SCIENCE Q2 REVIEWER

ELECTRICITY- flow of electrical power or charges. It is

associated with many charges:
- ELECTRONS- negative charge
- PROTONS- positive charge
- NEUTRONS- equal/neutral charge
FLOW OF ELECTRONS- current (mostly electrons)
ELECTRIC FIELD- electric force per unit charge; a region of
space around an electrically charged object or partial with
an electric charge would feel force
- Electric field is OUTWARD a positive charge and
TOWARD a negative charge.
2 ELECTRIC FORCES- ATTRACT AND REPEL
POSITIVE-NEGATIVE/NEGATIVE-POSITIVE = force of WAVELENGTH, FREQUENCY AND ENERGY OF EM
attraction WAVES
POSITIVE-POSITIVE/NEGATIVE-NEGATIVE = force of
repulsion

MAGNETISM- force exerted by magnets when they attract or

repel each other.
MAGNETIC FIELD- are energy around a magnet in which the
effect of magnetism is felt.

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE- electrically charged particles (NOTE:)

that move under acceleration; an EM wave is a
disturbance that carries energy and can pass through
a medium.
NATURES OF EM WAVES:
1. INVISIBLE, but can be detected through observation.
2. Can be ABSORBED and EMITTED
3. Can travel in a vacuum at a speed of 3𝑋10 m/s.
8 - FREQUENCY AND ENERGY are directly proportional to
4. Can REFLECT or REFRACT
5. Energy carrier
6. Can travel WITHOUT A MEDIUM
2 TYPES OF WAVES
1. MECHANICAL- requires a medium; can be
longitudinal/transverse
- Examples: sound wave (longitudinal), water waves
(transverse), seismic waves
2. ELECTROMAGNETIC- doesn’t require a medium
- Examples: radio waves, micro waves, infrared waves,
visible light, ultraviolet waves, gamma rays
SCIENTISTS
1. MICHAEL FARADAY- formulated the principle behind
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
2. HANS CHRISTIAN OERSTED- illustrated how
wire-carrying current behaves like a magnet
3. ANDRE MARIE AMPERE- demonstrated the magnetic
effect based on the movement of current
4. JAMES CLERK MAXWELL- developed the equation of
relationship of electricity and magnetism
5. HENRICH HERTZ- experimental evidence of
electromagnetic water and their link to light
FREQUENCY
- Unit: hertz (hz); equivalent unit of hz per second(/ms)
WAVELENGTH
- 𝞴 = Greek symbol of LAMBDA
9
- Unit: meter(m); centimeter(cm); nanometer(m=10 nm)
8
- Value: 3𝑋10 m/s; 300,000,000m/s; 300,000 km/s (ALL
CONSTANT)
SPEED- all EM waves travel at a speed of 300,000 km/s (
8
3𝑋10 m/s) in a vacuum of space; however they slow down
when they travel through matter.
FREQUENCY- describes the number of waves that pass
through a fixed place in a given amount of time.
WAVELENGTH- the distance measured from one wave crest
to the next crest or one through to the second through.
FORMULA:
- WAVELENGTH: radio waves have the longest wavelength,
and gamma rays have the shortest
- FREQUENCY+ENERGY: gamma rays have the highest
frequency and energy, and radio waves have the lowest
- WAVELENGTH is inversely proportional to FREQUENCY
and ENERGY
each other
NATURE OF LIGHT
- A form of energy that enables us to see
- Travels in a straight line
- Emitted by luminous sources such as LAMPS, CANDLES,
SUN, STARS, etc.
- WHITE is a mixture of seven different colors
- Light is a transverse wave and forms part of the EM
spectrum
BEHAVIOR OF LIGHT
1. REFLECTED- when the light bounces the energy back into
the same medium that it came from.
2. TRANSMITTED THROUGH- the light can travel through the
new material while undergoing varying degrees of
interaction with the substances’ molecules
3. ABSORBED- the light can be absorbed by the new medium
and turned into internal energy and/or heat
WHEN LIGHT ENCOUNTERS MATTER
1. OPAQUE- absorbs and/or reflect all light and cannot get
through
2. TRANSPARENT- allows light to travel through in straight
lines
3. TRANSLUCENT- this substance makes objects scatter in
all directions as it passes through.
REFLECTION- the bouncing off of light rays when it hits a
surface like a plane mirror.
INCIDENT RAY- the ray of light approaching the mirror - Parts:
represented by an arrow approaching an optical element like
mirrors.
NORMAL LINE- an imaginary line that can be drawn
perpendicular to the surface of the mirror at the point of
incidence where the ray strikes the mirror.
REFLECTED RAY- the ray of light which leaves the mirror and
is represented by an arrow pointing away from the mirror.
TYPES OF REFLECTION:

- PRINCIPAL FOCUS- when a number of rays parallel to

the principal axis fall on a concave mirror, all rays meet
at a point on the principal axis.
- FOCAL LENGTH- distance between the pole and the
principal focus; half the radius of curvature
- APERTURE- the diameter of the reflecting surface
RULES FOR FORMATION OF RAY DIAGRAMS
1. REGULAR REFLECTION 1. P-F RAY- a ray from the object parallel to the principal
- light rays fall on a SMOOTH surface. axis reflected passing through the focus.
- Reflected rays are PARALLEL to each other. 2. F-P RAY- a ray from the object passing through the
- Can be seen through polished surfaces focus reflected parallel to the principal axis.
3. C-C RAY- a ray from the object passes through the
center of curvature reflected back along its own path.
(note: this is applicable to concave, convex, and lenses but
depending on the location of the object)

RAY DIAGRAMS (CONCAVE MIRRORS)

2. DIFFUSED REFLECTION
- Fall on irregular surfaces
- Reflected rays are NOT parallel to each other
TYPES OF IMAGES:
1. REAL- one which can be formed on a screen.
- It is produced by ray that converge at the position of the
image
2. VIRTUAL- one which cannot be formed on a screen.
- It is produced by reflection of light
LOST (characteristics of an image)
- LOCATION: what side on the mirror; how far away from
the mirror
- ORIENTATION: how the image is oriented compared to
the object; upright or inverted
- SIZE: the size of the image relative to the object; enlarged,
reduced, or same size RAY DIAGRAMS (CONVEX MIRRORS)
- TYPE: real or virtual
IMAGE FORMED BY PLANE MIRROR

LENSES
- are made of transparent substance like glass or plastic
- Image is VIRTUAL. (upright)
which can bend light rays; came from the Latin word
- Image is located as far behind the mirror as the object is in
“lentil” (a type of bean used for cooking)
front of the mirror.
- A lens works by refraction of light– light rays bend as
- Laterally inverted
they pass through the lens resulting to a change in
- Same size and distance
direction.
TWO BASIC TYPES OF CURVED MIRRORS (SPHERICAL
REFRACTION- the change in the direction of light when it
MIRRORS
crosses the boundary between two substances/media.
1. CONCAVE MIRROR
- Converging mirror
- Inwards
 PARTS OF A DIVERGING LENS

- REFRACTED RAY- the ray after crossing a boundary

between media
- ANGLE OF REFRACTION- the angle between the
refracted ray and the normal ray RULES IN RAY DIAGRAMS OF CONVEX LENS
- Note: the angle or refraction is smaller than the angle of 1. A ray from the object parallel to the principal axis
incidence. refracted passing through the focus
TWO KINDS OF LENSES 2. A ray from the object passing through the optical center
1. CONVEX LENS- converging lens;thicker in the center refracted without any deviation
than the edges 3. A ray from the object passing through the focus
- It forms real images and virtual images refracted parallel to the principal axis
depending on the position of the object.
2. CONCAVE LENS- diverging lens; thicker at the edges
than the center
- Forms upright, reduced large, and virtual image
LENS SHAPES

