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DT CHALLENGES

Contents
1.Digital twin: a state-of-the-art review of its enabling technologies, applications
and challenges ............................................................................................................2
2.Digital Twin Applications: A Survey of Recent Advances and Challenges ..........3
3.Digital Twin: Enabling Technologies, Challenges and Open Research .................4
4.Challenges of Digital Twin Application in Manufacturing ....................................6
5.Digital Twins in Built Environments: An Investigation of the Characteristics,
Applications, and Challenges.....................................................................................7
6.Digital Twin Network: Opportunities and Challenges : .........................................8
7.Energy digital twin technology for industrial energy management Classification,
challenges and future: ................................................................................................9
8.Key Research Challenges in Digital Twin Applications for Demanufacturing: ..10
9.The Application and challenge of Digital Twin technology in Ship equipment : 10
10.Digital Twin: Values, Challenges and Enablers From a Modeling Perspective 11
11.Toward the Next Generation of Digitalization in Agriculture Based on Digital
Twin Paradigm: ........................................................................................................12
12.Artificial intelligence in the digital twins: State of the art, challenges, and future
research topics: .........................................................................................................13
13.Survey on digital twins for Internet of Vehicles: fundamentals, challenges, and
opportunities: ...........................................................................................................16
14..Blockchain-Based Digital Twins: Research Trends, Issues, and Future
Challenges ................................................................................................................18
15.Toward digital twins for sawmill production planning and control: benefits,
opportunities, and challenges: ..................................................................................20
16.Data management for developing digital twin ontology model Data
management challenges for Digital Twin: ...............................................................21
17. Digital twins in infrastructure: definitions, current practices, challenges and
strategies...................................................................................................................23
18.Digital Twin in Industry 4.0: Technologies, Applications and Challenges .......25
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19.The emergence of cognitive digital twin: vision, challenges and opportunities 26

20.City Digital Twin Potentials: A Review and Research Agenda .........................30

1.Digital twin: a state-of-the-art review of its enabling technologies, applications and

challenges:
Although DT has a complete five-dimensional model with already-developed
technologies and applications, technical problems like computational complexity
and data transmission speed continue to impede its advancement. There are five
aspects that can be used to sum up the main difficulties in building DT.
Data acquired by sensors: Built-in sensor; RFID; Camera Physical Industrial System
Virtual Industrial System

IIoT Services: Visualization; Resource management; Fault detection and alert…

Data processing: Big data; Machine learning and

AI

Data acquired by sensors:

Built-in sensor; RFID; Simulation Data
Camera

Physical
PhysicalIndustrial
IndustrialSystem
System Virtual Industrial System

High-fidelity modeling is an important issue due to the variability, uncertainty, and

fuzziness of physical space. Virtual models should be faithful replicas of physical
entities, which reproduce physical geometries, properties, behaviors and rules.
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Current modeling is limited to geometric consistency, and much work is needed at

the other three levels. Data acquisition and processing comprise multitemporal scale,
multidimension, multisource, and heterogeneous data, and the whole data lifecycle
includes data collection, transmission, storage, processing, fusion, and visualization.
To solve these problems, we need to integrate sensors, machine vision, the Internet,
IoT, databases, data fusion, and other technologies. Some data processing
approaches, such as assignment-based techniques, various neural networks, etc.,
were discussed. To ensure real-time and reliable simulation analysis results, we need
to develop fast data analysis methods with high accuracy, address the problems of
fleet data, and create a real-time, two-way connection between the virtual space and
the real space. We also need to solve problems such as visualization and human-
equipment interaction and develop a unified development platform and tools.
Environmental coupling technologies are needed to explain how physical entities
interact with the environment in reality. Digital expression methods are also needed
to lead to an efficient and accurate prediction of the future DT.
Hu,Weifei, et al. "Digital twin: A state-of-the-art review of its enabling technologies,
applications and challenges." Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing and Special
Equipment 2.1 (2021): 1-34.
https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMSE-12-2020-010

2. Digital Twin Applications: A Survey of Recent Advances and Challenges

The Digital Twin (DT) is a technology that has become increasingly widespread due
to the increase in the Industry 4.0 concept. The models proposed in the DT
framework are built by observing the physical system, investigating, and
understanding the entire system. Modern needs include precise indoor localization
and the proper representation of virtual reality. Emergence occurs when unformed
or unpredictable behavior arises in the production process, and the system must
measure this information and solve it through countermeasures such as prediction
and the detection of abnormalities in the system. The main idea is to reproduce or
simulate such conditions on the premise that they occur, but in cases where unwanted
behavior does occur, the system must manage these changes. The emergence
problem is related to system complexity and can be addressed by obtaining a more
significant amount of data in the model-building phase or "front-running" a
simulation in real-time. To mitigate complexity, the simulation could be used as a
window into the future of possible system states and run the system with a real-time
data feed. Retrofitting techniques to improve legacy systems in Industry 4.0
technologies are the most cost-effective solutions.
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da Silva Mendonça, Rafael, et al. "Digital twin applications: A survey of recent

advances and challenges." Processes 10.4 (2022): 744.;
https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10040744

3.Digital Twin: Enabling Technologies, Challenges and Open Research

It is increasingly clear that Digital Twin technology coexists with AI and IoT
technology, creating similar issues.
DATA ANALYTIC CHALLENGE
i. IT Infrastructure:
The overall IT infrastructure is AI's first major obstacle. By offering on-
demand GPUs at a reasonable price through the cloud, GPUs "as a service" is
resolving this issue, but data analytics are still made difficult by bad
infrastructure and expensive costs.
ii. Data:
It is crucial to make sure the data is not of poor quality from a data point of
view. It is necessary to sort and clean up the data. As a result, the AI
algorithms will receive data of the best quality.
iii. Privacy and Security:
Privacy and Security: Everybody interested in the computing sector should be
worried about privacy and security. Federated learning is one way to handle
privacy and security concerns when applying data analytics within a Digital
Twin, while regulation is one way to ensure that personal data is secured.
iv. Trust:
Trust is a challenge in the field of AI, because it is relatively new and because
the portrayal of AI mostly focuses on the negative effects that could occur.
Privacy and security regulations would help overcome trust issues.
v. Expectations:
The last challenge for data analytics is the expectation that it can solve all our
problems. Careful consideration is vital for AI use, and greater exposure and
understanding of AI is needed to allow for the correct application.
DATA ANALYTIC CHALLENGE
i. Data, Privacy, Security and Trust
With the growth of IOT devices, there is a challenge of managing the large volumes
of unstructured data. Sorting and organization of data is a necessity to make the data
usable and provide value.
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ii. Infrastructure
The IT infrastructure currently in place is behind the rapid growth observed in IOT
technology, and needs to be updated to facilitate IOT growth.

