Electrogmatecic

Spectrum
Ampere - Demonstrated the magnetic effect
based on the direction of current
Faraday - Formulated the principle behind
electromagnetic induction.
Hertz - Showed experimental evidence of
electromagnetic waves and their link to light
Maxwell - Contributed in developing equations
that showed the relationship of electricity and
magnetism
The electromagnetic spectrum - is a continuum of
Oersted - Showed how a current-carrying wire
electromagnetic waves arranged according to
that behaves like a magnet.
frequency and wavelength.
Accelerating electrons produce electromagnetic - lt is a gradual progression from the waves of
waves. These waves are a combination of electric lowest frequencies to the waves of highest
and magnetic fields. frequencies.
A changing magnetic field produces an electric - According to increasing frequency, the EM
field and a changing electric field produces a spectrum includes: radio waves,
magnetic field. microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-
As accelerated electrons produce an electric field rays, and gamma rays.
of a wave, the varying electric field produces the
The different types of electromagnetic waves are
wave's magnetic field.
defined by the amount of energy carried
Both the electric field and the magnetic field
by/possessed by the photons.
oscillate perpendicular to each other and to the
Photons - are bundles of wave energy. The energy
direction of the propagating wave.
of a photon is given by the equation:
All electromagnetic waves can travel through a E=hf
medium but unlike other types of waves, they can where h is the Planck's Constant and f is the
also travel in vacuum. They travel in vacuum at a frequency of the EM wave.
speed of 3X10^8 m/s and denoted as c, the speed The value of the Planck's constant is 6.63 x 10^-34
of light. joules per second.
The wave speed, frequency, and wavelength are
related by the following equation: From among the EM waves, the gamma rays have
v=λf photons of high energies while radio waves have
photons with the lowest energies. With regards to
where vis the wave speed, or c (speed of light) wavelength, radio waves can be likened to the size
expressed in meters per second, the frequency f of a football field while gamma rays are as small
is expressed in Hertz and the wavelength λ is as the nuclei of an atom.
expressed in meters.

Radio waves - have the longest
wavelength in the electromagnetic
spectrum.
- They are produced by
making electrons vibrate in an
antenna.
- They are used to transmit
sound and picture information over
long distances.
Low frequency waves are suitable for
communication over great distances. But the
curvature of the earth limits the range to about
80 kilometers.
To extend the range, a repeater is used. The
repeater receives the signal and
re-transmits it to the receiving station
Microwaves - can penetrate the atmosphere of
the earth. This is the reason why they are used
for satellite communications.
Microwaves - have short wavelengths and are
reflected by small objects. This property is used
in radars. Radar is the acronym of radio
detection and ranging.
Infrared radiation - lies beyond the red end of the
visible light. It is emitted by all objects. The
amount and wavelength of radiation depend on electromagnetic spectrum. They are shortest in
temperature.
The Visible Spectrum - when white light passes
through a prism, itis separated into its
constituent colors: the red, orange, yellow, green,
blue, indigo and violet.
These colors do not distinctly separate but they
continuously change fram red to violet. Red
color has the longest wavelength from among
these colors and violet has the shortest.
Ultraviolet radiation - lies just beyond the violet
end of the visible spectrum.
Ultraviolet waves - have shorter wavelengths
than the visible light and carry more
energy.
UV rays have high energy, it could be harmful to
some extent. It could burn the skin and hurt our
eyes. Overexposure to UV radiation may cause
skin cancer.
X-rays come - just after the ultraviolet rays. They
are of shorter wavelength but carries higher
energy than the UV.
X-rays - were discovered by Wilhelm Conrad
Roentgen in 1895.
Gamma rays - lie at the other end of the
wavelength and highest in frequency. They carry
the highest amount of energy, thus, they are more
dangerous.
Gamma rays - are emitted by stars and some
radioactive substances. They can only be blocked
with lead and thick concrete.
Radio waves - have the longest
wavelength in the electromagnetic
spectrum.
- They are produced by
making electrons vibrate in an
antenna.
- They are used to transmit
sound and picture information over
long distances.
 Light: Mirrors
and Lenses
Reflection - is the bouncing off of light rays Two Kinds of Spherical Mirrors:
when it hits a surface like a plane mirror.
1. The Concave Mirror - it is a curved mirror in
Incident Ray - The ray of light approaching the which the reflective surface bulges away from
mirror represented by an arrow approaching an the light source. It is also called converging
optical element like mirrors. mirrors.

Reflected Ray - The ray of light which leaves the 2. The Convex Mirror - it is a curved mirror
mirror and is represented by an arrow pointing in which the reflective surface bulges towards
away from the mirror. the light source. Also called diverging mirrors.

Reflected Ray - The ray of light which leaves the Center of Curvature, C - the center of the sphere
mirror and is represented by an arrow pointing of which the mirror is part.
away from the mirror.
Vertex, V - the center of the mirror.
The angle between the incident ray and the
Focal Point/Focus, F - the point between the
normal line is known as the angle of incidence.
center of the curvature and vertex.
The angle between the reflected ray and the
normal is known as the angle of reflection. Images formed in a curved mirror can be located
and described through ray diagramming,
Types of Reflection:
The P —F ray, F —P ray, C —C ray, and the V ray
1. Specular/Regular Reflection - This is a reflection
are the Four Principal Rays in curve mirrors.
of light on smooth surfaces such as mirrors or a
calm body of water. An example of this is the
image of the Mayon volcano on a calm water

2. Diffused/Irrequiar Reflection - This is a

reflection of light on rough surfaces such as
clothing, paper, wavy water, and the asphalt
roadway. An example of this is the image of a
mountain on a wavy body of water

curved mirror - is a reflecting surface in which its lens - is a transparent material made of glass or
surface is a section of sphere. plastic that refracts and focuses (or that
appears to focus) light rays at a point.
The P-F Ray - is ray of light parallel to the
principal axis, is reflected passing through the
principal focus, F (concave mirror),
and as if passing through the principal focus,
F(convex mirror).
The F-P Ray - is a ray of light passing through F
(concave mirror) or directed towards F (convex
mirror), is reflected parallel to the
principal axis.
The C-C Ray - is ray of light passing through the
center of curvature, C (concave mirror) or
directed towards the center of curvature, C
(convex mirror) reflects back along its own path.
V Ray - is a ray of light directed to the vertex
reflects at equal angle from the principal axis.

Refraction - the bending of light rays when

passing obliquely from one medium to another.

Plane mirror - polished or smooth surface that

forms images by reflection