Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan II - Entrepreneurship (EED 16) Trento External Studies Center

Unit
An III Animal Production
efficient and prosperous animal agric
Course Intended Learning
Explain the Nature, Structure, and Content of K to 12 EPP/TLE Curriculum
Outcomes
Essential Questions What is the importance of livestock?
What are the different types of livestock?
What are the proper ways in raising animals?
Overview This lesson is designed to provide information about Animal Production specifically the following:
- the importance of livestock
- the different types of livestock
- the proper ways in raising animals
By the information presented, students will be able to discuss the importance of livestock, discuss the different
types of livestock, and identify the proper ways in raising animals.
Learning Targets At the end of this lesson, students should be able to:
- discuss the importance of livestock;
- discuss the different types of livestock; and
- identify the proper ways in raising animals.
large quantities of grains and other foodstuffs in concentrated form to be utilized to raise animals for human consumption during such emergencies as war or
natural calamity. Furthermore, meat has long been known for its high nutritive value, producing stronger, healthier people.
Livestock and poultry make up two of the most important subsectors in the Philippines' agricultural sector. Of all the animals reared for human
consumption, hogs and chickens were the most common, making up a majority of the production volume of livestock in the Philippines. Livestock and
poultry were the only agricultural sectors in the Philippines with positive growth in gross value added in 2018, with poultry growing by nearly six percent and
livestock by almost two percent compared to the previous year. The fishery and crop sectors, in comparison, contracted by almost one percent in 2018.
Activation of Prior Knowledge

Protein is equally important as that of vitamins, minerals and carbohydrates. It helps rebuild worn-out tissues and helps develop our bones and
muscles. Meat from animals is a good source of protein. Thus, most families particularly in the rural areas, raise animals for food. It is because animal
production does not only supply the family with food rich in protein that the body needs but it adds greatly to the income of the family.

Aside from being important for poor people, livestock play a substantial economic role, accounting for some 40 percent of agricultural gross domestic
product (GDP). Livestock products (e.g. eggs, milk, meat) provide almost one-third of humanity’s protein intake; they provide 15 percent of total food
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energy, 25 percent of total dietary protein, as well as essential amino acids and micro-nutrients that are not easily obtained from plant-based food (FAO,
2009).

Presentation and development of Concepts

Livestock raising is one phase of the Philippine agriculture that has accumulated revolutionary practices resulting from constant research in the field.
With the many new findings in nutrition, breeding, housing, management practices, and control of diseases and parasites, livestock raisers can now keep up
with the increasing demand of meat.
A livestock enterprise, however, is a long term investment. The cost of production in a livestock enterprise is comparatively higher than in other
agricultural industries. The shortage of feed materials and prohibitive costs of mixed foods especially for hogs and poultry, are the major problems of the
animal production.

What is Livestock Farming?

Livestock farming is simply the management and breeding of domestic, livestock or farm animals for the purpose of obtaining their meat and products
(milk, eggs, leather, etc.). It can also be described as the economic activity that involves raising domestic animals for human consumption and obtaining
meat, milk, wool, fur, honey, among others.
Livestock farming is one of the oldest economic activities of man started by early men. It guarantees food supply, hides, skins, bones, milk and other
animal products without going to the forest to hunt. Livestock farming includes the breeding of cattle, sheep, pigs, goats, poultry, rabbits, snails, fishes, and
honeybees.
The term livestock is normally defined as animals raised to produce milk, meat, work, and wool. It includes beef and dairy cattle, swine, sheep, horses,
goats, and poultry. Other animals used in agriculture such as emus, bees, fish bait, etc. are considered alternative animal agriculture and are not covered here.
The term "LIVESTOCK" is used in a broad sense to cover all grown animals regardless of age, location or purpose of breeding. Non-domesticated
animals are excluded under this definition unless they are kept or raised in captivity. Domestic animals included are large and small quadrupeds, poultry,
insects (bees) and larvae of insects (silkworms).

Types of Livestock
 Cattle
 Buffaloes
 Sheep

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 Goats
 Pigs
 Chickens
 Ducks
 Geese
 Turkeys
 Pigeons and other birds
 Horses
 Asses
 Mules
 Others

What are the Importance and Benefits of Livestock Farming?