iii. Connectivity
Despite this growth in IOT use, challenges of connectivity still exist. Retrofitting
machines and harvesting the data already served up by the machine is a method of
ensuring full connectivity and facilitate the running of AI models with high accuracy
and little to no missing data.
iv. Expectations
The expectations associated with IOT are similar to those associated with AI, with
the knock-on effect of posing more pressure on privacy and security concerns further
putting the burden on challenges with trust.
DIGITAL TWIN CHALLENGES
i. IT Infrastructure
Similarly, to analytics and IOT, the Digital Twin needs an IT infrastructure that
allows for the successful running of the Digital Twin.
ii. Useful Data
A Digital Twin needs quality data that is noise-free with a constant, uninterrupted
data stream. Planning and analysis of device use are needed to identify the right data
is collected.
iii. Privacy and Security
To overcome challenges with trust, the key enabling technologies for Digital Twins
- data analytics and I IOT - must follow the current practices and updates in security
and privacy regulations. Model validation is another way to overcome challenges
with trust.
iv. Expectations
Despite the adoption of Digital Twins being accelerated by industry leaders Siemens
and GE, caution is needed to highlight the challenges of Digital Twins and the need
for more understanding.
v. Standardized Modelling
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The next challenge within all forms of Digital Twin development relates to the
modelling of such systems because there is no standardized approach to modelling.
vi. Domain Modelling
Standardized use of Digital Twins is important moving forward, as it ensures
compatibility with domains such as IOT and data analytics, allowing for successful
uses of the Digital Twin in the future.

Fuller, Aidan, et al. "Digital twin: Enabling technologies, challenges and open
research." IEEE access 8 (2020): 108952-108971.
10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2998358
4.Challenges of Digital Twin Application in Manufacturing

Challenges of Digital Twin Application

The maturity of DT implementation in the manufacturing context shows that there
is still room for improvement. There are 15 main challenges, grouped into three
clusters: technical, organizational, and methodological.
a. Technical Challenges
Standardization of communication protocols, interfaces, and data flows is
challenging in practice, as proprietary standards from multiple providers are often
used simultaneously.
Old system landscapes lead to incompatibilities when combining data from different
systems, providers, lifecycle phases, and products.
There are a number of hurdles with regard to data, including the fact that some data
acquisition still occurs manually and that some old specialized machines are not yet
connected with higher-level IT systems.
Data protection regulations slow down improvement initiatives, and special
technical solutions are needed to safeguard personal data rights.
IT security plays an important role, as DTs provide valuable information for
intruders and allow them to influence the system from remote.
End user interfaces are often not intuitive, and applications require extensive
training. This slows down the adoption process.
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In manufacturing companies, extensive training or recruiting is necessary to develop,

use, and evaluate DTs. However, it is difficult to recruit the appropriate personnel.
b. Organizational Challenges
DTs have high initial investment costs and are often not started with the largest value
drivers. This reduces observable net benefits and makes executives question the
added value.
Employee acceptance is one of the most underestimated hurdles in the
transformation process. Skepticism is not sufficiently countered in early maturity
phases, and trust in the tool must develop due to the lack of presence of successful
applications.
At the moment, some decisions are still made out of gut feeling, and political
competition makes it difficult to introduce data-driven technologies.Internal
objections are sometimes raised suggesting that a certain technology cannot be
introduced because the certification authorities do not allow it. However, it is not
always checked whether this is actually true.
c. Methodological Challenges
Defining clear business objectives is a major obstacle to the application of DTs.
There are no historical reference cases and no concrete methods for clearly
formulating DT business needs.The benefits of using DTs are difficult to determine
and not necessarily tangible. A practical and comprehensive methodology for
assessing benefits is lacking. Model creation is still characterized by large manual
efforts.
Kober, C., M. Fette, and J. P. Wulfsberg. "Challenges of Digital Twin Application
in Manufacturing." 2022 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Engineering
and Engineering Management (IEEM). IEEE, 2022.
10.1109/IEEM55944.2022.9989654
5.Digital Twins in Built Environments: An Investigation of the Characteristics,
Applications, and Challenges
CDBB's National Digital Twin program encourages the creation of digital twins by
providing guiding principles and supporting tools for organizations to utilize, update,
and adapt on their journey of the development and implementation of digital twins.
The CDBB's security principle requires digital twins to be secure by design to enable
the protection of personal data and privacy, protection of sensitive national
infrastructure assets, protection of commercial interests and intellectual property,
and mitigation of risks arising from data aggregation. Common data standards and
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interoperability are important enablers for digital twin development and adoption,
but lack of consensus on the different standards, technologies, and procedures that
can be used to implement digital twins is also inherent in the enabling technologies
of a digital twin. Digital models are key obstacles to achieving a comprehensive and
functional common data environment (CDE). Open standards are essential to ensure
that digital twin development is vendor-agnostic, and job-specific tools for storing,
accessing, and modifying information are essential for implementing the digital twin
processes. However, the integration of various models with different parametric
values, spatial values, and time scales into the digital twin remains a challenge, and
traditional databases are not able to cope with the increasing heterogeneity and
volume of digital twin data received from multiple sources. To address these
challenges, common working standards and tools should be developed to facilitate
the development and implementation of digital twins in the built environment.

Shahzad, Muhammad, et al. "Digital twins in built environments: An investigation

of the characteristics, applications, and challenges." Buildings 12.2 (2022): 120.
https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12020120

6.Digital Twin Network: Opportunities and Challenges :

Generalization:
Generalization is important for training a DTN model, as it is difficult to train it after
network changes and large networks make it difficult to replicate them on a testbed.
With generalization capabilities, it is possible to train the DTN model in smaller
network instances and deploy it on larger real-world networks without losing
significant performance.
Flow-based operation :
Flow-based operation is necessary to accurately model a network, but networks have
a large number of flows which raises scalability issues. Some network systems use
sampling or aggregation techniques to model each individual flow, but most of the
flows are short and imperceptible to the flow sampling algorithm. Building flow-
based ML models that can operate at flow granularity and at short time scales is a
relevant research challenge.
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Operation in large scenarios:

