SCIENCE 10 (PHYSICS) REVIEWER

ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM

• Lodestone are hard block stones that had unusual property of attracting pieces of iron which is
known as Magnetite today.
• Faraday’s Law states that the induced current is proportional to the change of magnetic flux.
• The north magnetic field is pointing towards the south magnetic
field.
• Two ways to induce (begin) a current in a solenoid:
1. Moving a bar magnet inside a solenoid.
2. Moving a solenoid inside a magnetic field.
• Electric motors convert electrical energy to mechanical energy.
• Ferromagnetic materials are materials which exhibit strong
magnetism. Iron, cobalt, and nickel are examples of this material.
• Fleming’s right-hand rule is used to find the direction of the
induced current.
• Electric motor works:
-if a magnetic field exerts a force on a current-carrying conductor
-when there is a current in the coil of wire inside a U-shaped
magnet.
-when a coil of current will rotate if paced in magnetic field.
• All electric generators operate when a close-loop conductor within the charging magnetic field
will have an induced electromotive force.
• The current in the wire is directed to the left.
• The magnetic field around the wire causes the defelction of
the compass needle when placed near a current carrying
wire.
• Factors that will increase the amount of induced current:
-move the magnet inside the coil faster
-use the coil with more turns
• James Clerk Maxwell formulated the Electromagnetic Wave Theory.
• Heinrich Hertz showed experimental evidence of electromagnetic waves and their link to light.
• Hans Christian Oersted demonstrated the magnetic effect based on the direction of current.
• Michael Faraday formulated the principle behind electromagnetic induction.
• The speed of electromagnetic wave is 3x108 m/s
 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE
Vacuum is an empty space where electromagnetic waves can travel and transfer energy.
• The only region in electromagnetic spectrum that our eyes are sensitive to is the visible spectrum.
• High frequency waves such as X-ray, Ultraviolet ray, and Gamma ray can be absorbed by the
atmosphere.
• Electromagnetic waves arranged according to decreasing energy:
Gamma ray, Ultraviolet rays, X-ray, Visible light, Infrared, Microwave, Radio wave
• Gamma ray has the highest frequency in the EM spectrum.
• Gamma rays are used to treat cancer and sterilizing medical equipments.
• RADAR used by police officers uses Radio wave
• As the frequency incresases, the wavelength also increases if the speed is constant.
• Reflection is the turning back of light rays when it hits a shiny surface like mirror.
• Refraction is the bending of light rays when it hits a surface.
• Parts of mirror:
C- center of curvature
v- vertex
F- focal point

MIRROR

• Diffused/Regular reflection is the reflection of light rays on rough surfaces.

• Specular/Regular reflection is the reflection of light rays on smooth surfaces.
• Concave mirror is a type of spherical mirror with reflecting surface curved inwards.
• Convex mirror is a type of spherical mirror with reflecting surface curved outwards.
• The image seen in a plane mirror is virtual and upright.
• The image formed that can be seen in a concave mirror is either real or virtual.
• The image formed that can be seen in a convex mirror is always virtual.
• The reflection of your image in a concave surface of the spoon is inverted and real.
• When the object is placed at the center of curvature of a concave mirror, the image forms a real,
inverted, and has the same size as the object.