 Livestock farming is a vital activity in the development of humanity and continues to occupy a prominent place among the primary activities of the
world economy.
 It generates high-quality food products such as meat, egg, milk, cheese, etc.
 Other local economic sectors benefit directly or indirectly from its activity: food processing industries, handicrafts, tourism and hospitality.
 It is one of the few human productive economic activities that are truly sustainable.
 It generates employment opportunities and serves as a source of income
 It can also serve as a hobby for some people.
 It can help a country to generate foreign exchange earnings through the export of livestock products. This will further strengthen the local currency
value.
 Bigger animals such as cattle, horse and donkeys can be used for some special farm operations such as ploughing, harrowing and even beasts of
burden.
Unlike crops, farm animals need daily care seven days a week: they require watering, feeding, protection from predators, attention to their health and
daily routines, such as milking schedules for dairy livestock. Traditionally, animals are not seen primarily as a means of production but more as an integral
part of farming and herding cultures. Animals provide protein but are also kept to minimize risks and ensure long-term survival. They often have ritual and
religious meanings and form important items in social exchanges. Livestock are highly efficient users of available biomass. They consume grasses and other
plants that cannot otherwise be consumed by humans and convert it to a range of valuable products: milk, meat, wool, leather, manure and draught power.
They contribute to grassland systems by dispersing grass seeds, keeping unnecessary weeds in check and fertilizing the soil with their dung and urine.
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Poultry raising is a home-based business activity through which the family can earn good income. This is a good source of nutrients such as protein
and iron. Swine raising provides fast turnover of capital. Hog fattening take only 120 to 150 days. Cattle raising is easier because it does not require much
attention compared to poultry and swine rising. This is a good source of milk and meat as additional sources of food for humans. Aside from providing
additional meat and milk, cattle are also dependable working animal next to the carabao. Rabbit raising provides meat for human food and skin for industrial
use. Goat raising is gaining popularity in the country because of meat and milk. Goat meat dishes like kilawin, papaitan and kaldereta are favourite delicacies
among Filipinos all over the country.

Types of Livestock Farming

Most domestic animals are mammals. This means that, like people, the females nurse their offspring with milk produced in their mammary glands or
udders. Larger farm animals with hooves, such as cows, goats, horses or pigs are part of a family known as “ungulates”. Most ungulates are herbivores with
plant-based diets, with the exception of pigs which are omnivores and therefore eat both meat and plants. Poultry, including turkeys, chickens and ducks are
part of another important class of farm animal called “aves”. In general, animals that are closely related zoologically require similar feeding and management
practices.
There are different types of livestock farming systems that are differentiated by the production processes that take place in each of them.

1. Intensive Livestock Farming

Intensive livestock farming is one in which the animals are housed with adequate temperatures, feed and health care necessary for the
production of animals to be healthy and faster. In this system, the selection of breeds is made for different types of production. It is both capital and
labour intensive.

2. Semi-intensive Livestock Farming

Semi-intensive livestock farming is one in which the animals are housed and fed, but are allowed to graze or move around the farm to
scavenge within in an enclosed area within the farm area.

3. Extensive Livestock Farming

Extensive livestock farming is one that is carried out on large areas of land, such as meadows, pastures or mountains so that animals graze and
take advantage of the natural resources of various areas. It is usually carried out with animals that are adapted to the type of field to which they are
intended to take. This system promotes the conservation of the ecosystem.

4. Nomadic Livestock Farming

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Nomadic livestock farming is characterized by grazing of animals like cattle on a large expanse of land so that they have a natural diet. In this
system, the animals are taken to different lands to eat various foods and resources. This type of livestock farming is known as nomadic or semi-
nomadic. It is typical of peoples who live in arid areas where cultivation is difficult to carry out, as in some territories in Africa and Asia.

5. Transhumant Livestock Farming

Transhumant livestock farming is one in which the animals are moved to areas whose fields have food, depending on the season of the year.
This livestock farming system is very advantageous because it increases the fertility of the soils thanks to the manure of the cattle. The animals feed
on various grasses and vegetables and contribute to the dispersal of seeds, among others. At the moment, the transhumant cattle ranch is little
practiced. However, it is still carried out in various areas of Africa.
6. Organic Livestock Farming
Organic farming is a livestock production system with the aim of obtaining the highest quality food without using synthetic chemicals such as
pesticides, chemical fertilizers, etc. In addition, animals need a large space and feed on natural products.