The efficient operation of large scale networks raises a scalability challenge for the
DTN, as performance and inference cost should grow at a similar rate as the network
size, and the training process should scale well with the network. Recent works use
ML techniques to enable scalability, such as problem reduction and graph clustering,
to reduce the network topology to a smaller version.
Explainability
NNs are often seen as a black-box, hindering their deployment in real-world network
scenarios. Recently, the ML community has invested in understanding and
interpreting better DL models, allowing network operators to leverage the
knowledge. Tools to interpret NNs should be easy to use and friendly for non-ML
experts, and the networking community is investigating methods to interpret them.
Uncertainty estimation:
Uncertainty estimation is essential for network operators to trust NNs and adopt
them in real-world deployments, as they seek robust and reliable methods to solve
networking problems. Recent works are trying to solve this problem by substituting
weights from a NN by distributions.networking problems. Recent works are trying
to solve this problem by substituting weights from a NN by distributions.
Data collection and storage :
Data collection and storage in a networking context is challenging and expensive,
and requires using common telemetry systems to gather relevant network-related
data. Storage of short flows can take hundreds of GB, making it difficult to store and
process. Research is needed to reduce the size of the data and study network
compression techniques.
Almasan, Paul, et al. "Digital twin network: Opportunities and challenges." arXiv
preprint arXiv:2201.01144 (2022).
https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.01144
7.Energy digital twin technology for industrial energy management
Classification, challenges and future:

Yu, Wei, et al. "Energy digital twin technology for industrial energy management:
Classification, challenges and future." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
161 (2022): 112407.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2022.112407
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8.Key Research Challenges in Digital Twin Applications for Demanufacturing:

The most important details in this text are the potentialities of incorporating digital
twin in demanufacturing processes, such as reducing manufacturing cost, reducing
energy consumption, and quickening inventory cycle of finished products.
Additionally, the digital twin can be considered "raw-material state independent",
meaning the manufacturer can decide on the input material knowing all the
properties and design specifications, reducing the uncertainty in the process and
making it relatively easier to develop the digital twin. The digital twin for
manufacturing should focus on collecting recent data about the process, material,
and machine status to enable real-time management and assist timely supporting the
decision-makers ring. The most important details in this text are the challenges faced
in applying digital twins in demanufacturing applications. These challenges include
the complexity of information exchange, poor communication between
organizations, data integration and management, process uncertainty, lack of well-
defined ontologies, and lack of smart enabling technologies. To successfully apply
digital twins, enterprises must focus on information documentation, formalization,
and sharing through upstream and downstream parties, and create a platform that
decouples production data with historical data. Additionally, an enterprise-wide data
integration network based on database technology should create an efficient digital
twin. Finally, smart enabling technologies should be used to ensure an appropriate
flow of information, information availability, and availability.
Abumadi, Farah A., et al. "Key Research Challenges in Digital Twin Applications
for Demanufacturing." IFAC-PapersOnLine 55.10 (2022): 2551-2556.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2022.10.093

9.The Application and challenge of Digital Twin technology in Ship equipment :

The implementation of the digital twin in marine equipment is facing a number of
challenges, including the integration of effective physical model and digital model,
the robustness and applicability of the fusion algorithm, the data obtained in various
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forms, and the need for high-precision and effective digital twin construction. To
solve complex coupled collaborative optimisation problems, the digital twin must
have sufficient model accuracy and the largest possible variable coverage interval,
integrate engineering models from multiple domains, optimise cross-model
collaboration, and achieve simultaneous changes in physical and virtual models.
For marine equipment, the characteristics of physical objects need to be considered
from multiple dimensions such as geometry, physics, behavior, rules, and
manufacturing attributes. To develop a new digital twin model, it is necessary to
make the model scalable in such a way that it can be rapidly applied on similar
installations. Machine learning technology can be used to make health predictions
without relying on historical fault data, but further exploration is needed to use deep
learning to continuously improve the device through the fusion of virtual data and
physical data.
Wen-Hao, W. U., Chen Guo-bing, and Yang Zi-chun. "The application and
challenge of digital twin technology in ship equipment." Journal of Physics:
Conference Series. Vol. 1939. No. 1. IOP Publishing, 2021.
doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1939/1/012068
10.Digital Twin: Values, Challenges and Enablers From a Modeling Perspective
Digital twins should consider application-specific issues in terms of time critical,
safety critical and mission critical services .
In the context of the current paper we stress on challenges belonging to four
categories that the modelling community should focus on.
Firstly, the success of digital twin technology depends on a real-time two way
connection between the physical asset and its digital twin to bring in physical realism
without any compromises.
Major challenges in ensuring this relates to spatio-temporal resolution of sensor data,
latency in communication, large data volume, large data generation rate, large
variety of data, large veracity of data and fast archival retrieval and online processing
of data.
Thirdly, as most of the physical assets for which one can envision digital twins will
require high level of safety and security, there will be a need for greater transparency
and interpretability of the decisions taken based on digital twins.
Finally, the digital twin needs to be presented to the end user in a way that it appears
indistinguishable from the physical asset and easier and intuitive to operate.
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Rasheed, Adil, Omer San, and Trond Kvamsdal. "Digital twin: Values, challenges
and enablers from a modeling perspective." Ieee Access 8 (2020): 21980-22012.
11.Toward the Next Generation of Digitalization in Agriculture Based on Digital
Twin Paradigm:

Digital twin of the agricultural soil by considering the soil quality and properties
may accommodate plant productivity, health, and yield, save water, and reduce
chemical usage. This combination of soil and irrigation digital twin approaches to
record, monitor, and analyze agricultural land changes may lead to improved
performance of crop farming. Soil sensors could constantly measure and record the
dynamic condition of arable soil, and constant feedback from the digital world may
advise real-time responses for soil and water management as well as control systems.
Digital twin concepts have the possibility to predict failures in farm machinery and
support decision-making scenarios in plant production. Farm owners can connect to
the machines through virtual world for monitoring and tracking of the devices in
agricultural farms.

