... + ( −1) S n
n −1 n−2 n
)
UK Pe (TSI210057) 19
0 4 −8 −6 −8 −3
Since S1 = tra ( A) = −8 + 2 = −6 , S2 = + + = 12
2 2 4 2 4 0
−8 −3 −6
S3 = 4 0 4 = −8
4 2 2
 pA (  ) = −3 − 6 2 − 12 − 8 = − (  3 + 6 2 + 12 + 8 ) = − (  + 2 )

3
  = −2 It’s eigenvalue.
So Spect ( A) = −2
➢  = −2
 −6 −3 −6 
 
 ( A + 2I ) x = 0   4 2 4 x=0
 4 2 4
 
 −6 −3 −6   2 1 2 
Since  4 2 4   0 0 0  (REF)
 4 2 4   0 0 0 

 2 x1 + x2 + 2 x3 = 0  x2 = −2 x1 − 2 x3
Let x1 = t , x3 = s , x2 = −2 x1 − 2 x3 = −2t − 2s
 x1   x3   t  1 0
         
 x =  x2  =  x3  =  −2t − 2s  = t  −2  + s  −2  , t , s  ( *
)
x  x  s  0 1
 3  3      
 1  0   1   0  
          
So E 2,3 = E1 = t  −2  + s  −2   3
t , s   = Span  −2  ,  −2  
 0  1    0  1  
          
UK Pe (TSI210057) 20
4. First order and first-degree differential equation
Definition
The first order differential equation is of the form
dy
= f (t, y )
dt
Or
F ( t , y, y ') = 0
4.1 Separable
Definition
A differential equation F ( t , y, y ' ) = 0 is said to be separable or to have separable
variables if it can be written in the form

 ( t ) dt =  ( y ) dy
REVIEW OF INTEGRALS
u n +1 1
1.  u n du =
n +1
+ C , n  −1 2.  u
du = ln u + C
u'
3.  eu du = eu + C 4.  u
du = ln u + C
u'
 e
−u
5. = 2 u +C 6. du = −e − u + C
u
4.1.1 Example
Example 1: Solve (1 + x ) dy − ydx = 0
Solution
• Solve (1 + x ) dy − ydx = 0
 (1 + x ) dy = ydx
1 1
 dy = dx ( it’s separable variables )
y 1+ x
UK Pe (TSI210057) 21
1 1
  y dy =  1 + x dx
1 (1 + x ) ' dx
  y  1+ x
dy =
y = ec (1 + x )
ln 1+ x + c
 y=e  ( ec as c )
So y = (1 + x ) + C
dy
Example 2: Solve t 1 + y 2 + y 1 + t 2 =0
dt
Solution
dy
• Solve t 1 + y 2 + y 1 + t 2 =0
dt
dy
 t 1 + y2 = − y 1 + t 2
dt
t −y
 dt = dy ( it’s separable variables )
1+ t2 1 + y2
t −y
  1+ t 2
dt = 
1 + y2
dy
1 (1 + t ) ' 1 (1 + y ) '
2 2
  2  1 + t 2 dt = −  2  1 + y 2 dy  1 + t 2 = − 1 + y2 + C
So 1 + t 2 = − 1 + y2 + C
(
Example 3: Solve 2t e y − 1 dt + et + y dy = 0)
Solution
• ( )
Solve 2t e y − 1 dt + et + y dy = 0
 2t ( e y − 1) dt = −et + y dy
UK Pe (TSI210057) 22
2t et
 dt = − y dy ( it’s separable variables )
ey ( e − 1)
2t ey
  ey dt = −  ( e y − 1) dy
t ey
 2 dt = −  ( e y − 1) dy (1)
et
t
➢ e t
dt =  t  e−t dt ( Use integral by parts  udv = uv −  vdu )
Let u = t  du = dt
Let dv = e − t dt  v = −e − t
 udv = t ( −e ) +  ( e )dt = −te − e−t = −e −t ( t + 1)

