

5. RF Systems and Particle Acceleration

5.1 Waveguides
5.1.3 Cylindrical Waveguides
5.2 Accelerating RF Cavities
5.2.1 Introduction
5.2.2 Traveling wave cavity: disk loaded
waveguide
5.2.3 Standing wave cavities
5.2.4 Higher-Order-Modes
5.2.5 The pillbox cavity
5.2.6 SRF primer
Matthias Liepe, P4456/7656, Spring 2010, Cornell University Slide 1



Matthias Liepe, P4456/7656, Spring 2010, Cornell University Slide 2

Matthias Liepe, P4456/7656, Spring 2010, Cornell University Slide 3

Matthias Liepe, P4456/7656, Spring 2010, Cornell University Slide 4

 
Mode for particle acceleration: TM01 
E z ( x ) = E z J 0 ( rr0 ) cos(k z z − ωt )

Er ( x ) = − Ez r1k z J 0 ' ( rr1 ) sin(k z z − ωt )

Eϕ ( x ) = 0

Br ( x ) = 0

Bϕ ( x ) = − Ez r1 cω2 J 0 ' ( rr1 ) sin(k z z − ωt )

Matthias Liepe, P4456/7656, Spring 2010, Cornell University Slide 5


 
Ez ( x ) = 0 , Bz ( x ) = B0 J n ( SRnm r )einϕ
   
E⊥ = ω2 i 2 (k z ∇ ⊥ E z + ω∇ ⊥ × Bz )
−k z
c2
 i
 ω
 R
B⊥ = ω2 −k 2
( k ∇ B
z ⊥ z − c 2 ∇ ⊥ × Ez )
z
c2

Er = iω ( ) ∂ B = − B nωR
R 2 1
S nm r ϕ z 0
1 R
2
S nm r J n ( SRnm r ) cos(nϕ + k z z − ωt )

Eϕ = −iω ( ) ∂ B = B ωR J '
R 2
S nm r z 0
1
S nm n ( SRnm r ) sin(nϕ + k z z − ωt )
Ez = 0
Br = ik z ( ) ∂ B = −B k R J '
R 2
S nm r z 0 z
1
S nm n ( SRnm r ) sin(nϕ + k z z − ωt )
Bϕ = ik ( ) ∂ B = − B nk R
R 2 1
z S nm r ϕ z 0 z
1 R
2
S nm r J n ( SRnm r ) cos(nϕ + k z z − ωt )

Bz = B0 J n ( SRnm r ) cos(nϕ + k z z − ωt )
Matthias Liepe, P4456/7656, Spring 2010, Cornell University Slide 6
  
 
E B


x
1

B
0.5

-0.5

-1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6

z
Matthias Liepe, P4456/7656, Spring 2010, Cornell University Slide 7


 
E z ( x ) = E0 J n ( ZRnm r )einϕ , Bz ( x ) = 0
   
E⊥ = ω2 i 2 (k z ∇ ⊥ E z + ω∇ ⊥ × Bz )
−k z
c2
 i
  
B⊥ = ω2 −k 2
(k z ∇ ⊥ Bz − cω2 ∇ ⊥ × Ez ) R
z
c2

Er = i ZRknmz ∂ r Ez = − E0 k z J 'n ( ZRnm r ) sin(nϕ + k z z − ωt )

Eϕ = i ZRknmz 1r ∂ϕ E z = − E0 nk z 1 R
Z nm r
J n ( ZRnm r ) cos(nϕ + k z z − ωt )
Ez = E0 J n ( ZRnm r ) cos(nϕ + k z z − ωt )
Br = −i ZRnmω 1r ∂ϕ E z = E0 n cω2 1 R
Z nm r
J n ( ZRnm r ) cos(nϕ + k z z − ωt )
Bϕ = i ZRnmω ∂ r Ez = − E0 ω
c2
J 'n ( ZRnm r ) sin(nϕ + k z z − ωt )
Bz = 0
Matthias Liepe, P4456/7656, Spring 2010, Cornell University Slide 8
  
 
E B


x 1
B
0.5

-0.5

-1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6
z
Matthias Liepe, P4456/7656, Spring 2010, Cornell University Slide 9


 
STE STM

1 
x STE
0.5

-0.5

-1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
z
Matthias Liepe, P4456/7656, Spring 2010, Cornell University Slide 10
 

U TE U TM U TM
Energy density for TE mode 2,2 Energy density for TM mode 2,2 Energy density for TM mode 2,2

