Zhouzhiyuan-18723094 环境监测实验报告 PDF

Environmental Monitoring Report
Adviser TIAN Xiujun
Group 5
Data 5/4/2020
College Beijing Jiaotong University Weihai campus Cohort 2018
Zhiyuan Zhou 18723094
Hankun Liu 18723067
Lifeng Wang 18723074

Group members Wenran Du 18725049
Xinyu Wang 18723076

Content
1. Introduction
1.1. Background
1.1.1. Overview of Muzhu River
1.1.2. Overview of Nanhai New District
1.1.3. Water supply functions of Muzhu River (Nanhai New District)
Industrial water supply
Entertainment water supply
Irrigation water supply
1.1.4. Distribution of pollutant sources
Industrial production sources
Municipal sewage sources
Rural wastewater sources
1.1.5. Current situation
River cut-off
Excessive discharge of pollutants
Key pollutants
Sediment adsorption of non-biodegradable pollutants
1.2. Monitoring purpose
2. Monitoring Variables
2.1. Standard for surface water(表格：水质对照标准)
2.2. Variables to be measured
3. Monitoring Sites
3.1. Monitoring sections
3.1.1. Principles
3.1.2. Set of sampling sections
3.2. Sampling Points
4. Frequency and time of sampling
5. Sampling, transport and preservation

5.1. Sampling
5.2. Transport
5.3. Preservation
6. Determination of pollutants in the water sampling

6.1. Pretreatment
6.2. Determination of Physical Variables
6.2.1. Temperature of Zihe River—on spot measurement
Principles
Reagents and Apparatus
Processes
Results
6.2.2. Turbidity
Principles
Processes
Results
6.2.3. Electrical Conductivity—on spot
Principles
Processes
Results
6.3. Determination of Metal Oxides
6.3.1. Determination of Determination of permanganate index IMn
Principles
Method
Results
Experiments and Calculations
6.4. Determination of Nonmetallic Inorganic Compound
6.4.1. Alkalinity
Principles
Processes
Results
6.4.2. pH—on spot measurement
Principles
Processes
Results
6.4.3. Dissolved Oxygen—on spot measurement
Principles
Processes
Results
6.4.4. Chloride ions
Principles
Processes
Results
6.4.5. Ammonia Nitrogen
Principles
Processes
Results
6.4.6. Total Phosphorus
Principles
Processes
Results
6.5. Determination of Organic Compound
6.5.1. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
Principles
Processes
Results
6.5.2. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5)
Principles
Processes
Results
7. Results & Analysis

7.1. Standard 53
7.2. Overall description 55
7.3. Suggestion 58
1. Introduction
1.1 Background
1.1.1 Overview of Muzhu River
The four major rivers in Wendeng, Weihai, are Muzhu River, huanglei, Qinglong
and Changyang rivers. The Muzhu River are 65 kilometers long, with a watershed
area of 1,115.2 square kilometers and an average annual runoff depth of 297
millimeters. The Jinhua and Xiangshui rivers adjacent to the Weihai campus of
Beijing Jiaotong University are tributaries of the Muzhu River. The river joins the
Xiangshui River about 1.5 km to the east from the South Gate of the Weihai campus
of the Beijing Jiaotong University.
Figure 1-1 Top view of Weihai
Muzhu River:
 Overview
Muzhu River are the second longest river in Weihai and the largest in the Weihai
River basin, accounting for 67.8 percent of Wendeng District’s total area. Its upstream
reservoir, the Mishan Reservoir, is Weihai’s largest and a major source of water for
workers, farmers and residents in the Wendeng region. The Mishan Reservoir, a large
reservoir designed and built for irrigation in the late 1950s, was completed in 1960
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and began to fill. The reservoir has a total capacity of 280 million cubic meters and
the xingli reservoir has a capacity of 107 million cubic meters.
Figure 1-2 Muzhu River
 Flow profile
On August 2,1940, the maximum peak flow of the Mishan reach of the Muzhu
River was 2040 m3/s, the maximum peak flow of the Dongdaokou reach of the
Muzhu River was 4940 m3/s, and the maximum peak flow of the Zhougezhuang
reach of the east tributary of the Muzhu River was 430 m3/s. From 1952 to 1967, the
average annual runoff of Muzhu River was 354 million cubic meters, of which the
maximum runoff was 641 million cubic meters (1964) and the minimum runoff was
80 million cubic meters (1958) .
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Figure 1-3 River Trend of Muzhu River
 Water quality status:

The Muzhu River river basin covers an area of 62% of the whole territory. Its
eastern branch flows through the city of Wendeng. It is the main dumping area for
industrial waste water and production waste water in the city. The receiving waste
water accounts for more than 70% of the total sewage in the city every year, the equal
standard pollution load of pollutants accounts for more than 80% . According to
GB383888《 Surface Water Environmental Quality Standard 》 , the water quality of
Muzhu river has exceeded the standard of permanganate index and ammonia nitrogen
since 1982, and the oil has exceeded the standard of oil since 1986, especially in the
suburb water area.
Historically, the Muzhu river was known as “Black water”because of silt
blockage and frequent flooding. Since the early days of the People’s Republic of
China, the local government has carried out river regulation and finally solved the
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flooding problem of the Muzhu river. Since the diversion project, the Muzhu River is
about 500 meters wide in the upper reaches and 600 meters wide in the lower reaches.
During the dry season, the water depth in the lower reaches is 0.2 ~ 0.5 meters.
During the flood season from June to September, the flood depth reaches 5 meters and
the maximum flood peak discharge is 2,600 cubic meters/second. During this period,
the river runoff accounts for more than 80% of the annual river runoff.
Most of the rivers in the Wendeng area are sandy rivers with torrents of
mountains, floods and rocks. The riverbeds are exposed in dry season, and the
gradient of the river bottom is usually 1/200 to 1/800. The Muzhu River and its
tributaries originate from various types of granite bodies and flow southward as a
whole. The riverbed type is straight and slightly curved sandy riverbed, the middle
and upper reaches of the river are bare, and the sediment grains are coarse and of sand,
silty sand, sandy silt, silty sand and clay sand, argillaceous silt and silty clay. In flood
season, the sediment concentration of rivers in Weihai is about 1.77 KGM3, while the
average sediment transport of Muzhu river from 1953 to 1965 was 359,000 tons, and
the maximum sediment transport was 824,000 tons in 1965.
 River runoff main features:

1) The seasonal variation is obvious. During the flood season, the flood water
rises and falls suddenly, while the dry season runoff is very small, even the
dry river.
2) There’s a lot of regional variation. River runoff decreases from southeast to
northwest. Large interannual variation.
3) The difference of runoff between high water year and low water year is more
than 10 times. In 1985, the average annual total hardness of Muzhu river was
1.24 mg equivalent/L.
1.1.2. Overview of Nanhai New District
Overview of the geography of Weihai:
 Topographical Presentation
Weihai is a hilly area with wide slopes and gentle swells. With the exception of
Mt. Tabor, the main peak of Kunlun Mountains, which is 923 metres above sea level,
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the rest of the peaks are below 700 metres. Most of them are 200-300 metres above
sea level with slopes below 25 degrees. The mountain is dominated by granodiorite,
and the surface is dominated by brown earth formed from weathered debris. The
mountains in the valleys are wider and flatter; the plains are mostly coastal plains and
piedmont slopes. Low mountains accounted for 15.77% of the total land area, hills for
52.38% , plains for 27.56% , islands for 0.28% , beaches for 4.01% . The river
network is thick, the river channel is smooth, the surface drainage is good. Central
high-lying mountains from east to west, water system from back to north, from south
to south, flowing to the sea. The north, east and south of Weihai are surrounded by the
Yellow Sea. Three seas to the north, southeast by southeast. The coastline is
zigzagged and the promontory is crisscrossed. There are many harbors and islands.
The north, east and south of Weihai are surrounded by the Yellow Sea. The coastline
is 978 kilometers long, accounting for about one-third of Shandong province and
one-eighteenth of the whole country.
 Hydrologic Condition
Weihai is located in the eastern end of Shandong Peninsula, there is no big river,
no foreign water entry, water resources mainly from the domestic precipitation. The
annual average precipitation of the city is 730.2 mm, the annual runoff is 262.4 mm,
the average surface water resource is 1.426 billion cubic meters, and the underground
water resource is 475 million cubic meters, minus 273 million cubic meters of the
duplicate, the city’s annual average water resources total 1.628 billion cubic meters.
Figure 1-4 Annual Average Evaporation of Weihai
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 Climatic Characteristics
From the macro-scope, Weihai is located in the mid-latitude, belongs to the north
temperate monsoon type continental climate, the four seasons change and the
monsoon advance and retreat are more obvious. Compared with the same latitude
inland area, it has the characteristics of abundant rainfall, moderate annual
temperature and mild climate. In addition, by the regulation of the ocean, but also
with the spring cold, summer cool, autumn warm, winter temperature, day and night
temperature difference is small, frost-free period long, windy and humidity, and other
oceanic climate characteristics. The city’s annual average temperature 11.9 °C, annual
average precipitation 730.2 mm, annual average sunshine hours 2538.2 hours.
Strong winds are a striking feature of Weihai’s climate. In spring, the south wind
alternates with the north wind. It is a windy season. The main wind in summer is
south wind and southeast wind. At the end of autumn, the frequency of the north wind
begins to increase. There is a lot of north wind in winter.
Based on the statistical analysis of the variation and evolution of the average
annual evaporation from 1981 to 2015 in Weihai, it is found that the average annual
evaporation from Weihai is 119.56 mm, which shows a gradual decreasing trend, and
the evaporation from Weihai has a decreasing trend in all seasons except winter, the
biggest decrease was in summer, followed by spring and autumn. The variation of the
seasonal average evapotranspiration between different years was also different. In
1981-1990 winter and 2001-2010 summer, the evapotranspiration was negative, and
in 1981-2010 it was positive, the results show that the evaporation from 1981 to 2010
is higher than that from 2011, and the decrease of evaporation from 2011 may be
caused by the anomaly of climate change.
An Overview of the Geographical Situation of Wendeng:
 Climate Overview
Wendeng, a region of Weihai in the North Temperate Zone, is also a continental
monsoon with four distinct seasons. The annual mean temperature is 11.5 °C, the
extreme maximum temperature is 36.4 °C, and the extreme minimum temperature
is-25.5 °C. Precipitation 762.2 mm, uneven distribution of precipitation, summer is
more concentrated, June to September precipitation accounted for about 70% of the
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year, Spring and autumn precipitation is less, often occur drought. Annual sunshine
hours 2540.7 hours, frost-free period 194 days. Winter is long, the prevalence of cold
and dry winter winds from the northern part of the mainland, the temperature is low,
for the peninsula low-temperature stations; summer is the shortest, the prevalence of
warm and wet summer winds from the ocean, Spring and autumn are winter and
summer monsoon conversion period, spring windy weather more.
 Hydrologic Overview
The river in Wendeng District, Weihai, is a monsoonal source river of the
peninsula. From the overall point of view of the region, the gradient of the river bed is
large, the source short current rapid, rapid rise and fall. The runoff is affected by
season greatly, and dry season is more than dry season. Wendeng district in the
territory of four major rivers, 36 rivers, plus tributaries, size of the river channel 1,226,
a total length of 2,147 km, of which 1 km more than 578 rivers, a total length of 1,814
km. The average density of river network is 0.22 km/km2, the average annual runoff
coefficient is about 0.36, and the runoff coefficient is 0.51 in 2005. In addition, there
are 30,000 hectares of shallow water and 3,067 hectares of fresh water in Wendeng.
An overview of the Nanhai New District:

 Overview of the Nanhai New District
The Nanhai New District lies at the eastern end of Shandong Peninsula, facing
South Korea and Japan on the east and facing each other across the sea. Nanhai new
area traffic is convenient, traffic network is diverse. From Weihai to Beijing, it takes
only an hour in Shanghai and 45 minutes in Seoul.
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Figure 1-5 Overview of Nanhai New District
 Overview of Weihai Wubao Island Bay National Wetland Park

The total area of Wubao Bay National Wetland Park is 3660.83 hectares, with a
wetland rate of 98.64% , including the Xiangshui River, Jinhua River, Changyang
River and some intertidal zones. There are 263 species of vascular plant in the park.
There are over 300 species of phytoplankton. At present, more than 200 species of
birds have been collected in the Wetland Park, which is one of the richest wetland
bird resources in Shandong province. Dense pine forests, fresh air, rich in negative
oxygen ions, known as the “Natural oxygen bar.”
 Overview of Weihai campus of Beijing Jiaotong University

The Weihai campus of Beijing Jiaotong University is located on 74.1 hectares of
land in Weihai Nanhai new area, Xiaoguan Town, Wendeng District, Weihai,
Shandong province, China, with a longitude and latitude of 37.00 ° N, 121.94 ° E. The
campus is roughly triangular in shape, bordered on the left by the Jinhai Road, on the
upper right by the Jinhua River, and on the lower right by the Perfume River, which is
separated from the Weihai campus of Beijing Jiaotong University by a road called the
modern road.
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1.1.3. Water supply functions of Muzhu River (Nanhai New District)
The Sow River belongs to the first-level water function zone, which integrates
drinking, industrial and agricultural water. After calculation and analysis, the local
average available water resources in Nanhai New Area for many years is 3,687,200
m3, and the total water consumption control index is 40 million m. The Nanhai New
Area mostly adopts the method of joint water supply dispatching by water sources to
implement unified dispatch of water resources. The main types are as follows,
including agricultural irrigation water, livestock breeding water, ecological
environment water and urban living and production water requirements. By analyzing
some water-use indicator values in the planning level year of the Nanhai New Area, it
can be seen that all indicators are relatively advanced. Among them, as the local
farmland irrigation methods in the Nanhai New Area are basically small water pumps
directly from the water source for short-distance irrigation, the irrigation water
utilization coefficient can reach 0.90.
Table 1-1 Water Types and Corresponding Water Consumption of Nanhai New
Area
Type of water Water consumption (100000m3)
There are arable land in 13 villages, which can

Agricultural irrigation water
basically meet the needs of irrigation water
Water requirement for

59.2
livestock breeding
Ecological water demand 310

Water demand for urban life
2104
production
1.1.4. Distribution of pollutant sources

 Industrial production sources
The Muzhu River is an important water source for Nanhai New Area and Wendeng.
Its east tributary flows through Wendeng urban area. It is the main dumping area of
industrial wastewater and production sewage in the city. Industrial pollution is an
important source of pollution. According to the results of the census, the major
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pollutant discharge units and their discharge concentrations are as follows as shown in
the table
Table 1-2 The monthly average concentration of chemical oxygen demand and
ammonia nitrogen emissions of key polluting enterprises mg/L
Name of pollution source COD Ammonia
Diesel Pharmaceutical 190 9.07
Hualong Printing and Dyeing 61.4 3.17
Shandong Dongshun Environmental
Protection Technology Co., Ltd. Sewage 114 4.91
Outlet
Wendeng Sanitation Office 18.2 0.75
Wendeng West Suburb 39.1 4.4
Stanley (Wendeng) Tools Co., Ltd.
72.3 9.73
Headquarters
Vogel Printing and Dyeing 30.4 0.91
Senlu Tanning 300 1.01
 Agricultural pollution source

The Weihai Environmental Protection Bureau has conducted research on the amount
of ammonia nitrogen discharged by water and soil erosion, urban domestic sewage,
industrial wastewater, etc., and the annual replacement amount of ammonia nitrogen
discharged into the river channel is about 27100t/a, of which the ammonia nitrogen is
lost due to the mixing of chemical fertilizers. The volume accounts for about 71.2% of
the ammonia nitrogen compounds in the river
The amount of ammonia nitrogen carried by soil erosion accounted for about 5.4%,
and the amount of ammonia nitrogen discharged from urban domestic sewage and
industrial wastewater accounted for 14.0% and 9.4%, respectively. This shows that
the agricultural non-point source pollution in the watershed is a kind of ammonia
nitrogen pollution in the watershed, and the ammonia nitrogen discharged by it
accounts for 6.6%, while the ammonia nitrogen discharged by the point source only
accounts for 23.4%.
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 Life pollution Sources
There is an existing population of about 300,000 people in the Sow River Basin,
including 179,000 non-agricultural population and 120,000 agricultural population.
According to the "Environmental Statistics Manual" and the requirements of Weihai
City's water quota, calculated on the basis of 70 liters of water per person per day,
with a discharge coefficient of 0.8, the annual discharge of domestic sewage from the
sow river is about 6.3 million tons.
The sampling river we selected is located in the residential and commercial area. The
river contains three schools, large commercial centers, and multiple sewage outlets.
Therefore, the source of domestic pollution is also an important indicator.
figure 1-1 Sewage discharge outlet near the school around the sampling point
1.1.5. Current situation
River cut-off
In recent years, floods occur frequently due to the aging or lack of embankments
in most of the lower and middle reaches of the Sow River, silting downstream river
channels, and man-made barriers. According to the statistics of the water conservancy
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department, since 2003, due to the concentration of precipitation, sow river
downstream silting serious, resulting in the downstream river inversion irrigation,
water level continues to rise, along both sides of the river people have been affected
for years.
Detection of pollution indicators

According to the survey, Surface water status monitoring for 2 days, sampling 2
times a day, 1 time each in the upper and afternoons, taking mixed samples for
analysis. There are many pollution indicators being detected (pH, DO, CODcr, BOD5,
permanganate index, total phosphorus, ammonia nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, phosphate,
total salt volume, volatile phenol, cyanide).
Shown as below:
Detection of pollution indicators of Muzhu river
Discharge of wastewater and major pollutants

According to the survey, several pollution indicators were tested for different
kinds of sewage in Wenden District.
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Determination of major pollutants discharged from different wastewater
Improvements in water quality
Wenden District has implemented a limited-time closure of more than ten direct
sewage discharges in urban areas, urging the town streets to focus on solving
problems such as pollution of livestock and poultry breeding in the basin, domestic
waste water, household waste, pollution from agricultural sources, and further
reducing the impact of all kinds of pollution on water quality in the basin.
According to the relevant official, after the official operation of the Muzhu river
wetland project can reduce the annual discharge into the Bay of Five Soft Island
COD365 tons, ammonia nitrogen 64 tons, COD concentration decreased by 40%,
ammonia nitrogen decreased by 70%, will greatly improve the environmental quality
of the nearshore waters.
1.2 Monitoring Purpose
1) Regularly monitor surface water pollutants such as rivers, lakes, reservoirs, canals,
seawater and groundwater, and study the water quality status of Jinhua River.
2) Tracking and monitoring of waste water discharged from discharge sources in
industrial production and daily activities.To understand the discharge of waste water
and its related pollutants.Evaluate whether it meets the discharge standard, and
provide a basis for pollution source management
3) Carry out emergency monitoring for water environmental pollution accidents to
provide basis for accident cause analysis, hazard analysis and treatment.
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4) Provide necessary relevant databases for the government to formulate
environmental protection standards, regulations and plans.
5) To provide databases and technical means for the prediction and evaluation of
water environmental quality and environmental scientific research.
6) To arbitrate and supervise environmental pollution disputes, and provide
the scientific basis for judging the cause of the dispute.
2. Monitoring Variables
2.1. Standard for surface water(表格：水质对照标准)
According to the surface water environmental quality standards specified by the

People’s Republic of China for the prevention and control of water pollution, the
protection of surface water quality, the protection of human health, and a
well-maintained ecosystem.
Surface water areas are divided into five types based on their use and protection
objectives:
Type I Mainly applicable to source water and national nature reserves.