Digital twin offers real-time simulation of farm machinery and robots that can
benefit optimal design of the products, interaction with the environment, energy
usage, and maintenance strategies. Digital twin systems are a challenge for farms,
particularly in rural areas with poor internet and technological infrastructures. Long
Range technology based on wireless sensor networks communication and edge-
computing could be used to mitigate internet access problems. Future opportunities
for the implementation of digital twin systems in crop farm technologies could lie in
the development of standards and data transferring and communication strategies.
Big data collected from crop and farm machinery as well as robots, analytical and
AI models, IoT, and satellite and drone information could allow simulating crop,
environmental, and farm conditions in the digital world to determine unknown and
unseen issues before happening in the physical world.
In crop farming, all information may not be recorded and tracked using digital
sensors, but combining data from different sources could improve the virtual
representation of the farm operation and environment. Digital twin systems can be
used to monitor crops, identify deviations from normal conditions, and forecast
growth stages. They can also support monitoring, tracking, and analysis of food
through the entire supply chain. Future studies need to consider more environmental
and post-harvest product features for the development of robust digital twins. To
reduce uncertainty in digital twins and enable the consumer to trust the output of
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digital twin concepts, detailed experimental and data collection approaches along
with numerical modeling and validation techniques need to be considered.
Nasirahmadi, Abozar, and Oliver Hensel. "Toward the next generation of
digitalization in agriculture based on digital twin paradigm." Sensors 22.2 (2022):
498.
https://doi.org/10.3390/s22020498
12.Artificial intelligence in the digital twins: State of the art, challenges, and future
research topics:

Challenges of AI in digital twins technology in autonomous driving:

Research on automotive internet related technologies is of great significance to

promote the development of automotive Internet. The traffic spatial information
network connects various means of transportation with the ground broadband
network to form an intelligent network system. The physical vehicle comprises the
vehicle itself and its sensing system, which collects damage-related data from the
vehicle entity and transmits it to the virtual space. The virtual model is a multi-
dimensional fusion high-fidelity model, which includes a geometric model, physical
model, behavior model, and rule model. Dynamic real-time connection is driven by
modern information transmission technology, which achieves real-time information
interaction between physical vehicles, virtual vehicles, and services. Automatic
driving is used to control the simulation car corresponding to the real car in the
simulation system by receiving the real-time position, speed, acceleration, heading
angle and other information of the real car sent by the data collection visualization
system.
The current stage of research has formed a highly open digital twin autonomous
driving test capability. However, there are still challenges to solve the test solution,
such as testing cost issues, testing flexibility issues, and smooth advancement of the
test system. Automobile manufacturers need to maximize benefits and minimize
costs, and the establishment of an efficient and low-cost test environment, a
structured test process, and a strong test standard are key issues in reducing test costs.
The auto-driving system of automo-biles covers various sensors, processors and
controllers such as cameras, lidars, millimeter-wave radars, etc. The virtual test
environment is no longer a single scene, and needs to meet the requirements of
multiple cars driving test schemes.
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During the test, the vehicles, pedestrians, road conditions, traffic signs, etc. in the
system must be kept stable and orderly. The number of objects grows and the types
of cars undergo system upgrades from time to time.
Challenges of AI in digital twins technology in aerospace:
Although the artificial intelligence application of digital twins has a wide range of
research in the aerospace field, there are still some technical challenges.
At present, the detection of engine condition monitoring and authorization digital
electronic control system, fault detection and location can basically be completed,
but the method of analyzing the overall health of the engine is limited, which has
also become a major challenge for scholars around the world.
With the efforts of industrial software manufacturers in the past 10 years, various
industries in China, including the aerospace industry, are already "quite" familiar
with the concept of digital twins, but we are familiar with digital R&D applications.
Regarding the use of digital twins, the best generalization is to build and maintain a
large number of surreal models and data.
Therefore, only by utilizing the complete digital twins technology to establish a
large number of surreal models and data, including digital product models, digital
manufacturing models, and digital performance models, real-time, two-way,
transparent, and systematic consideration of design, manufacturing, and
performance.
Challenges of AI in digital twins technology in intelligent manufacturing
As many intelligent production and construction technology becomes more and
more mature, intelligent manufacturing technology is becoming more and more
popular, and the realization of efficient and intelligent real-time monitoring of the
production process of workshop equipment is still the focus of research.
At present, industrial production has developed to a stage of high automation and
informationization, but there are still many problems that need to be improved and
optimized.
Specifically, the products produced by the factory are diversified, highly
personalized, and poor in versatility.
Besides, the factory also has problems to be solved for the small batch production
of multiple varieties of products: for example, some discrete production models of
multiple varieties and small batches limit the pace of large-scale production and
intelligent transformation of the workshop production line.
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The digital twin platform plays a very important role in industrial product design
and industrial product production.
Therefore, the industrial production process must rely on the help of large-scale
data, such as equipment diagnosis, chemical production process simulation, and
simulation prediction of current equipment status and production process results in
a virtual digital space, so as to prevent field failures and production abnormalities
to cause serious consequences.
Challenges of AI in digital twins technology in smart city:
The digital twins city is a brand-new technology path for the construction of a new
type of smart city under the background that the accumulated data of the city changes
from quantitative to qualitative change, and in the context of major breakthroughs
in information technology such as perception modeling and artificial intelligence.
It is an emerging technology path and advanced mode for urban intelligence and
sustainable operation.
However, in the face of many challenges in current urban management, how to
break through the shackles of traditional smart cities and gradually transform and
upgrade to a "digital twin city" is a question worth considering.
The kernel of the digital twins city is the model and data, and the establishment of
a complete digital model is a crucial beginning point.
In fact, in terms of the construction of digital twin tools and platforms, most of the
current tools and platforms focus on certain specific aspects and lack systematic
considerations.
However, to create a visualization of the entire process of urban planning,
construction and management, collect urban "pulse" data, reflect the in-time
operating situations of the city, and provide root solutions for information resource
sharing, integration, effective utilization, and cross departmental business
collaboration.

Lv, Zhihan, and Shuxuan Xie. "Artificial intelligence in the digital twins: State of
the art, challenges, and future research topics." Digital Twin 1.12 (2022):
12.https://doi.org/10.12688/digitaltwin.17524.2
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13.Survey on digital twins for Internet of Vehicles: fundamentals, challenges, and