4000 8000 6
3000 1 6000 1
2000 4000 4
8000
1000 0.5 2000 0.5 6000
0
-1
y0 -1
0
0
4000
2000 x z
-0.5
0 -0.5
-0.5
0
y
-0.5
0
-1
-0.5
2

0.5 0.5 0
-1 -1 0.5
1 1 10

x x x
Matthias Liepe, P4456/7656, Spring 2010, Cornell University Slide 11



Matthias Liepe, P4456/7656, Spring 2010, Cornell University Slide 12

  

DC Accelerators: Cockroft and Walton's

electrostatic accelerator (1932)
• Use high DC voltage to
accelerate particles

• No work done by magnetic

fields

Protons were accelerated and

slammed into lithium atoms
producing helium and energy.

Matthias Liepe, P4456/7656, Spring 2010, Cornell University Slide 13



 Use time-varying
fields!

Matthias Liepe, P4456/7656, Spring 2010, Cornell University Slide 14

 RF Cavities

• The main purpose of using RF cavities in

accelerators is to provide energy gain to
charged-particle beams
• The highest achievable gradient,
however, is not always optimal for an
accelerator. There are other factors
(both machine-dependent and
technology-dependent) that determine
operating gradient of RF cavities and
influence the cavity design, such as
accelerator cost optimization, maximum
Taiwan Light Source cryomodule
power through an input coupler,
necessity to extract HOM power, etc.
• In many cases requirements are
competing.

Matthias Liepe, P4456/7656, Spring 2010, Cornell University Slide 15



PEP II Cavity

• NC or SC
• Relatively low
gradient
(1…9 MV/m) CESR cavities

• Strong HOM
damping
(Q ~ 102)
• High average RF
power
(hundreds of kW)

KEK cavity

Matthias Liepe, P4456/7656, Spring 2010, Cornell University Slide 16

  
• NC or SC
• High gradients
• Moderate HOM
damping reqs.
• High peak RF power

ILC: 21,000 cavities!

ILC / XFEL cavities

Matthias Liepe, P4456/7656, Spring 2010, Cornell University Slide 17

 
CEBAF cavities

• SRF cavities
• Moderate to low
gradient
(8…20 MV/m)
• Relaxed HOM
damping
requirements
• Low average RF
power
(5…13 kW)
ELBE cryomodule

Matthias Liepe, P4456/7656, Spring 2010, Cornell University Slide 18

 

• SRF cavities
• Moderate
gradient
(15…20 MV/m)
• Strong HOM
damping
(Q = 102…104) Cornell ERL cavities

• Low average RF
power (few kW)

BNL ERL cavity

Matthias Liepe, P4456/7656, Spring 2010, Cornell University Slide 19


Standing wave cavity. Traveling wave cavity (wave
guide).

Matthias Liepe, P4456/7656, Spring 2010, Cornell University Slide 20

 
• Cylindrical Waveguide: TM01 has longitudinal electric field and could in
principle be used for particle acceleration

• But: phase velocity of wave > c > speed of particle

-> no average energy transfer to beam !

• Solution: Disc Loaded Waveguide

• Iris shaped plates at constant separation in waveguide lower phase
velocity
• Iris size is chosen to make the phase velocity equal the particle
velocity

Matthias Liepe, P4456/7656, Spring 2010, Cornell University Slide 21



ωoperation

Vgroup = Vparticle

koperation
Matthias Liepe, P4456/7656, Spring 2010, Cornell University Slide 22
 
• Irises form periodic structure in waveguide
-> Irises reflect part of wave
-> Interference
-> For loss free propagation: need disk spacing d
λz 2π
=d  kz = p=integer
p pd

Matthias Liepe, P4456/7656, Spring 2010, Cornell University Slide 23

π
Selection of integer “p”:
λ
p=2 Long initial settling or filling time,
not good for pulsed operation with
very short pulses.

Small shunt impedance per length

p=4 (shunt impedance determines how
much acceleration a particle can
get for a given power dissipation in
a cavity).
V2
Rsh = c
Pc
p=3
Common compromise.

Matthias Liepe, P4456/7656, Spring 2010, Cornell University Slide 24

 

Matthias Liepe, P4456/7656, Spring 2010, Cornell University Slide 25


• Time dependent
electromagnetic field
inside metal box
• Energy oscillates
between electric and
magnetic field!

