WAVES AND OPTICS (FINALS)

REFLECTION AND REFRACTION OF REFRACTION

LIGHT
NATURE OF LIGHT
➢ A form of energy which enables us to see
➢ It travels in a straight line and travels at a
very high speed in vacuum (3.00x10 8
m/s)
➢ In the electromagnetic spectrum, white
light is a mixture of seven different colors.
➢ Light is a transverse wave and forms part
of the electromagnetic spectrum.
LIGHT RAY
➢ The path along which light energy travels
is called RAY.
➢ Represented by a straight line with an
arow to show the direction of motion.
➢ results from a change in speed when light
passes from one transparent material
into another.
➢ Index of Refraction (also called the
refractive index
NOTE: For monochromatic light and for a given
pair of materials, a and b, on opposite sides of the
interface, the ratio of the sines of the angles θa
and θb, where both angles are measured from the
normal to the surface, is equal to the inverse ratio
of the two indexes of refraction.
SNELL`S LAW / LAW OF REFRACTION

LIGHT RAY – LIGHT PROPAGATION

REFLECTION and REFRACTION
➢ Reflection involves a change in direction
of waves when they bounce off a barrier.
➢ Refraction of waves involves a change
in the direction of waves as they pass
from one medium to another.

Reflection
Reflection will occur if the light
falls on a highly polished surface
like mirror, then this light is sent
back into the same medium.

LAWS OF REFLECTION OF LIGHT

a. The angle of incident is equal to the angle of ➢ when a ray passes from
incident. one material into another
b. The incident ray, the reflected ray and the material having a larger index of
normal to the mirror at the point of incidences all refraction will give a slower
lie in the same plane. WAVE SPEED.
➢ RAY is bend TOWARDS
2 Types of Reflection THE NORMAL
➢ Specular – reflection at definite angle
from a very smooth surface.
➢ Diffused – scattered reflection from a ➢ the second material has
rough surface. a smaller index of
refraction
than the first material, the faster
WAVE SPEED is.
➢ RAY is bent AWAY
FROM THE NORMAL
TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION RULES FOR IMAGE FORMATION
➢ When a light ray traveling in a medium of (CONVEX LENS)
high refractive index approaches the
interface to a medium of lower refractive
index, it may or may not be transmitted
into the second medium. If the ray’s angle
of incidence exceeds a certain critical
angle, the light ray will undergo TOTAL
INTERNAL REFLECTION.

Rule 1: A ray of light which is parallel to the

principal axis, after refraction it passes
trough the focus on the other side of the lens.

➢ In this equation, na is the refractive index

of the medium through which the incident
ray is traveling, and nb is the refractive
index of the medium on the other side of
the boundary. The angle θcrit is the critical
angle. If the angle of incidence, θ a is
greater than θcrit, then total internal Rule 2: A ray of light passing through the
reflection will occur; but if θa is less than optical center of the lens goes straight. It
θcrit, then total internal reflection will not emerges without any deviation.
occur.

LENSES
• Lenses are made of transparent
materials, like glass or plastics.
• Each of a lens` two faces is part of a
sphere and can be convex or Rule 3: A ray of light passing through the
concave. focus after refraction becomes parallel to the
• If a lens is thicker at the center principal axis.
than the edges, it is a convex or
converging lens since parallel rays
will be converged to meet at the
focus.
• A lens which is thinner in the
center than the edges is a concave
or diverging lens since rays going
through it will be spread out. SAMPLE CASES IN CONVEX LENS

CONVEX LENSES
• Thicker at the center, thinner
at the edges
• Converging
CONCAVE LENSES
• Thinner at the center, thicker
at the edges
• Diverging

The image formed is always

virtual, upright and smaller.

RULES FOR IMAGE

FORMATION (CONCAVE LENS)

Rule 1:

Rule 2:

Rule 3:

SAMPLE CASES IN CONCAVE LENS:

 GEOMETRIC OPTICS
LESSON 1:
Reflection of light in Plane Mirrors

GEOMETRIC OPTICS
• The branch of optics that focuses on the
creation of images.