−t −t −t

➢  y
ey ( e − 1) ' dy = ln e y − 1 + C
dy =  y
y
( e − 1) e −1
t ey
By (1): 2 dt = −  ( e y − 1) dy  −2e−t ( t + 1) = − ln e y − 1 + C
et
So −2e−t ( t + 1) = − ln e y − 1 + C
( )
Example 4: Solve et + 1 ydy + ( y + 1) dt = 0
Solution
• ( )
Solve et + 1 ydy + ( y + 1) dt = 0
y 1
 dy = − t dt
y +1 e +1
y 1
  y + 1 dy = − e t
+1
dt (1)
y y +1−1  1  ( y + 1) ' dy = y − ln y + 1 + C
➢  y + 1 dy =  y +1
dy =  1 −

 dy =  dy − 
y +1 y +1
UK Pe (TSI210057) 23
➢  t
1 et + 1 − et
dt =  t
( e + 1) ' dt = t − ln et + 1 + C
dt =  dt −  t
t
e +1 e +1 e +1
y 1
By (1) ;  y + 1 dy = − e t
+1
dt  y − ln y + 1 + C = −t + ln et + 1
 y − ln y + 1 + C = −t + ln et + 1  t + y + C = ln ( et + 1) ( y + 1) 
 et + y + C = e
( )
ln et +1 ( y +1)
 et + y + C =  ( et + 1) ( y + 1)
 y
e .e C
=
( e + 1) ( y + 1)
t
 Ce y = ( e−t + 1) ( y + 1) ( eC as C )
t
e
So Ce y = ( e−t + 1) ( y + 1)
4.2 Exact Equation
Definition
A differential equation of the form
M ( t , y ) dt + N ( t , y ) dy = 0
Is said to be exact if the expression on the first corresponds to the differential of some
real function of two real variables.
Theorem
Let M ( t , y ) and N ( t , y ) be continuous and have continuous partial derivatives on a
rectangular region. Then a necessary and sufficient condition that

M ( t , y ) dt + N ( t , y ) dy = 0 be an exact differential is
M N
=
y t
4.2.1 Example
Example 1: Solve the differential equation ( t + 2 y ) dt + ( 2t + y ) dy = 0
Solution
• Solve the differential equation ( t + 2 y ) dt + ( 2t + y ) dy = 0 ( exact equation )
UK Pe (TSI210057) 24
M  ( t + 2 y ) N  ( 2t + y )
Since = =2= =
y y t t
 F
 t = M ( t , y ) = t + 2 y (1)
The equation is etact F ( t , y ) such that 
 F = N ( t , y ) = 2t + y ( 2)
 y
F t2
By (1) ; = M (t, y )  F ( t , y ) =  ( t + 2 y )dt = + 2 yt + C ( t ) ( 3)
t 2
F   t2 
 ( t , y ) =  + 2 yt + C ( y )  = 2t + C ' ( y ) ( 4)
y y  2 
By (2) and (4) ;  2t + C ' ( y ) = 2t + y  C ' ( y ) = y   C ' ( y ) dy =  ydy

y2
 C ( y) = +C
2
t2 y2
By (3) ;  F (t, y ) = + 2 yt + + C Or t 2 + 4ty + y 2 = C
2 2
So t 2 + 4ty + y 2 = C
( ) (
Example 2: Solve the differential equation t 2 − 2ty + 3 y 2 dt + y 2 + 6ty − t 2 dy = 0 )
Solution
• ( ) ( )
Solve the differential equation t 2 − 2ty + 3 y 2 dt + y 2 + 6ty − t 2 dy = 0 exact equation
M  ( t − 2ty + 3 y ) N  ( y + 6ty − t 2 )
2 2 2
Since = = −2t + 6 y = =
y y t t
 F
 t = M ( t , y ) = t − 2ty + 3 y (1)
2 2
The equation is etact F ( t , y ) such that 