Mainly suitable for centralized domestic and drinking water surface water
Type II source first-level protection areas, rare aquatic habitats, fish and shrimp
spawning grounds, feeding grounds for larvae, juveniles, etc.
Mainly suitable for centralized domestic and drinking water surface water
source areas, secondary protection areas, fish and shrimp overwintering
Type III
grounds, migration channels, aquaculture areas and other fishery waters
and swimming areas.
Mainly suitable for general industrial water areas and recreational water
Type IV
areas where the human body does not directly contact.
Mainly suitable for agricultural water areas and waters with general
Type V
landscape requirements.
Table 1
Environmental Quality Standard for Surface Water (mg/L)
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2.2 Selection principle
(1) Items listed in national and industrial water environment and water resources
quality standards or evaluation standards.
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(2) Monitoring items included in standard analysis methods officially promulgated by
the state and industry.
(3) Monitoring items that reflect the main pollutants in the water bodies of the region.
2.3 Variable to be measured

Based on this, we chose to measure the following indicators:
Bridge length, water depth, flow rate, PH, turbidity, conductivity, dissolved oxygen,
hardness, alkalinity, chloride ion, potassium permanganate index, COD, BOD,
ammonia nitrogen, total phosphorus, etc.
3. Monitoring Sites
3.1. Monitoring sections
Totally, there are four kinds of water quality monitoring sections in river. They are
Baseline section, check section, control section and the bounce of pollution. Baseline
section is established for the water quality monitoring of a whole river. It is
established in where there hardly affected by human activities. Check section is
established beforethe target river section. This mainly help understand how the target
section is affected by the target zone. Control is the sampling section that we are
interested in. The bounceof pollution is the section that the concentration of pollution
decreases by dilution andthe natural degradation. For the water quality monitoring of
a section of river, only check section, control section and bounce of pollution are
required.
Principle of the selection of monitoring section:
1）The selection should consider the dimension of the water body, the representative
of the section and feasibility.
2）The monitoring section should be established at where there is sewagedischarge,

tributaries, industrial zone, residence zone lakes and reservoir.
3）Monitoring section should be also established at drinking water source protection

zone, landscape and recreation zone and where there is severe water and soil loss,
biogeochemistry anomaly.
4） The monitoring section should not be established at stagnant area, the outlet of
sewage drainage outlet.
The water of monitoring section should flow smoothly.
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3.2. Monitoring lines and sites
Considering the difference of each location in the river we choose, the

sampling line and sampling sites should follow the following instruction.
Table 3-3 Determination of sampling lines and sampling sites
Sampling line
River width ≤50m 50-100m >100m
Line number 1 2 3
1 centre line and

Illustration Centre line 2 vertical line on the 2 vertical line on
left and right bank the left and right
where there is water bank where there
flow is water flow
Sampling sites
Water depth ≤ 0.5m 0.5-5m 5-10m > 10m
Sites number 1 1 2 3
Midpoint of
waterdepth,
0.5m
0.5m underneath
Midpoint 0.5m underneath underneath
Illustration water surface
ofwater water surface water surface
and 0.5m
depth and 0.5m
underneath
beneath river
water surface
bed
and 0.5m
beneath river
bed
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4. Frequency and time of sampling
4.1 Introduction of Sampling Frequency:

In the routine water quality monitoring, the appropriate annual sampling
frequency of each water quality station monitoring section should be determined
according to the monitoring target of each water quality station monitoring section
and the actual situation of water quality change, if the sampling frequency is too high,
it will cause unnecessary waste, and if the sampling frequency is too low, it will not
achieve the monitoring purpose. The principle to determine the sampling frequency of
water quality monitoring is: to achieve the goal of water quality monitoring with the
minimum sampling frequency. According to various water quality objectives, the
confidence interval width of water quality representative items is determined, and the
minimum sampling frequency of water quality objectives is calculated by statistical
method.
4.2 Principles for Selecting Sampling Frequency and Sampling

Time:
4) Sampling and monitoring shall be carried out at least once a month for the
monitoring sections to be controlled between the drinking water source areas and
the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the central
government and special administrative regions) , and the sampling time shall be
determined according to specific conditions.
5) Monitoring sections of large water systems, rivers, lakes and reservoirs shall be
sampled and monitored once a month and 6 times a year. The sampling time was
in high water period, low water period and flat water period, and the samples were
taken twice in each period. When water pollution is serious, the frequency of
sampling and monitoring shall be increased appropriately. The base material is
sampled and monitored once a year during the dry season.
6) The monitoring sections affected by tides are sampled in the spring and neap
periods, respectively. The samples of flood and ebb tide were collected and
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measured respectively. The samples of flood tide should be taken at flood time and
the samples of ebb tide should be taken at water level.
7) The background section of the drainage system is sampled once a year. The
national monitoring section (or vertical line) is sampled and monitored once a
month from 5 to 10 days a month. At least 12 times a year, the monitoring sections
in the drinking water source area and the junction section at the provincial level
need to be monitored under key control.
8) In the event of special natural conditions or pollution accidents, emergency
monitoring programs shall be adopted in a timely manner to increase the sampling
frequency; in the case of river course renovation in local water basins, the
sampling frequency shall be increased within a certain period of time, and the
specific program shall be formulated by the local competent administrative
department of Environmental Protection where the renovation project is located.
9) The background section of the river system is sampled and monitored once a year
during the season when pollution is likely to be high.
10) Routine monitoring of seawater quality, taking samples in rainy season, normal
season, dry season or quarter every year.
5. Sampling, transport and preservation
5.1 Sampling
5.1.1 Method
(1) Water samples are generally collected instantaneously.

(2) The bucket is suitable for collecting surface water. When the water flow is rapid,
the bucket should be fixed on the iron rod. Underwater sampling generally adopts
vertical water harvester or plexiglass water harvester.
(3) Sampling in a river with rapid water flow, the sampler should be used in
conjunction with a lead fish of appropriate weight and a winch.
(4) For mixed samples at collection time, continuous automatic water collectors can
be used.
5.1.2 Attention
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(1) The amount of water sample collection should be determined according to the
amount of water sample required by the monitoring project and the analysis method
used and the amount of reserve.
(2) When sampling, the mouth of the sampler should face the direction of water flow.
When using a ship to sample, the bow of the ship should be reversed, and the
sampling should be carried out at the front of the ship’s side to prevent the hull from
contaminating the water sample.
(3) Except for measuring bacteria, oil and other water samples, the container should
be rinsed three times with the water sample from the sampling point before loading
the water sample. After loading the water sample, add the corresponding preservative
as required and shake uniform.
(4) The water sample used for the determination of dissolved oxygen and BOD5
should be aerated during collection, and the water sample should be filled with the
container to avoid contact with air.
5.2 Transport
After sampling, it must be safely sent to the laboratory to prevent damage or change
in water quality during transportation. Generally, the following issues should be paid
attention to.
(1) The mouth of the sample container should be sealed before the water sample is
transported;
(2) Pack the water sample container into the box and fill it with foam plastic or paper
strips to prevent the container from being upside down or damaged due to vibration;
(3) For samples that need to be refrigerated, a special insulated container should be
equipped with refrigerant and the sample should be placed in it.
5.3 Preservation
(1) The storage methods of water samples mainly include cold storage and chemical
methods. In order to prevent the metal elements in the water samples from changing
during storage, acid or alkali can be added to adjust the pH value of the water sample
solution.
(2) See Table 2-5 for the function and application range of commonly used
preservatives.
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Preservatives Effects Scope of application
Various forms of nitrogen and
HgCl2 Inhibit the growth of microorganisms
phosphorus
HNO3 Prevent metal precipitation Multiple metals
Inhibit the growth of microorganisms
H2SO4 COD, TOC, oils and greases, amines
and interact with alkali
Prevent the volatilization of
NaOH Cyanide, organic acid, phenol
compounds
Table 2-5 Function and scope of application of preservative
(3) In order to avoid contamination of the preservative on site, it is best to add it to the
container proportionally in the laboratory, but do not add it in advance if it is
chemically unstable.
(4) The storage technology of water samples is shown in Table 2-6.
Maximum
Measurement Storage
preservation method storage Remarks
items container
time
Lower than water
pH value P、G temperature (2~5℃ 6h Field measurement
refrigerated)
Separate constant
Suspended volume sampling,
P、G 2~5℃ refrigerated 24h
matter determine as soon as
possible
Turbidity P、G Field measurement
Conductivity P、G 2~5℃ refrigerated 24h Field measurement
Hardness P、G 2~5℃ refrigerated 7d
Acidity and
P、G 2~5℃ refrigerated 24h Field measurement
alkalinity
Add 1mL1mol/L
manganese sulfate and
Dissolved Fix on site and store in a
G* 2mL1mol/L alkaline 4~8h
oxygen dark place
potassium iodide
reagent
Add sulfuric acid to
acidify to make the pH
Ammonia P、G 24h
value<2, refrigerate at
2~5℃
Nitrite
P、G 2~5℃ refrigerated ASAP
Nitrogen
Total nitrogen P、G acidify to make the pH 24h
value<2
Total acidify to make the pH
P、G Months
phosphorus value<2, refrigerate at
2~5℃
chloride p 2~5℃ refrigerated 28d
21
COD P、G acidify to make the pH 7d
value<2
2~5℃ refrigerate and 24h or Best to use a dedicated
BOD5 P、G
freeze 30d glass container
Table 2-6 Preservation techniques of water samples
Reference:
[1] Environmental Quality Standard for Surface Water[J]. GHZB-2002, 2002.
6. Determination of pollutants in the water sampling
6.1. Pretreatment
Environmental monitoring is a very important part of the pollution control process,
and the measurement of environmental samples through pre-treatment techniques is
an important step in ensuring the accuracy of environmental monitoring results. This
is because other substances in the sample can affect the results and damage the
instrument, which is why it is so important.
Pre-treatment technology for CODcr determination

Chloride ions in water are the main interfering substance when using the
pre-treatment technique for CODcr determination. Therefore, in the pretreatment of
water samples containing chloride ions, the concentration of chloride ions in the water
should be determined first, and then diluted until the concentration of chloride ions in
the water does not affect the application of the pretreatment technique for CODcr
determination. For some water samples with low CODcr and high chloride ions, low
chromium oxidation should be used, and an appropriate amount of mercury sulphate
should be added so that the chloride ions do not interfere with the results of the
determination.
Pre-treatment techniques for the determination of floating matter in

water
In the analysis of common suspended matter in everyday life, it can be found that
some clean water samples are prone to negative values, and the main reason for this is
that the soluble substances in the filter membrane have dissolved in the water during
the filtration process, resulting in an increase in the weight of the membrane.
Therefore, in the pretreatment of floating substances in water, the membrane should
22
be washed with distilled water first, preferably three times, and then dried to maintain
a constant weight. At the same time, when filtering water samples with a high salt
content, the sample should also be washed with distilled water, preferably three times,
and then dried to maintain a constant weight. This is a very important step, the loss of
which will inevitably lead to high results in the determination of water samples.
6.2. Determination of Physical Variables

6.2.1 Temperature of Zihe River—on spot measurement
6.2.1.1 Principle
Sensor designed on the principle of metal expansion
The metal will have a corresponding extension when the ambient temperature changes,
so the sensor can convert the signal of this reaction in different ways.
Bimetallic chip sensor: the bimetallic chip is composed of two pieces of metal with
different expansion coefficients. With the change of temperature, the expansion
degree of material a is higher than that of another metal, which causes the bending of
the metal chip. The curvature of the bend can be converted into an output signal.
Bimetallic rod and metal tube sensor: with the increase of temperature, the length of
metal tube (material a) increases, while the length of non expanding steel rod (metal b)
does not increase, so the linear expansion of metal tube can be transferred due to the
change of position. In turn, this linear expansion can be converted into an output
signal.
Liquid and gas deformation curve design of the sensor: when the temperature changes,
liquid and gas will also produce corresponding volume changes. Various types of
structures can convert the change of expansion into the change of position, thus
producing the output of position change (potentiometer, inductive deviation, baffle,
etc.).
Resistance sensing: the resistance value of metal changes with temperature. For
different metals, the change of resistance value is different with each change of
temperature, and the resistance value can be directly used as the output signal.
There are two types of resistance variation
(1) Positive temperature coefficient
Temperature rise = resistance increase
Lower temperature = lower resistance
(2) Negative temperature coefficient
23
Temperature rise = resistance decrease
Temperature decrease = resistance increase
6.2.1.2 Instrument
Thermometer attached to conductivity meter.
6.2.1.3 Procedures
（1）Samples were taken from the river.
（2）When the reading is stable, measure with a thermometer.
（3）Repeat the measurement three times and take the average value.
6.2.1.4 Results
East Bridge of Beijing Jiaotong University

Time 1 Time 2 Time 3 Average
Measured value
（Temperature 20.1 20.2 20.2 20.17
(℃)）
Zhuoda Bridge No. 6

Measured value
（Temperature 19.3 19.1 19.2 19.2
(℃)）
24
Measurement of temperture
6.2.2 Turbidity
6.2.2.1 Principle
A beam of parallel light propagates in a transparent liquid. If there are no suspended

particles in the liquid, the beam will not change its direction when propagating in a
straight line; if there are suspended particles, the beam will change its direction when
encountering particles. This forms what is called scattered light. The higher the
turbidity,the more serious the light scattering.
6.2.2.2 Instrument
（1）WZB-170 portable turbidimeter
（2）Turbidity bottle, the bottle is marked with "+" type. When inserting the turbidity
bottle into the instrument, the vertical line in the sign should be positioned in the
middle of the slit.
6.2.2.3 Procedures
25
Turn on the power supply and the instrument is in standby mode. Put the turbidity
bottlecontaining the sample into the instrument at the designated position according
to the marking line, close the lid, then press the "measurement" button, the
instrument begins to measure, and after a few seconds the measurement results are
displayed and returnedto standby state. When the instrument returns from other states,
it also enters standby state. In standby state, the upper left corner of LCD displays
"turbidity".
Sample measurement steps:
1)Clean the same turbidity bottle used for calibration instrument with zero turbidity
water.
2)Wash the turbidity bottle several times with the sample to be tested.
3)The sample to be tested should not be too small to be added to the '+'
labeled part of the turbidity bottle. Carefully hold the turbidity bottle "+"
marking the above part, and then cover the turbidity bottle cap.
4)Hold the cap of the turbidity bottle and wipe the liquid and
fingerprint on thebottle with a soft cloth.
5)Insert the turbidity bottle into the instrument at the designated position
accordingto the marking line and close the cap.
6)Press the "measurement" button in standby state, and the instrument

displays themeasurement results after a few seconds.
6.2.2.4 Result

Measured value
（Turbidity 31.0 30.9 31.2 31.03
(NTU)）
The turbidity of water sample(East Bridge of Beijing Jiaotong University) is 31.03

NTU.
26
Zhuoda Bridge No. 6
Measured value
（Turbidity 13.67 13.98 13.81 13.82
(NTU)）
The turbidity of water sample(Zhuoda Bridge No. 6) is 13.82 NTU.
6.2.3 Electrical Conductivity—on spot
6.2.3.1 Principle
The electrolyte of acid, alkali and salt dissolved in water dissolves into positive and
negative ions in solution, which makes the electrolyte solution possess conductivity,
and its conductivity can be expressed by conductivity.
6.2.3.2 Instrument and Reagent
1)Conductivity Instrument: measuring range 0-10μS/cm, equivalent to resistance

range ∞ − 100kΩ.
2)Conductor (electrode): Platinum or platinum black electrodes are commonly used

in laboratories. The cell constants of each electrode can be divided into three
categories: below 0.1, 0.1-1.0 and 1.0-10.
3)0.1 mol/L potassium chloride standard solution: 7.4365g of high-grade pure

potassium chloride (or reference reagent) was weighed and dried at 105℃ for 2
hours. The II-grade reagent water prepared by heart (20±2 ℃) was dissolved and
transferred into 1L volumetric flask, and diluted to the scale and blended.
4)0.01 mol/L potassium chloride standard solution: 0.7440 g of high-grade pure

potassium chloride (or reference reagent) was weighed and dried at 105 ℃ for 2
hours, dissolved with newly prepared I-grade reagent water (20±2℃) and then
transferred into 1L volumetric flask, diluted to scale, and blended.
5)0.001 mol/L potassium chloride standard solution: before use, absorb 0.01 mol/L
potassium chloride standard solution 100 mL accurately, transfer it into 1L
volumetric bottle, dilute it to the scale with newly prepared I-grade reagent water
(20±2℃), and mix it evenly.
27
6.2.3.3 Procedures
1)The operation of the conductivity meter should be carried out in accordance with
the requirements of the instructions.
2)Electrodes with different cell constants should be used for different conductivity of
water samples. The electrodes with different conductivity can be selected accordingto
the Table 3-7.
Table 3-7 Selection of Electrodes with Different Conductivity Battery Constants.
Conductance constant, cm-1 Conductivity, μs/cm

<0.1 3-100
0.1-1.0 100-200
>1.0-10 >200
The selected electrodes were washed with grade II reagent water, then washed with
grade I reagent water for 2-3 times, and immersed in grade I reagent water for
reserve.
3)Take 50-100mL water sample (temperature 25±5℃) into plastic cup or hard glass,
wash the electrode with measured water sample for 2-3 times, then immerse it in water
sample for conductivity measurement, and repeat sampling for 2-3 times. The relative
error of the result reading is within 3%, that is to say, the measured conductivity (when
conductivity meter is used, the reading is conductivity value)
6.2.2.4 Results

EC (μg/cm) Resistance (kΩ) TDS (mg/L)
Time1 2380 0.42 1191
Time2 2390 0.419 1193
Time3 2400 0.416 1201
Average 2390 0.418 1195
Zhuoda Bridge No. 6
28
EC (μg/cm) Resistance (kΩ) TDS (mg/L)
Time1 2380 0.42 1191
Time2 2390 0.419 1193
Time3 2400 0.416 1201
Average 2390 0.418 1195
Measurement of Electrical Conductivity
6.3 Determination of permanganate index IMn

6.3.1 Principle
Permanganate index is a common index that reflects the pollution of organic and
inorganic oxidants in water bodies, defined as: under certain conditions, some organic
matter and inorganic reductive substances in potassium permanganate water samples
are used to calculate the equivalent amount of oxygen by the amount of potassium
permanganate consumed.
After adding sulphuric acid to the water sample, a certain amount of potassium
permanganate solution is added, and the reaction is heated in the boiling water bath
for a certain period of time. The remaining potassium permanganate is reduced with
29
sodium oxalate solution and added to meet the excess sodium oxalate in potassium
permanganate solution, thus calculating the potassium permanganate index value.
Apparatus and reagents
(1) Water bath pot
(2) Acid titration tube
(3) Potassium permanganate storage solution: (1/5KMnO4 x 0.1mol/L): 3.2g
potassium permanganate is melted in 1.2L water, heated and boiled, placed overnight,
filtered with G-3 glass core, filter stored in brown bottle.
(4) Potassium permanganate standard solution: (1/5KMnO4 x 0.01mol/L): absorb
100mL potassium permanganate storage solution diluted to 1000mL water, the day of
use should be calibrated, and adjusted to 0.01mol/L accurate concentration.
(5) Sodium oxalate storage solution: (1/2Na2C2O4 x 0.1000mol/L): 0.6705g of
dried sodium oxalate at 105-110 degrees C dissolved in water, moved to 100mL
capacity bottle.
(6) Sodium oxalate standard solution：(1/2Na2C2O4 x 0.01000mol/L): absorb
100.00mL sodium oxalate storage solution into a 1000mL capacity bottle, set
capacity.
6.3.2 Procedure
(1) Take 100mL mixed water sample in 250mL cone bottle, add 5mL (1 plus 3)
sulfuric acid, mix well, add 10.00mL potassium permanganate solution, shake well,
immediately put into the boiling water bath heating 30min (from the water bath from
the new boiling time), boiling water bath liquid surface to reflect the solution surface.
Remove the tapered bottle, add 10.00mL sodium oxalate standard solution and shake
well while hot. Immediately titrat the potassium permanganate solution to a slight red
color with 0.01mol/L potassium permanganate solution to record the consumption of
potassium permanganate solution.
(2) Calibration of the standard solution of potassium permanganate: The
above-mentioned titrated solution was heated to about 70 degrees C, and the standard
solution of sodium oxalate (0.01mol/L) was accurately added to 10.00mL sodium
oxalate (0.01mol/L), and then dripped to micro-red with 0.01mol/L potassium
permanganate standard solution. The consumption of potassium permanganate
solution is recorded, and the correction coefficient of potassium permanganate
solution is obtained as follows.
30
6.3.3 Calculate
Permanganate index=（O2，mg/L）={[（10+V1）K-10]×M×8×1000}/100
V1= Consumption of sodium oxalate (mL) when titrating water samples;
K= Calibration factor
M=Concentration of potassium permanganate solution
8= Oxygen molar mass
Here we determine that the concentration of potassium permanganate solution is
accurate and does not need to be calibrated. So changing the function as below:
Permanganate index=（O2，mg/L）=[(V1-V0)×M×8×1000]/100
6.3.4 Result
The sample is heated in a water bath
31
Titration of the sample
Potassium permanganate oxidizes the organic matter and reductive inorganic

substances in the sample, adds excess sodium oxalate to reduce the remaining
potassium permanganate, and then uses the standard solution of potassium
permanganate to return the excess sodium oxalate. In this way, the permanganate
index in the sample is calculated as below:
6.4.2 Determination of pH of Water Sample
6.4.2.1 Principle
The pH value is the negative logarithm of hydrogen ion activity in water.pH =
32
−lg H+ , The pH value is determined by measuring the electromotive force of the
battery. The cell usually consists of a saturated calomel electrode as a reference
electrode and a glass
electrode as an indicator electrode. At 25 ℃, the potential difference changes to
59.16 mV for each change of pH unit in the solution, which is correspondingly
expressed by the reading of pH on the instrument. Temperature differences are
compensated on the instrument.
6.4.2.2 Reagents and instruments
1)pH standard solution A (pH 4.008, 25 ℃ ). Potassium hydrogen phthalate

(KHC8H4O4) 10.12g was first dried at 110-130 C for 2-3 hours, dissolved in water
and diluted to 1L in a volumetric bottle.
2)pH standard solution B (pH 6.865, 25 ℃ ). Potassium dihydrogen phosphate

(KH2PO4) 3.388g and sodium hydrogen phosphate (Na2HPO4) 3.533g were dried at
110-130 ℃ for 2-3 hours, respectively. They were dissolved in water and dilutedto 1L
in a capacity bottle.
3)pH standard solution C (pH 9.180, 25 ℃). Borax (Na2B4O7∙10H2O) was weighed at
3.80g, dissolved in water and diluted to 1L in a capacity bottle.
4)Acidimeter or ion concentration meter. Instruments used for routine tests should be
at least accurate to 0.1 pH units, ranging from 0 to 14.
5)Glass electrode and calomel electrode.
6.4.2.4 Procedures
1) Electrode preparation
New glass electrodes or long-standing glass electrodes should be immersed in

standard buffer with pH=4 for one day and night. After use, it should also be soakedin
the above buffer solution, not in the reagent water for a long time. The saturated
potassium chloride electrode should be immersed in a dilute solution diluted 10
times in the saturated potassium chloride solution before use. The upper injection
port is tightened during storage and opened when in use. Attention should be paidto
33
injecting potassium chloride saturated solution from the injection port to a certain
level.
2) Instrument calibration
Half an hour after the instrument is opened, according to the instructions of the
instrument, adjust zero, compensate the temperature and correct the full scale.
3) pH positioning
 A standard buffer whose pH value is close to the measured water sample is

selected. Wash the electrode and plastic cup with reagent water more than twice
before positioning.
 Then use a clean filter paper to gently dry the droplets at the bottom of the
electrode. Pour the positioning buffer into the plastic cup, dip it into the electrode,
and shake the plastic cup for several seconds.
 Measure the temperature of water sample (the requirement is consistent with the
temperature of positioning buffer), and find out the pH value of positioningbuffer at
this temperature. Position the instrument to the pH value.
 Repeat zeroing, calibration and positioning 1-2 times until stable. Then removethe
electrode, wash it, and pour another standard buffer (pH4 buffer if the watersample is
acidic, Ph=9 buffer if alkaline) into the plastic cup.
 After gently drying the water droplets at the bottom of the electrode with filter
paper, dip the electrode into the cup, shake it for a few seconds, and press thereading
switch.
 Adjust the slope knob so that the reading indicates or displays the pH value ofthe
second positioning buffer at the test temperature. Repeat 1-2 times of two- point
positioning operation until stable.
4) Determination of water samples
The plastic cups and electrodes were washed with reagent water, and then rinsed
with the water sample for more than two times. Then, the electrodes were immersed
and the pH values were determined, and the readings were recorded.
6.4.2.5 Notes
34
1) Glass electrodes should be immersed in distilled water for more than 24 hours
before use. After use, they should be washed and immersed in distilled water.
2) When the glass electrode bulb is contaminated, the inorganic salt dirt can be
dissolved with dilute hydrochloric acid and the oil dirt can be removed with acetone.
3) In order to reduce the dissolution or volatilization of carbon dioxide in air and

water samples, the water sample bottle should not be opened in advance before
measuringthe pH.
4) It must be noted that there should be no bubbles between the inner electrodes of
glass electrodes and spheres, and between the inner electrodes of calomel electrodes
and ceramic cores in order to prevent circuit breakage.
6.4.2.6 Results
Table 3-6 results of pH of water
Number of parallel samples pH of river

