Name: Eljie Jhon V.

Endico Year & Section: BTLED-HE 2A Day

Date: November 03, 2021

TEC 217 Activity 6

1. Cite the different terms involving animal production. Explain each.

Breed – a stock of animals within a species having a distinctive appearance and

typically having been developed by deliberate selection
Breeding animal– an animal caused to produce offspring typically in a controlled and
organized way
Dam – a female parent
Flock – a grouping of a species of livestock (sheep, poultry)
Herd – a group of a single species of animal (cattle, horses, swine, goats)
Livestock – domestic farm animals kept for productive purposes (meat, milk, work,
wool)
Market animal – livestock bred and raised for food consumption
Polled – a naturally hornless animal
Sire – a male parent
Litter – multiple offspring produced at one birth by a multi-parous mammal, also called
brood

Chickens

Chick – a newly hatched or a very young chicken

Broilers – a chicken that is six to 13 weeks of age used for meat production
Pullet – a young domestic hen, usually one that is less than one year old
Hen – an adult female chicken
Cockerel – an young male chicken
Rooster – an adult male chicken
Popular Products – eggs and chicken

Cattle

Bovine – the scientific name for cattle

Calf – a sexually immature young bovine
Heifer – a young female bovine which has not yet had a calf
Cow – a mature female bovine
Steer – a castrated male bovine
Bull – a sexually mature male bovine
Popular Products – milk, beef and leather

Goats

Caprine – refers to animals in the goat family

Kid – a young goat
Wether – a castrated male goat
Doe – (aka. nanny) a female goat
Buck – (aka. billy) a sexually mature male goat
Popular Products – milk,* cabrito, mohair and cashmere
Goats are the number one producer of milk in the world. Goat meat has many different
names that depend on the goat’s geographic location and age of animal.

Pigs

Swine – a refers to animals in the pig family

Barrow – a young, castrated male swine
Boar – a sexually mature male swine
Gilt – a young female pig
Hog – a mature swine (usually weighing more than 120 pounds)
Pig – (aka. piglet) a young swine (usually weighing less than 120 lbs.)
Sow – a mature female swine

Sheep

Ovine – the scientific name for sheep

Ewe – a female sheep
Lamb – a sheep less than one year in age
Ram – a male sheep
Wether – a castrated male sheep
Popular Products – lamb, mutton, hogget, and wool

Turkeys

Poult – is a young domestic turkey

Hen – an adult female turkey
Tom – is a male turkey

Rabbit

Kit – a young rabbit

Doe – a female rabbit
Buck – a male rabbit
Popular Products – fur and meat

Micro-livestock Production (Cattle, Sheep, Goats, Sheep, Horses, Donkeys, Pigs,

Camels etc,)

- is a term coined for species that are inherently small as well as for breeds of
cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs that are less than about half the size of the most common
breeds.
Poultry (Chickens, Guinea fowls, Ostriches, Quails, Turkeys, Ducks, Geese,
Pigeons etc)

- Poultry production is based on raising fast-growing. Mass production of meat or

eggs with high efficiency and low cost are important in the poultry industry. For
maximum productivity, the poultry industry segregates chicken breeds into broiler and
egg-laying chickens.

Pets (Dogs & Cats)

- is an animal kept primarily for a person's company or entertainment rather than

as a working animal, livestock or a laboratory animal. Popular pets are often considered
to have attractive appearances, intelligence and relatable personalities, but some pets
may be taken in on an altruistic basis (such as a stray animal) and accepted by the
owner regardless of these characteristics.

Animal Breeding and Genetics

- Animal breeding, genetics, and genomics is the branch of science concerned

with maximizing desirable genetic traits, such as producing animals that have leaner
meat. These genetic advances can increase production while reducing environmental
impacts. Animal breeding ensures a continuous improvement of farm animals,
generation after generation. Different animal traits are measured and the best animals
are used a parent-animals. In this way, breeders provide livestock farmers with a next
generation of animals.

Reproductive and Environmental Physiology

- Livestock live within an environment complicated by a multitude of factors

encompassing both physical and psychological aspects of the animal's surroundings.
The thermal environment has a strong influence on farm animals with air temperature
having the primary effect, but altered by wind, precipitation, humidity, and radiation.
Ideally, the impact of the thermal environment can be described in terms of effective
ambient temperature (eat), which combines the various climatic events. Animals
compensate within limits for variations in eat by altering food intake, metabolism, and
heat dissipation, which in turn alter the partition of dietary energy by the animal.

Animal Nutrition

- Animal nutrition focuses on studying the dietary needs of animals.The way our
livestock animals are fed can affects the growth rate, production capacity and health
status of the animal both negatively and positively. Therefore, knowledge of animal
nutrition is key for a profitable and sustainable livestock farm.
Agricultural Biochemistry

- Agricultural biochemistry is the study of both chemistry and biochemistry which

are important in agricultural production, the processing of raw products into foods and
beverages, and in environmental monitoring and remediation.

Animal Production and Management

- Animal production and milk production include the care of cows and calves,
animals sold or animals sold for meat, animals maintained off the farm, type of
management system and number and breed of animals, type of animal housing,
manure handling, milking parlor operations, and milk storage on the farm.

Animal Products

- Products from animals include meat and meat products, poultry products (meat
and eggs), fish, shellfish, dairy products (milk and cheese), and non-food products such
as fiber (wool, mohair, cashmere, and leather).