RULES OF GEOMETRIC OPTICS:

• Light is a flow of photons with
wavelengths. We`ll call these as “light
rays”.
• Light rays travel in straight lines in free
space.
• Light rays do not interfere with each other
as they cross.
• Light rays obey the laws of reflection and
refraction.
• Light rays travel from the light sources to
the Eye.

MIRRORS
• is a reflective surface that reflects light
and creates a real or imaginary image.

MIRROR OR LENS EQUATIONS

• Equations that are used to indicate

the location of an image or to find the
image distance, di
• Expresses the relationship between
he object distance do, the image
distance di and the focal length (f).
REFLECTION OF LIGHT BASICS:
• Reflection is the bouncing off of light 1. REFLECTION
rays when it hits a surface like a plane • PLANE MIRROR
mirror. • SPHERICAL M IRROR
•
A. TYPE 2. REFRACTION
• Real image- formed in front of • SPHERICAL LENSES
the mirror and is always upside
down relative to the object. It can
be projected on a screen placed PLANE MIRROR
in front of mirror. • A plane mirror is a mirror with a
planar reflective surface.
• Virtual image- formed behind • For light rays striking a plane mirror,
the mirror and is upright relative to the angle of reflection equals the
the object and cannot be projected angle of incidence.
on a screen.
IMAGE FORMATION BY THE PLANE
MIRROR:
B. SIZE • If you stand in front of a plane mirror
• Enlarged- image is larger than the you see your image behind the
object. mirror. The location of the image can
• Reduced- image is smaller than the be diagramed knowing that the
object. surface of the mirror reflects light with
• Same – image is the same size as the an angle of reflection equal to the
object. incident angle.

PROPERTIES OF IMAGE
C. ATTITUDE
• Upright – image is right-side up.
• Inverted - image is upside-down.
• Laterally Inverted – image is flipped
horizontally.

PRINCIPLE:
• The principle objective of geometric
optics is to be able to determine the
location of an image for certain optical
elements arrange in a specific geometry.
SPHERICAL MIRROR
• A reflecting surface having the form
of a portion of a sphere is called a
spherical mirror.