1 8.56
2 8.60
3 8.53
Average 8.56
The pH value of water sample from East Bridge of Beijing Jiaotong University
is 8.56.
Zhuoda Bridge No. 6
Number of parallel samples pH of river

1 8.02
2 8.05
3 8.06
Average 8.04
The pH value of water sample from Zhuoda Bridge No. 6 is 8.04.
35
Measurement of PH
6.4.3 Determination of Dissolved oxygen of Water Samples
6.4.3.1 Principle
The instrument consists of polarographic composite membrane oxygen electrode and

electronic unit with microprocessor.
Polarization voltage output about 0.7 volts, applied to the oxygen electrode, silver
power supply positive, gold power supply negative. The gold electrode is connected
with the integrated operational amplifier of the I-V conversion unit. In this unit, the
current signal from the electrode is converted into voltage signal, and the
temperature coefficient of the electrode is partially compensated. The output signal
of the I-V unit is fed into the temperature compensation unit, and the temperature
coefficient of the electrode is fully compensated. Finally, the measured results are
displayed by digital display.
6.4.3.2 Instrument
36
1)Portable dissolved oxygen analyzer (JPB-607A)
2)Dissolved oxygen electrode (DO-957)
6.4.3.4 Procedure
Under the measurement of dissolved oxygen concentration, the dissolved oxygen

electrode is washed with distilled water and inserted into the measured solution. The
instrument can be used to measure the dissolved oxygen concentration when it is
turned on. The instrument shows the temperature value of the dissolved oxygen
concentration of the current measured solution in the unit of mg/L. The lower right
corner of the liquid crystal shows "MEAS" indicating that it is in the oxygen
concentration measurement mode.
6.4.3.5 Results

Measured value
（Dissolved 6.6 6.4 6.5 6.5
oxygen(mg/L）
The dissolved oxygen of water sample(East Bridge of Beijing Jiaotong University) is

6.5 mg/L.
Zhuoda Bridge No. 6

Measured value
（Dissolved 8.9 9.1 9 9
oxygen(mg/L）
The dissolved oxygen of water sample(East Bridge of Beijing Jiaotong University) is 9

mg/L.
37
Measurement of Dissolved oxygen
6.4.4 Chloride ions
6.4.4.1 Principles
This method is true in neutral and weakly alkaline (pH 6.5~10.5) solutions. Using
potassium chromate as an indicator, titrating the chloride in the water sample with a
silver nitrate standard solution, a white silver chloride precipitate is formed due to the
interaction of silver ions and chloride ions. When all the chloride ions in the water
sample interact with silver ions, the slight excess of silver nitrate reacts with
potassium chromate to form a brick red precipitate, which means that the reaction has
reached the end of the reaction.
Ag+ + Cl- = AgCl ↓
2Ag+ + CrO42- = Ag2CrO4 ↓
Since the amount of silver nitrate is slightly higher than the theoretical requirement
when it reaches the end point, it is necessary to take distilled water as a blank
experiment to reduce the error.
6.4.4.2 Reagents and Apparatus
38
(1) Three 250ml conical flasks, one 100ml pipette, one 50ml brown dual-purpose
burette.
(2) 0.028 mol/L AgNO3 solution: Weigh 16.987 g of AgNO3 in 1000ml of distilled
water, transfer the solution to a brown bottle, and store it in a dark place to prevent it
from being decomposed by light.
Note: Calibration is required before use. Use a pipette to take 200ml of tap water into
3 Erlenmeyer flasks, add 1ml of K2CrO4 indicator, under constant shaking. Titrate
with AgNO3 to a light orange red, which is the end point, and do a blank experiment
at the same time. Calculate the concentration of AgNO3 based on the volume of
AgNO3 consumed in the titration.
(3) 5% K2CrO4 solution
6.4.4.3 Processes
(1) Blank experiment
Use a pipette to transfer 200 ml of distilled water and add 1 ml of K2CrO4 indicator to
the Erlenmeyer flask, titrate with AgNO3 solution under constant vigorous shaking to
light orange red, and record the amount of AgNO3 solution V1.
(2) Water sample measurement
Take 3 servings of 200 ml tap water in an Erlenmeyer flask, and add 1 ml K2CrO4
indicator to each. Titrate with AgNO3 solution under constant vigorous shaking to
light orange-red, and compare with the blank experiment, the two colors are similar,
which is the end point. Record the amount of AgNO3 solution V2. Measure 3 times in
parallel (V2-1, V2-2, V2-3). According to the amount of AgNO3 solution, calculate
the chloride ion content in the water sample.
6.4.4.4 Results
39
Figure 6-1 The color of solution
Figure 6-2 The procedure of experiment
40
50mL Sample
0.028mol/L AgNO3
Number Volume of AgNO3 (mL) Ag+ (mmol) Cl- (mmol) [Ag+] (mol/L)
Blank 0.3 0.0084 0.0084 0.168
Sample 1 37.3 1.0444 1.0444 20.888
Sample 2 38.2 1.0696 1.0696 21.392
Sample 3 38.5 1.078 1.078 21.56
By reading the scale lines before and after the burette, you can see the volume of
AgNO3 solution consumed in the titration. Then calculate the amount of Ag+
substances consumed according to the concentration of AgNO3, and then subtract the
blank value to get the amount of Cl- substances, and finally divide by the water
sample volume and take an average value to get the Cl- concentration of the river to
get the Cl- concentration of the river.
Number Cl- (mmol) Cl- minus Blank (mmol) [Cl-] (mol/L)

Sample 1 1.0444 1.036 0.02072
Sample 2 1.0696 1.0612 0.021224
Sample 3 1.078 1.0696 0.021392
Average 0.021112
Therefore, the Cl- concentration of the eastern river is about 0.021 mol/L
Zhuoda Bridge No. 6

20mL Sample
0.028mol/L AgNO3
Number Volume of AgNO3 (mL) Ag+ (mmol) Cl- (mmol) [Ag+] (mol/L)
Blank 0.1 0.0028 0.0028 0.14
Sample 1 10.7 0.2996 0.2996 14.98
Sample 2 10.7 0.2996 0.2996 14.98
Sample 3 10.8 0.3024 0.3024 15.12
By reading the scale lines before and after the burette, you can see the volume of
AgNO3 solution consumed in the titration. Then calculate the amount of Ag+
substances consumed according to the concentration of AgNO3, and then subtract the
blank value to get the amount of Cl- substances, and finally divide by the water
sample volume and take an average value to get the Cl- concentration of the river to
get the Cl- concentration of the river.
41
Number Cl- (mmol) Cl- minus Blank (mmol) [Cl-] (mol/L)
Sample 1 0.2996 0.2968 0.01484
Sample 2 0.2996 0.2968 0.01484
Sample 3 0.3024 0.2996 0.01498
Average 0.01488667
Therefore, the Cl- concentration of the Zhuoda Bridge No. 6 is about 0.015 mol/L
6.4.5. Ammonia Nitrogen
6.4.5.1 Principle
The ammonia in the free state or ammonia nitrogen in form of ammonium ions can be
reacted with Nessler reagent to generate light red and brown complex compound, the
absorbance of the complex compound is directly proportional to the ammonia
nitrogen content, and the absorbance should be measured at a wavelength of 425nm.
This standard applies to determination of ammonia nitrogen in surface water,
groundwater, domestic sewage and industrial wastewater. When the water sample
volume is 50mL and the 20mm cuvette is used, the detection limit of this method is
0.025 mg/L, the determination lower limit is 0.10mg/L, and the determination upper
limit is 2.0mg/L (expressed in N).
The reaction is as follows:
NH3＋2（HgI2. 2KI）+ 3KOH→ NH2.Hg. HgO+7KI+2H2O
6.5.4.2 Reagents
[1] 25 ml or 50 ml colorimeter;
[2] Erlenmeyer flask (250ml) ;
[3] Brown reagent bottle;
[4] Pipette;
[5] Spectrophotometer;
[6] 10 mm Cuvette.
[7] Ammonia-free water: prepared in Ammonia-free environments by one of the
following methods.
a) Ion Exchange method
42
Distilled water is passed through a strong acid positive Ion-exchange resin
(hydrogen type) column to collect the effluent on glass with ground glass
stoppers Bottle resin for preservation.
b) Distillation process
In 1000 ml distilled water, add 0.1 mL sulfuric acid (ρ=1.84g/mL) is re-distilled
in an all-glass still, the first 50 mL of the distillate is discarded, and then about
800 mL of the distillate is collected in a glass bottle with a ground glass stopper.
Add 10g strong acid Ion-exchange resin (hydrogen type) per litre of distillate.
c) Water Purifier method
Direct preparation by commercial water purifier.
[8] Nessler's reagent, Mercury iodide-potassium iodide-sodium hydroxide
(HgI2-KI-NaOH) solution:(acute toxicity)
Add 10 grams of mercuric iodide and 7 grams of KI into the agate body. Add a
little desalinized water and grind it into a paste. Add a small amount of
desalinized water until it dissolves completely. Add 50 ml 30% naoh solution,
dilute with desalinized water to 100 ml, shake it, and leave in the dark for a few
days. Aafter the solution is completely clarified, carefully siphon the upper
clarifying solution into the brown reagent and keep it in a dark place.
[9] 10% potassium sodium tartrate solution:
Dissolve 10 g of potassium sodium tartrate and dilute to 100 ml, add 2 ml of
Nessler’s reagent, place in the dark for 2-3 days, then siphon off the
supernatant and set aside.
[10]Standard stock solution of ammonia nitrogen, ρn = 1000ug/ml:
Take 0.3147 g fine pure ammonium chloride, dissolved in desalted water and
diluted to 1 l, mixed. This solution contains 1.00 mg of ammonia nitrogen per
milliliter.
[11]Ammonia-nitrogen standard working solution, ρn = 10μg/ml:
Take10ml reserve solution in 500ml volumetric flask, diluted with ion
exchange water to scale, mixed. This solution contains 0.010 mg of ammonia
nitrogen per milliliter.
6.5.4.3 Processes
[1] Drawing of working curve
43
Add 0.5, 1.00, 3.00, 5.00, 7.00, 9.00 ml ammonium standard solution into a group
of 50 ml colorimetric tubes, add water to the standard line, add sodium tartrate
solution 1.0 ml, shake well, add 1.5 ml Nessler’s reagent, mix well, after 10
minutes, the absorbance was measured at 425 nm with 1cm Cuvette. Drawing
with ammoniacal nitrogen Working Curve of amount (mg) versus absorbance.
The standard curve is shown as below:
y = 178.38x + 0.0012
R² = 0.9995
Where the function of this curve is y = 178.38x + 0.0012 (y for absorbance, x for
ammonia nitrogen concentration), with the correlation coefficient R² = 0.9995.
[2] Water sample determination

A suitable amount of water sample was added into a 50 ml colorimetric tube, a
certain amount of 1 mol/l sodium hydroxide solution was added to neutralize
boric acid. Water was added to the standard line, 1.5 ml Nashi reagent was added,
mixed, left for 10 minutes, at the wavelength of 425 nm, the absorbance was
measured with a 1 cm colorimetric dish. The ammonia nitrogen content was
obtained from the working curve.
[3] Notes
a) If the water sample itself is coloured, it should be discolored. Method:
1ml 12% AL2(SO4)3 solution was added to 100 ml water sample. Then take
out the top layer of clear liquid for determination.
44
b) 20 drops of zinc solution should be added to 20 ml water sample in advance
to remove the sulfide. The sample should be left to settle for 2 hours.
c) The ratio of mercuric iodide to potassium iodide in Nessler’s reagent has a
great influence on the sensitivity of color reaction
The precipitates formed should be removed.
d) When the water sample contains hydrazine, because the hydrazine reacts
with sodium reagent to form yellow compound, thus causing interference,
can be added Elimination by iodine method. Reaction:
N H + I → HI + N
e) Filter paper often contains trace amount of ammonium salt, use attention to
use ammonia-free water washing. used glassware should be avoided by
experiment Ammonia pollution in indoor air.
6.4.5.4 Results
Since the standard curve is:
y = 178.38x + 0.0012
Where y for absorbance, x for ammonia nitrogen concentration.
According to the standard curve can be obtained under different absorbance

conditions corresponding to the concentration of ammonia nitrogen in water. Thus the
concentration of ammonia nitrogen can be calculated as below:
− 0.001
− = 香䁞/䀀㌳
1香䁞.䀀䁞
Where:
A= Absorbance
Then the calculation are shown in the table below:
Sample
Sample Name Absorbance [NH3-N] (mg/L)
Volume(ml)
1-1 50.00 0.202 1.126
1-2 50.00 0.200 1.114
1-3 50.00 0.206 1.148
Average Value 1.129
45
2-1 50.00 0.166 0.924
2-2 50.00 0.161 0.896
2-3 50.00 0.162 0.901
Average Value 0.907
6.4.6. Total Phosphorus

6.4.6.1 Principles
Total phosphorus is the result of the conversion of various forms of phosphorus into
positive phosphate after the water sample has been dissolved, and measured by the
number of phosphorus milligrams per liter of water sample. In the acidic medium,
phosphate reacts with paracetamate and ammonium palladium to produce a yellow
polyic acid compound, which reacts as follows:
H3PO4＋22(NH4)2MO4＋2NH4VO3＋23H2SO4 →
P2O5.V2O3.22MoO3+23(NH4)2SO4+26H2O
The color depth of the solution is proportional to the concentration of phosphate, and
a large number of iron, silicon, copper and other elements do not interfere with the
determination of phosphorus.
(1) Type 721 spectrophotometer.
(2) 50ml color tube
(3) Phosphate standard reserve liquid: called 105 degrees C dried potassium
dihydrogenate phosphate 0.2170g in a small amount of water, diluted to 1000. This
solution contains 50.0 g of phosphorus per milliliter (in P)
(4) Phosphate standard solution: absorb 10.0mL phosphate standard reserve liquid
in a 250mL capacity bottle, set capacity. This solution contains 2.00 g of phosphorus
per milliliter (in P)
(5) Ammonium niobium niobium phosphate solution: said to be 8.25g ammonium
palladium phosphate dissolved in about 75 ml of water, and another 100 ml of
concentrated sulfuric acid slowly added to 300 ml of water under constant stirring.
But it's at room temperature. Dilute the ammonium niobium palladium solution into
the acid solution and dilute it with water to 500 ml.
(6) chlorinated tin solution: called 0.5g of tin chloride, plus 2.5mL of concentrated
hydrochloric acid so that completely dissolved, after a transparent solution, water
diluted to 25mL, add a metal tin, dark and cold place, after a week of rematch.
46
6.4.6.3 Procedure
(1) The drawing of the standard curve
<1> Draw 0, 0.50, 1.00, 2.00, 3.00, 5.00, 10.0, 15.0 phosphate standard liquid
In a 50mL color tube, add water to the 50mL line.
<2> Add 5mL ammonium palladium phosphate solution and mix well. Add
0.25mL of tin chloride solution and mix well.
<3> After placing 15min at room temperature, the standard curve is drawn by using
a zero-concentration blank tube for reference, and the absorbance is measured at
700nm with a 20mm dish.
Function of the curve is y=5.326x-0.0097(y for the absorbance, x for the TP

concentration), with the correlation correfficient R2=0.9951
(2) Sample determination

Take the appropriate amount of water sample (so that the phosphorus content does
not exceed 30 sg), plot the same steps according to the standard curve to determine
the absorbance, from the standard curve to find out the corresponding total amount of
nitrogen.
47
(3) Precautions
<1> When formulating ammonium palladium palate solution, attention should be
paid to the slow addition of ammonium palate water solution to the sulfuric acid
solution. If you do the opposite, it results in inadequate color rendering.
<2> The temperature increased by 100 degrees C and the absorbance increased by
about 1%. Therefore, the sample determination should be consistent with the
temperature when drawing the working curve, otherwise the temperature adjustment
measures should be taken.
<3> Phosphorus concentration of low water samples, can prepare a lower
concentration of standard curves, and use 50mm color plate.
6.4.6.4 Result
According to the standard curve: y=5.326x-0.0097 (y for the absorbance, x for the
TP concentration)
By changing this function, x=(y+0.0097)/5.326 (y for the absorbance, x for the TP
concentration). So the concentration of TP can be calculate as below：
CTP=(A+0.0097)/5.326
The concentration of total phosphorus is calculated as below:
6.5. Determination of Organic Compound
6.5.1. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
6.5.1.1 Principle
In this experiment, the permanganate titration is used to determine the chemical
oxygen demand of water. The sample, containing reducing substances and organic
matter is heated to boiling under acidic condition, oxidized with potassium
permanganate, and the excess potassium permanganate is titrated with sodium oxalate.
Chemical oxygen demand is determined by calculating the amount of potassium
permanganate consumed by the water by the difference method.
48
In the strong acid solution, a certain amount of potassium dichromate oxidizes the
reducing substances in the water sample, the excess potassium dichromate is used as
the indicator, and ammonium ferrous sulfate is used as the standard solution to drip
back. According to this amount, the CODcr value of the water sample can be
calculated, expressed as MgO /L.
6.5.1.2 Reagents
[12]HACH-Dr 1900 Portable Spectrophotometer;
[13]HACH-DRB 200 Digester;
[14]HACH COD Reagent Tube (LR, 3-150mg/L);
6.5.1.3 Processes
[4] HACH-DRB 200 Digester Preheating
Turn on the switch of HACH-DRB 200 Digester, and press the button below
COD on the screen to start preheating and heating up the digester. When the
temperature rises to 165 ℃, the digester will make a "dididi" sound, which
means the preheating is completed.
[5] Add Water Sample

Add 2ml filtered water sample into the HACH COD Reagent Tube (LR,
3-150mg/L) , three parallel tubes are set for each water sample, and 2ml RO
water should be added into one tube as blank, cover the reagent tube, and turn it
upside down several times.
[Attention]: Do not touch the reagent tube with hands to avoid scalding.
[6] Digestion
Open the plastic cover of digestion instrument, place the colorimetric tubes in
the digestion hole, close the plastic cover. Press the button below "start" on
the screen to start digestion.
[7] Spectrophotometer Reading

The digester digests at 165 ℃ for 15 minutes. After 15 minutes, the digester
will make a sound again. Wait for the digestion tube to drop to a suitable
49
temperature, put it into HACH-Dr 1900 Portable Spectrophotometer. Take
RO water as reference, read them at 420nm wavelength.
6.5.1.4 Results
HACH COD Reagent Tube is easy to operate, and the content of COD in water
sample can be obtained directly after reading by spectrophotometer, which are shown
as below:
Sample Name Sample Volume(ml) COD (mg/L)
1-1 2.00 41.6

1-2 2.00 40.8
1-3 2.00 39.8
Average Value 40.7
2-1 2.00 21.2
2-2 2.00 26.6
2-3 2.00 24.6
Average Value 24.1
6.5.2 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5)
6.5.2.1 Principles
BOD5 refers to the dissolved oxygen consumed by the biological oxidation of organic
and inorganic substances in water under specified conditions, expressed in mass
concentration. Fill the culture flask with the water sample, stopper it so that it does
not leak, place the culture flask in a constant temperature incubator at (20 ± 1) ℃
constant temperature conditions for 5 days. Measure the dissolved oxygen
concentration before and after using iodometry, and the difference between the two is
the value of BOD5.