Processing and Handling

- Processing of animal products is an organized series of actions that produces a

desired animal product. Processing of animal product is important because all the
products from the animal cannot be consumed raw. Animal products and handling with
respect to contaminations and adulterations. Animal products include eggs, meat, milk,
fish, skin/hide that are processed into other by products for human consumption. There
is the need for awareness campaigns to consumers and entrepreneurs that engage in
the handling and processing of these products.

Pasture/forage Production

- Pasture is defined as an area of land covered with grasses, herbaceous

legumes, forbs, shrubs and trees used for livestock feeding or environmental protection.
... Forage refers to any aboveground plant material used for feeding livestock, but
excluding concentrates and other industrial by-products.

Rangeland Management

- In rangeland. Range management is a professional field whose aim is to ensure

a sustained yield of rangeland products while protecting and improving the basic range
resources of soil, water, and plant and animal life.
2. Cite the different Management Practices in Poultry Raising (freelance, broider, etc).
Tabulate if necessary

15 management tips for better poultry performance potential

1. Biosecurity

- Well-defined biosecurity practices throughout broiler production (pre-, during

and post-placement) are crucial to successful poultry production. Effective biosecurity
can aid hygiene, vermin and insect control on-farm and help to limit disease
transmission within and between barns.

2. Downtime between flocks

- Adequate downtime of at least 14 days with appropriate cleaning and

disinfection measures between flock placements helps to reduce transmission of
disease between flocks and allows time to prepare for the next flock.

3. Pre-placement preparation

- Pre-placement preparation is needed before the new flock arrives to help

prevent losses during brooding and the rest of grow out. Checkpoints to keep in mind:
heaters, floor temperature, temperature and relative humidity probes, ventilation,
drinkers, feeders, etc.

4. Coccidiosis prevention

- Coccidiosis is a disease caused by a microscopic intestinal parasite. This

parasite can have an impact on intestinal integrity and may predispose birds to other
intestinal problems. Maintaining intestinal integrity during this time through innovative
technologies provided in the Alltech® Gut Health Management program is critical in
allowing birds to perform to their maximum levels despite gut health challenges.

5. Brooding management

- With today’s improved genetic capabilities and the fast growth of birds, more
time is being spent during the critical brooding phase. As a result, ensuring a good start
in poultry production can have a significant impact on the future health and performance
of the birds. The brooding period is an important time for intestinal growth and the
development of a balanced microflora.

6. Litter management

- The litter in a poultry house acts as bedding for the birds. In addition to standing
and resting on the bedding, birds will naturally peck at the litter. Litter condition and
quality have an impact on broiler intestinal health and profitability, starting from when
the chicks are placed all the way through production.

- Wet litter presents a vicious cycle for intestinal health. Without proper
management, even in patches, wet litter can serve as a breeding ground for potential
pathogens and may be a starting point for intestinal stress that develops and leads to
disease. As wet litter problems increase, ammonia levels in the barn rise, which can be
potentially detrimental to bird health. It is much easier to prevent and manage litter
moisture conditions before they start. Some factors to consider which may help prevent
the development of wet litter: type of material, quality of litter, litter depth, water quality,
drinker line management, lighting management, ventilation and temperature.

- Litter that is too dry and dusty can be one of many indications that the birds
may not be drinking enough. Too much dusty material may lead to respiratory problems.

7. Water management

- Drinking water accounts for 70–80 percent of the bird’s daily drinking needs.
Poultry will generally consume more water than feed. As a result, water is the most
critical nutrient for poultry. An abundance of clean water will reduce challenges and
maximize performance.

Factors to consider when thinking about water management include:

 Quality, height, pressure, mineral content and accessibility

 Cleanliness of drinker lines/regulators prior to flock placement and during
production
 Flushing water lines between flocks and during production
 Elimination of biofilms and mineral buildup
 Drinker equipment maintenance

8. Feed management

- Birds must have easy access to feed. Proper feeder line height corresponding
to the height of the birds helps to reduce feed wastage and mixing feed with litter, and it
ensures that all birds have access to feed. Adequate feed access is also achieved by
following the feed line manufacturer’s recommendations for the number of birds per
feed pan or line of trough feeder. Birds will naturally peck at litter but avoiding “out-of-
feed” events helps to reduce the potential for birds to peck excessively at the litter.
Simple measures like activating trigger feed pans and monitoring feed bin levels during
barn checks can help to prevent such events. Good feed quality that avoids
contaminants like mycotoxins is important to ensure performance.
9. Stocking density

- A higher stocking density of poultry in addition to crowded housing conditions

has been shown to have a negative impact on performance, causing stress to both the
birds and intestinal microbiota. Lowering stocking density throughout the overall
production of the birds may help to reduce challenges.

10. Environmental management

- General environmental management of the barn includes many components,

such as temperature, relative humidity, ventilation and lighting. Understanding that
these components work both separately and together can help to guide your
management practices.

11. Monitoring during times of transition

- Increasing the frequency at which barns are walked and examining the activity
of the flock can help with early disease detection. Daily monitoring of temperature,
humidity and ventilation inside the barn as well as outside temperature is
recommended. Monitoring transition times can help with understanding what is
happening in the barn (e.g., from day to night, when birds are placed, during half-house
brooding, feed changes, etc.).Monitoring feed and water consumption helps to monitor
the flocks’ progress.

12. Keeping an eye on equipment

- Walking the barns routinely will also help to ensure equipment remains in
working order.

13. Mortality checks

- Cull diseased birds as early as possible.

14. Flock health management

- Work with your veterinarian to design a program customized for your flock’s
health.

15. Communication and teamwork

- Ensuring strong communication and coordination between all those involved in

helping your farm run smoothly will ensure a stronger and more successful gut health
management program for your birds.