 F = N ( t , y ) = y 2 + 6ty − t 2 ( 2 )
 y
F t3
By (1) ; = M (t, y )  F ( t , y ) =  ( t 2 − 2ty + 3 y 2 )dt = + yt 2 + C ( t ) ( 3)
t 3
UK Pe (TSI210057) 25
F   t3 
 ( t , y ) =  + yt 2 + C ( t )  = t 2 + C ' ( t ) ( 4 )
y y  3 
By (2) and (4) ;  y 2 + 6ty − t 2 = t 2 + C ' ( t )  C ' ( y ) = −2t 2 + y 2 + 6ty
y3
  C ' ( y ) dy =  ( −2t + y + 6ty ) dy  C ( y ) = −2t y + + 3 y 2t + C
2 2 2
t3 y3
By (3) ;  F ( t , y ) =  ( t 2 − 2ty + 3 y 2 )dt = + yt 2 + −2t 2 y + + 3 y 2t + C
3 3
 F ( t , y ) = t 3 + y 3 − 3t 2 y + 9ty 2 + C
So t 3 + y3 − 3t 2 y + 9ty 2 = C
4.3 First order linear ODE
Definition
A differential equation of the form a1 ( t ) y '+ a0 ( t ) y = b ( t )
Is said to be a first order linear equation in the dependent variable y.
To solve first order linear ODE, we first transform it into a standard form
y '+ p ( t ) y = f ( t )
The integration factor of the last equation is
I ( t ) = e
p ( t ) dt
After multiplying the standard equation by I, we have
( I (t ) y ) ' = I (t ) f (t )  I ( t ) y =  I ( t ) f ( t ) dt
Example 1: Solve the differential equation t 2 + 1 ( ) dy

dt
+ 4ty =
t 2
1
+1
Solution
• Solve the differential equation t 2 + 1 ( ) dy

dt
+ 4ty =
t 2
1
+1
UK Pe (TSI210057) 26
Where t + 1 ( 2
) dy + 4ty =
1

dy 4t
+ 2 .y =
1
t +1 dt t + 1 (t 2 + 1)
2 2
dt
By first order linear ODE y '+ p ( t ) y = f ( t )
Find I ( t )
 p( t )dt  4t 
 I (t ) = e Since  p ( t ) = 2 
 t +1
4t 2 ( t 2 + 1) '
•  p ( t ) dt =  2 dt =  2 dt =2ln t 2 + 1 + C
t +1 t +1
2
2ln t 2 +1 +C ln t 2 +1 +C
I (t ) = e = ( t 2 + 1)
2
 =e
( t 2 + 1)
2
And get ( t + 1) + 4ty ( t + 1) =

dy 2 2
2 2
=1
( )
2
dt t 2
+ 1

d
dt
((t 2 + 1) y = 1
2
)  (t 2
+ 1) y = t
2
(t + 1) y = t
2 2
So
1 dy y
Example 2: Solve the differential equation . + tan t = cos t
t dt t
Solution
1 dy y
• Solve the differential equation . + tan t = cos t
t dt t
1 dy y dy
Where . + tan t = cos t  + tan ty = t cos t
t dt t dt
Find I ( t )
( p ( t ) = tan t )
 p( t )dt
 I (t ) = e Since
UK Pe (TSI210057) 27
sin t ( cos t ) ' dt = − ln cos t

•  p ( t ) dt =  tan tdt = cos t dt = −  cos t
+C
− ln cos t ln cost −1+C

I (t ) = e = ( cos t )
−1
 =e
dy
( cos t ) + tan t ( cos t ) y = t cos t ( cos t )
−1 −1 −1
And get
dt

d
dt
(
( cos t ) y = t
−1
)  ( cos t )
−1
y=
t2
2
+C  y = cos t
t2
2
+ C cos t
t2
So y = cos t + C cos t
2
dy
Example 3: Solve the differential equation − sin 2t = y cot t
dt
Solution
dy
• Solve the differential equation − sin 2t = y cot t
dt
dy dy
Where − sin 2t = y cot t  − cot t. y = sin 2t
dt dt
Find I ( t )
( p ( t ) = − cot t )
 p( t )dt
 I (t ) = e Since
cos t ( sin t ) ' dt = − ln sin t + C