6.5.2.2.1 Apparatus
(1) Constant temperature incubator. 36
(2) 20L thin-mouth glass bottle.
(3) Dissolved oxygen bottle 250~300mL.
(4) Air pump
50
(5) Special glass rod. At the bottom of the glass rod is installed a 2mm thick,
perforated hard rubber plate that matches the size of the measuring cylinder.
6.5.2.2.2 Reagents
(1) Calcium chloride solution. Weigh 27.5g of anhydrous calcium chloride, dissolve it
in water, and dilute to 1L.
(2) Ferric chloride solution. Weigh 0.25g of ferric chloride, dissolve it in water, and
dilute to 1L.
(3) Magnesium sulfate solution. Weigh 22.5g MgSO4.7H2O, dissolve in water, and
dilute to 1L.
(4) Phosphate solution. Weigh 8.5g potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 21.75g
dipotassium hydrogen phosphate, 33.4g disodium hydrogen phosphate and 1.7g
ammonium chloride, dissolve in water and dilute to 1L. The pH value of this solution
should be 7.2.
(5) Glucose-glutamic acid solution. Weigh 150mg glucose and glutamic acid (both
dried at 103°C for 1 hour), dissolve in water, and dilute to 1L.
(6) 1mol/L hydrochloric acid solution.
(7) 1mol/L sodium hydroxide solution.
(8) Dilution water. Add 18L of water into a 20L glass bottle, and use a suction pump
to inject clean air for 2-8 hours to saturate the dissolved oxygen in the water. The
bottle cap is covered with two layers of gauze that has been washed and dried, and
placed in an incubator at 20°C for an hour, so that the dissolved oxygen content in the
water reaches 8 mg/L. Before use, add 1mL of calcium chloride solution, ferric
chloride solution, magnesium sulfate solution and phosphate solution per liter of age,
and mix well. The pH value of the dilution water should be 7.2, and its BOD5 should
be less than 0.2mg/L.
(9) Inoculate dilution water. Take an appropriate amount of domestic sewage and
place it at 20°C for 24 to 36 hours. The supernatant is the inoculum, and 1 to 3 mL of
the inoculum per liter of dilution water is the inoculation dilution water.
(10) Other solutions. Reagents for measuring dissolved oxygen.
6.5.2.3 Processes
(1) Collection, storage and pretreatment of water samples
① Collect the water sample in a glass bottle of appropriate size, stop it tightly with a
glass stopper, and leave no air bubbles. After sampling, it should be measured within
51
2h; otherwise, it should be stored in the refrigerator, and it should be measured within
10h after collection.
② Adjust the pH to 7.2 with 1mo/L sodium hydroxide or 1mol/L hydrochloric acid
solution.
③Water samples with free chlorine greater than 0.10mol/L should be removed by
adding sodium sulfite or sodium thiosulfate [see Note (1)].
④Determine the dilution factor [see Note (2)]
(2) Dilution of water samples
According to the determined dilution factor, use the siphon method to introduce a
certain amount of sewage into the 1L measuring cylinder, and then slowly add the
required dilution water along the wall, and use a special glass rod to slowly stir evenly
under the water surface (no bubbles should be generated), and then Slowly pour the
wall into two pre-numbered iodine measuring bottles of the same volume until it
overflows a little after being full. Cover tightly and seal with water, taking care that
there should be no bubbles in the bottle.
Use the same method to configure the other two dilution ratio water samples.
(3) Preparation of control samples
Take another two numbered iodine measuring bottles and add dilution water or
inoculation water as blanks.
(4) Cultivation
Take a bottle of the water sample of each dilution ratio and the blank of the dilution
water (or inoculation water) and place it in an incubator at 20°C for 5 days. During
the cultivation process, add sealing water every day.
(5) Determination of dissolved oxygen
① Measure the remaining dissolved oxygen in the uncultured water samples of each
dilution ratio and the blank water samples by iodometry.
② Use the same method to determine the remaining dissolved oxygen in each diluted
water sample and dissolved water sample after 5 days of incubation.
6.5.2.4 Results
BOD5 were recorded as follows:
52
Figure 6-3 the BOD5 readings
Note: Number 7 and 8 were the BOD5 of the first day of eastern bridge, and number 9
was the BOD5 of the second day of 88 bridge.
Then we have the BOD5 of the eastern bridge is (2.64 + 3.52) / 2 = 3.08 mg/L; the
BOD5 of the 88 bridge is 1.82 mg/L.
7. Results & Analysis

7.1 Standard
This standard is formulated to implement the Environmental Protection Law of the

People's Republic of China and the Law of the People's Republic of China on the
Prevention and Control of Water Pollution, to prevent and control water pollution, to
protect the quality of surface water, to safeguard human health and to maintain a
sound ecosystem.
This standard can be divided into: basic surface water environmental quality standard
project, supplementary project of surface water source of centralized domestic
drinking water and specific project of surface water source of centralized domestic
drinking water.The basic items of surface water environmental quality standards shall
53
apply to the surface water areas with functional use such as rivers, lakes, canals,
channels and reservoirs throughout the country;Supplementary projects and specific
projects of surface water source of centralized domestic drinking water are applicable
to the first-level and second-level protection areas of surface water source of
centralized domestic drinking water.Specific projects for the surface water source of
centralized domestic drinking water shall be selected by the competent administrative
department of environmental protection of the people's government at or above the
county level according to the characteristics of the local surface water quality and the
needs of environmental management. Supplementary projects for the surface water
source of centralized domestic drinking water and specific projects selected and
determined shall be used as supplementary indexes for the basic projects.
There are 109 items in total, including 24 basic items of surface water environmental
quality standard, 5 supplementary items of surface water source of centralized
domestic drinking water, and 80 specific items of surface water source of centralized
domestic drinking water.
Compared with GHZB1-1999, this standard adds an index of total nitrogen to the
basic items of the environmental quality standard, deletes the basic requirements and
three indexes of nitrite, non-ionic ammonia and Kjeldahl nitrogen, and adjust sulfate,
chloride, nitrate, iron and manganese to the supplementary project of surface water
source of centralized domestic drinking water.The standard values of pH, dissolved
oxygen, ammonia nitrogen, total phosphorus, permanganate index, lead and fecal
coliform group of 7 items were revised, and 40 specific items of surface water source
of centralized drinking water were added.This standard deletes the lake reservoir
specific project standard value.
The competent administrative departments of environmental protection of the people's
governments at or above the county level and other relevant departments shall,
according to the division of their functions and duties, conduct supervision and
administration of various surface water areas in accordance with these Standards.
The surface water estuarine waters connected with the offshore waters are managed
according to the water environment function according to the corresponding class
standard value of this standard, and the waters near the seawater functional areas are
managed according to the use function according to the corresponding class standard
value of the Seawater Quality Standard.The single fishery waters approved for
demarcation shall be managed in accordance with the Fishery Water Quality
54
Standards;The treated urban sewage and industrial wastewater with similar quality to
urban sewage used for farmland irrigation water quality shall be managed according
to the farmland irrigation water quality standard.
The Environmental Quality Standard for Surface Water (GB3838-83) was published
for the first time, the first revision was in 1988, the second revision was in 1999, and
this is the third revision.This standard will come into effect on June 1, 2002, and the
surface water environmental quality standard (GB3838-88) and the surface water
environmental quality standard (GHZB1-1999) will be abolished at the same time.
7.2 Overall description（Evaluation of water quality monitoring）

By integrate the data of water quality in the golden flower river. We have:
Monitoring items Value Unit

pH 8.56
55
DO 6.5 mg/L
Alkalinity 0.125 meq/L
Ammonia nitrogen 1.129 ppm
Phosphate 0.011 ppm
Cl- 745.5 ppm
Hardness 0.468 ppm caco3
COD 40.7 mg/L
BOD5 3.08 mg/L
The evaluation of East Bridge of Beijing jiaotong University:
According to Surface water environment quality standard GB 3838-2002, we have

an assessment both on physical items and chemical items of the water sample. Items
included in Surface water environment quality standard GB 3838-2002 and
determined exactly in our experiment are pH, DO, ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), the
total phosphoros (TP), COD and BOD5, which are the very items to be mainly
evaluated in the assessment. For physical indicators, the pH value of the water
sample from the East Bridge of Beijing Jiaotong University is 8.56. Among in the
pH range specified in GB3838-2002. DO is 6.5, is Ⅱclass of water quality which is
mean that the water in East Bridge of Beijing Jiaotong University has good self
purification capacity.
As for the chemical indexes, firstly, the alkalinity is only 0.125meq/L, converted into
expression using CaCO3 is 0.250 mg/L, which is far from consistent with common
sense, indicating that the neutralization capacity of the water quality is far from
sufficient, and it is difficult to regulate the pH value of its own water.This is much
lower than the alkalinity of tap water.We analyzed the inaccuracy of the results due to
errors in the experiment.Therefore, this value is not enough as a basis for
judgment.The total phosphoros(TP) is 0.011, falling in the range of theⅠ class of GB
3838-88. The ammonia nitrogen(NH3-N)，which is 1.129ppm，falling in the range of
Ⅳclass. It means that the ammonia nitrogen content in the water is very high, which
may have an impact on the fish and other organisms in the water. From the content of
total phosphorus and ammonia nitrogen, it shows that the water body is likely to
produce eutrophication, thus damaging the ecological environment of the water. In
addition, the content of chlorine in the water is 745.5 ppm, but there is no evaluation
standard for chloride ion in the national standard, so the evaluation is not done here.
The hardness of the water is only 0.468 ppm CaCO3, which is very low, even lower
56
than the content in tap water, so we think there is an error in the measurement process.
The COD value is 40.7mg/l, which even exceeds the level V content of COD in the
national standard GB3838-2002, indicating that the content of reducing materials is
quite high. As for BOD5, its content belongs to class Ⅱ environmental quality
standard for surface water. The grade of COD and BOD means that the concentration
of organic carbon and organic nitrogen in water is very high.
To sum up, some monitoring items of water quality of the East Bridge of Beijing
Jiaotong University belong to the first two categories of water quality standards, and
the water quality is good, but some monitoring items belong to category IV or even
exceed the standard.
Zhuoda Bridge No. 6

Monitoring items Value Unit
pH 8.04
DO 9.0 mg/L
Alkalinity 0.025 meq/L
Ammonia nitrogen 0.907 ppm
Phosphate 0.007 ppm
Cl- 528.48 ppm
Hardness 0.358 ppm caco3
COD 24.1 mg/L
BOD5 1.82 mg/L
The evaluation of Zhuoda Bridge No. 6:

According to Surface water environment quality standard GB 3838-2002, we have an
assessment both on physical items and chemical items of the water sample. Items
included in Surface water environment quality standard GB 3838-2002 and determined
exactly in our experiment are pH, DO, ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), the total
phosphoros(TP), COD and BOD5, which are the very items to be mainly evaluated in
the assessment. For physical indicators, the pH value of the water sample from the
Zhuoda Bridge No. 6 is 8.04. Among in the pH range specified in GB3838-2002. DO
is 9.0, is Ⅰclass of water quality which is mean that the water in Zhuoda Bridge No. 6
has excellent self purification capacity. As for the chemical indexes, firstly, the
57
alkalinity is only 0.025eq/L, converted into expression using CaCO3 is 0.050 mg/L,
which is far from consistent with common sense, indicating that the neutralization
capacity of the water quality is far from sufficient, and it is difficult to regulate the pH
value of its own water.This is much lower than the alkalinity of tap water.We
analyzed the inaccuracy of the results due to errors in the experiment.Therefore, this
value is not enough as a basis for judgment. The total phosphoros(TP) is 0.007, falling
in the range of theⅠ class of GB 3838-2002. The ammonia nitrogen(NH3-N)，which is
0.907ppm，falling in the range of Ⅲ class. It means that the ammonia nitrogen content
in the water is a little high, which may have an impact on the fish and other organisms
in the water. From the content of total phosphorus and ammonia nitrogen, it shows
that the water body is likely to produce eutrophication, thus damaging the ecological
environment of the water. In addition, the content of chlorine in the water is 528.48
ppm, but there is no evaluation standard for chloride ion in the national standard, so
the evaluation is not done here. The hardness of the water is only 0.358ppm CaCO3,
which is very low, even lower than the content in tap water, so we think there is an
error in the measurement process. The COD value is 24.1mg/l, which level Ⅳ
content of COD in the national standard GB3838-2002, indicating that the content of
reducing materials is quite high. As for BOD5, its content belongs to
classⅠenvironmental quality standard for surface water. The grade of COD and BOD
means that the concentration of organic carbon and organic nitrogen in water is a little
high.
To sum up, some monitoring items of water quality of the Zhuoda Bridge No. 6
belong to the first two categories of water quality standards, and the water quality is
good, but some monitoring items belong to category IV.
This also proves that the water quality of the river is complex and needs further
investigation before comprehensive evaluation.
7.3 Suggestion
When pollutants enter rivers, lakes, groundwater and other water bodies, their content
exceeds the natural purification capacity of the water body, which changes the
physical and chemical properties of the water quality and the bottom material of the
water body or the composition of the biological community, thus reducing the use
value and function of the water body, which is called water pollution. A large number
58
of inorganic and organic pollutants enter into the water body, which not only damages
the aquatic ecosystem, but also harms human health, resulting in water quality
shortage and affecting people's industrial and agricultural production and life.
In order to solve the problem of water pollution in China, we should start from many
aspects and make unremitting efforts. The countermeasures are as follows：
1. Reduce water consumption: the current utilization of water resources in China, on

the one hand, feel the shortage of water resources, on the other hand, waste is very
serious. Compared with developed countries, water consumption per unit product in
China is much higher. Large water consumption is not only a waste of water resources,
but also an important cause of water environmental pollution.
Through the technological transformation of enterprises, the implementation of

cleaner production, the reduction of water consumption per unit product, the multiple
use of one water, and the improvement of water reuse rate have been proved to be
effective in practice.
2. The establishment of urban sewage treatment system: in order to control the

development of water pollution, industrial enterprises must also actively control water
pollution, especially the discharge of toxic pollutants must be treated separately or
pretreated. With the adjustment of industrial layout and urban layout and the
construction and improvement of urban sewer network, the centralized treatment of
urban sewage can be gradually realized, and the urban sewage treatment and
industrial wastewater treatment can be combined.
3. Industrial structure adjustment: the natural purification capacity of water body is

limited. Reasonable industrial layout can make full use of the natural capacity of
natural environment, change vicious circle into virtuous circle, and play the role of
economic development and pollution control. Shut down, stop, merge and transfer
those enterprises that consume large amount of water, pollute heavily and control
pollution at high cost. It is also necessary to adjust the agricultural structure with large
water consumption, especially in arid and semi-arid areas, to reduce the rice planting
area and take the road of water-saving agriculture and sustainable development.
59
4. Control of agricultural non-point source pollution: agricultural non-point source
pollution includes rural life source, agricultural non-point source, livestock and
poultry industry, aquaculture pollution. To solve the non-point source pollution is
more difficult than industrial pollution and domestic sewage in large and
medium-sized cities, we need to control it through comprehensive control and
ecological agriculture demonstration project.
5. Development of new water sources: China's industrial, agricultural and domestic

water saving potential is not small, we need to do a good job in water saving, reduce
waste, and reduce the water consumption per unit of GDP. The implementation of
South to North Water Diversion Project plays an important role in alleviating the
severe water shortage in North China of Shandong Province. The construction of
reservoir, exploitation of groundwater and purification of seawater can alleviate the
increasing pressure of water use, but the impact on ecological environment and social
environment should be fully considered when constructing reservoir and exploiting
groundwater.
6. Strengthen the planning and management of water resources: water resources

planning is the main part of regional planning, urban planning, industrial and
agricultural development planning, and should be carried out at the same time with
other planning.
Reasonable development must also be based on the supply and demand of water, the
implementation of water quota, and the unified development and utilization of surface
water, groundwater and sewage resources, to prevent the depletion of surface water
sources, groundwater level decline, to achieve reasonable development,
comprehensive utilization, active protection, scientific management.
Using market mechanism and economic leverage to promote water conservation and
sewage management and resource utilization. In order to effectively control water
pollution, the management should be gradually transferred from concentration
management to total amount control management.
60
Environmental Monitoring Report
Adviser TIAN Xiujun
Group 5
Data 5/14/2020
College Beijing Jiaotong University Weihai campus Cohort 2018
Zhiyuan Zhou 18723094
Hankun Liu 18723067
Lifeng Wang 18723074

Group members Wenran Du 18725049
Xinyu Wang 18723076
61
Table of Contents
Environmental Monitoring Report............................................. 61
Air quality monitoring............................................................................ 64
1. Introduction................................................................................................................................64
1.1. Topographic Data..............................................................................................................64
1.2. Meteorological information.............................................................................................. 65
1.3.Major Sources of Air Pollution..........................................................................................71
1.4. Main Pollutants................................................................................................................. 73
1.5. Environment quality standard........................................................................................... 75
1.6. Current situation（Atmospheric stability）..................................................................... 75
2. Monitoring purpose................................................................................................................... 77
3. Monitoring variables..................................................................................................................78
3.1. Variables to be measured.................................................................................................. 78
3.2. Sampling........................................................................................................................... 78
4. Monitoring sites..........................................................................................................................81
4.1. Monitoring section............................................................................................................ 82
4.2. Sampling point.................................................................................................................. 85
4.3. Method of set of sampling stations................................................................................... 86
5. Preparation before collection of water sample........................................................................88
5.1. Determination of sampling plan........................................................................................88
5.2. Calibration of sampling instruments................................................................................. 88
5.3. Preparation of sampling instruments.................................................................................89
6. Determination of gaseous pollutants........................................................................................ 89
6.1. Determination of SO2....................................................................................................... 89
6.2. Determination of PM2.5 and PM10..................................................................................96
6.3. Determination of NOx.................................................................................................... 101
6.4. Determination of Indoor Air Quality.............................................................................. 104
7. Evaluation of Air Quality........................................................................................................ 106
7.1. Background..................................................................................................................... 106
7.2. Introduction of AQI........................................................................................................ 106
7.3. Terms and definitions......................................................................................................107
7.4. Standard of air quality index calculation........................................................................ 107
7.5. Method of calculation..................................................................................................... 109
7.6. AQI calculation of experimental data............................................................................. 110
Noise monitoring....................................................................................112
1. Introduction..............................................................................................................................112
1.1. Overview of noise in Nanhai District............................................................................. 112
1.2. Noise Sources in Nanhai................................................................................................. 113
1.2.1. Traffic...........................................................................................................................113
62
1.2.2. Industry........................................................................................................................ 114
1.2.3. Agriculture................................................................................................................... 114
1.3. Noise Sources in BJTU Weihai Campus........................................................................ 116
1.4. Current noise situation.................................................................................................... 117
1.5. Noise Standard................................................................................................................ 118
1.5.1. Introduce...................................................................................................................... 118
1.5.2. Outdoor standard.........................................................................................................118
2. Monitoring background.......................................................................................................... 120
3. Monitoring purpose and requirement....................................................................................120
3.1. Purpose............................................................................................................................121
3.2 . Requirement................................................................................................................... 121
4. Monitoring Methods................................................................................................................ 121
4.1. Apparatus and method of use..........................................................................................121
4.2. Monitoring procedure (Determination of sampling points, time and frequency)........... 122
4.3.Data processing................................................................................................................ 123
5. Results....................................................................................................................................... 124
6. Evaluation of air quality monitoring......................................................................................126
7. Evaluation of noise monitoring...............................................................................................128
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Air quality monitoring
1. Introduction
1.1. Topographic Data
Weihai is a hilly area with wide slopes and gentle swells. With the exception of
Mt. Tabor, the main peak of Kunlun Mountains, which is 923 metres above sea level,
the rest of the peaks are below 700 metres. Most of them are 200-300 metres above
sea level with slopes below 25 degrees. The mountain is dominated by granodiorite,
and the surface is dominated by brown earth formed from weathered debris. The
mountains in the valleys are wider and flatter; the plains are mostly coastal plains and
piedmont slopes. Low mountains accounted for 15.77% of the total land area, hills for
52.38% , plains for 27.56% , islands for 0.28% , beaches for 4.01% . The river
network is thick, the river channel is smooth, the surface drainage is good. Central
high-lying mountains from east to west, water system from back to north, from south
to south, flowing to the sea. The north, east and south of Weihai are surrounded by the
Yellow Sea. Three seas to the north, southeast by southeast. The coastline is
zigzagged and the promontory is crisscrossed. There are many harbors and islands.
The north, east and south of Weihai are surrounded by the Yellow Sea. The coastline
is 978 kilometers long, accounting for about one-third of Shandong province and
one-eighteenth of the whole country.
Figure 1-1 Topographic map of Weihai
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1.2. Meteorological information
1.2.1. Climatic characteristics

（1）Weihai
From the macro-scope, Weihai is located in the mid-latitude, belongs to the north
temperate monsoon type continental climate, the four seasons change and the
monsoon advance and retreat are more obvious. Compared with the same latitude
inland area, it has the characteristics of abundant rainfall, moderate annual
temperature and mild climate. In addition, by the regulation of the ocean, but also
with the spring cold, summer cool, autumn warm, winter temperature, day and night
temperature difference is small, frost-free period long, windy and humidity, and other
oceanic climate characteristics. The city’s annual average temperature 11.9 °C, annual
average precipitation 730.2 mm, annual average sunshine hours 2538.2 hours.
Strong winds are a striking feature of Weihai’s climate. In spring, the south wind
alternates with the north wind. It is a windy season. The main wind in summer is
south wind and southeast wind. At the end of autumn, the frequency of the north wind
begins to increase. There is a lot of north wind in winter.
Based on the statistical analysis of the variation and evolution of the average
annual evaporation from 1981 to 2015 in Weihai, it is found that the average annual
evaporation from Weihai is 119.56 mm, which shows a gradual decreasing trend, and
the evaporation from Weihai has a decreasing trend in all seasons except winter, the
biggest decrease was in summer, followed by spring and autumn. The variation of the
seasonal average evapotranspiration between different years was also different. In
1981-1990 winter and 2001-2010 summer, the evapotranspiration was negative, and
in 1981-2010 it was positive, the results show that the evaporation from 1981 to 2010
is higher than that from 2011, and the decrease of evaporation from 2011 may be
caused by the anomaly of climate change.
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Figure 1-1 historical weather statistics for Weihai
(2) Wendeng
Wendeng, a region of Weihai in the North Temperate Zone, is also a continental

monsoon with four distinct seasons. The annual mean temperature is 11.5 °C, the
extreme maximum temperature is 36.4 °C, and the extreme minimum temperature
is-25.5 °C. Precipitation 762.2 mm, uneven distribution of precipitation, summer is
more concentrated, June to September precipitation accounted for about 70% of the
year, Spring and autumn precipitation is less, often occur drought. Annual sunshine
hours 2540.7 hours, frost-free period 194 days. Winter is long, the prevalence of cold
and dry winter winds from the northern part of the mainland, the temperature is low,
for the peninsula low-temperature stations; summer is the shortest, the prevalence of
warm and wet summer winds from the ocean, Spring and autumn are winter and
summer monsoon conversion period, spring windy weather more.
(3) Nanhai New Distinct
The total area of Wubao Bay National Wetland Park is 3660.83 hectares, with a
wetland rate of 98.64% , including the Xiangshui River, Jinhua River, Changyang
River and some intertidal zones. There are 263 species of vascular plant in the park.
There are over 300 species of phytoplankton. At present, more than 200 species of
birds have been collected in the Wetland Park, which is one of the richest wetland
bird resources in Shandong province. Dense pine forests, fresh air, rich in negative
oxygen ions, known as the “Natural oxygen bar.”.
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1.2.2. Temperature
Weihai lies at the eastern end of Jiaodong Peninsula, between latitude 36 °