opportunities:
DTs bring new problems to IoV, such as communication delay, model attack, and
applicability, with potential solutions.
Communication delay:
The most important details in this text are the challenges of communication delay
(DTs). DTs rely on reliable virtual models and reliable models are further based on
the continuous dialogue between physical and virtual entities to maintain their
features of real-time, high-fidelity. With the expansion of the scale of IoV, the
increase of onboard or road sensors, and the diversification of user de-mand for
services, the requirements for communication quality continue to increase. This
brings a series of problems, such as channel congestion, accumulation of computing
tasks, unbearable delays, etc. To solve these problems, C-V2X rather than DSRC is
the main communication method, but it also sacrifices time delay. High-frequency
communication between the physical and virtual spaces is the key research direction
for IoV with DTs in the future.
1) Model data.
Multi-sensor models generate a large amount of data during the driving process,
which must be filtered and distributed. Some data with strong characterization
capabilities, such as feature values and statistical values, can be selected to replace
all data. To set transmission priority, set the data about a vehicle driving information
to high priority and secondary services to low priority. Data with higher priority
always uses the channel for transmission first.
2) Communication technology:
Communication technology is the most important way to solve the problem of delay,
as 4G has not been able to meet the high-speed development of transportation
networks. 5G offers higher speed and wider coverage than 4G, and data transmission
uses mmWave with a frequency higher than 5GHz, providing a transmission rate
several orders of magnitude higher than 4G. Better performance is achieved with the
support of a 5G network.
3) Task distribution:
Cloud computing has powerful computing capabilities that can meet the needs of
resource-constrained vehicles for resource-intensive applications. Edge Computing
(EC) offloads tasks to Edge Computing Devices (ECDs), which is easier for users to
access due to the large-scale and wide distribution of vehicles. However, long-
distance data transmission between the cloud and the vehicle brings intolerable delay
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and stability problems, making it hard for the cloud to satisfy the need for latency
sensitive applications. To reduce latency, it is necessary to improve computing
efficiency while reducing communication distance. A wise resource reservation
algorithm can alleviate the shortage and imbalance of resource allocation in peak
periods.
Digital-physical mapping (DTs) are used to create a virtual space equivalent to the
physical space, from the origiational parameters to the current behavior. This stable
digital-physical mapping also brings new risks, such as attacks against physical
entities and transmission channels. As long as the right to read the virtual model is
obtained, we can grasp the private information of the corresponding vehicle and its
driver, while in order to build a high-fidelity DT model of the traffic system, we
often have to submit data to external nodes. Information security has always been a
difficult problem faced by ad-hoc networks in the past, and the introduction of DTs
will increase the reliance of mobile terminals on servers and expand the gap in the
entire system. Liu et al. proposed a blockchain-based secure communication method
for the cloud-edge.
Sharma et al. proposed a deep learning-based car networking security system to
identify security attacks in each layer of the IoV architecture. Table 3 lists some of
the valuable methods to de-tect or defend against IoV network attacks and achieve
secure communication and privacy protection. AI algorithms, especially
reinforcement learning and deep learning, have achieved excellent performance in
the detection of external attacks. However, user-level issues are still involved if the
IoV with DTs idea is put into use. It is necessary to maintain high-frequency
interaction with external vehicles and virtual spaces while ensuring that private
information is not leaked and virtual models are not injected with false data, which
is an inevitable problem when using DTs for IoV research in the future.
Model attack:
DTs are used to create a virtual space equivalent to the physical space, from the
origiénal parameters to the current behavior. However, they also bring new risks,
such as the potential for attacks against physical entities and transmission channels.
Additionally, the introduction of DTs will increase the reliance of mobile terminals
on servers and expand the gap in the entire system. If communication security is
neglected, criminals will have the opportunity to take advantage of it, causing large-
scale traffic disasters. Table 3 lists some of the valuable methods to de-tect or defend
against IoV network attacks and achieve secure communication and privacy
protection.
 18

Blockchain and AI are two key technologies used in IoV information security, and
the data storage model, which is similar to the blockchain, has the characteristics of
anonymity, immutability, and decentralization. AI algorithms, especially
reinforcement learning and deep learning, have achieved excellent performance in
the detection of external attacks. However, user-level issues are still involved if the
IoV with DTs idea is put into use. The uneven appliation degree of vehicles to the
DT product leads to an uneven degree of information acquisition, which can increase
the complexity of DT simulation and the resistance of vehicle interaction.
Additionally, it is difficult to ensure that the behavior prediction of virtual vehicles
with missing parameters can be as reliable as a virtual vehicle with accurate and
multi-dimensional parameters. To address these issues, future research on IoV
assisted by DTs should focus on determining the positioning of DT products,
ensuring their normal operation and reflecting their application value.
Guo, Jiajie, et al. "Survey on digital twins for Internet of Vehicles: fundamentals,
challenges, and opportunities." Digital Communications and Networks (2022).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcan.2022.05.023

14.Blockchain-Based Digital Twins: Research Trends, Issues, and Future

Challenges
Challenges for AI in Blockchain-Based DTs
AI-driven blockchain-based DTs need to address data-related challenges to realize
their potential.
Need for Explainable AI.
AI-based systems are capable of perceiving, learning, predicting, and acting
autonomously, but there is a reluctance to adopt them due to their black-box nature.
Explainable AI provides a set of techniques and methods to convert the black-box
models to white-box approaches such that the overall process adopted by the
algorithms and models to reach a decisiocan be explained and interpreted. However,
democratizing the data requires decentralized AI while assuring traceability and
solidity of data and algorithms. Consolidation of AI and blockchain supports
transparency for AI operations by tracking dataflow and complex behaviors of AI-
based systems to establish more understanding and confidence in the decisions made
 19

by the underlying systems. The application of AI with federated learning algorithms

is one such example that requires data traceability favored by blockchain to lurk
privacy issues.
Data scarcity is a major bottleneck for AI models, as it requires a large amount of
data to learn the behavior and make accurate predictions. There are two ways to
generate data: acquiring data from real environmental components and generating
data synthetically. Data scarcity can be caused by siloed data by tech giants or
reluctance to share data due to competition. To solve the data scarcity problem,
incentivize users for crowdsourcing and crowdselling data, and use crowdsourced
data during early phases of the DT lifecycle. Federated learning can also be used to
solve the problem by training local models at the user's devices with the user's private
data.
Data Scarcity
Data scarcity is a major bottleneck for AI models, as it requires a large amount of
data to learn the behavior and make accurate predictions. There are two ways to
generate data: acquiring data from real environmental components and generating
data synthetically. Data scarcity can be caused by siloed data by tech giants or
reluctance to share data due to competition. To solve the data scarcity problem,
incentivize users for crowdsourcing and crowdselling data, and use crowdsourced
data during early phases of the DT lifecycle. Federated learning can also be used to
solve the problem by training local models at the user's devices with the user's private
data
Model Errors and Bias Problem.
Model errors and bias problems are closely related to the data input to AI. If the AI
model is trained on imbalanced or poor-quality data, the outcome of the learning can
be biased, compromising the efficacy of AI. To enforce data quality, blockchain can
be used to incentivize participants to contribute good data and gather data from
multiple siloed sources through blockchain-based federated learning. However,
incentivisation of contributing data will depend on the specific blockchain type used
and the built-in incentives to contribute data. To overcome the data bias problem,
decentralized decision-making processes can be carried out through decentralized
infrastructures and consensus protocols. Human users can recalibrate their trust in
the system by tracing back the decision process and making justifications.
RESEARCH AND DEPLOYMENT CHALLENGES
The most important details in this text are the technical, logistical, and social
challenges that hinder the successful implementation of blockchain-based DTs in
 20

industry. These challenges open new avenues for future research in these directions.
Figure 14 presents the detailed taxonomy of the current and future research
Blockchain-Based Digital Twins: Research Trends, Issues, and Future Challenges.