Matthias Liepe, P4456/7656, Spring 2010, Cornell University Slide 26

Matthias Liepe, P4456/7656, Spring 2010, Cornell University Slide 27

Matthias Liepe, P4456/7656, Spring 2010, Cornell University Slide 28

 Matthias Liepe, P4456/7656, Spring 2010, Cornell University Slide 29


500MHz Cavity of DORIS:
r = 23.1cm  (M )
f 010 = 0.4967GHz

l The frequency is increased and tuned by

a tuning plunger.
l An inductive coupling loop excites the
magnetic field at the equator of the cavity.

Matthias Liepe, P4456/7656, Spring 2010, Cornell University Slide 30

 



1
ω=
LC

 

  
 

 






Matthias Liepe, P4456/7656, Spring 2010, Cornell University Slide 31



 
 2 1 ∂ 2  E 
∇ −   = 0
 c ∂t  H 
 

  nˆ × E = 0, nˆ ⋅ H = 0

 
TE TM 

 TM010 
 

 2.405r  iωt
E z = E0 J 0  e
 R 
E  2.405r  iωt
Hϕ = −i 0 J1 e
η  R 
2.405c µ0
ω010 = , η=
R ε0

Slide 32
Matthias Liepe, P4456/7656, Spring 2010, Cornell University
 Higher Frequency (Order) Standing Wave
Modes

 TMmnp (TEmnp),
m, n,  p 
Ez (Hz) ϕ, r,
 z 
 TM010 

 



Matthias Liepe, P4456/7656, Spring 2010, Cornell University Slide 33



 

∞
 E z (ρ = 0, z )e
iω 0 z β c
Vc = dz
−∞

ω d 
d sin  0 
dz = E0 d 
2βc 
Vc = E0  e iω 0 z β c
= E0 d ⋅ T
ω0 d
0
2 βc
Ez T 
 
ωt T 2
Ttransit = texit − tenter = 0  d = βλ 2  Vc = E0 d
2 π
T = 2/π 
 Eacc Eacc = Vc/d 

d = βλ/2 


Slide 34
Matthias Liepe, P4456/7656, Spring 2010, Cornell University
 

• Surface currents (∝ H) result in

dissipation proportional to the surface
resistance (Rs):

• Dissipation in the cavity wall given by

surface integral:

 Energy density in electromagnetic field:

u=
1
2
(ε ⋅ E2 + µ ⋅ H 2 )
 Because of the sinusoidal time dependence and 90° phase shift, the energy oscillates
back and forth between the electric and magnetic field. The stored energy in a cavity
is given by
1 2 1 2
U= µ0  H dv = ε 0  E dv
2 V 2 V

Matthias Liepe, P4456/7656, Spring 2010, Cornell University Slide 35

Quality factor
• 
ω ⋅ (stored energy) ω0U 1 U ω
Q0 ≡ 0 = = 2π = ω0τ 0 = 0
average power loss Pc T0 Pc Δω0
2
ω0 µ 
0 V
H dv
Q0 =
2
Rs  H ds
S
2π 
~104 
~1010 
1
cavity field [arb. units]

(1) The RF system has a resonant

frequency ω 0
Bandwidth
(2) The resonance curve has a
characteristic width ω 0
Δω =
2Q
0
-1000 -500 0 500 1000
Frequency – 1.3 GHz [Hz]
 Geometry factor

 

G
Q0 =
Rs
G 
2
ω0 µ 
0 V
H dv
G=
2
S H ds

 
G = 257
Ohm 

Slide 37
Matthias Liepe, P4456/7656, Spring 2010, Cornell University

Shunt impedance and R/Q

 

V2
Rsh = c
Pc


V2
Rsh = c
2 Pc


E2
rsh = acc
Pc4
Pc 
 

Rsh V2
= c
Q0 ω0U
 
R/Q = 196 Ohm 


Slide 38
Matthias Liepe, P4456/7656, Spring 2010, Cornell University
 

 

V2 Vc2 Vc2 Vc2 ⋅ Rs

Pc = c = = =
Rsh Q0 ⋅ ( Rsh / Q0 ) ( Rs ⋅ Q0 )( Rsh / Q0 ) Rs G ⋅ ( Rsh / Q0 )
  
G⋅R/Q  


Slide 39
Matthias Liepe, P4456/7656, Spring 2010, Cornell University

Pillbox vs. “real life” cavity

Cornell SC 500 MHz
270 
88  /cell
2.5
52 Oe/(MV/m)

 

 
 Hpk Epk R/Q

Matthias Liepe, P4456/7656, Spring 2010, Cornell University Slide 40