41′-37 ° 35′ and longitude 121 ° 11′-122 ° 42′ . The north-east is bordered by the
Yellow Sea on three sides, the north by Dalian, the east by the Korean Peninsula and
the Japanese archipelago, and the west by Yantai. The maximum horizontal distance
between East and west is 135 km, the maximum vertical distance between North and
south is 81 km, and the coastline is 985.9 km. It is located in the middle latitude and
belongs to the north temperate monsoon type, with obvious seasonal variation and
continental climate. Compared with the inland area of the same latitude, it has the
characteristics of abundant rainfall, moderate annual temperature and mild climate,
while being regulated by the ocean, it also has the characteristics of cold spring, cool
summer, warm autumn and warm winter, small temperature difference between day
and night, long frost-free period, windy and humid oceanic climate characteristics.
The annual average temperature is 11.9 °C, the annual average precipitation is 730.2
M M, and the annual average sunshine hours are 2538.2 H.
The annual average temperature in Weihai is 11-17 degrees. From 1964 to 2013,
the annual mean temperature in Weihai showed a rising trend, with a tendency rate
of 0.35 °C/(10 a), a abrupt change of annual mean temperature in 1987, and a
significant warming trend in all seasons after the abrupt change. The trend rates of
temperature in spring, summer, autumn and winter are 0.427 °C/(10 A) ,
0.268 °C/(10 A) , 0.241 °C/(10 A) and 0.287 °C/(10 a) respectively. The annual
mean temperature in the region is the largest contribution to the increase of
temperature in spring, and the seasonal change is the most obvious.
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There are multi-time scales of annual mean temperature in Weihai, i. e.
inter-decadal and inter-annual periodic changes. The Interdecadal period in the time
domain is 17 ー 18 A, mainly before 2000 years, the 4 ー 6 a scale is between 1980
and 1990 years and after 2005 years, under the background of 4 ー 6 a scale, the
temperature in Weihai is currently on the high side.
The trend of annual mean maximum temperature and minimum temperature is

basically the same as that of annual mean temperature, but the change range of
annual mean maximum temperature is much smaller than that of annual mean
minimum temperature, the increase of annual mean temperature is mainly due to the
contribution of annual mean minimum temperature. The abrupt change of annual
mean temperature occurred in 1987, and it had been rising since 1988. The abrupt
change of spring and autumn temperature occurred around 1987, the abrupt change
of summer temperature occurred in 1990, and the abrupt change of winter
temperature occurred in 1971 There was a significant warming trend in all seasons
after the abrupt change.
1.2.3. Precipitation
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In 2018, the total precipitation in Weihai was 749.7 mm, which was lower than the
average annual precipitation of 762.2 mm. By the end of 2018,15 large and
medium-sized reservoirs in the city had a water storage capacity of 160 million cubic
meters, and 6 reservoirs in the urban area (including Wendeng District) , namely,
Yoneyama, suoqianbo, Gushan, Guogezhuang, Bulim and Kunlong, had a water
storage capacity of 47.03 million cubic meters, it is 12.07% lower than the same
period of last year and 52.5% lower than the same period of last year.
There are no big rivers in Weihai, and the groundwater is very poor. The total amount
of water resources is 1.686 billion cubic meters. The actual per capita water resources
are less than one quarter of the national per capita. Urban water to surface
water-based, urban daily water 290,000 cubic meters, 300,000 cubic meters of water
diversion, just to meet the daily water consumption of urban areas.
The average annual rainfall in Weihai from 1964 to 2018 was 716.1 mm. The
average annual precipitation in Weihai over the past 55 years is quite different. In
recent 55 years, there are three peak values of annual precipitation in Weihai, which
are 1965,1985 and 2007. The average precipitation in 2007 is the most 1233.8 mm,
and the average precipitation in 1999 is the least 316.5 mm, the difference between
them is 917.3 mm. Overall, the annual precipitation in Weihai has shown a slight
decreasing trend over the past 55 years, with a climate trend rate of-10.418 mm/10 A.
2.2.2 the characteristics of seasonal variation. The statistical data show that the
average precipitation of spring in Weihai from 1964 to 2018 is 35.0 mm, and the
precipitation of spring in Weihai has a certain increasing trend in recent 55 years. The
climate tendency rate is 0.902 mm/10 A. The maximum precipitation in spring of
1973 was 82.1 mm, and the minimum precipitation in spring of 1988 was 7.1 mm.
From 1964 to 2018, the average summer precipitation in Weihai was 411.4 mm, and
the summer precipitation in Weihai showed a slow decreasing trend in the past 55
years, with a climate tendency rate of-8.121 mm/10 A. In the summer of 1965, the
maximum precipitation was 970.1 mm, and in the summer of 1999, the minimum
precipitation was 99.1 mm. From 1964 to 2018, the average precipitation in autumn in
Weihai was 150.0 mm, and the precipitation in autumn in Weihai in recent 55 years
also showed a certain decreasing trend. The climate tendency rate was-9.099 mm/10
A. The maximum precipitation was 372.5 mm in 2007, and the minimum
precipitation was 24.6 mm in 2006. The average winter precipitation in Weihai from
1964 to 2018 was 49.6 mm, and the winter precipitation in Weihai has increased in
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recent 55 years, with a climate tendency rate of 4.097 mm/10 A. The maximum
precipitation in winter of 2015 was 125.8 mm, and the minimum precipitation in
winter of 1995 was 16.5 mm. Thus, Weihai received the most precipitation in summer,
accounting for 57.5 percent of the total annual precipitation, followed by autumn,
which accounted for 20.9 percent of the total annual precipitation, and winter, which
accounted for the least, only 6.9 percent of the total annual precipitation. The annual
precipitation in spring and winter shows an increasing trend in different degrees,
while the annual precipitation in summer and autumn decreases.
1.2.4. Wind Speed
The average wind speed along the coast of Weihai from 1996 to 2016 showed a
decreasing trend, the climate trend rate was-0.254 m/(s 10a) , and the average annual
wind speed was 4.5 m/s. From 1996 to 2001, the wind speed in Weihai was almost
above the climatological mean, and there was no significant decrease. After entering
2010, the wind speed increased obviously, and in recent years, the wind speed began
to decrease again. The maximum annual mean wind speed of 21 years was 5.1 m/s,
and the minimum was 4.0 m/s in 1997 and 2000, and in 2006,2007 and 2008. The
average monthly wind speed is 4.5 m/s in the recent 21 years along the coast of
Weihai. The average monthly wind speed is small in the middle and high at both ends
in the middle of the year. The maximum average wind speed is 5.3 m/s in December,
followed by 5.2 m/s in January and November, and the minimum wind speed is in
August, 3.4 MS. In the past 21 years, the average wind speed along the coast of
Weihai in spring, summer, autumn and winter was 4.7 ms, 3.6 ms, 4.5 ms and 5.1 ms,
respectively.
The average maximum wind speed along the coast of Weihai from 1996 to 2016
also showed a decreasing trend with a climate trend rate of-0.519 m/(s 10a) . The
maximum wind speed is 14.8 m/s per year. The maximum annual average maximum
wind speed of 16.2 m/s occurred in 1996 and the minimum was 13.5 m/s in 2006 and
2008. The maximum wind speed in the coastal area of Weihai has a great fluctuation.
From 1996 to 2001, the maximum wind speed in Weihai was basically above the
mean climatic value, and there was no significant decreasing trend, below the
climatological mean except in 2005 and 2007. In 2011-2013, the maximum wind
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speed increased significantly, and in recent years, the maximum wind speed began to
decrease. The monthly mean wind speed along the coast of Weihai fluctuates greatly
in a year, with the maximum wind speed in March being 15.9 ms, the average
maximum wind speed in November being 15.8 ms, and the minimum wind speed in
June being 13.5 MS. According to the seasonal variation, the average maximum
wind speed along the coast of Weihai in spring, summer, autumn and winter is 15.5
MSS, 13.9 MSS, 14.6 MSS and 15.3 MSS respectively. The maximum average wind
speed is in spring, the next is in winter, and the minimum average maximum wind
speed is in summer. From 1996 to 2016, the maximum NNW wind corresponding to
the coast of Weihai is the largest, accounting for 33.3% of the total. In season, the
maximum wind NNW in winter is the most, accounting for 61.9% in winter, the
maximum wind in spring is the most, accounting for 33.2% in spring, and the
maximum wind in summer is the most, accounting for 19% in summer The
maximum wind direction in autumn is the same as that in spring and winter, which is
NNW direction, accounting for 34.9% in autumn.
In a word, the average annual wind speed along the coast of Weihai is 4.5 m/s, the
average wind speed along the coast of Weihai is decreasing in recent 21 years, the
climate trend rate is-0.254 m/(s 10a) , the maximum average wind speed is in winter,
spring and autumn, and the minimum in summer In recent 21 years, the maximum
wind speed also showed a decreasing trend, the climate trend rate-0.519m/(s 10a) .
The maximum wind speed is 14.8 m/s per year. The maximum annual mean
maximum wind speed was 16.2 m/s in 1996 and the minimum was 13.5 m/s in 2006
and 2008. In spring, summer, autumn and winter, the average maximum wind speed
along the coast of Weihai is 15.5 ms, 13.9 ms, 14.6 ms and 15.3 ms, respectively, in
spring, summer, autumn and winter, the maximum frequency of Gale is NNW,
except the maximum wind direction in summer.
1.3. Major Sources of Air Pollution
Air pollution sources are usually production processes, equipment or sites that
emit enough toxic or hazardous substances into the air to have a harmful effect on the
environment. Generally speaking, there are two types of air pollution sources: natural
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and man-made. For cities, however, the vast majority of pollution is caused by
man-made emissions. The main sources of man-made pollution are industry, domestic
cookers and heating boilers, and transport.
(1)Industrial pollution
The main industrial polluters in Nanhai New Area are shown in the table below.
Table 1-1 South China Sea Atmospheric Priority Emission Units and their Major
Pollutants
Names of major polluting
Number Main pollutants
enterprises in Nan Hai
Weihai Nanhai New District

1 SO2，NOx，particulates
Shijie Heating Co., Ltd.
Weihai Bosheng New Material
Co., Ltd.
Weihai Lantian Thermal Power
Co., Ltd.
Weihai Lanchuang Heating Co.,
Ltd.
Weihai Nanhai Carbon Material
5 Soot, SO2，Nitrogen oxides
Co., Ltd.
Weihai Lanchuang Heating Co.,

Ltd. East Station
Triangle Tire Co., Ltd.

Particulates，Non-methane
7 Weihai Huayang Rubber
Technology Branch total hydrocarbons
Shandong Dongshun
8 Environmental Protection
Technology Co., Ltd.
Shandong Vattiyuan New
Material Co., Ltd.
(2) Domestic cookers and heating boilers

Shandong Province is a typical northern city. In winter, heating and coal burning
have increased, which correspondingly increased the amount of exhaust gas
discharged into the air, which increased pollution; in addition, the frequency of
inversion weather in winter is relatively large, which is not conducive to the
transportation and diffusion of pollutants. Resulting in high concentrations of
pollutants. The lower concentration value in summer is mainly due to the good
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atmospheric stability in summer, which is conducive to the transportation and
diffusion of pollutants, and the large amount of precipitation plays a role in leaching,
thereby diluting the concentration.
(3) Transport
The rapid development of the long-term budget economy, the rapid growth of
alternative production and usage, and the increasingly serious environmental pollution
caused by excessive exhaust gas. Air pollution in many large cities has changed from
coal-burning pollution to coal-burning and substitution. Although this pollution has
caused society Concerned, the state has also begun to pay close attention to
prevention and control, but the state has not taken effective measures to completely
solve the problem of exhaust gas pollution. Related laws and policies, laws and
regulations are not yet perfect, measures need to be further strengthened, and
governance is far from enough. Creating an environment with good air is also a sign
of building a modern and civilized city. It is the top priority of environmental
protection work. It is urgent to solve the initial exhaust pollution problem. The
exhaust gas emitted by motor vehicles mainly includes carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur
dioxide (SO2), carbon dioxide (CO2), and carbon dioxide (CO2). Hydrogen
compounds (HC), lead (PB), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and solid suspended particulate
matter, these gases or solid particulate matter more or less affect the environmental
quality and human health, especially carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide and
hydrocarbons, Is currently the most important pollutant of motor vehicle exhaust.
Among them, the total number of civilian vehicles in Weihai in 2019 is about 818,777,
including 91,687 trucks and 718,035 passenger vehicles. The air pollution caused by
it should not be underestimated.
1.4. Main Pollutants
Outdoor air pollutants mainly include: dust/inhalable particulate matter, sulfur

dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, etc.; indoor air pollutants mainly include:
formaldehyde, freon, kitchen fumes (carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, acrolein,
benzo(a)pyrene, etc.), Tobacco smoke (carbon monoxide, nicotine, aldehydes,
benzo(a)pyrene, etc.) and radioactive substances. According to the statistics map of
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Shandong Province, the main pollutants in Shandong Province are Sulphur Dioxide,
Nitrogen Oxides and Soot and Dust, and the overall emissions have shown a
downward trend through treatment in recent years, indicating that the role of
environmental governance is emerging. The table is as follows
Table 1-2 2011-2017 Emissions of major pollutants in Shandong Province (10 000
tons)
Volume of Volume of Volume
Sulphur Nitrogen of Soot
Year
Dioxide Oxides and Dust
Discharged Discharged Discharged
2011 183 179 78
2012 175 174 70
2013 164 165 70
2014 159 159 121
2015 153 142 108
2016 113 123 87
2017 74 116 55
Weihai's ambient air quality reached the national secondary standard for the
fourth consecutive year, ranking first in the province.
The annual average values of the main pollutants of ambient air, Sulphur dioxide
and nitrogen dioxide, and the three indicators of the 95th percentile 24-hour average
concentration of carbon monoxide were 6μg/m3, 20μg/m3 and 1.1mg/m3 respectively,
meeting the national Ambient Air Quality Standards (GB3095-2012) Class I standards
(20μg/m3, 40μg/m3 and 4mg/m3). The annual average values of respirable particulate
matter (PM10) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5), and the 90th percentile
concentration values of the daily maximum 8-hour sliding average of ozone were
56μg/m3, 29μg/m3 and 160μg/m3 respectively, meeting the secondary standards of
the Ambient Air Quality Standards (70μg/m3, 35μg/m3 and 160μg/m3).
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1.5. Environment quality standard
The current national standards use the Ambient Air Quality Standards
(GB3095-2012), which are as follows.
Table 1-3 Concentration limits for basic items of ambient air pollutants
Table 1-4 Concentration limits for other items of ambient air pollutants
1.6. Current situation（Atmospheric stability）
The experiment time of our group is April 14, 2021. After the investigation, the basic
weather conditions in Weihai City, Shandong Province on that day were sunny to
cloudy, southwest wind was level 3, and the air quality level was 51 good. Other more
meteorological conditions are as follows:
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Table 1-5 Weihai weather conditions on April 14, 2021
Item Data
Maximum wind speed (m/s) 12.3
Wind direction with extreme wind speed
318
(degree)
Average air pressure (hPa) 1014
Average temperature (Celsius (℃)) 9.3
Maximum temperature (Celsius (℃)) 15.9
Minimum temperature (Celsius (℃)) 4.8
Average water pressure (hPa) 5.9
Average relative humidity (percentage) 50.5
Maximum pressure (hPa) 1016.4
The sampling time range of this experiment is about 10:00-14:00, and the highest
temperature in this time range is transformed into the following figure.
Figure1 Shandong Province 10:00, 12:00, 14:00, 16:00 maximum temperature map
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Figure 2 The maximum and minimum temperature changes in Weihai from April 12
to 28
2. Monitoring purpose
Taking the air quality of the Weihai campus of Beijing Jiaotong University as the
monitoring object, the monitoring program is made and the sampling time and
frequency are determined. Monitoring programs include measurements of sulfur
dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and particulate matter (PM10 PM2.5) , and comprehensive
school air quality assessments.
The purpose of this experiment is to determine the sampling frequency and sampling
time based on the investigation of the campus and the surrounding area, and according
to the localization principle, to select the suitable localization method, to master the
sampling and monitoring methods for measuring sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide, PM10
and PM2.5 in the air. According to the monitoring results of 4 kinds of pollutants, the
air quality in this area was described and evaluated with the combination of literature
and website data. According to the monitoring data, the national environmental
quality standard is evaluated for the air condition in this area. The monitoring results
can predict the change law and development trend of air quality in this area. Provide
basic data to the government or the air quality monitoring bureau for further analysis.
In the course of the experiment, it is necessary to carry out the experiment strictly in
accordance with the requirements of the laboratory.
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3. Monitoring variables
3.1. Variables to be measured
Taking the air quality of the campus of Beijing Jiaotong University Weihai Campus
as the monitoring object, first conduct investigations and data collection on the
monitoring area, formulate a monitoring plan, and determine the sampling point,
sampling time and frequency. The monitoring items include: determination of sulfur
dioxide in the atmosphere, determination of nitrogen dioxide in the atmosphere, and
determination of atmospheric particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5), and evaluation of
campus air quality.
3.2. Sampling
3.2.1. Sampling method
1. Direct sampling method

Refers to a sampling method that directly collects an ambient air sample to monitor
the daily average concentration of pollutants.
2. Indirect sampling method
Intermittent sampling refers to the sampling method used to collect an ambient air
sample within a certain period or one hour to monitor the average concentration of
pollutants in the ambient air during that period or hour.
3. Unpowered sampling method
Non-dynamic sampling refers to the sampling method that the sampling device or the
gas sample collecting medium is exposed to the ambient air, and the pollutants are
directly collected by the natural diffusion, migration and settlement of the pollutant
molecules to be measured in the ambient air without the need of pumping power. The
monitoring results can represent the time-weighted average concentration or the
variation trend of the ambient air pollutants to be measured in a period of time.
3.2.2. Sampling instrument
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1. Sampling equipment for gaseous pollutants
(1) Use trachea, plastic bag, vacuum bottle (tube) directly when sampling directly
(2) The enrichment sampling method should use matching sampling instruments,
which are divided into two types: portable and fixed (constant temperature and
constant current). Portable atmospheric samplers include KB-6A, KB-B, DC-2, CH-4,
TH-110B, (and other models; fixed constant temperature and current samplers include
HZL, HZ-2, TH-3000, etc.). In addition, there are also KC-6120 and TH-150 gaseous
pollutants and TSP (PM10) portable integrated samplers.
2. Total suspended particulate matter sampler