Challenges: blockchain based digital twin

Technical Challenges Logistical Challenges Social Challenges

High fidelity models Standarization BArriers Ethical and Moral Issues

Scattered owenership of
Data related issues Environmental Issues
data
Model Challenges
Infrastructure Cost Lack of Collaboration

Uncertain Events Lack of Sharing

Interoperability Specticism of blockchain
Sensitive Information

Fig. 14. Current and future challenges for blockchain-based DTs in the industrial domain.

Suhail, Sabah, et al. "Blockchain-based digital twins: research trends, issues, and
future challenges." ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR) 54.11s (2022): 1-34.
https://doi.org/10.1145/3517189
15.Toward digital twins for sawmill production planning and control: benefits,
opportunities, and challenges:
Several global challenges complicate planning in the forest product industry in
general and in the sawing industry in particular. These include the divergent nature
of the sawing process, the uncertainties inherent to the sawmill production process,
 21

and the integration of sawmilling operations in the supply chain as a whole.

Additionally, forests, which provide logs supply to sawmills, have to be managed
over extremely long time horizons to take into consideration at least one complete
forest rotation. This can take more than 80 years in cold countries such as Canada
and 5-10 years in tactical forestry management.
The forest product industry is an important actor in forest management, providing
social and ecological services to society. To balance economic objectives, it is
important to consider social and environmental aspects when planning operations.
However, only five articles have introduced such objectives. Despite this, several
studies have demonstrated the benefit of coordinating several elements of a sawmill
external and internal supply chain. For example, Bajgiran, Zanjani, and Nourelfath
(2016) built a mixed integer programming model to integrate
simultaneously'harvesting, procurement, production, and sales activities in the
lumber supply chain.' The results were compared with those obtained from
decoupled models, and a decrease of 11% was observed when planning was
distributed into two models. Troncoso et al. (2015) compared a decoupled model
with three models.
Forest and mill operations are planned sequentially, with an integrated model where
both solutions aim to maximize the long-term profit of the company. However, both
articles differ in terms of the planning horizon. Bajgiran, Zanjani, and Nourelfath
(2016) planned operations over a yearly planning horizon, while Troncoso et al.
(2015) planned forestry operations over at least a full forest rotation. An important
challenge in the selected articles is the traceability of logs and products from forest
to sawmills and throughout the sawing process. Traceability is motivated by
government regulations, such as the EU Timber Regulation, which is designed to
fight illegal logging.
Chabanet, Sylvain, et al. "Toward digital twins for sawmill production planning and
control: benefits, opportunities, and challenges." International Journal of Production
Research (2022): 1-24.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2022.2068086
16.Data management for developing digital twin ontology model Data management
challenges for Digital Twin:
Data management is an important branch of developing and maintaining information
systems. The current trend of transformation from production-oriented to selling
services as products is leading to new paradigms of product definition and
 22

development. Data-driven solutions are driving innovations and value creation in

almost every industry, and DT utilised this data to define boundaries of physical and
virtual systems to simulate and optimise existing products, processes and systems.
Data management is a classic problem of existing systems from product design to
asset management and maintenance, and the issues related to data are complex.
Understanding the data management challenges for DT is the key.
Data variety:
The current manufacturing industries generate a large variety of data across the
product lifecycle. Design data in terms of 2D, 3D drawings is different from Finite
Element Analysis (FEA) and other simulation data. The systems like PLM and
SAP/ERP can be considered as an organized form of such a wide variety of data, but
there still lack a bridge that how these systems can be used for a single integrated
platform as DT. The existing DT research shows that most of the DT are application-
centric, but lack ways of integrating them into one. Some scenarios are even hard to
capture, such as shop floor uncertainties. This form of knowledge is hard to record
or store digitally.
Big data and data mining
The data collected from various streams in product development and manufacturing,
it needs to be stored in databases, accessed and processes to valuable information.
Data mining is the way of finding useful patterns from data sources, 14 therefore it
is potentially a key factor for improving the virtual spaces in DT.
A large variety of data during product lifecycle results in bigger and complex
databases making data mining difficult.14 Data mining in some industries such as
manufacturing is limited to 10% for solving problems by applying data mining
techniques.
DT models work on continuous improvement of virtual models based on real-time
and historical data but data mining techniques are limited to production, fault
diagnosis and maintenance phases of the product lifecycle.
Data mining for the converging behavior of physical and virtual spaces in DT is still
an open area of research.
Even though data lakes provide a new paradigm in data ingestion, transformation,
federation and data discovery, it still lacks data governance and technology
integration reforms
 23

Singh, Sumit, et al. "Data management for developing digital twin ontology model."
Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of
Engineering Manufacture 235.14 (2021): 2323-2337.
DOI: 10.1177/0954405420978117
17. Digital twins in infrastructure: definitions, current practices, challenges and
strategies

When asked to list the barriers to the adoption of digital twins in infrastructure, all
of the participants mentioned three main challenges: technology adoption; culture;
and lack of skilled people. Many participants discussed digital twin development as
a natural result of a digital transformation. While highlighting the interconnected
relationships between these three challenges, participants specifically concentrated
on the human factor of the transformation.
One participant stated that:

“I think that the bigger issue, the thing which is harder, the human bit, is to get
people to understand the value, to change their behaviour, to change the way they
specify requirements and to change the commercial arrangements” Another
participant touched upon the organizational barriers,

“a corporate organisation like ourselves has limits to the level of corporate
capability and managing some of those
types of applications i.e. bandwidth, and capability of the
investments that you’ve made”.
The participant highlighted the importance of building busi ness cases and the
difficulty of creating these cases when there
are not enough skilled people around to run these activities.
Similarly, another participant stated that:

“Trying to get people to understand the value of data and
what it means for them? We can talk about having better
data, making better decisions, but actually, what does that
mean at the end of the day? We are trying to sell
 24

the vision”.
The same participant summarised the barriers as:

“First barrier, ignorance. The second barrier, politics. The
third barrier, apathy. Because the barriers to change around
digital twins are no different from the barriers with a change
of anything else. You can get any system to do anything you
want if you’ve got enough time and money.”\
Most of the participants commented on data-related chal lenges such as data
collection, governance, data standards and integration. They also underlined the
importance of interoper ability and commented on the difficulties of isolated,
individual digital twin developments. One participant stated that,
“We need
people to be more open to sharing their informa tion and sharing it in a format that
is machine-readable”. Another participant shared their frustration as the biggest
challenge is
“The proprietary nature of everything. All our systems are different.
It’s sometimes quite difficult to share data across the project because different people
are using different ver sions, even different versions of the same software. Even
when there are open standards, different companies’ imple
mentations of those
standards are quite often – I don’t want to say deliberately different – but sometimes
it does feel that way”. Several participants commented on the digital transformation
maturity of the infrastructure industry as a barrier. One partici pant who also sits at
national-level committees states that:
“Too often people are producing lots and
lots and lots of data but there is no structure, there’s no governance, there is no
ownership, and that’s really why I talk about a digital strategy. So when we [sat in a
specific committee] asked: ‘Do we have digital strategies?’ and we all went: ‘Well,
we’re doing things digitally but what is a digital strategy? What’s digital
transformation?’ We’re quite lucky, we are a relatively young, agile digital
organisation, but others aren’t. There are many older and huge organisations with
lots of legacy information.” Participants talked about specifics in relation to the
infra structure. For instance, addressing the monitoring of infrastruc ture using
sensors and integrating sensor data to digital twins, one participant said:
“The
deterioration in infrastructure is incredibly slow and the problem we’ve always had
with that kind of infrastruc
ture is if you’re going to put sensors on the
infrastructure often the sensors require far more maintenance than the structures”.
Another participant identified infrastructure procurement methods and practices as
 25

a barrier to digital transformation. They underlined the importance of systems

engineering or sys
tems thinking and said:
“It needs to be embedded into the
client organization’s. Currently, the contractors don’t have the capability to read
various modelling languages around system modelling and that goes back to the
cultural point. If the clients are not pushing the contractors and the industry, the
capability and the competency will never change. There are a number of areas but
certainly, I think the biggest one is around requirement setting and contractual
arrangements”. Yet another participant commented on the challenge related to the
limitations of infrastructure projects:
“For us, I think the reality is, as we stand
here today, we’ve got assets that were built in Roman times. We’ve got a lot of assets
that were built in Victorian times. The chance of creating a full digital twin for those,
a perfect representation is impossible. However, that does not mean to say that we
can’t recognize or identify the key aspects of those assets and represent them in a
form so we can create a digital relationship. I see it as more of a framework”.
Broo, Didem Gürdür, and Jennifer Schooling. "Digital twins in infrastructure:
definitions, current practices, challenges and strategies." International Journal of
Construction Management (2021): 1-10.
.https://doi.org/10.1080/15623599.2021.1966980

18. Digital Twin in Industry 4.0: Technologies, Applications and Challenges

The adoption of Digital Twin (DT) is facing several challenges, which can be
grouped into three clusters: virtual modelling, company structure organisation and
real-time data and synchronisation. Virtual modelling is a major issue due to the lack
of existing methodologies and techniques for validating multi-stage virtual models.
AI can change the creation of virtual models and make them more adaptive, but the
structure of today companies makes it difficult to have access to all the knowledge
from different sectors or departments. The unification and exchange of knowledge
within the company has become a real challenge due to the fact that most
organisations present a very partitioned architecture.
The most important details in this text are that lack of knowledge and skills about
digital engineering and the organisation of current company structures can lead to
difficulties in creating a data flow framework. Additionally, organisations present
themselves fragmented views into various sections, and there is almost no sharing
 26

of information between the different sections. To make use of the DT, it is important
to have access to information from different structures, making the unification of
structures a veryimportant topic. Finally, real-time connection and synchronisation
is a major challenge due to the physical environment that has particular
characteristics, such as variability, uncertainty and fuzziness, the different scales of
the physical and virtual spaces, and the data from the different entities that is being
continuously generated. A possible solution for this is the integration of AI
techniques in the decision support system and to increase the trust combine this with
simulation techniques. These challenges can be transformed into research
opportunities, contributing to develop more suitable DT solutions, and consequently
for a wider industrial adoption.
Pires, Flávia, et al. "Digital twin in industry 4.0: Technologies, applications and
challenges." 2019 IEEE 17th International Conference on Industrial Informatics
(INDIN). Vol. 1. IEEE, 2019.
https://doi.org/10.1109/INDIN41052.2019.8972134
19. The emergence of cognitive digital twin: vision, challenges and opportunities
CDT is still in an early stage of development, with many challenges to be resolved
and more efforts needed in the future. This section outlines the main challenges and
potential opportunities for future studies.
Knowledge administration
Realizing the cognitive potential is the hardest difficulty for CDT. The foundation
of this competency is a practical and extensive knowledge base. Abburu et al.
(2020a) recently summarized the difficulties for knowledge representation,
knowledge acquisition, and knowledge updating, the three divisions of CDT
cognition.

(1) Knowledge representation is the process of formalizing and specifying pertinent

data and knowledge so that it may be utilized as input for digital models to support
intelligent operations. The knowledge's variability and ambiguity are the biggest
challenges. This problem can be solved using semantic technology and machine
learning. Ontologies may be used to build domain knowledge and rules for encoding
problem-solving knowledge, as Abburu et al. (2020a) indicated.
 27

Big industrial data may be analyzed by machine learning algorithms, which can then
formalize the hidden knowledge and patterns into knowledge. In order to ensure
interoperability, it is also crucial to consider knowledge standardization.

(2) Knowledge acquisition is the process of gathering and transforming human-

understandable information into machine-understandable form. It is challenging
since a significant portion of information is recorded in written natural language
documents, logs, reports, etc. Even multimedia forms like photographs, music, and
movies are often used to store them. Such information sources must be processed in
order to be used for knowledge acquisition, which is a difficult and time-consuming
procedure. NLP technology may be able to provide potential solutions, such as text
mining, voice recognition, and OCR methods, etc., to address this issue. The data-
information-knowledge pipeline may be followed through data mining to find
hidden knowledge in raw data.