•  p ( t ) dt =  − cot tdt = − sin t
dt =  −
sin t
− ln sin t +C
I (t ) = e = ( sin t )
−1

dy 2sin t cos t
( sin t ) − ( sin t ) cot t. y = ( sin t ) sin 2t =
−1 −1 −1
And get = 2cos t
dt sin t

d
dt
(
( sin t ) y = 2cos t
−1
)  ( sin t )
−1
y = 2sin t + C  y = 2sin t 2 + sin t.C
UK Pe (TSI210057) 28
t2
So y = cos t + C cos t
2
4.4 Bernoulli’s equation
Definition
A differentia equation of the form
y '+ a ( t ) y = b ( t ) y n , n  0,1
Is called Bernoulli’s equation.
The Bernoulli’s equation is a non-linear equation and y ( t ) = 0 is always a solution
1− n
When n  0 . To find a non-trivial solution, we use the substitution u = y . Then
= (1 − n ) y − n ( −a ( t ) y + b ( t ) y n )
du dy
= (1 − n ) y − n
dt dt
du
+ (1 − n ) a ( t ) y1− n = (1 − n ) b ( t )
dt
du
+ (1 − n ) a ( t ) u = (1 − n ) b ( t )
dt
Which is a linear differential equation of u
Note: Don’t forget that y ( t ) = 0 is always a solution to the Bernoulli’s equation when n  0
dy 4
Example 1: Solve the differential equation + y = x3. y 2
dx x
Solution
dy 4
• Solve the differential equation + y = x3. y 2
dx x
By Bernoulli’s equation y '+ a ( x ) y = b ( x ) y n , n  0,1
4
Since a ( x ) = , b ( x ) = x3 , n = 2
x
1− n
We substitution u = y = y1− 2 = y −1
UK Pe (TSI210057) 29
du
 + (1 − n ) a ( x ) u = (1 − n ) b ( x )
dx
du 4 −1 4
 − y = − x3  u '− u = − x3 ( it’s a first order linear ode )
dx x x
• Find I ( x )
Where I ( x ) = e 
p ( x ) dx
4
Since p ( x ) = −
x
−4 1
  x dx
I ( x ) = e
p ( x ) dx dx −4 −4 ln x + c
−4
 =e =e =e =e = x −4
x ln x

dx
( x y ) = − x −4  x3 = −
d −4 −1 1
x
 x −4 y −1 = − ln x + c
 y −1 = x 4 ( − ln x + c )
So y −1 = x 4 ( − ln x + c )
1
dy t
Example 2: Solve the differential equation + y = 3. y 2
dt 1 − t 2
Solution
1
dy t
• Solve the differential equation + y = 3. y 2
dt 1 − t 2
By Bernoulli’s equation y '+ a ( t ) y = b ( t ) y , n  0,1