(1) The total suspended particulate matter (TSP) sampler is generally sampled by
membrane filtration. According to the flow rate, it can be divided into three types:
large flow sampler (1.1~1.7 cubic meters per minute), medium flow sampler (50~150
L/min) and small flow sampler. Ambient air sampling generally uses a large flow
sampler, and indoor air sampling uses a medium and small flow sampler.
(2) Common high-flow samplers are HVC1000N, HVC1000D, TH-1000C and other
models.
(3) Common medium flow samplers are KC-6120, TH-15B, TH-150C, ZC-120E and
other models.
(4) The small flow sampler has models such as KC-8301.
3.2.3. Sampling time and frequency
The sampling time and sampling frequency depend on the monitoring purpose, the
characteristics of pollutant distribution, manpower and material resources and other
factors. Based on this, our monitoring experiment set a time of 4 hours, one
experiment.
3.2.4. Transportation and preservation of samples
1. After the sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide samples are collected, quickly transfer
the absorption solution to a 10ml colorimetric tube, protect from light, and store in
refrigeration. Check the number in detail to check whether the number of the
colorimetric tube corresponds to the number on the sampling bottle and sampling
record.
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2. The sample should be transported back to the laboratory for determination on the
same day. In principle, the collected samples should be analyzed every day. If the
samples cannot be analyzed on the same day, they should be stored in the refrigerator
at 5°C, and the maximum shelf life should not exceed 72 hours.
3. Collect the filter membranes of TSP (PM10) each in a small paper bag or plastic
bag, and then put it in a sealed box for storage. Don't fold, let alone rub. After being
transported back to the laboratory, it is stored in a desiccator.
4. When the sample is sent to the laboratory, the handover and acceptance should be
carried out, and both the handover and the receiver should sign. The sampling records
should be managed by the laboratory together with the samples.
3.2.5. Sampling procedure
1. After arriving at the sampling site, install the sampling device. Try to start the
sampler 2-3 times, check the air tightness, observe whether the instrument is normal,
whether the connection between the absorption tube and the instrument is correct, and
adjust the clock to align with the watch to ensure that the time is correct.
2. Turn on and off on time. During the sampling process, the sampling flow should be
checked frequently, and the flow deviation should be adjusted in time. For samplers
using DC power supply, the battery voltage should be checked frequently to ensure a
stable sampling flow.
3. When sampling with a filter membrane, use a clean cloth to wipe off the dust on the
surface of the sampling clip and the filter membrane holder net before placing the
filter membrane, with the wool side of the filter membrane facing up, clamp it into the
sampler with tweezers, and it is strictly forbidden to touch the filter membrane
directly with your hands . When taking the filter membrane after sampling, carefully
fold the filter membrane in half with the wool side facing inward, and put the folded
filter membrane in a smooth surface paper bag or plastic bag and store it in a box.
Special attention should be paid to if there is filter debris left in the sampling clamp, it
should be taken out and weighed together with the filter.
4. Pay attention to whether there is physical damage to the sampled filter membrane
and whether there is any perforation or missed determination during the sampling
process. Once found, the sample filter membrane is invalid.
5. When using absorption liquid to collect gas, too high or too low temperature will
affect the result. The absorption rate decreases when the temperature is too low, and
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the sample becomes unstable when the temperature is too high. Therefore, the
absorption tube should be placed in a suitable constant temperature device when
sampling in winter or summer. Generally, it is better to keep the temperature at
15-25℃. The sulfur dioxide collection temperature is required to be 23 to 29°C.
Avoid light when sampling nitrogen oxides.
6. During the sampling process, the sampling personnel should not leave the scene,
and pay attention to avoid passers-by onlookers. Do not smoke near the sampling
device. You should always observe the operation of the instrument, pay attention to
changes in the surrounding environment and meteorological conditions, and make
careful records.
7. The filling of sampling records should be synchronized with the work procedures,
and fill in one item after completing one item, and shall not be advanced or delayed.
Fill in the record to be detailed. The content includes: sample name, sampling location,
sample number, sampling date, sampling start and end time, sampling flow rate,
temperature, pressure, wind direction, wind speed, sampling instrument, description
of absorption liquid, etc., with the signature of the sampler.
4. Monitoring sites
The monitoring point is located in the open space between unit a and unit C of No. 1
teaching building near the South Gate of Weihai Campus of Beijing Jiaotong
University.
Satellite map positioning
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4.1. Monitoring section
4.1.1. Principles
(1) There should be no pollution source within 50m around the monitoring point;
(2) The horizontal plane around the sampling port should ensure the capture space
above 270 degrees. If the sampling port is close to the building, it should be closed
Ensure the free space above 180 degrees;
(3) There is a suitable vehicle passage around the monitoring point, the
environmental condition is relatively stable, the safety and fire prevention measures
are guaranteed, there is no strong electromagnetic interference nearby, there is a stable
and reliable power supply, and the communication lines are easy to install and repair;
(4) There should be no obstacles around the sampling port of point type monitoring
instrument, near the monitoring beam, or between the emission light source of open
optical path monitoring instrument and the receiving end of monitoring beam, such as
tall buildings that hinder the circulation of ambient air. The horizontal distance from
the sampling port or monitoring beam to the nearest highest obstacle should be more
than twice of the height difference between the obstacle and the sampling port or
monitoring beam;
(5) The height of manual intermittent sampling port from the ground should be 1.5 ~
15m, the height of automatic monitoring sampling port monitoring beam from the
ground should be 3 ~ 15m, and the height of sampling port from the ground for road
traffic pollution monitoring points
It should be 2 ~ 5m;
(6) On the premise of ensuring the spatial representativeness of the monitoring points,
if the average height of the buildings within the radius of 300 ~ 500m around the
selected points is more than 20m and can not meet the height requirements of manual
intermittent sampling and automatic monitoring sampling, the height of the sampling
port can be selected within 15 ~ 25m;
(7) When the monitoring instrument is installed on the building, the sampling port of
the monitoring instrument shall be away from the wall and roof of the building
The distance between the surface of the support should be greater than 1m;
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(8) If multiple sampling ports need to be set up at the monitoring point, the linear
distance between the particle sampling port and other sampling ports is more than 1m.
If the large flow total suspended particulate matter sampling device is used for
parallel monitoring, the linear distance between other sampling ports and particulate
matter sampling port should be greater than 2m;
(9) Air quality monitoring points should avoid interference of vehicle exhaust or
other pollution sources,
The minimum distance between sampling port of point monitoring instrument and
road edge shall be determined according to the requirements of table 4.1.1;
(10) The specific setting principle of pollution monitoring points shall be determined
by the local administrative department of environmental protection according to the
monitoring purpose. The distance between the sampling port and the edge of the road
should not exceed 20m
Average traffic volume of people Minimum separation distance between road edges/m
and vehicles on the road
（Average number of vehicles PM10 SO2、NO2、CO and O3
per person）
≤ 3000 25 10
3000~6000 30 20
6000~15000 45 30
15000~40000 80 60
≥40000 150 100
Table 4.1.1
(11) The number of pollution detection sites in China is mainly based on the number
of urban population, as shown in Table 4.1.2. In cities with automatic monitoring
system, automatic monitoring is the main method, supplemented by manual
continuous sampling; Manual continuous sampling without automatic monitoring
system is the main method, supplemented by single machine automatic monitoring,
which is convenient to solve the problem of lack of instantaneous value.
Urban population SO2、NOx、

Natural dust fall Sulphation rate
/ 10000 people TSP
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＜50 3 ＜or＝3 ＞6
50~100 4 4~8 6~12
100~200 5 8~11 12~18
200~400 6 12~20 18~30
＞400 7 20~30 30~40
Table 4.1.2
WHO recommends the number of air pollution trend monitoring stations in urban
areas.（Table4.1.3）
Wind direction,
Urban population Inhalable
SO2 NOx Oxidant CO wind
/ 10000 people particles
speed
≤100 2 2 1 1 1 1
100~400 5 5 2 2 2 2
400~800 8 8 4 3 4 2
＞800 10 10 5 4 5 3
Table 4.1.3
4.1.2. Set of Sampling sections
1. There are four main methods for setting sampling points: network location method,
functional area location method, concentric circle location method and fan-shaped
location method. These four sampling and placing methods can be used independently
or comprehensively, and the applicable scope of each method should be understood to
ensure that the samples sampled are representative.
84
2. The number of sampling points should be set according to the spatial distribution
of pollutants in the monitoring area, and the meteorological and topographic
conditions should be taken into account. Environmental monitoring technology scale
(atmospheric and exhaust) stipulates the relationship between the number of urban
population and the number of atmospheric monitoring points (see Table 4.1.4).
Table 4.1.4 Number of atmospheric monitoring stations
Number of monitoring points set up
Urban population/ten
Natural deposition of
thousand SO2, NO2， TSP Rate of sulphation
dust
＜50 3 ≥3 ≥6
50~100 4 4~8 6~12
100~200 5 8~11 12~18
200~400 6 12~20 18~30
＞400 7 20~30 30~40
4.2. Sampling point
The open space in the middle of unit a and unit C of No.1 teaching building is open
and has good air circulation, which is very suitable for sample acquisition.
85
Photos of sampling site
4.3. Method of set of sampling stations
After the total number of monitoring stations is determined, the empirical method,
statistical method and simulation method can be used for the layout of monitoring
stations. The empirical method is the most commonly used method, especially for the
places where the monitoring network has not been established or the monitoring data
is accumulated little, the location of the monitoring station needs to be determined by
experience. The specific methods are as follows:
1. Function area distribution method: function area distribution method is mostly
used for regional routine monitoring. Firstly, the monitoring area is divided into
industrial area, commercial area, residential area, industrial residential mixed area,
traffic dense area, clean area, etc. according to the specific pollution situation and
human and material conditions, a certain number of sampling points are set in each
functional area. The number of sampling points in each functional area is not required
to be average, and more sampling points are set in industrial areas with concentrated
pollution sources and residential areas with dense population.
2. Grid distribution method: this method divides the monitoring area into several
uniform grid, and the sampling points are set at the intersection of two straight lines or
grid center. The grid size is determined according to the intensity of pollution sources,
population distribution, manpower and material resources.
86
3. Concentric circle distribution method: this method is mainly used in areas where
multiple pollution sources constitute pollution groups and where large pollution
sources are concentrated. First, find out the center of the pollution group, and make
several concentric circles as the center of the circle, and then make several rays from
the center of the circle, and take the intersection of the radiation and the center of the
circle as the sampling point.
4. Fan shaped point distribution method: fan shaped point distribution method is
suitable for isolated elevated point sources and areas with obvious dominant wind
direction. The area where the dominant wind direction is obvious with the location of
the point source as the vertex. Taking the location of the point source as the vertex
and the dominant wind direction as the axis, a fan-shaped area is made in the
downwind area as the distribution point.
In practice, in order to adjust measures to local conditions and make the layout of
sampling points perfect and reasonable, we often adopt a comprehensive layout
method with one method as the main method and other methods as well;
The statistical method is applicable to the areas where the monitoring data have been
accumulated for many years. According to the correlation between the temporal and
87
spatial changes of the distribution of urban air pollutants, through the statistical
processing of the monitoring data, the existing monitoring stations are adjusted and
the monitoring stations (points) with duplicate monitoring information are deleted;
The simulation method is based on the distribution, emission characteristics and
meteorological data of pollution sources in the monitoring area.
The spatial and temporal distribution of pollutants was predicted by the mathematical
model, and monitoring stations (points) were set up.
5. Preparation before collection of water sample

5.1. Determination of sampling plan
According to the field investigation result and the field arrangement request, puts
forward the sampling plan, determines the sampling time and the route, completes
the division of labor, equips the essential equipment.
5.2. Calibration of sampling instruments
Newly purchased and repaired samplers are calibrated monthly during their useful
life.
(1) calibration of flow measurement equipment. Calibration of soap film flow
meters, calibration of wet flow meters, calibration of rotor flow meters, calibration of
orifice meters see related instructions.
(2) calibration of the clock of the sampler: the time shift watch and the clock are
calibrated quarterly, with an accuracy of less than ± 1% by the precise calibration of
the clock, and the calibration date is recorded in a special logbook.
(3) the thermometer and pressure gauge used for sampling shall be checked
regularly according to the specifications.
88
5.3. Preparation of sampling instruments
(1) the choice of absorption tube: through the resistance test or foaming test to select
qualified absorption tube, and then rinse the absorption tube with ionic water, so as
not to plug the absorption hole.
(2) check the filter membrane. Before using the filter membrane, check under the
light source to remove pinhole, crack, irregularity and other defects on the filter
membrane.
(3) the preparation of other instruments, equipment, sampling tools and chemicals
shall be carried out in accordance with the requirements of other corresponding
methods.
6. Determination of gaseous pollutants
6.1. Determination of SO2
Sulfur dioxide, with a molecular weight of 64.06, is a colorless and highly irritating
gas. boiling point -10 oC, melting point-76.1oC, Relative density of air 2.26. It is
highly soluble in water and also in ethanol and ether. Sulfur dioxide has a strong
pungent irritation to conjunctiva and upper respiratory mucous membranes, and sulfur
dioxide can be sniffed by most people at concentrations greater than 0.9mg/m2. Sulfur
dioxide mainly causes damage to respiratory organs, can lead to bronchitis,
pneumonia, severe can lead to pulmonary edema and respiratory paralysis.
6.1.1. Principles
Sulfur dioxide is absorbed by formaldehyde buffer solution to produce a stable

hydroxymethyl sulfonate compound. The addition of sodium hydroxide to the sample
solution causes the compound to break down, release sulfur dioxide and parasalycen,
formaldehyde, produce fuchsia compounds, and measure it at 577nm with a dometer
of photophosphoria.
89
6.1.2. Reagent and apparatus
 Apparatus
(1) spectrophotometer (visible wavelength 380-780nm).
(2) Porous glass plate absorption tube 10mL for short-term sampling. The porous
glass plate absorbs the bottle 50mL for 24h continuous mining
shape.
(3) Thermostat: wide-mouthed refrigerated bottle placed in a circular color-matching
tube rack, inserted in a length of about 150mm, 0 to 40 degrees C of wine. The error
of the precision thermometer shall not be greater than 0.5oC
(4) With plug color tube: 10mL.
(5) Air sampler.
Sampling system for SO2 and NOX

 Reagent
(1) Sodium hydroxide solution C(NaOH) =1.5mo1/L.
(2) Ring diamine tetraacetic acid dinatre solution C(CDTA-2Na) = 0.05mo1/L.
Weighing 1.82g trans-l, 2-cyclohexylen edinitilo tetraacetic acid, or CDTA,
added sodium hydroxide solution 6.5mL and diluted to 100mL with water.
(3) Formaldehyde buffer absorbent storage liquid:
absorption formaldehyde solution (36% to 38%)5.5mL, CDTA-2Na solution
20.00mL; Stored in the refrigerator for 1 year.
(4) Formaldehyde buffer absorbent (ready-to-use):
dilute formaldehyde buffer absorbent storage liquid 100 times with water.
(5) Sodium sulfonate solution (0.60g/100mL):
90
weigh 0.60g sulfonate (H2NS03H) in a 100mL capacity bottle, add 4.0mL
sodium hydroxide solution, dilute with water to the line, shake well. This solution seal
is stored for 10 days.
(6) iodine storage liquid, C (1/I2) =0.1mol/L
weigh 12.7g iodine in a beaker, add 40g potassium iodide and 25mL water, stir
until completely dissolved, dilute with water to 1000mL, store in a thin brown bottle.
(7) iodine solution, C(1/2I2) = 0.05mol/L
take 250mL of iodine storage liquid, dilute with water to 500mL, store in a brown
fine-mouthed bottle.
(8) Starch solution (0.5g/100Ml)
0.5g soluble starch, with a small amount of water to a paste, slowly poured into
100mL boiling water, continue to boil until the solution is clarified, cooled and stored
in a reagent bottle.
(9) Potassium iodide standard solution, C(1/6KIO2)=0.1000mol/L
weigh 3.5667g potassium iodide (KIO3 excellent grade pure, dried by 110
degrees C 2h) dissolved in water, moved into a 1000m1 capacity bottle, diluted with
water to the standard line, shake well.
(10) Hydrochloric acid solution (1 + 9)
(11) Sodium sulfate storage solution c (Na2S2O3)=0.10mol/L
Weigh 25.0g sodium sulfate (Na2S2O.5H2O), dissolved in 1000mL of freshly
boiled but cooled water, add 0.2g sodium carbonate without water, store in a fine
brown mouth bottle, placed in a week after backup. If the solution is cloudy, it must
be filtered.
(12) Sodium sulfate standard solution C(Na2S2O3)=0.05mol/L
Take 250mL sodium sulfate storage liquid placed in a 500mL capacity bottle,
diluted with freshly boiled but cooled water to the line, shake well.
(13) Ethylene diazepam tetraacete sodium salt (EDTA) solution (0.05g/100mL,
ready-to-use)
weighed 0.25gEDTA (-CH2COONa) CH2COOH) 2. H20 dissolves in 500mL of
freshly boiled but cooled water.
(14) Sulfur dioxide standard solution storage solution
Weighing 0.200g sodium sulphate (Na2SO3), dissolved in a 200mLEDTA 2Na
solution, slowly shake well to prevent oxygenation, so that it dissolves. Place 2 to 3h
91
and calibrate. This solution is equivalent to 320 to 400 sg of sulfur dioxide per
milliliter.
(15) Sulfur dioxide standard solution (standard for storage liquid calibration and
ready-to-use)
After calibration of the accurate concentration of sulfur dioxide standard solution
storage solution, select the appropriate dilution multiple, with formaldehyde
absorption liquid to dilute it to a standard solution containing 1.00 g sulfur dioxide per
milliliter. Store in the refrigerator at 5oC.
(16) Pararosaniline (PRA) storage liquid 0.20g/100mL.
(17) PRA solution (0.05g/100mL)
Absorb 25.00mLPRA storage liquid in a 100mL capacity bottle, plus 30mL85%
concentrated phosphoric acid, 12mL concentrated hydrochloric acid, diluted with
water to the line, shake well, placed overnight for use. The light-absorbing seal is
saved.
6.1.3. Determination of samples
(1) Short-term sampling:

According to the concentration of sulfur dioxide in the air, the U-shaped porous
glass plate absorption tube containing 10mL absorbent fluid is used to sample the
flow of 0.5L/min. The opt-out range of absorbent temperature at sampling is 23 to
29oC.
(2) 24h Continuous Sampling:

Absorb the bottle with a porous glass plate containing 50mL absorbent fluid and
continuously sample 24h at a flow rate of 0.2 to 0.3L/min. The absorption fluid
temperature must be kept in the range of 23 to 29oC.
A 24h continuous sampler placed indoors, the air intakes shall be connected to a
centralized sampling line system for air quality that meets the requirements, in order
to reduce the loss of sulfur dioxide gas samples before entering the absorber.
6.1.4. Operation processes
(1) Calibration of the concentration of the standard solution

 Sodium sulfate standard solution
Calibration method: absorb three 10.00mL potassium iodide standard solution
placed in 250mL iodine bottle, plus 70mL of freshly boiled but cooled water, add 1 g
92
potassium iodide, shake to completely dissolve, add 10mL hydrochloric acid solution,
immediately cover the stopper, shake well. After placing 5min in the dark, titrate the
solution to light yellow with the standard solution of sodium sulfate, add 2mL starch
solution, and continue to titrate the solution to blue just fades to the end point.
The concentration of the standard solution of sodium sulfate is calculated below:
c=0.1000×10.00/V
c - concentration of sodium sulfate standard solution, （mol/L）;
V - the volume of the standard solution for titration of sodium sulfate consumed,
(ml)
 Standard solution for sulfur dioxide

Calibration method: Take three 20.00mL sulfur dioxide standard solutions and
place them in a 250mL iodine bottle and add them
50mL freshly boiled but cooled water, 20.00mL iodine solution and 1mL ice
acetic acid, caps, shake well. After placing 5min in the dark, titrate the solution to
light yellow with the standard solution of sodium sulfate, add 2mL starch solution,
and continue to titrate to the solution blue just fades to the end point. Record the
volume V, mL of the standard solution for titration sodium sulfate. Three additional
EDTA-2Na solutions were taken 20mL and blank tested using the same method.
Record the volume V0, mL of the standard solution for titration sodium sulfate.
The concentration of the standard solution of sulfur dioxide is calculated as
follows:
C=（V0-V）× C（Na2S2O3）×32.02×1000/20.00
C - concentration of sulfur dioxide standard solution, （μg/ml）;
V0 - volume of sodium sulfate-depleted standard solution by blank titration, (m/L);
V-Sulfur Dioxide Standard Solution TitRation of Sodium Sulfate Standard Solution
Volume, (mL);
C (Na2S2O3) - concentration of sodium sulfate standard solution (3.12), (mol/L);
32.02 - Molar mass of sulfur dioxide (1/2SO2).
(2) Drawing of calibration curve
93
Take 10mL colorimetric tubes with plugs and divide them into two groups, A and
B, with 7 tubes in each group, corresponding to their numbers. Group A prepares the
calibration solution series according to the following table:
Tube number 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Sulfur dioxide standard solution，(ml) 0 0.5 1 2 5 8 10
Formaldehyde buffer absorption solution, (ml) 10 9.5 9 8 5 2 0
Sulfur dioxide content, (ug) 0 0.5 1 2 5 8 10
Add 1.00m PRA solution to each tube of group B, add 0.5mL sodium sulfamate
solution and 0.5mL sodium hydroxide solution to each tube of group A, and mix well.
Then quickly pour all the solution tube by tube into tube B with the corresponding
number and containing the PRA solution, immediately stopper and mix it, and put it
in a constant temperature water bath for color development. The difference between
color rendering temperature and room color temperature and room temperature should
not exceed 3℃.
According to different seasons and environmental conditions, select the color
temperature and color time according to the following table:
Color temperature/℃ 10 15 20 25 30
Color time/min 40 25 20 15 5
stable schedule/min 35 25 20 15 10
Reagent blank absorbance A0 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.05 0.06
We set 20℃ as the color development temperature through a constant

temperature water bath, and performed color development for 20 minutes. At the
wavelength of 557nm, use a 1cm cuvette to measure the absorbance with water as the
reference solution.
Draw a standard curve.
94
(3) Sample measurement
①If there is turbidity in the sample solution. It should be removed by
centrifugation.
②Leave the sample for 20min. to decompose the odor.
③Short-time sampling: transfer all the sample solution in the absorption tube into
a 10mL colorimetric tube, dilute to the mark with the absorption solution, add 0.5mL
sodium sulfamate solution and mix well, leave it for 10 minutes to remove the
interference of nitrogen oxides, follow the steps. The same as the drawing of the
calibration curve.
④Sampling for 24 hours: Transfer the sample solution in the absorption bottle
into a 50mL volumetric flask (or colorimetric tube), wash the absorption bottle with a
small amount of absorption solution, incorporate the washing solution into the sample
solution, and then dilute the absorption solution to the mark. Pipette an appropriate
amount of sample solution (decided to take 2-10mL depending on the concentration)
in a 10mL colorimetric tube, then dilute to the mark with the absorption solution, add
0.5mL sodium sulfamate solution, mix well, and leave for 10min to remove nitrogen
oxides The following steps are the same as the drawing of calibration curve.
6.1.5. Results
Calculate the concentration of sulfur dioxide in the air according to formula below:
95
A——The absorbance of the sample solution;
A0——Absorbance of reagent blank solution;
Bs——correction factor, μ g·SO2/12mL/A;
Vt——Total volume of sample solution, mL;
Va——The volume of the sample solution taken during the measurement, mL;
Vs——Converted to the sampling volume under standard conditions (0℃,
101.325kPa), L.
The measured sample data are as below:
Air absorption Air absorption