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CONVERGING LENS:
USES OF MIRRORS AND LENSES IN OPTICAL
INSTRUMENTS
1. DOUBLE CONVEX (BICONVEX)- a lens in which both
- Optical instruments are based on optics. These are
sides are convex
devices which processes light wave to enhance an
2. PLANO-CONVEX- a lens in which one side is convex
image for a clearer view.
and the other is plano(flat)
USES OF MIRROR AND LENSES
3. POSITIVE MENISCUS- a converging lens where one
1. DECORATING
side is concave and the other convex
2. SAFETY AND SECURITY
3. VISION
4. MAGNIFICATION AND SCIENCE
5. PHOTOGRAPHY
6. FASHION DESIGN

LOST IN CONCAVE LENS

DIVERGING LENSES:
1. DOUBLE CONCAVE (BICONCAVE)- a lens in which
both sides are concave
2. PLANO-CONCAVE- a lens in which one side is
concave and the other is plano(flat)
3. NEGATIVE MINISCUS- a diverging lens where one
side is concave and the other convex
PARTS OF A CONVERGING LENS
APPLICATIONS OF PLANE MIRRORS - An overhead projector has a mirror, which focuses
- It is an optical instrument consisting of two or more light from an intense source onto a pair of converging
reflecting surfaces. The basic principles used in the lenses.
kaleidoscope are the law of reflection and white light is
a combination of ROYGBIV. When the white light hits
the surface, it gets reflected at an angle such that the
angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.
- It is an optical instrument that allows objects that are
not in direct line of sight to be viewed. A simple
periscope only requires mirrors, whereas a more
complicated periscope utilizes prisms rather than
mirrors.
APPLICATIONS OF CONCAVE MIRRORS
- Concave mirror, also known as a converging mirror has
reflecting surface which collects light inward and focus
them to one focal point, this type of mirror is what the
dentist used in magnifying the area behind your
teeth to check on cavities and tooth decay.
- For illuminating purposes, you can see concave mirrors
used in headlamps, flashlights and spotlights. In
these devices, the light rays that gathered from a small
source of the mirror are collected and directed outward
in a beam. Small light source bounded by a concave
mirror flashes a brighter beam.
- Curved mirrors (concave) are used in optical
instruments such as an ophthalmoscope. This
instrument consists of a concave mirror with a hole in
the center.
APPLICATIONS ON CONVEX MIRRORS
- Convex mirrors are used for security purposes in stores
because they broaden the reflected field of vision. The
images are smaller than the objects but the mirror helps
to see a wider area.
APPLICATIONS OF LENSES
- A compound microscope consists of a combination of
lenses for magnifying an object several hundred times.
- Telescopes- A telescope allows us to see distant
objects. It contains two converging lenses, namely, the
objective and the eyepiece
- A refracting telescope consists of two convex lenses
that is used to enlarge an image.
- A reflecting telescope uses a convex lens and two
mirrors to make an object appear bigger. The light is
collected by the large concave mirror.
- Opticians use concave lenses to correct near-
"sightedness also called myopia. A near-sighted
eyeball is too long, and the image of a far-away object
falls short of the retina.
- On the other hand, farsightedness or hyperopia is the
inability of the eye to focus on nearby objects. The
farsighted eye is assisted by the use of a
converging lens or a convex lens.
- The camera is a box-like device used for taking
pictures. It uses a lens that produces a real image on
photographic film.
- Our eyes are our natural cameras. Some of the basic
and fundamental parts of a camera functions just like
how the different parts of our eyes work. Among these
are the lens, the aperture, iris diaphragm, shutter, and
photographic film
- Binoculars consist of a pair of telescopes mounted
together, each having an objective lens and an
eyepiece. The image formed by the objective lens of
binoculars is upside- down, and the left and right sides
are reversed. Binoculars use a system of prisms to
switch the image left to right and right to left. Then the
eyepieces create enlarged, virtual, upright images.
- An endoscope is a long flexible tube that is inserted in
the body so that a doctor can observe internal
passages such as a person's esophagus or Intestine. It
has a converging lens and bunches of optical fibers that
convey the image to the end of the tube.