SCIENCE REVIEWER

Electromagnetic Waves
--composed of electric and magnetic fields.
-travels with a speed of 3.0 x10 m/s
Light
--Particle and Wave
-Photon
-Reflection, refraction interference,
diffraction, and polarization
Electromagnetic Spectrum
-classified the EM waves based to their
frequencies.
-frequency ranges from 10 Hz to
10 Hz
-wavelengths ranges 10 m to 10 m
Types of Electromagnetic Radiation
Radio wave - Longest wavelength and lowest frequency in the EM spectrum.
Microwave - have frequency higher than radio wave.
Infrared - found between microwave and visible light.
Visible Lights - can be seen in our naked eyes.
Ultraviolet - that portion of the electromagnetic spectrum extending from the
violet, or short-wavelength, end of the visible light range to the
X-ray region.
X-rays - first observed by Wilhelm Roentgen 1895. found between UV and Gamma rays.
Gamma rays - Found at the end of EM spectrum. Highest frequency and shortest wavelength.

THE PHYSICS OF THE MIRROR

Reflection-is the property of light that occurs when light bounce back as its hits the surface
The law of reflection-When the light source hit the surface ,some of the light is reflected back ,and some
others are absorbed.

Type of Reflection

Regular reflection-When the light strikes a smooth surface

Diffuse reflection-Rays of light strike on rough surface light is reflected in many directions

The 3 Types of Mirrors

Plane mirror - It is virtual It is upright and of the same size as the object
The distance of the object from the plane mirror is the same as the distance of the image from the plane
mirror. It is laterally inverted

Convex mirror - Convex have their reflective surface bent outward

 located behind the convex mirror

 a virtual image
 an upright image
 reduced in size (i.e., smaller than the object)

Concave mirrors have their reflective surface bent inward. And the image is inverted

TWO TYPES OF IMAGE

Real image -formed in front of the mirror

Virtual image- formed behind the mirror

REFRACTION & LENSES

Refraction - Is the bending of light waves as they enter or cross the boundary between two media with
different densities

Snell’s Law

ALSO KNOWN AS THE LAW OF REFRACTION. IN 1621, WILLEBRORD SNELL DISCOVERED

THE LAW OF REFRACTION, HENCE CALLED SNELL’S LAW.

SNELL’S LAW GIVES THE DEGREE OF REFRACTION AND RELATION BETWEEN THE
ANGLE OF INCIDENCE, THE ANGLE OF REFRACTION AND REFRACTIVE INDICES OF A
GIVEN PAIR OF MEDIA.
THE HIGHER THE INDEX OF REFRACTION THE SLOWER
THE VELOCITY OF LIGHT. NEAR THE NORMAL LINE.
THE LOWER THE INDEX OF REFRACTION THE HIGHER
THE VELOCITY OF LIGHT. MOVE AWAY FROM THE
NORMAL LINE.
INDEX OF REFRACTION OF MATERIALS IS ALWAYS
CONSTANT
Lenses -TRANSPARENT MATERILAS MADE OF EITHER GLASS ORPLASTIC.
-ABILITY TO REFRACT LIGHT RAYS
-CONCAVE OR CONVEX LENSES

Center of Curvature - A lens has two spherical surfaces; these two spherical surfaces form
a part of a sphere. The centre of these spheres is known as the
centre of curvature.
Principal Axis - The principal axis is an imaginary line passing through the centres
of curvature and the pole.
Focus - Focus is the point onto which collimated light parallel to the axis is
focused.
Focal Length - The focal length is the distance between the optical centre and the
focal point or focus of the lens

MAGNETS AND ELECTROMAGNETISM

Magnets -come from “lodestone”
-lodestone comes from Anglo-Saxon word means ” leading stone”
-In middle ages chinese uses magnets as compass
Permanent Magnets - are made up of magnetic material that is magnetized and has its own magnetic
field. It will always display the magnetic behavior
Ferromagnet - physical phenomenon in which certain electrically uncharged materials strongly attract
others.
Electromagnet- can have a magnetic field when electric current flows through it and disappears when the
flow of the current stops.
CHARACTERISTICS OF MAGNETS:
Attractive property: This property proves that the magnetic strength at the ends of the poles
is strong.
Directive property: This property helps to understand which pole of the magnet is north and
south by suspending the magnet in mid-air.
Law of magnetic poles: Like poles repel while unlike poles attract.
Pair property: When a magnet is cut into two pieces, both the pieces will have the North Pole
and the South Pole.
Sure test of magnetization: This test is conducted to check if a given rod is magnetized or
not by checking either the attraction or the repulsion of the iron rod and magnet.
Magnets also produce magnetic field. Magnetic Field is a region of space where a magnetic force is
felt.
Characteristics of magnetic field
1. the line always originate from the magnetic
north pole
2. the fields line do not cross one another
3. the closer the magnetic line to one another, the stronger the magnetic field.
Electromagnetism - is a process where a magnetic field is created by introducing the current in the
conductor.

ELECTRIC GENERATOR
A device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy through electromagnetic induction.
How does It work?

It can be attributed to Faraday’s principle of ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

Faraday discovered that when a conductor moves in a magnetic field, electrical charges could be created
and directed to create a flow of current.
Electromagnetic Induction - is the term for the production of an electric current in a conductor when the
conductor is moving near a magnet.

TWO TYPES OF GENERATOR

A DC generator -is an electrical machine which converts mechanical energy
into direct current electricity.
A AC generator - are capable of reversing the flow of current periodically, producing a higher amount of
voltage when connected to transformer.