(3) Knowledge update: This is the process of continuously generating new

information while also updating previously acquired knowledge. It is challenging
because it involves a complicated process of knowledge growth, forgetting, and
extension. It is difficult to identify the need for a change at the appropriate moment,
which is more significant than just ensuring consistency after making a change. Two
options are put forward by Abburu et al. (2020a): usage-driven approaches based on
input from experts and structure-driven techniques based on ontology reasoners to
identify contradictory rules.
Model integration for DT:
Throughout the entire lifecycle of a complex system, numerous DT models have
been independently created by various stakeholders. These models correspond to the
various components or subsystems of the system. These current DT models must be
properly integrated and orchestrated into the CDT architecture made possible by the
twin management layer. It is a challenging task in real-world applications because it
is possible that different stakeholders may have adopted different standards,
protocols, and structures for their DT models. This brings up the issue of
interoperability issues at the data level. It also provides the DT models with more
advanced features and integration services. Potential solutions to this issue include
semantic technologies and systems engineering. Thanks to sophisticated semantic
 28

tools like knowledge graphs, we are now able to semantically link digital models as
distinct entities and represent their relationships using edges. Systems engineering
and MBSE offer a variety of methodologies and tools to systematically manage
complex system models. To structure a complex system into hierarchical layers such
as meta-metamodels, meta-models, and models, Wang, Wang, et al. (2019) proposed
the MBSE method. These layers are then represented using a unified approach called
GOPPRR (Graph, Object, Point, Property, Role, and Relationship). DT models can
be described by unified ontology models using this method.
Standardisation
Standardisation is fundamental to achieve interoperability of data and tool for
constructing CDT. CDT development requires supporting the integration of data
and digital twin models at different functional layers. Therefore, the formal
standardization of DTs is the basis for enabling the CDT paradigm. Several
standards-developing organizations (SDOs) are developing DT standards, such as
the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), the World Wide Web
Consortium—Web of Things (W3C WoT), the Industrial Internet Consortium
(IIC), the Plattform Industrie 4.0, etc. Jacoby and Usländer (2020). It will be a
challenging task to unify and align the relevant DT standards developed by
different SDOs in the future. Some efforts have been spent to discuss the alignment
between these existing and upcoming standards, but no formalized and structured
agreement has been published yet (Jacoby and USER 2020).
Despite the lack of a universal DT standard, some existing standards and protocols
can be considered substitutes. For example, Plattform Industrie 4.0 provides the
Asset Administration Shell (AAS) as a part of RAMI 4.0 (Schweichhart 2016).
ETSI Industry Specification Group (ISG) proposes the Next Generation Service
Interfaces-Linked Data (NGSI-LD) APIs (Alliance,
Open Mobile 2012). The W3C WoT working group proposes the WoT
ThingDescription (WoT TD), which is an official W3C recommendation (W3C-
WoT 2020).
Such standards and APIs are discussed in previous studies (Jacoby and Usländer
2020; Abburu et al. 2020b).
The recently published ISO 23247 standard defines the principles and requirements
for developing DTs in the manufacturing domain and provides a framework to
support the creation of DTs of observable manufacturing elements, including
personnel, equipment, materials, manufacturing processes, facilities, the
 29

environment, products,
and supporting documents (ISO 2021).
Implementations
Compared with DTs, the implementation of CDTs is much more challenging. DTs
usually focus only on one physical system during one of its lifecycle phases.
Therefore, DTs can be implemented inside enterprises with the support of certain
technical providers when necessary. However, a CDT might include multiple
physical
systems covering several lifecycle phases with stakehold ers from different
enterprises. The implementation of CDTs thus requires both intra- and inter-
organizational collaborations. In addition to the above mentioned interoperability
issue, it brings new challenges in terms of project management, data privacy and
security concerns, IP protection, etc. The lack of successful demonstrators of CDT
implementation further increases its risks.
To mitigate the risks during CDT implementation, the following strategies could be
considered: From a managerial perspective, CDT development and implementation
should be treated as a complex project organized by experienced experts and
following correct project management methodologies. Lessons learned from similar
complex projects, such as PLM implementation (Batenburg, Helms, and Versendaal
2006; Hewett 2010), should be taken into account. For example, it is recommended
to follow a step-wise approach, starting with a mature DT system, then increasing
the number of digital models and covering more lifecycle phases.
From technical perspective, the above mentioned systems engineering and DLT
might also provide some
inspirations. Systems engineering enables to guide the the
implementation using a system thinking methodology
to capture the system nature by analysing the interre lationships between the
components within the system
boundary (Haskins 2014). DLT enables the creation of a decentralized platform for
eliminating concerns about data privacy and security and IP protection (Zheng, Lu,
et al., 2020) in order to encourage inter-organizational collaborations.
The implementation of CDT requires a series of enabling technologies. The
couplings of these technologies is another challenging task of CDT applications.
From a functional perspective, it is crucial to design a reliable CDT architecture to
orchestrate the interactions of different functional components. For this purpose,
some systems engineering methodologies, such as MBSE, and related approaches
 30

like GOPPRR can be used to support the design of system architectures. From a
cyber-physical system perspective, it is critical to interconnect subsystems across
different domains and lifecycle phases using adapters, brokers, and other types of
middleware mechanisms. The aforementioned standards and specifications, such as
AAS and NGSI-LD, provide references for creating such coupling mechanisms.
Zheng, Xiaochen, Jinzhi Lu, and Dimitris Kiritsis. "The emergence of cognitive
digital twin: vision, challenges and opportunities." International Journal of
Production Research 60.24 (2022): 7610-7632.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2021.2014591
20. City Digital Twin Potentials: A Review and Research Agenda

City Digital Twin Potentials: A Review and Research Agenda:

The most important details in this text are the challenges to the full utilization of
digital twins on the city scale. These include the large size, complexity, and
heterogeneity of city data, the need for higher levels of computing power and
interoperability, and the need for developing widely accepted standards for the data
models and design schemas. Additionally, data accessibility can be challenging due
to ownership and expense, and several digital twin cities lack model accuracy,
completeness, and graphical representation qualities. Additionally, the lack of
awareness of contextual factors and the non-physical systems such as social,
economic, and political structures and processes, in addition to the interactions
among people, infrastructure, and technology, can challenge the quality of the
planning and prediction capabilities of the digital twin. Finally, the incompleteness
of the city model can affect the city digital twin's ability to provide useful planning
decisions or predictions of future scenarios. The development of a complete city
digital twin requires high levels of integration due to the various city domains and
information. This requires developing more enriched semantic information,
understanding and modeling system interactions, and identifying requirements for
interoperability among the various systems. Additionally, the need for engaging the
public and the different sectors of the city and providing accessibility to the model
is still challenging due to lack of governance structures, data-sharing frameworks,
and participant readiness, awareness, and willingness. Additionally, enhancement of
the integration and collaboration qualities of the city digital twin implies societal
challenges such as privacy and security issues. Further research and development is
needed to enhance data management and standardization of data models for
 31

improved data interoperability and processing. However, other threats are

foreseeable as implications for developing complete and comprehensive digital twin
cities, such as citizens' privacy and data security issues.
Botín-Sanabria, Diego M., et al. "Digital twin technology challenges and
applications: A comprehensive review." Remote Sensing 14.6 (2022): 1335.
https://doi.org/10.3390/su13063386