Different type of Livestock

Bovines Big Ruminants: include cattle and buffaloes. The term “ruminant” comes
from the Latin ruminare, which means “to chew over again” as these animals
regurgitate their food, chewing it once again to be able to digest it. Cattle are kept
for both meat and milk, and are often seen as a sign of wealth and used as an
alternative to cash. In North, Central and South America cattle dominate the
ruminant populations. In Africa, the main concentrations of cattle are in the
highland regions of Ethiopia, East and Southern Africa. India is the world’s
biggest milk producer, but industrialized countries are the most efficient in terms
of yield per animal. Most buffaloes (97%) in the world are found in Asia. They are
mainly kept for milk and tend not to be herded like cattle, but kept close to the
village throughout the year

Cows are important to livestock systems

on every continent except Arctic regions
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Small Ruminants: consist of sheep and goats (o

villages, but generally require a modest amount of
direct grazing or, in a limited number of situations
and carried” to enclose animals. Tethering a few
house, near streams or along roadsides is a comm
kept alongside free-ranging cattle or camel herd
range of environmental conditions than large rum
more important than is often assumed - they a
throughout a large part of the hotter, drier region
stretching from Spain and Libya to China. Goa
(63%) and Africa, while 39% of the world’
Goats and sheep (or “shoats”) are far more
predominant than cattle in hot, dry regions.

Monogastrics: is a group that includes poultry (

guinea fowl and pigeons) and pigs. The term refe
stomach. They tend to have white meat and are ge
animals. Many are left to forage for their own fo
are usually provided with protective housing at n
increased and people have become more concent
have started to rear more pigs or poultry (parti
monogastrics are now found almost everywhere.
estimated to be 16 billion, which is fairly even
6 also k
although Asia has the largest share. Asia
swine population, half of which ar
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Other categories that is also important in livestock industry

Camelids: include camels, dromedaries, ll

animals with slender necks and long legs. Th
not have hooves, but rather a two-toed foo
Camelids are kept for milk (in the case of ca
the 19 million camels in the world today, m
majority of smaller camelids such as llam
America

Bees: play an important role in poll

and help support small-scale farm
known species of bees, although th
found on every continent except An
pollinate
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Many other domesticated animals fall outside these categories. Some have small populations but can play very important functions in particular
cultures and locations. For example, dogs have many functions that take on varying importance in different cultures; these range from herding, hunting,
guarding, pulling, or being kept as pets. In East Asia dog meat is appreciated as a delicacy. Guinea pigs are another example. They are reared solely for meat
in their centre of origin (the South American Andes) while in other countries they are kept solely as pets. The same is true of rabbits which are found in
many small-scale systems for food, whereas they are kept as pets in other cultures.

Raising Animals
A livestock enterprise is a long term investment. The cost of production in a livestock enterprise is comparatively higher than in the other agricultural
industries. The shortage of feed materials and the prohibitive costs of mixed feeds, especially for hogs and poultry, are the major problems of animal
production.

Swine Raising
Swine Raising is an important industry and is considered one of the most practical and profitable enterprises in agriculture. Comparatively, smaller
space is required to raise swine than other large animals like cattle. Swine farming offers several advantages:
1. Swine is an efficient converter of feed into human food.
2. Swine is a litter-bearing animal.
3. Pork is traditionally accepted as table meat.
4. Hog has the highest percentage of carcass recovery.
5. Swine contributes to soil fertility.
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Classification of Hog Producers

Pork producers in the Philippines are classified into three groups: backyard, small scale, and large commercial scale producers. The producers maybe
involved in producing either hog fatteners or breeders. Hog fattening is raising of hogs for meat. Hog breeders are involved in producing parent stock.
A backyard piggery is one in which the family raises one to three pigs which serve as the family’s piggy bank. The pigs are fed mostly kitchen
leftovers.
A small-scale hog producer keeps a five to ten sow population and this is usually not profitable.
The large-scale operation I more than 50 or more sows. The housing and management of the pigs are designed to meet the needs of the pigs in the
various phases of their life cycle.
It is important for animal raisers to provide proper feeding requirements for their animals. Feeds are the most expensive input in animal raising.

Housing for Pigs

Traditionally, hos were kept in outdoor pens and were fed garbage and leftovers. In modern farms, they live indoors and are fed a scientifically
formulated diet. Modern housing for pigs contains four units; a unit for pregnant sows, the unit where sows give birth, a nursery, and a growing pen.

Poultry Raising
The use of poultry meat and eggs as human food probably date back to early civilization. Artificial incubation of chicken eggs was known in biblical
times. Huge clay ovens designed to hatch large numbers of eggs were used in China as early as 246 B.C.
The term “poultry” applies to chicken, turkeys, geese, ducks, and game birds.