n
t 1
Since a ( t ) = , b (t ) = 3 , n =
1− t 2
2
1 1
1−
1− n
We substitution u = y = y 2
= y2
du
 + (1 − n ) a ( t ) u = (1 − n ) b ( t )
dt
UK Pe (TSI210057) 30
1
du 1 t 3 1 t 3
 + y2 =  u '+ u = ( it’s a first order linear ode )
dt 2 1 − t 2
2 2 1− t 2
2
➢ Find I ( t )
Where I ( t ) = e 
p ( t ) dt
t
Since p ( t ) =
2 (1 − t 2 )
t
 2 1−t 2 (1−t 2 ) ' dx 1
( ) =e 
dt 1 1 −
− 1
I ( t ) = e = (1 − t )
p ( t ) dt − ln 1− t 2 + c ln 1− t 2 4 2 −4
 =e =e =e
2
4 1− t 4
d 1 1
 3 1 1 1 1
( )  2( ) = (1 − t 2 ) ( ) dt
2 −4 2 −4 − 3 2 −4
 1 − t y 2
= 1 − t  4 y2 =  1 − t
dt   2
1
This example error with integral  (1 − t ) dt
3 2 −4
UK Pe (TSI210057) 31
5. Higher order ODE
Definition
The linear mth-order differential equation is of the form
am ( t ) y ( + am −1 ( t ) y ( + ... + a0 ( t ) y = g ( t )
m) m −1)
And its homogenous equation is
am ( t ) y ( + ... + a1 ( t ) y '+ a0 ( t ) y = 0
m)
5.1 Homogenous and undetermined Coefficients
Theorem
The set of all solutions of a homogeneous differential equation
am ( t ) y ( + ... + a1 ( t ) y '+ a0 ( t ) y = 0
m)
Is a vector space of dimension m.
Definition
Let y1 ,..., ym are m linearly independent solutions of
am ( t ) y ( + ... + a1 ( t ) y '+ a0 ( t ) y = 0
m)
The general solution of this homogeneous ODE is

yh ( t ) = c1 y1 ( t ) + ... + cm ym ( t ) .
Where ci , i = 1,2,..., m are arbitrary constants.
Theorem
Let y p1 ,..., y pk be k particular solution of the nonhomogeneous linear nth-order
differential equation am ( t ) y ( m ) + am −1 ( t ) y ( m −1) + ... + a0 ( t ) y = g ( t ) pn an interval I
corresponding, in tern, to k distinct g1 , g 2 ,..., g k . That is, suppose y pi denotes a
particular solution of the corresponding differential equation
am ( t ) y ( + ... + a1 ( t ) y '+ a0 ( t ) y = g i ( t )
m)
UK Pe (TSI210057) 32
Higher Order Differential Equations
We assume that the coefficients are constants and consider
an y ( ) + ... + a1 y '+ a0 y = 0 , t  I
n
Where a0 , a1 ,..., an are constants. The characteristic equation of the differential equation
is an r n + an −1r n −1 + ... + a1r + a0 = 0

Root with multiplicity m Solutions
Real number  et , tet ,..., t m −1et
cos t , t cos t ,..., t m −1 cos t

Imaginary number i
sin t , t sin t ,..., t m −1 sin t
et cos t , tet cos t ,..., t m −1et cos t

Complex number  + i
et sin t , tet sin t ,..., t m −1et sin t
Second Order with constant coefficients
We consider homogeneous equation with constant coefficients

ay ''+ by '+ cy = 0
Where a,b,c are constants. The equation
ar 2 + br + c = 0
Is called the characteristic equation of the differential equation.
Discriminant Nature of roots General solution
b 2 − 4ac  0 r1 , r2  y = Aer1t + Ber2t

b 2 − 4ac = 0 r1 = r2 are equal y = ( A + Bt ) e r1t
b 2 − 4ac  0 r1 , r2 =   i y = et  A cos ( t ) + B sin ( t ) 
UK Pe (TSI210057) 33
5.1.1 Example
(3)
Example 1: Solve the differential equation y + 4 y ''+ 13 y ' = 0
Solution
(3)
• Solve the differential equation y + 4 y ''+ 13 y ' = 0
The characteristic equation r 3 + 4r 2 + 13r = 0
 r 3 + 4r 2 + 13r = 0  r ( r 2 + 4r + 13) = 0
 r1 = 0 , r2,3 = −2  3i =   i
The general solution is y ( t ) = C1 y1 ( t ) + C2 y2 ( t ) + C3 y3 ( t )
Since y1 ( t ) = e r1t = e 0 = 1 ,
y2 ( t ) = e cos ( t ) = e−2t cos ( 3t ) , y3 ( t ) = e C2 sin ( t ) = e −2t sin ( 3t )