Sample SO2
Sample Absorbance (reference volume (reference volume
content (ug/m3)
/L) /m3)
1 0.0018 1 114.32 0.11432 8.7474
6.1.6. Attention
(1) The selection of color temperature, color time and operation time are the key to
the success or failure of this experiment.
Conditions, room temperature in different seasons, choose the appropriate color
temperature and time.
(2) The purity of PRA has a great influence on the absorbance of the reagent blank.
(3) When measuring absorbance, the operation should be accurate and quick, and the
color stabilization time should not be exceeded, so as to avoid low measurement
results.
(4) Sodium thiosulfate solution is best to be calibrated after one week; the standard
solution of sodium sulfite must be in sulfite
The sodium solution is calibrated and prepared at the same time, and it must be
diluted to the mark with the absorption solution.
6.2. Determination of PM2.5 and PM10
Total suspended particulate matter is the total amount of solid and liquid
particulate matter floating in the air, with a particle size range of about 0.1-100
96
microns. Some particles can be seen to the naked eye due to their large particle size or
black color, such as soot. Some are small enough to be observed using an electron
microscope. Particulate matter with particle sizes below 10 microns is commonly
referred to as inhalable particulate matter, also known as PM10.
Inhalable particulate matter can be inhaled by the human body, deposited in the
respiratory tract, alveoli and other parts of the cause of disease. The smaller the
diameter of the particles, the deeper the area of the respiratory tract. Particles 10
micron diameter are usually deposited in the upper respiratory tract, 5 micron
diameter can enter the deep part of the respiratory tract, and less than 2 microns can
be 100% deep into the fine bronchial tubes and alveoli.
Some particulate matter comes from direct emissions from sources of pollution,
such as chimneys and vehicles. Others are small particles formed by the interaction of
sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds and other compounds in
the ambient air, and their chemical and physical composition varies greatly depending
on location, climate and season of the year.
6.2.1. Principles
By extracting quantitative volume air at constant speed through a sampler with certain
cutting characteristics, PM2.5 and PM10 are intercepted on the filter film of known
mass, and PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations are calculated according to the weight
difference and sample volume of the membrane before and after sampling.
(1) Cutter.
(2) PM10 cutter, sampling system:
cutting particle size Da50 , (10±0.5) μm; Geometric standard deviation of
capture efficiency σ g=（1.5±0.1）μ m;
(3) PM2.5 Cutter, Sampling System:
Cutting particle size Da50 s (2.5±0.2) um; Geometric standard deviation of
capture efficiency σ g =（1.2±0.1）μ m; Other performance and technical indicators
should comply with HJ/T 93-2003.
(4) Sampler hole mouth flow meter or other flow meter that meets the requirements of
this standard technical indicator.
(5) Medium flow meter:
97
range (60-125) L/min; error ≤2%. 11
(6) Membrane:
According to the purpose of sample collection can be selected glass fiber
membrane, quartz membrane and other inorganic membrane or PVC, polypropylene,
mixed cellulose and other organic membranes. The film has an intercept efficiency of
no less than 99% for standard particles of 0.3 m. The blank membrane needs to be
balanced to constant weight, weighed, put into the dryer to spare.
(7) Analysis balance:
0.1mg or 0.01mg.
(8) Constant temperature and humidity box (room):
the air temperature in the box (room) can be adjusted in the range of (15-30)
degrees C, temperature control accuracy ±1°C. The relative humidity of the air in the
box (chamber) should be controlled at (50±5). The thermostatic and humidity tank
(room) can operate continuously.
(9) Dryer:
Inner-filled discolored silicone.
 Sample collection
(1) The requirements of sampling environment and sampling frequency in ambient air
monitoring shall be carried out in accordance with the requirements of HJ/T 194. At
sampling, the sampler inlet must be no less than 1.5m above ground height. Sampling
should not be done in weather conditions such as wind speeds greater than 8 m/s.
Sample points should avoid sources of contamination and obstructions. If PM10 and
PM2.5 are measured at the transport hub, the sampling point should be located 1m
outside the edge of the sidewalk.
(2) When using intermittent sampling to determine the average daily concentration,
the number of times should not be less than 4 times, the cumulative sampling time
should not be less than 18h。
(3) When sampling, the weighed membrane with tweezers into the filter network in
the clean sampling clip, the membrane hair surface should be facing the intake
direction.
98
Press the membrane firmly until it does not leak air. If any concentration is
determined, the membrane needs to be replaced each time, and if the average daily
concentration is measured, the sample can be collected on a filter film. After sampling,
remove with a tweezer. Fold the dust surface twice and place it in the sample box or
paper bags, and take samples.
(4) After sampling membrane sample weighing according to Chapter 7 analysis steps.
 Sample preservation
After membrane acquisition, if weighing is not immediately possible, it should be
refrigerated at 4°C.
Balance the membrane in a constant temperature and humidity tank (chamber) with a
balance of 24h, with the balance condition being: the temperature is taken at any point
in the 15C-30C, and the relative humidity is controlled in the range of 45%-55%,
recording the equilibrium temperature and humidity. Under the above balanced
conditions, the filter film is weighed with an analytical balance with a sensitivity of
0.1mg or 0.01mg, recording the weight of the membrane. The same membrane is
weighed after rebalancing 1h under the same conditions in a constant temperature and
humidity tank (chamber). For PM10 and PM2.5 particulate sample filter membranes,
the difference between the two weights is less than 0.4mg or 0.04mg, respectively, to
meet the constant weight requirement.
Filter membrane after sampling
99
Changes before and after weighing
6.2.5. Results
 Results calculate
PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations are calculated as follows:
ρ =（W2-W1）/V×1000
ρ - PM10 or PM2.5 concentration, mg/m3
w2 - the weight of the membrane after sampling, g;
w1 - the weight of the blank membrane, g;
V - Sample volume converted to standard state (101.325kPa, 273K). m3
 Result expression
The result of the calculation retains 3 significant digits. After the decimal point,
the number can be retained to the third digit.
The measured sample data are as below
W2/ug W1/ug V/m3 Concentration/ug/m3

PM2.5
399.4 397.8 28.8 55.55556
W2/ug W1/ug V/m3 Concentration/ug/m3

PM10
397.3 394.9 22.9335 104.6504
6.2.6. Attention
(1) Filter film before use need to be checked, there must be no pinholes or any defects.
The shadow of static electricity should be eliminated when the membrane is weighed
sound.
(2) take a number of cleaning membrane, in the thermostatic and humidity box (room),
according to the balance conditions balance 24h, weighing. Each membrane is not
continuously weighed more than 10 times, so that the average value of each
membrane is the original quality of the membrane. The above filter film is used as the
"standard membrane". Weigh two "standard membranes" each time you weigh the
filter film. If the weight of the standard membrane is within the original mass ±5mg
(high flow flow), ± 0.5mg (medium flow and small flow), the batch of sample
membrane weighing is considered qualified and data are available. Otherwise, check
that the weighing conditions meet the requirements and re-weigh the batch of sample
membrane.
100
(3) Always check the sampling head for air leakage. When the filter film is placed
correctly and the sampling system is free of air leakage, the boundary between
particulate matter on the filter film and the surrounding white edge should be clear
after sampling, and if the line is blurred, the filter film gasket should be replaced.
(4) For samplers with brushes for motors, replace the brush as far as possible before
the motor stops working due to the brush, so as not to cause sampling to fail. The
replacement time is determined as usual. Recalibrate the flow after replacing the
brush. The sampler for the new replacement brush should operate 1h under load
conditions until the brush is in good contact with the rectifier of the rotor before
performing flow calibration.
(5) When PM10 or PM2.5 content is low, the sampling time must not be too short.
For analytical balances with a sensitivity of 0.1mg and 0.01mg, the load of particulate
matter on the membrane should be greater than 1mg and 0.1mg, respectively, to
reduce weighing errors.
(6) Before and after sampling, membrane weighing should use the same analytical
balance.
6.3. Determination of NOx
6.3.1. Principles
In order to measure the concentration of nitrogen, nitrogen oxides are oxidized to
nitrogen dioxide during sampling. Naphthalene diamine hydrochloride is used to
absorb NOx and form nitrite and nitric acid. Nitrous acid can react with
aminobenzenesulfonic acid to form diazo compounds. The diazonium salt will then
react with naphthalene ethylenediamine hydrochloride to form a rose colored azo
compound. Its concentration can be determined by a spectrophotometer with a
wavelength of 540 nm. The absorbance is also proportional to the concentration of
nitrite. Therefore, the concentration of nitrogen oxides can be derived.
1) Spectrophotometer: visible wavelength 380 to 780 nm
2) 10 mL of the porous glass plate absorption tube for sampling：
The porous glass plate absorbs 50 mL of the bottle and is used for continuous
sampling for 24 hours
3) Double-ball absorption tube
101
4) With a colorimetric tube: 10 mL.
5) Air sampler: flow range 0-1 L/min
6) p-aminobenzene sulfonic acid
7) Glacial acetic acid
8) Quartz sand
9) Three chromium oxide
10) Nitrite
11) hydrochloric acid N- (1- naphthalene) – ethylenediamine
12) trioxide and sodium nitrite
(1) Sampling
Add 10 ml of absorption solution to the absorption tube and connect it to the water
sampling device. A Cr2O3 absorption tube is added at the inlet of the absorption tube.
Air was sampled at a rate of 0.3 ml / h for 8 hours.
(2) Draw standard curve
Add 0, 0.10ml, 0.20ml, 0.30ml, 0.40ml, 0.50ml and 0.60ml nitrite standard solution
into 7 10ml colorimetric tubes respectively. Add 4.0mL absorption solution to each
tube, dilute to the scale mark (5ml), shake well, and place for 15min.
Put the colorimetric agent into a 10ml absorption cell, measure the wavelength at
540nm with water as the reference, record the data and draw the calibration curve.
The standard curve drawn is shown in the figure below:
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The expression of standard curve is as follows:
y = 0.96x + 0.00䀀香

For the measurement of each sample, add 4ml absorption stock solution and 1ml
sample to the colorimetric tube, shake well and leave for 15min. Put the colorimetric
agent into a 10ml absorption cell, measure the wavelength at 540nm with water as the
reference, and record the data.
6.3.5. Results
According to the reading results of the sampler, we know that after 4 hours of
sampling, we absorbed 24.6 l of nitrogen oxides in the air. According to the
absorbance of the sample and the obtained line, we can calculate the nitrogen dioxide
concentration corresponding to this part of the air.
− 0 −
u μg/香䀀㌳ =
0.香6
The measured sample data are as follows:
Sample Sample Sample Sample Air absorption Air absorption NO2

name absorbance concentration content (reference (reference volume) （ug/m3）
（ug/ml）（ug） volume)（L）（m3）
1 0.074 0.073 0.366 24.56 0.02456 19.61607628
2 0.075 0.074 0.371 24.56 0.02456 19.89511008
3 0.076 0.075 0.377 24.56 0.02456 20.17414388
The average concentration of the sample is

19.61607628  19.89511008  20.17414388
 19.89511008 ug/m3
3
6.3.6. Attention
1. The absorption solution should be kept away from light, and should not be exposed
to the air for a long time, so as to prevent the absorption solution from developing
color or absorbing nitrogen oxides in the air, which will increase the blank value of
the test tube.
2. The oxidation tube is suitable for use when the relative humidity is 30-70%. When
the relative humidity of air is more than 70%, the oxidation pipe should be replaced
frequently; When it is less than 30%, wet air passing through the water surface is used
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to balance for 1 hour. In the process of use, we should always pay attention to whether
the oxidation tube moisture absorption causes hardening, or turns green. If it is
hardened, the resistance of the sampling system will increase and the flow rate will be
affected; If it turns green, it means that the oxidation tube has failed.
3. Sodium nitrite (solid) should be sealed to prevent the invasion of air and moisture.
The standard solution can not be prepared by direct method when the reagent is
partially oxidized to sodium nitrate or powder. If there is no granular sodium nitrite
reagent, the accurate concentration of sodium nitrite stock solution can be calibrated
by potassium permanganate volumetric method, and then diluted to 5 μ G / ml nitrite
standard solution.
4. If the solution is yellow brown, it indicates that the absorption solution has been
polluted by chromium trioxide, and the sample should be discarded.
5. Draw the standard curve and add sodium nitrite standard solution to each pipe at a
uniform and slow speed.
6.4. Determination of Indoor Air Quality
6.4.1. Principles
Indoor environmental air pollution (referred to as indoor air pollution) is the

pollution of homes, schools, offices, shopping malls, hotels (travel), various
restaurants, cafes, bars, public buildings (including various modern office buildings)
and various public gathering places (theatres, libraries, transport, etc.) due to human
activities.
"Indoor" mainly refers to the living room, indoor air pollution refers to the
indoor air due to various reasons caused by harmful substances in excess of the
standard, and then affect human health indoor environmental pollution behavior. The
harmful substances include formaldehyde, benzene, ammonia, radioactive radon and
so on. As the level of pollution increases, the human body will develop subhealth
reactions and even threaten life safety. It is one of the human hazards that are
receiving increasing attention.
There are more than 900 types of indoor air pollutants, mainly divided into 3
categories.
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(1) Gaseous pollutants. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are the most important
components, as well as O3, CO, CO2, NOx and the radioactive element radon (Rn)
and its daughters. Especially when indoor ventilation is poor, these gaseous
pollutants will accumulate indoors and increase in concentration, some of which
can exceed the health standard by tens of times, causing serious indoor air
pollution.
(2) Microbiological pollutants. Such as allergic reactive substances, viruses, indoor
humid places easy to breed fungus and microorganisms.
(3) Respirable particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5).
This experiment focuses on monitoring indoor VOCs and formaldehyde
(1) Organic volatile compounds detector

(2) Formaldehyde detector
6.4.3. Determination of monitoring sites

Laboratories and classrooms were selected as monitoring sites to observe the
effects of various indoor activities on indoor air pollution
Figure The classroom being detecting
6.4.4. Results
Table Indoor air pollution monitoring result
105
Position CH2O TVOC
Classroom 0.00 0.16
Laboratory 0.00 0.13
7. Evaluation of Air Quality
7.1. Background
With the development of human beings, the environmental problems caused by

the development become more and more serious, so it is necessary to evaluate the
environment as a whole. In this context, China has developed a quantitative air quality
evaluation standard, which is called AQI.
7.2. Introduction of AQI
Air quality index (AQI) is a non-linear dimensionless index that quantitatively

describes air quality. The larger the value, the higher the level and category, and the
darker the color, the more serious the air pollution is, the greater the harm to human
health is. It is suitable for expressing the short-term air quality status and change trend
of cities.
The reference standard of air quality index classification calculation is GB
3095-2012 ambient air quality standard (current), the pollutants involved in the
106
evaluation are SO2, NO2, PM10, PM2.5, O3, CO, etc., and the release frequency is once
an hour.
The value range of air pollution index is 0-500, among which 0-50, 51-100,
101-200, 201-300 and more than 300 correspond to the limit values of pollutant
concentration in the national air quality standards of class I, class II, class III, class IV
and class v. in practical application, class III and class IV are divided into class III (1),
class III (2), class IV (1) and class IV (2). Grade I, air quality assessment is excellent,
no impact on human health; Grade II, air quality assessment is good, no significant
impact on human health; Grade III, mild pollution, irritation symptoms in healthy
people; Grade IV, moderate pollution, irritation symptoms were common in healthy
people; Grade V, serious pollution, severe irritation symptoms in healthy people.
7.3. Terms and definitions
 Air quality index (AQI)

Dimensionless index for quantitative description of air quality.
 Individual air quality index (IAQI)
Air quality index of single pollutant.
 Primary pollutant
When AQI is greater than 50, iaqi is the largest air pollutant.
 Non pollution pollutant
The pollutants whose concentration exceeds the national ambient air quality
secondary standard, that is, the pollutants whose IAQI is greater than 100.
7.4. Standard of air quality index calculation
Table 1 Air quality sub index and corresponding pollutant concentration limits
107
污染物项目浓度限值
颗粒物颗粒物
一氧化碳
空气质量二氧化硫二氧化硫二氧化氮二氧化氮 (粒径小于一氧化碳 (粒径小
(CO) 臭氧(O3)
分指数 (SO2) (SO2) (NO2) (NO2) 等于 (CO) 臭氧(O3) 于等于
1 小时 8 小时滑
（IAQI） 24 小时 1 小时 24 小时 1 小时 10m) 24 小时平 1 小时平均 2.5m)
平均 3
动平均
平均平均平均平均 24 小时均 /(g/m ) 24 小时
3 3
/(mg/m /(g/m)
/(g/m³) /(g/m ) /(g/m³) /(g/m³) 平均 /(mg/m ) 平均
3
³）
/g/m ) /g/m3)
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
50 50 150 40 100 50 2 5 160 100 35
100 150 500 80 200 150 4 10 200 160 75
150 475 650 180 700 250 14 35 300 215 115
200 800 800 280 1200 350 24 60 400 265 150
300 1600 (2) 565 2340 420 36 90 800 800 250
400 2100 (2) 750 3090 500 48 120 1000 (3) 350
500 2620 (2) 940 3840 600 60 150 1200 (3) 500
①二氧化硫(SO2)、二氧化氮(NO2)和一氧化碳(CO)的 1 小时平均浓度限值仅用于实时报，在日报中需使用相应
污染物的 24 小时平均浓度限值。
②二氧化硫(SO2)1 小时平均浓度值高于 800g/m³的，不再进行其空气质量分指数计算，二氧化硫(SO2)空气质
说明：
量分指数按 24 小时平均浓度计算的分指数报告。
③臭氧(O3)8 小时平均浓度值高于 800g/m³的，不再进行其空气质量分指数计算，臭氧(O3)空气质量分指数按
1 小时平均浓度计算的分指数报告。
The table is extracted from the technical regulation of ambient air quality index (AQI) issued
by the Ministry of environmental protection of the people's Republic of China on February
29, 2012 (Trial Implementation) - HJ 633-2012.
Table 2 Air quality index and related information
空气质量空气质量空气质量指数类别及

指数指数级别表示颜色对健康影响情况建议采取的措施
108
0～50 空气质量令人满意，基本无空气污染
一级优绿色各类人群可正常活动
空气质量可接受，但某些污染物可能
极少数异常敏感人群应减少户外活
对极少数异常敏感人群健康有
51～100 二级良黄色动
较弱影响
儿童、老年人及心脏病、呼吸系统疾
易感人群症状有轻度加剧，健康人群
病患者应减少长时间、高强度的
100～150 三级轻度污染橙色出现刺激症状
户外锻炼
儿童、老年人及心脏病、呼吸系统疾
进一步加剧易感人群症状，可能对健病患者避免长时间、高强度的户外锻
151～200 四级中度污染红色康人群心脏、呼吸系统有影响练，一般人群适量减少户外运动
心脏病和肺病患者症状显著加剧，儿童、老年人和心脏病、肺病患者应
运动耐受力降低，健康人群普遍出停留在室内，停止户外运动，一
201～300 五级重度污染紫色
现症状般人群减少户外运动
儿童、老年人和病人应当留在室内，
健康人群运动耐受力降低，有明显强
避免体力消耗，一般人群应避
＞300 六级严重污染褐红色烈症状，提前出现某些疾病
免户外活动
The table is extracted from the technical regulation of ambient air quality index (AQI) issued by the
Ministry of environmental protection of the people's Republic of China on February 29, 2012 (Trial
Implementation) - HJ 633-2012
7.5. Method of calculation
7.5.1. Calculation of air quality sub index（IAQI）

IAQIHi - IAQLO
Calculation formula： IAQIp  （Cp - BPLO） IAQILO （1）
BPHi - BPLO
IAQIp——Air quality index of pollutant project P
Cp——Mass concentration value of pollutant project P
BPHi——High value of pollutant concentration limit close to CP in Table 1
IAQIHi——Air quality sub indices corresponding to BPHi in Table 1
IAQILo——Air quality sub indices corresponding to BPLo in Table 1
7.5.2. Calculation of air quality index（AQI）
Calculation formula： AQI  max{IAQI1, IAQI2, IAQI3,  , IAQIn} （2）
IAQI——Air quality sub index
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n——Pollutant project
7.5.3. Calculation of air quality index level
According to the standard of Table 2.
7.6. AQI calculation of experimental data
7.6.1 Data arrangement

Integration of experimental data
Pollutant Concentration unit
SO2 8.7474 ug/m3
PM2.5 55.55556 ug/m3
PM10 104.6504 ug/m3
NO2 19 .89511008 ug/m3
7.6.2. Calculation of AQI

7.6.2.1. Calculation of SO2
The concentration of SO2 is 8.7474 μg/m3≈8.7μg/m3
50  0
IAQISO2  （8.7  0） 0  8.7  9
50  0
7.6.2.2. Calculation of PM2.5
The concentration of PM2.5 is 55.55556μg/m3≈55.6μg/m3
100 - 50
IAQIPM2.5  （55.6  35） 50  75.75  76
75 - 35
7.6.2.2. Calculation of PM10

The concentration of PM10 is 104.6504μg/m3≈104.7μg/m3
100 - 50
IAQIPM10  （104.7  50） 50  77.35  77
150 - 50
7.6.2.3. Calculation of NO2

The concentration of NO2 is 19.89511008 μg/m3≈19.9ug/m3
50  0
IAQINO 2  （19.9  0） 0  24.875  25
40  0
7.6.2.4. Air quality index
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According to the above calculation, the biggest air quality sub index is aqipm10 = 77,
so the campus air quality index AQI in that day is 77.
7.6.2.5. Air quality assessment