Breeding of Poultry
Early poultry breeding and selection deals with qualitative traits such as color, comb, type, and abnormalities. Today, quantitative traits such as egg
production, egg production, egg characteristics, growth, fertility, and hatchability are economically important.

The three important types of chicken commercially produced in the country today are egg layer, broiler, and fighting cocks.

Feeding Requirements
Maximum efficiency for growth and reproduction can be attained by giving the farm animals’ proper nutrition. Many farm animals are slow in
development and low in production because they are not properly fed. Chicken have different dietary requirements, depending on the stages of growth that
must be considered. Chicks need more protein than calcium. Layers must be given feeds lower in protein than birds raised for meat purposes. Chicken
growers have to acquire a different kinds of feeds for every stage of the fowl’s development.
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Housing of Poultry

Factors such as temperature, moisture, ventilation, and insulation are important considerations in poultry housing.

Disease Prevention
Chicken for meat production (broilers) are reared for about 45 days so they need only the best feeds and proper housing. Sick broilers do not grow fast
and cause uneconomical production, meaning that the poultry raiser will not earn enough. Layers do not grow fast. They have to be vaccinated and
dewormed to keep them from diseases.

Four commercial feeds available in poultry stores:

1. Broiler starter for young chicks

2. Broiler finisher for marketable chicken
3. Straight broiler mash for chicken any age
4. Laying mash for hen

Correct ration for different age groups of animals

The recommended feeding for poultry for the meat/broiler type are as follows:
 During the first five weeks, chicken are given broiler starter ration. After this period, replace broiler with the broiler finisher ration. Straight broiler
feeds contain chemicals that can increase the weight of the chicken and prevent diseases for the laying type. Starter mash is given to birds aged ten
weeks to five months Laying mash is given to pullets when the rate of egg production reaches 10 percent of previous production.

Cattle Feeds
To fatten cattle they should be given grass with about 75% moisture content. A 250 kilo feeder cattle will need 7.5 kilos of grass with 14% moisture.
Ration for pigs
Starter ration is given to piglets from time of weaning up to two months of age. By this time they should weigh from 10 to 25 kilos. Grower ration is
given when the pig is 60 kilos or about 20 weeks old.

Ideal site for Poultry and Livestock Project

Following are factors to consider in the choice of an ideal site:
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1. Accessibility to market - Choose a place where there are prospective buyers of your product or where there is a high demand for poultry and livestock and
meat and eggs.
2. Nearness to roads and markets- This reduces marketing and transportation costs.
3. Availability of materials and other supplies - Select a place where there is supply of good breed, feed and food supplements as well as drugs and medicine.
4. Water drainage - There should be good water and good sources of water drainage in the area to ensure cleanliness and sanitation.
5. Population in the community – The project should be agreeable and favorable to the community.
6. There should be provision for future expansion.

Different Means of Raising Animals

Each farmer must evaluate his facilities and resources to decide whether he should grow his animals (pigs, poultry, goats, cattle, etc.) in the pasture or
in confinement. Some farmers prefer to use the pasture in their production program while others prefer the confinement method.

Advantages of the Pasture Method

1. Pasture-fed animals are usually better breeders.
2. There is no bedding problem.
3. Animals on pasture will spread their own manure. Less labor is involved
4. It takes less know-how to grow animals on pasture than in confinement.
5. There is less chance for losses from diseases and parasites when animals are on “clean” legume pasture.
6. The equipment necessary to feed and manage animals under sanitary conditions is less when they are on the pasture than when they are confined.
7. The protein supplement feed bill can be cut by one-third to one-half when good legume pasture is used.
8. Meat can be produced on clean animal pastures with 15 to 30 percent less of concentrates than is required in confinement feeding.
9. Most tenants must rely upon use of pastures in growing out animals. Few landowners will provide desirable facilities for confinement-feeding
programs.

Advantages of the Confinement Method

1. The confinement method is best for a large number of animals on a small farm.
2. More rapid gains can be produced when animals are in confinement, if adequate rations and good management are provided.
3. Confinement facilities can be used during more months of the year that can pasture facilities.
4. There is usually less labor required in hauling and handling feed when animals are confined.

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5. Fence problem will be minor, compared to the pasture method.

6. It may not be economical to use land valued at P100,000 a hectare or more as animal pasture.

Caring for livestock can be difficult if you don’t know the basics. While different animals may have certain different requirements, there are some
basic needs that are common for all livestock.