 2t  3t
 y ( t ) = C1 + C2e −2t cos ( 3t ) + C3e −2t sin ( 3t ) = C1 + e −2t ( C2 cos ( 3t ) + C3 sin ( 3t ) )
So y ( t ) = C1 + e −2t ( C2 cos ( 3t ) + C3 sin ( 3t ) )
Example 2: Solve the differential equation y + 2 y ''+ y '+ 8 y = 0

3
Solution
• Solve the differential equation y + 2 y ''+ y '+ 8 y = 0

3
The characteristic equation r 3 + 2r 2 + r + 8 = 0 ( Error )
Example 3: Solve the differential equation y ''− 5 y '+ 6 y = e

4t
Solution
• Solve the differential equation y ''− 5 y '+ 6 y = e

4t
The characteristic equation r 2 − 5r + 6 = 0
The roots of the characteristic equation is r = 2,3
Therefore, the homogeneous solution is yh = C1e2t + C2e3t
Since 4 is not a root of r 2 − 5r + 6 = 0 ,
UK Pe (TSI210057) 34
we let y p = Ae 4t
Where A is a constant to be determined
Since y p ' = 4 Ae 4t , y p '' = 16 Ae 4t
By comparing coefficients of y p ''− 5 y p '+ 6 y p = e 4t
16 Ae4t − 5 ( 4 Ae4t ) + 6 ( Ae4t ) = e4t

1
  2 Ae4t = e4t  A=
2
1 1 4t
We get A = and a particular solution is y p = e .
2 2
1 4t
Therefore, the general solution is y = yh + y p = C1e + C2e +
2t 3t
e
2
1
So y = C1e2t + C2e3t + e 4t
2
Example 4: Solve the differential equation 4 y ''− 4 y '+ y = 0

Solution
• Solve the differential equation 4 y ''− 4 y '+ y = 0
2
 1
The characteristic equation 4r 2 − 4r + 1 = 0  r −  = 0
 2
1
The roots of the characteristic equation is r =
2
The general solution is y ( t ) = C1 y1 ( t ) + C2 y2 ( t )
1 1
Since y1 ( t ) = e 2 , y2 ( t ) = te 2
t t
1 1 1
y ( t ) = C1e 2 + C2te 2 = ( C1 + C2t ) e 2
t t t

1
y ( t ) = ( C1 + C2t ) e
t
2
So
UK Pe (TSI210057) 35
Example 5: Solve the differential equation 2 y( ) + 11y( ) + 18 y ''+ 4 y '− 8 y = 0

4 3
Solution
• Solve the differential equation 2 y( ) + 11y( ) + 18 y ''+ 4 y '− 8 y = 0

4 3
The characteristic equation 2r 4 + 11r 3 + 18r 2 + 4r − 8 = ( 2r − 1)( r + 2 ) = 0

3
1
Therefore, we have two roots here r1 = which is multiplicity 1. r2 = −2 which is
2
multiplicity of 3.
The general solution is y ( t ) = C1 y1 ( t ) + C2 y2 ( t ) + C3 y3 ( t ) + C4 y4 ( t )
1
Since y1 ( t ) = e , y2 ( t ) = te , y3 ( t ) = t e , y4 ( t ) = e
t
−2t −2t 2 −2t 2
1 1
y ( t ) = C1e (C + tC2 + t C3 ) + C4e
t t
−2 t −2 t 2 −2 t −2 t
 + C2te + C3t e + C4 e = e
2
1
2 2
1
y ( t ) = e −2t ( C1 + tC2 + t 2C3 ) + C4e 2
t
So
Example 6: Solve the differential equation y( ) + 12 y( ) + 104 y( ) + 408 y ''+ 1156 y ' = 0
5 4 3
Solution
• Solve the differential equation y( ) + 12 y( ) + 104 y( ) + 408 y ''+ 1156 y ' = 0