This may be accomplished in two ways: TYPES

• One can sketch key ray paths in a scale • Concave mirror
drawing of the geometry. • Convex mirror
• One can calculate the image distance
and properties using a set of equations.
Concave and convex mirrors shown as
part of complete hollow sphere
PARTS OF A SPHERICAL MIRROR
• PRINCIPAL AXIS – Imaginary line
passing through the center of the sphere
to the vertex.
• APERTURE – a point from which the
reflection of light actually takes place or
happens. It also gives an idea about the
size of mirror.
• CENTER OF CURVATURE – Point in
the center of the sphere from which the
mirror was sliced and is denoted by the
letter C.
• VERTEX/POLE – Point on the mirror’s
surface where the principal axis meets
the mirror and is denoted by the letter P
or V. This is the geometric center of the
mirror.
• FOCUS – Midway between the vertex
and the center of the curvature denoted
by F.
• RADIUS OF CURVATURE – Distance
from the pole to the center of curvature is
represented by R. The radius of the
curvature is the radius of the sphere from
which the mirror was cut.
• FOCAL LENGTH – the distance
between from the mirror to the focal point
or focus represented by f.
THE CONCAVE MIRROR
Concave “Converging” Mirror
• It is a curved mirror in which the
reflective surface bulges away from
the light source.
• If the reflecting surface lies on the
inside of the curve, is a concave
mirror.
Examples:
✓ Ophthalmoscope
✓ Astronomical Telescope
✓ Headlights of Vehicle
RULES:
• Rays parallel to the
principal axis are
reflected towards the
principle focus of the
mirror.
• A ray passing through
the centre of curvature
retraces its path after
reflection.
• A ray passing through the
principal focus, after
reflection is rendered parallel
to the principal axis.
• A ray of light which strikes the
mirror at its pole gets
reflected according to the law
of reflection.
Step-by-Step Method for Drawing
Ray Diagrams
• Pick a point to the top of the
object and draw two incidents'
rays traveling towards the
mirror.
• Once these incident rays strike the
mirror, reflect them according to
the two rules of reflection for
concave mirrors.
• Mark the image of the top of the
object.
• You are now ready to determine
the location, size, orientation, and
type of image that is formed by the
type of mirror being used.
CASE 1:
• When the object is placed at the
centre of curvature, the image is of
same size, real and inverted and is at
the centre
CASE 2:
• When the object is placed after the
centre of curvature, it is seen that the
image is real, inverted, small in shape
and lies between the centre C and
focus F.
CASE 3:
• When the object is placed between
the focus and the vertex of the mirror
it is seen that image is virtual, erect
and enlarged in shape and lies
behind the mirror.
CASE 4:
• When the object is between the
centre of curvature and focus, it is
seen that image is real, inverted and
enlarged and lies outside the centre
of curvature.
CASE 5:
THE CONVEX MIRROR
Convex “Diverging” Mirror
• Virtual, erect and diminished images
are always formed or observed with
convex mirrors, irrespective of the
distance between the object and the
mirror.
RULES:
• A ray of light traveling parallel
the principal axis after
reflection from a convex mirror
appears to come from its focus
behind the mirror.
• A ray of light traveling towards
the centre of curvature behind
the mirror and is reflected back
its own path.
Step-by-Step Method for Drawing
Ray Diagrams
The method of drawing ray diagrams for
convex mirrors is described below.
• Pick a point on the top of the object
and draw two incident rays traveling
towards the mirror.
• Once these incident rays strike the
mirror, reflect them according to the
two rules of reflection for convex
mirrors.
• Locate and mark the image of the
top of the object.
• Repeat the process for the bottom
of the object.
The image formed in a convex mirror is RULES FOR MIRRORS
always: • Upright objects or images have
L – behind the mirror positive values for ho and hi.
O – upright • Inverted objects or images have
S – smaller negative values for ho and hi.
T – virtual • Converging (Concave) mirrors have
positive focal lengths while Diverging
The image formed in a concave mirror is (Convex) mirrors have negative foal
always: length.
L – infont of the mirror
O – inverted LENS
S – enlarged • A transparent object with atleast one
T – real curved side that causes light to
refract.
MIRROR FORMULA • Reading stones (made of quartz)
• Quantitatively determine the were the first lenses developed.
relationship between the focal length • Lenses have two sides and either
and distance an object and its image side can be plane, concave or
are from the mirror. convex.
• Diverging Lens: cause
MIRROR OR LENS EQUATIONS parallel light rays to spread
• Equations that are used to indicate away from a common point,
the location of an image or to fin the • Converging Lens: cause
image distance, di. parallel light rays to come
• expresses the relationship between together toward a common
the object distance do, the image point.
distance di and the focal length (f).

MIRROR EQUATION:
1 1 1
= +
𝑓 𝑑𝑖 𝑑𝑜

RULES FOR MIRRORS

• The object distance, do, is always
positive.
• If the image distance, di, is positive,
then the image is real.
• If the image distance, di, is negative,
then the image is virtual.

MAGINIFICATION EQUATION: Convex – It forms real and virtual images,

• Compares the size of the object to the reduced and enlarged, erect and inverted
size of the image. images depending upon the position of the
ℎ𝑖 −𝑑𝑖 object.
𝑚= =
ℎ𝑜 𝑑𝑜
m – magnification Concave – It forms upright, reduced image
m > 1.00 image is larger than object and virtual image.
m < 1.00 image is smaller than object
hi – height of image (cm)
ho – height of object (cm)