The air quality index (AQI) in the campus that day was 77, which belongs to the good
level, and the air quality is acceptable. However, some pollutants may have a weak
impact on the health of a very small number of extremely sensitive people. At this
time, a very small number of extremely sensitive people should reduce outdoor
activities.According to the analysis of air quality sub-indexes, it can be found that the
main pollutants in Nanhai New Area, which is affiliated to Beijing Jiaotong
University Weihai Campus, are PM2.5 and PM10, while the pollution of NO2 and SO2
is relatively small. Therefore, if you want to avoid being affected by pollutants, you
can wear masks or take measures to reduce the production of PM10 and PM2.5.
111
Noise monitoring
1. Introduction
1.1. Overview of noise in Nanhai District
Weihai Nanhai new area is a new marine economic zone in Shandong Peninsula blue
economic zone. In January 2011, the State Council officially approved the "Shandong
Peninsula Blue Economic Zone Development Plan", Weihai Nanhai new area was
identified as one of the three major marine economic new areas.
The long-term planning scope of Weihai Nanhai new area includes Xiaoguan, Zetou,
Songcun, Zhangjiachan, Houjia, Zeku, Gaocun and bukougang of Wendeng District,
Shangzhuang, Hushan, Renhe and Shidao management areas of Rongcheng City, and
16 towns of Baisan, Xujia, Nanhuang and Haiyangsuo of Rushan City. The land area
is 1798 square kilometers, the sea area is 1237 square kilometers, and the coastline is
328 kilometers.
At present, the core starting area of Weihai Nanhai new area is 160 square kilometers
(including Zeku town and Xiaoguan town), with a planned construction area of 90
square kilometers. The core area is located in the south of Wendeng District, bounded
by Huanhai road in the north, Huanglei River in the West and Changhuikou bridge in
the East.
With a large number of personnel and enterprises, factories in Nanhai new area,
Nanhai new area is in a period of vigorous development. At the same time, it also
brings some negative effects, noise pollution is one of them.
The resident population of Nanhai new area has been increasing year by year.
According to the data released by the Management Committee of Weihai Nanhai New
Area in 2017, the population of Nanhai new area has reached 69000. Today, the
population of Nanhai new district may have reached 100000. The population growth
has brought a lot of man-made noise pollution.
In addition, industrial noise pollution and traffic noise pollution are also two
important factors.
Compared with Nanhai new area a few years ago, the number of enterprises entering
Nanhai New Area in 2021 reached a new high. By 2020, there will be 30 large
enterprises in Nanhai new area. The factory construction of major enterprises and the
112
large trucks transporting construction materials also produce a lot of noise pollution.
With the increase of resident population, the number of cars in Nanhai new area is
greatly increased, which leads to traffic noise pollution.
Nanhai New District
1.2. Noise Sources in Nanhai
1.2.1. Traffic
Nanhai New Area is a new place which is being planned, as mentioned above, the
population is relatively sparse and population distribution is relatively scattered. In
addition, the infrastructure construction is relatively perfect and road construction is
relatively developed, which leads to less traffic flow. The current situation of road
traffic is good, traffic congestion and congestion are rare in Nanhai New Area.
Traffic noise is one of the main sources of urban noise. Traffic conditions in Nanhai
New Area are relatively good, and the impact of traffic noise is relatively small.
However, with the increase of population in Nanhai New Area in recent years, the
number of cars also increases, and the pollution caused by traffic noise also begins to
increase, and becomes one of the most important pollution sources in the noise
pollution of Nanhai New Area.
113
Current situation of urban roads in Nanhai New Area
1.2.2. Industry
With a large number of enterprises entering Nanhai new area, industrial noise has
gradually become an important source of noise pollution. The vast majority of
industries in Nanhai new area are emerging industries, so the noise generated is small,
but the vast majority of noise is generated in the process of factory construction and
construction site construction.
In addition, there are some traffic noise caused by muck trucks transporting
construction materials.
Construction site
1.2.3. Agriculture
114
The whole area will strive to create a model area for the balanced development of
urban and rural areas in the Nanhai new district. The model area will be delineated to
the east of the Yellow River, the west of the Perfume River and the 202 line of the
provincial road. The total area of the area is 90 square kilometers, with 36 villages,
9530 households and 28 thousand and 700 people, and 2266.67 hectares of cultivated
land. The total investment was 9.5 billion yuan, involving the centralized resettlement
project of 53 villages and 17000 households in the whole district. By the end of the
year, 15 villages and 4361 households had completed the relocation. Focus on
building modern agricultural area and high-end fine fruit industry area in
langwarming. Among them, langwarm modern agricultural zone has introduced and
constructed modern agricultural leading enterprises such as Weihai Jingxiang fruit
and vegetable professional cooperative, Weihai Wanxin animal husbandry Co., Ltd.,
to build a modern planting park for leisure agriculture, leisure picking and fruit
products, radiating 466.67 hectares. The high-end fine fruit industry zone focuses on
the construction of agricultural industrialization development base with a total
investment of 120 million yuan and Qicai Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd., and
promotes the construction of flower factory production area and Western ginseng
planting and processing zone, radiating 800 hectares.
On the whole, the agricultural noise pollution in Nanhai new area is the smallest.
Nanhai new area is developing new agriculture and green countryside. Except for the
noise produced by people in the process of planting, there is basically no noise.
New countryside in Nanhai New Area
115
1.3. Noise Sources in BJTU Weihai Campus
In September 2015, Beijing Jiaotong University Weihai Campus was officially

opened.
Weihai City has provided a land area of 1112 mu (74.1 hectares) for Beijing Jiaotong
University. The first phase of campus construction project was completed by the end
of August 2014, with a total construction area of 106,000 square meters, including
comprehensive building, teaching building, library, academic exchange center,
dormitory building, dining hall and school clinic.The second phase of the project is
scheduled to be completed in September 2017, with a total construction area of
120,000 square meters, including the experimental building, student activity center,
gymnasium, school history hall, National Modern Transportation Engineering Ability
Training Center, National Railway Communication Museum, teachers' apartments
and so on.The campus has reserved 300 mu of development land for the incubation of
scientific and technological achievements, technology research and development, and
the construction of key laboratories.
The overall planning scale of the school is 5,500 students, of which 500 are
international students.The total number of teaching staff is 680, among which 460 are
full-time teachers. More than 1/3 of the international teachers will be provided by
foreign cooperative institutions. At present, the total number of students in the school
is about 2000.
Due to the large number of people, the main source of noise on campus is human
voice. In addition, wind and other man-made noises also constitute an important part
of the noise.
Campus overview
116
1.4. Current noise situation
Sources of urban noise include:

1) Traffic noise: mainly refers to the noise emitted by motor vehicles, aircraft, trains
and ships in operation. The noise sources of these noises are mobile and have a wide
range of interference.
2) Industrial noise: mainly refers to the noise produced in industrial production.
Mainly from machines and high-speed running equipment.
3) Construction noise: mainly refers to the noise generated at the construction site. In
construction, a large number of power machinery should be used, excavation, drilling
and mixing should be carried out, and materials and components should be
transported frequently, thus generating a lot of noise.
4) Noise in social life: mainly refers to the noise generated by people in various social
activities such as business transactions, sports competitions, parades and gatherings,
entertainment venues, as well as the noise of radio, television, washing machines and
other household appliances.
In Nanhai New area, the traffic situation is in good condition. The traffic noise is
influenced by the traffic flow, pavement structure, embankment height, vehicle
composition types, running speed etc. And the improvement of Infrastructure makes
the traffic noise pollution in Nanhai is slight. And the Nanhai New Area is later
developed so there are few factors, the industrial noise influence is small. As
mentioned above, the population in Nanhai is small, this lead to the noise in social life
has little impact, so this experiment choose Beijing Transportation University Weihai
campus and the road in front of the school to do the noise monitoring.
117
1.5. Noise Standard
1.5.1. Introduce
The standard for the environment noise is to protect people's health and living
environment, and to regulate the allowable range of noise. The principles should be
based on the protection of people's hearing, sleep and rest, and conversation. They
should be advanced, scientific and realistic. The basic standard of environmental
noise is the basic basis of environmental noise standard. Most countries refer to the
international organization for Standardization (ISO) recommended base (such as 30
dB sleep), and according to the specific national and local conditions.
It is one of the environmental standards, including outdoor noise standards in different
areas and indoor noise standards with different use requirements. The purpose of
establishing such standards is to control the impact of noise on people, and to provide
the basis for the rational use of noise control technology and the implementation of
noise control legislation.
1.5.2. Outdoor standard
What troubles people is the interference to conversation, thinking, sleep and rest. The
special residential area in China's environmental noise standard refers to the
residential area with special need of quiet, such as rest area, high-grade hotel area, etc;
Residents and cultural and educational areas refer to pure residential areas, cultural
118
and educational areas and government areas; The first kind of mixed area refers to the
mixed area of general business and residents; The second kind of mixed zone refers to
the mixed zone of industry, commerce, a small amount of transportation and residents;
Business center refers to the prosperous area where business is concentrated;
Industrial concentration area refers to the industrial area designated by the local
government; Both sides of the traffic trunk line refer to both sides of the road with a
traffic flow of more than 100 vehicles per hour. The standard value listed in Table 6 is
the outdoor allowable noise level. The measuring point is 1 meter outside the window
of the residential building affected by the noise and 1.2 meters above the ground. The
peak value of noise that frequently appears at night shall not exceed 10 dB of the
standard value. For occasional noise at night, the peak value shall not exceed 15 dB of
the standard value.
The standard values of urban environmental noise of five categories are as follows:
Urban environmental noise standard
Category Day Night

Class 0 50dB 40dB
Class 1 55dB 45dB
Class 2 60dB 50dB
Class 3 65dB 55dB
Class 4 70dB 60dB
Applicable areas of various standards

Class 0 standard is applicable to convalescent area, high-grade villa area, high-grade
hotel area and other areas with special needs of quiet. In suburban and rural areas, the
standard is 5 dB higher than 0.
The class 1 standard is applicable to the areas with residential, cultural and
educational institutions as the main body. Rural residential environment can refer to
the implementation of such standards.
Class 2 standards are applicable to residential, commercial and industrial mixed areas.
Class 3 standards are applicable to industrial areas.
The four standards are applicable to the areas on both sides of the main road of urban
road traffic and the areas on both sides of the inland waterway crossing the urban area.
119
The background noise (refers to the noise level when the train does not pass) limits of
the areas on both sides of the main and secondary trunk lines of the railway passing
through the urban area are also subject to such standards.
1.5.3 Indoor standard

Indoor noise standards can be divided into residential and non residential. Residential
indoor noise standard is based on the requirements of quiet life and the environmental
noise standard of the area, with reference to the conditions of residential windows.
Generally, it should not be less than 20 dB of the environmental noise standard of the
area. The indoor noise standard of Chinese residential buildings is 10 dB lower than
the ambient noise standard of the area, because there are many small factories close to
residential buildings in Chinese cities. Non residential indoor noise standards are
based on the use of the room.
2. Monitoring background
Urban environmental noise occupies a very important position in noise measurement.
It mainly comes from traffic noise, industrial noise and social life noise. Due to the
increasing number of motor vehicles and supersonic aircraft in cities, the noise
generated by transportation vehicles has become one of the main pollution sources of
urban environmental noise. The purpose of environmental noise monitoring is to
timely and accurately grasp the current situation of urban noise, analyze its changing
trends and laws, understand the degree and scope of various noise sources, and
provide systematic monitoring data for urban noise management, control and
scientific research. In this experiment, the Weihai campus of Beijing Jiaotong
University and the traffic noise around the campus were selected for monitoring, and
the sampling point, sampling time and frequency were determined, and the
environmental noise of the campus and the surrounding environment was evaluated.
3. Monitoring purpose and requirement
120
3.1. Purpose
1. Through this experiment, enable students to master the process and method of
making noise monitoring plan, and learn the layout and optimization of monitoring
points;
2. Master the use of sound level meters;
3. Retrieval and application of the quality standards of the society;
4. Perform acoustic environmental quality assessment based on monitoring data.
5. Able to communicate and communicate on monitoring issues and monitoring
results.
3.2. Requirement
1. The monitoring points can be optimally arranged according to the changes in the
specific conditions of the monitored objects, the monitoring time and frequency can
be selected, and the monitoring plan can be formulated.
2. Be able to use sound level meter proficiently and calibrate it with standard source.
3. Perform acoustic environmental quality assessment based on monitoring data.
4. Independently prepare monitoring reports.
4. Monitoring Methods
4.1. Apparatus and method of use
The experiment uses HS6220 sound level meter. The method of use is as follows:
(1) Remove the protective cover from the head of the sound level meter and install a
condenser microphone.
(2) Open the battery cover, correctly insert four AA batteries according to the positive
and negative poles, and buckle the battery cover.
(3) Turn the "switch" button to the "on" position, turn on the power, and check the
battery voltage. If the display shows sufficient voltage, the instrument can be used for
measurement, otherwise the battery should be replaced.
(4) The sound level meter is fixed on a tripod, the sound level meter is 1.2m away
from the ground, the microphone is pointed at the sound source, and the sound level
121
meter should be as far away from the human body as possible to reduce the influence
of the human body on the measurement.
(5) The "quick and slow" button is in the "slow" position, the frequency weighting
switch is in the "A" position, the "measurement and setting" switch is in the
"measurement" position, and the "maximum hold" button is released at the same time.
Noise monitoring instrument
4.2. Monitoring procedure (Determination of sampling points, time

and frequency)
1. Measurement conditions
Weather conditions require operations to be carried out during hours without rain or
snow. The sound level meter should be equipped with a windshield to avoid wind
noise interference. The windshield must be added for winds above level 3, and the
measurement should be stopped for strong winds above level 4.
2. Measurement location
We selected five locations in the school: classrooms, corridors of the teaching
building, the first floor of the canteen, dormitories, and playgrounds for one day's
measurement.
3. Measuring method
122
①A sound level meter is provided for every 5 persons to perform measurement,
recording and monitoring respectively.
②Measure once at three time points in the morning, middle and evening, and each
measurement is 10 minutes.
③The reading mode adopts the slow gear, and an instantaneous sound level A is read
every 5s, and 200 data are read continuously.
Noise monitor in work
4.3.Data processing
Similar to traffic noise, campus noise is random noise that fluctuates over time, so the
measurement result is generally expressed by continuous equivalent A sound level or
statistical sound level.
①Calculation of continuous equivalent A sound level: The monitoring data obtained
in the table is superimposed according to energy to obtain LPT, and the continuous
equivalent A sound level is calculated by the following formula:
If 200 data are taken, Leq = Lm-23

②Calculation of statistical sound level: Arrange the N data obtained from large to
small, find out the 10% data is L10, the 50% data is L50, and the 90% data is L90, press
Calculate the equivalent sound level Leq and standard deviation σ.
(where d=L10-L90)
List the L10, L50, L90 and Leq values of each monitoring point and find the average
value.
123
5. Results
Percentage of decibels
Table 5.1 Campus noise monitoring data
Study Study
First
Library room, room,
floor Dining
Item Unit study No.1 No.2 Dorm Parterre Playground
of the room
room teaching teaching
library
building building
Leq,T dB 38.2 34.1 55.7 60.8 33.8 35.0 52.6 47.9
SEL dB 66.0 61.9 83.5 88.6 61.6 62.8 80.4 75.7
Lmax dB 72.9 59.1 87.7 93.7 66.4 70.8 77.7 75.2
Lmin dB 19.8 20.2 37.1 23.2 20.3 19.1 27.3 26.6
L5 dB 33.2 39.8 51.4 35.8 29.8 22.0 58.4 51.2
L10 dB 29.6 37.2 48.6 33.6 27.2 21.0 55.4 47.8
L50 dB 22.2 26.4 44.2 27.6 23.2 20.0 44.0 36.8
L90 dB 20.6 21.8 41.6 25.4 21.4 19.6 34.6 30.0
L95 dB 20.4 21.4 40.8 24.8 21.2 19.6 32.4 29.2
SD dB 4.7 5.9 4.1 4.4 3.6 2.2 7.8 7.1
124
Compare the noise level in different areas of campus:
Table 5.2 Campus noise monitoring data (with or without students activities)
Corridor of teaching Vending machine in
dining room
building teaching building
Lesson Having To the Not to the
Item Unit No Lesson After class
class meal meal
Leq,T dB 57.4 35.1 50.0 37.6 67.4 41.2
SEL dB 85.2 62.9 77.8 65.4 95.2 67.4
Lmax dB 88.7 50.1 78.6 56.7 100.4 73.7
Lmin dB 24.9 23.9 25.6 23.2 40.1 28.1
L5 dB 56.2 40.2 50.6 39.0 53.2 39.4
L10 dB 52.4 38.4 42.8 38.8 50.2 38.2
L50 dB 37.8 31.6 30.0 38.0 44.4 35.4
L90 dB 30.4 27.2 26.8 28.0 42.2 29.2
L95 dB 29.2 26.6 26.4 25.0 42.2 28.8
SD dB 8.6 4.4 7.7 4.3 4.9 3.2
Compare the noise level with or without students' activities:
125
As a kind of regional noise monitoring, campus noise monitoring requires to
determine the Arithmetic mean of the noise level at the monitoring points, and the
equation is:
— n
Seq   Seqi
i 1
Where, Seq - Average daytime equivalent sound level (include with and or without
students activities) (Swith) or night equivalent sound level (Swithout) of the campus
(dB);
—
Seq  44.8dB
Swith  58.3dB
Swithout  37.9dB
6. Evaluation of air quality monitoring
Wendeng AQI on the day of experiment
126
Weihai AQI on the day of experiment
From the above two monitoring curves, the average AQI of Wendeng district was 38,
and that of Weihai City was 50. According to the national standard HJ633-2012, the
air quality standards of Wendeng and Weihai on that day are all class I air quality
standards. At this time, the air quality is satisfactory, there is basically no air pollution,
and all kinds of people can also have normal activities.
In contrast, according to the previous experimental data calculation. On that day, the
AQI of Weihai Campus of Beijing Jiaotong University was 77, which was the second
national air quality standard, indicating that the air quality was acceptable, but some
pollutants may have a weak impact on the health of a very small number of extremely
sensitive people. A small number of extremely sensitive people should reduce outdoor
activities.
Although the air quality of Weihai Campus of Beijing Jiaotong University is also
better. However, compared with the AQI data released by Wendeng district and
Weihai City, the air quality in the campus is worse.
However, Weihai Campus of Beijing Jiaotong University is located in a remote area,
and there is no large-scale waste emission plant nearby. The number of vehicles in
Nanhai new area is also small. Theoretically, the AQI value should be lower than
Wendeng district and Weihai City.
After analysis, there are several possibilities: (1) there are errors in the measurement
process of this experiment.(2)The survey data of Wendeng district and Weihai City
are wrong. (This situation is not ruled out, because through the observation of AQI
curve in front, we can find that the AQI value of Wendeng district is 0 when the time
is 10:00, and the data value of AQI is basically impossible to be 0, so there is also the
127
possibility of measurement data error.) (3)It may also be that the villages near Nanhai
new area burn wood, straw and other crops, which will produce particles due to
incomplete combustion. Or because of the rapid development of Nanhai new area,
there are a lot of dust generated in the process of transportation of industrial materials
and wastes. This situation is also possible, because PM10 and PM2.5 are the biggest air
pollution sub indexes among the major pollutants measured, which are the main air
pollutants monitored by the campus of Beijing Jiaotong University.
In addition, the SO2 concentration monitored in the campus is very low. The
concentration of SO2 is only 8.7μg/m3.This shows that there is no factory or thermal
power plant near the school to discharge air pollutants. The concentration of NO2 is
19.9μg/m3. This also shows that Nanhai new district does not have much vehicle
exhaust.
7. Evaluation of noise monitoring
Urban environmental noise standard
Category Day Night

Class 0 50dB 40dB
Class 1 55dB 45dB
Class 2 60dB 50dB
Class 3 65dB 55dB
Class 4 70dB 60dB
According to the calculation above, the average equivalent sound level of campus is
44.8db. Because the measurement is basically carried out in the daytime. Therefore,
the noise standard of Weihai Campus of Beijing Jiaotong University is grade 0, which
indicates that there is basically no noise pollution in the campus.
But at the same time, the experiment also measured the average equivalent sound
level when people were active or not. It is found that the noise equivalent sound level
reaches 58.3db when people are active, reaching the level 1 noise standard, while the
average noise equivalent sound level is only 37.9db when no one is active, far lower
than the level 0 noise standard. This proves that the main factor of campus noise is
human activities (speech and other behaviors). In the absence of people, the noise of
the campus basically comes from the wind and other natural sounds.
128
To sum up, although the final results of this experiment, but compared with the grid
sampling method of urban regional environmental noise monitoring, there are still
defects. Due to time and other reasons, more than 100 valid grid points were not
obtained as required. In addition, the sampling is not divided into daytime and
nighttime. The first level uses different colors or shadow lines to represent each
equivalent sound level, which is used to represent the distribution of noise pollution in
the area. These are the shortcomings of this experiment. After summarizing, we hope
to improve in the future experiment.
129

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Environmental Monitoring Report

Adviser TIAN Xiujun

College Beijing Jiaotong University Weihai campus Cohort 2018

Zhiyuan Zhou 18723094

Hankun Liu 18723067

Lifeng Wang 18723074

Xinyu Wang 18723076

4. Frequency and time of sampling

5. Sampling, transport and preservation

6. Determination of pollutants in the water sampling

7. Results & Analysis

1.1.1 Overview of Muzhu River

Figure 1-1 Top view of Weihai

Figure 1-2 Muzhu River

 Water quality status:

 River runoff main features:

1.1.2. Overview of Nanhai New District

Overview of the geography of Weihai:

Figure 1-4 Annual Average Evaporation of Weihai

An Overview of the Geographical Situation of Wendeng:

An overview of the Nanhai New District:

 Overview of Weihai Wubao Island Bay National Wetland Park

 Overview of Weihai campus of Beijing Jiaotong University

There are arable land in 13 villages, which can

Water requirement for

Ecological water demand 310

1.1.4. Distribution of pollutant sources

 Agricultural pollution source

1.1.5. Current situation

Detection of pollution indicators

Detection of pollution indicators of Muzhu river

Discharge of wastewater and major pollutants

Improvements in water quality

1.2 Monitoring Purpose

2.1. Standard for surface water(表格：水质对照标准)

According to the surface water environmental quality standards specified by the

Type I Mainly applicable to source water and national nature reserves.

2.3 Variable to be measured

2）The monitoring section should be established at where there is sewagedischarge,

3）Monitoring section should be also established at drinking water source protection

Considering the difference of each location in the river we choose, the

River width ≤50m 50-100m >100m

1 centre line and

Water depth ≤ 0.5m 0.5-5m 5-10m > 10m

4.1 Introduction of Sampling Frequency:

4.2 Principles for Selecting Sampling Frequency and Sampling

5. Sampling, transport and preservation

(1) Water samples are generally collected instantaneously.

6. Determination of pollutants in the water sampling

Pre-treatment technology for CODcr determination

Pre-treatment techniques for the determination of floating matter in

6.2. Determination of Physical Variables

Sensor designed on the principle of metal expansion

There are two types of resistance variation

(1) Positive temperature coefficient

Temperature rise = resistance increase

Lower temperature = lower resistance

(2) Negative temperature coefficient

Temperature decrease = resistance increase

Thermometer attached to conductivity meter.

（1）Samples were taken from the river.

（2）When the reading is stable, measure with a thermometer.