Basics of Caring for Livestock

1. Provide Shelter
 Shelter is the most basic part of caring for livestock. You can’t leave your livestock outside all the time; they will need a shelter to get inside
for the night.
 Milk producing livestock like pygmy goats, cattle, pigs or cows can be vulnerable at cold nights and can get frozen teats. This can result in
lower milk production.
 Providing protection for your animals will keep them happier, more productive and relaxed. It also depends on your climate.
 Shelters come in a variety of forms and types such as barns and pole sheds, solid or semi-solid fences, tree belts and thickets.
 Make sure that the shelter is dry and clean.
 Build a shelter according to the size of your livestock, giving proper ventilation but not making it too drafty.
 Having many animals means you should build a larger shelter with adequate space and proper bedding.
 The bedding will require regular cleaning as soiled bedding leads to pneumonia.
 Learn about the best miniature cattle breeds for your small farm for a great supply of milk.

2. Provision of Adequate Water

 Providing your livestock with adequate amounts of water is essential. This is especially important for those animals that are being milked.
 Water fills them up, which in turn requires less feeding.
 Water helps regulate body temperature so make sure to provide water that is not cold.
 In winter it is better to heat the water up a little.
 Giving cold water will lower the body temperature, which means the livestock will need to burn more calories to increase their body
temperature.
 This will require you to feed them more. The right amount of clean water is crucial for your animals’ health. It helps to prevent risks of
dehydration, impaction or colic.

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3. Nutritious Feed
 Livestock need nutrients to maintain their health. This is an important aspect of caring for livestock.
 You need to provide them with food, a proper supplement formulated balanced nutrition.
 Having a nice percentage of minerals, vitamins and protein, these provide more energy than forages.
 For winter the feed needs to be increased. The lower the temperature, the more the livestock will need to consume in order to maintain body
heat.
 It is important to monitor the intake of your individual animals.

4. Manure and Mud

 Having large quantities of mud and manure accumulate in your livestock’s shelter can make your animals uncomfortable.
 Rain and night chills don’t help the situation. This is a prerequisite to getting sick.
 Reduce the build-up of manure and mud mixture. Use fresh sand, wood chip, gravel and tile across the shelter floor as and when necessary.

How different species are raised around the world:

All over the world, people use animals for many reasons, including food, milk, clothing and labor. The purposes and methods of raising livestock are
as different as the people who keep them.
The most common livestock around the world are cattle, sheep and goats. They are raised differently depending on the region of the world in which
they live. Some animal producers may keep livestock at one location during production, but others may travel with their animals.

Cattle are raised on every continent except Antarctica. The biggest cattle producers are Canada, the United States, Mexico and Argentina.
In Africa and the Middle East, cattle are usually kept in smaller numbers. For example, in Afghanistan, most farmers have at least one cow to provide for
their families with milk.

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Sheep are raised worldwide, but the largest populations tend to be in Africa and the Middle East,
especially in Algeria. In Algeria, 80 percent of livestock are sheep. Australia and New Zealand also have
large sheep populations. Sheep are usually raised and sold for their meat and their warm wool.

Goats are raised worldwide, but are most important in Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. Because goats are more
efficient at using water than cattle and can produce milk, regions with short rainy seasons like Indonesia tend to
prefer goats to cattle. People in mountainous regions, such as Nepal, also raise a large number of goats.

Pigs are mostly raised in Europe and North America, but large populations are also raised in China, where nearly
half of the livestock raised in Chinese farms are pigs. In some regions, pigs are often kept in special indoor pig
farms due to the cold climates or the risk of disease.

Raising poultry species like turkeys and chickens varies from country to country. Poultry in the United States are
usually raised in large farms, but poultry in Africa are typically free range and scavenge for food. Poultry species
are smaller and easier to handle than many other farm animals. Because of this, raising poultry is a good source of
income for women and children in many regions of the world.
https://animalsmart.org/species/raising-animals-around-the-world

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Caring for livestock can be a rewarding venture. Whether you are looking to run a livestock farm as a major source of income or just for the sake of
having a farm that you always wanted, these basic guidelines will help you care better for your livestock.

Raising poultry and livestock provides profitable income and employment. As a business it needs proper planning. To make the project productive,
the animals’ health and physical characteristic should be considered when choosing livestock and poultry for breeding. Clean surroundings protect animals
from diseases and minimize bad odor. For good-quality meat and by-products, it is necessary to give the right food minerals and vitamin supplements to
poultry and livestock at different stages of their growth.

Assessment Task: (20 pts)

In summary, what have you learned in this unit? Write your answer in paragraph form.

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