5 4 3
( )
2
The characteristic equation r 5 + 12r 4 + 104r 3 + 408r 2 + 1156r = r r 2 + 6r + 34 =0
Therefore, roots here r1 = 0 which is multiplicity 1. r + 6r + 34 = 0 we have complex

2
roots which is r = −3  5i each with multiplicity 2.
Therefore, the solution for the real root is easy and for the complex we’ll get a total of 4
solution, 2 will be the normal solutions and two will be the normal solution each multiplied
by t.
The general solution is y ( t ) = C1 y1 ( t ) + C2 y2 ( t ) + C3 y3 ( t ) + C4 y4 ( t ) + C5 y5 ( t )
Since y1 ( t ) = e = 1 , y2 ( t ) = e −3t cos5t , y3 ( t ) = te −3t cos5t

( 0)t
UK Pe (TSI210057) 36
y4 = e −3t sin 5t , y5 ( t ) = te −3t sin 5t
 y ( t ) = C1 + C2e −3t cos5t + C3te −3t cos5t + C4e −3t sin 5t + C5te −3t sin 5t
 y ( t ) = C1 + e−3t ( C2 + C3t ) cos5t + ( C4 + C5t ) sin 5t 
So y ( t ) = C1 + e−3t ( C2 + C3t ) cos5t + ( C4 + C5t ) sin 5t 
Example 7: Solve the differential equation y( ) − 15 y( ) + 84 y( ) − 220 y ''+ 275 y '− 125 y = 0
5 4 3
Solution
• Solve the differential equation y( ) − 15 y( ) + 84 y( ) − 220 y ''+ 275 y '− 125 y = 0

5 4 3
The characteristic equation r 5 − 15r 4 + 84r 3 − 220r 2 + 275r − 125 = 0
 ( r − 1)( r − 5)
2
(r 2
− 4r + 5) = 0
 r1 = 1 , r2 = 5 , r2,3 = 2  i
The general solution is y ( t ) = C1et + ( C2 + C3t ) e5t + e 2t ( C4 cos t + C5 sin t )
So y ( t ) = C1et + ( C2 + C3t ) e5t + e 2t ( C4 cos t + C5 sin t )
Example 8: Solve the differential equation y( ) − y ''+ 4 y '− 4 y = 0

3
Solution
• Solve the differential equation y( ) − y ''+ 4 y '− 4 y = 0

3
The characteristic equation r 3 − r 2 + 4r − 4 = 0  ( r − 1) ( r 2 + 4 ) = 0
 r1 = 1 , r2,3 = 0  2i
The general solution is y ( t ) = C1et + C2 cos 2t + C3 sin 2t
So y ( t ) = C1et + C2 cos 2t + C3 sin 2t
UK Pe (TSI210057) 37
Reference
1. Schaums_Outline_of_Linear_Algebra,_Sixth_Edition_by_Lipschutz,_Seymour (4).pdf
2. Differential_Ref1 (2).pdf
3. Differential_Ref2 (2).pdf
UK Pe (TSI210057) 38

Pre-Exam Final (Mathematic) Y2S2 Full Solution PDF

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PRE-EXAM FINAL MATHEMATICS II

Instructed by: Phauk Sokkhey, Ph.D.

3. Jordan Canonical Form……………………………………………….11

PRE-EXAM FINAL MATHEMATICS II

properties. For all vectors u, v, w  V and for all scalars k  ,

F . C 0  0;1 equipped with f 2 , f 3 =  tf1 ( t ) f 2 ( t ) dt

3. kx, y = ( kx1 ) y + 2 ( kx2 ) y2 = k ( x1 y1 + 2 x2 y2 ) = k x, y

Let x = ( 4, 2 ) , y = (1,3)  and k = 2

So It is an not inner product

So It is an not inner product

3. kx, y = 4 ( kx1 ) y1 + 2 ( kx2 ) y2 + 3 ( kx3 ) y3 + 7 ( kx4 ) y4

Since x, x = x12 + x2 2 − 2 x32

F . C 0  0;1 equipped with f1 , f 2 =  tf1 ( t ) f 2 ( t ) dt

It is an inner product C  0;1

2. a ( t ) , b ( t ) = a0b0 + a1b1 + 2a2b2 + a3b3 = b0 a0 + b1a1 + 2b1a1 + b3a3 = b ( t ) , a ( t ) = b ( t ) , a ( t )

4. a ( t ) + b ( t ) , c ( t ) = (a0 + b0 )c0 + (a1 + b1 )c1 + 2(a2 + b2 )c2 + (a3 + b3 )c3

= (a0c0 + a1c1 + 2a2c2 + a3c3 ) + ( b0c0 + b1c1 + 2b2c2 + b3c3 ) = a, c + b, c

It is an inner product C  0;1

L  L (V ,W ) if and only if for v1 , v2  V and   :

2. The range or the image of L is defined by

3. The pre-image of L−1 (W1 ) = v  V : L ( v ) = w  W1

4. The kernel or null space of L is defined by

5. L is one-to-one because ker ( L ) = 0

Example 1: Determine if the following mappings are linear transformation.

Determine if the following mappings are linear transformation.

 u1 + 2u2 − 3u3   v1 + 2v2 − 3v3  

 9v12   v12   v12 

So L is not a linear transformations

So L is not a linear transformations

So L is not a linear transformations

 3v1 + 2  3v2   v1 + 2v2   v1 + 2v2 

So L is not a linear transformations

A. Find the kernel of L and one of its bases. Is L one-to-one?

B. Find the range of L and one of its bases. Is L onto?

A. Find the kernel of L and one of its bases. Is L one-to-one?

Since ker ( L ) = 0 then L is one-to-one

B. Find the range of L and one of its bases. Is L onto?

Where rank ( L ) = dim ( Im ( L ) )

Since rank ( L ) = 2 , dim 2

A. Find the kernel of L and one of its bases. Is L one-to-one?

B. Find the range of L and one of its bases. Is L onto?

Since ker ( L ) = 0 then L is one-to-one

B. Find the range of L and one of its bases. Is L onto?

Where rank ( L ) = dim ( Im ( L ) )

Since rank ( L ) = 3 , dim 3

3. Jordan Canonical Form

3.1 Eigenvalue and Eigenvector

3. The set of all eigenvalue of A is called spectrum of A, we write spect ( A ) .

4. The eigenspace corresponding to an eigenvalue  is defined as

pL (  ) = det ( L − I ) = det ( A − I ) does not depend on a basis for V. This polynomial

is called characteristic polynomial of L ( also of A ) and p A (  ) = pL (  ) = 0

is called characteristic equation from L ( also from A )

Example 1: If A is a square matrix Ax = x for nonzero scalar  , then x is an eigenvector of A

A scalar   is said to be an eigenvalue of A if there exists a nonzero vector x  n

• Find all eigenvalues

So 1 = −19 ,  2 = 5 ,  3 = 37 It’s eigenvalue

Example 3: The eigenvalues of a 4  4 matrix ( A ) are given as 2, −3,13,7 . Then Find

det ( A ) = A equal to.

Where The eigenvalues of a 4  4 matrix ( A ) are given as 2, −3,13,7

Then p (  ) = det ( A − I ) = ( −1) (  − 2 )(  + 3)(  − 13)(  − 7 )

 det ( A − ( 0 ) I ) = det ( A) = A = ( −1) ( 0 − 2 )( 0 + 3)( 0 − 13)( 0 − 7 ) = −546

• Find its eigenvectors