A System in a 10.

000 Pekin Ducks

Business

Lecture: Dr. Ir. Eko Widodo, M.Agr.Sc.

By Group 1 :
Fildza Maulida Fairuz 215050100111032
Muhammad Shaquille Adani 215050107111066
Karanyaphat Wongthep 237100010746
Tuan Manh Vu 237100010752

FACULTY OF ANIMAL SCIENCE

BRAWIJAYA UNIVERSITY
MALANG
2023
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

Duck farming is a promising business to develop. Currently, many people are interested
in developing a duck farming business. The growing duck farming business has also increased
the duck population. According to Wakhid (2013), one of the factors influencing the increase in
duck population is the change in the trend of people who previously liked to consume purebred
chicken meat starting to change to start consuming duck meat which has a better and savory
taste. This change is also due to the development of culinary delights based on processed duck
meat such as pecel duck, lado ijau duck, betutu duck, and so on. Therefore, the demand for duck
meat will increase in the future. Muthmainah and Jalali (2022) also said that the main goal of
raising broiler ducks is to be able to increase body weight gain quickly, economically and
produce meat that has high nutrition to meet public demand.Duck is the second source of meat
after chicken.
Pekin duck has superior appeal as a consumer duck, making it a promising choice for a
business. The main advantage of Pekin duck lies in its delicious meat quality and pure white
feathers. Pekin duck meat is known for its tender texture and savory taste, making it a top choice
in various culinary dishes. In addition, Pekin ducks have fast growth characteristics, resulting in
a relatively short meat production period. Its efficient feed conversion capability also makes it an
economical choice in terms of feed cost. This provides an opportunity for farmers to achieve
maximum yield in a relatively short period of time. The Pekin duck's pure white feathers also
have high commercial value. The feathers can be used in the textile or art and craft industries,
providing added value and potential diversification to your business. The unique color of Pekin
feathers can also be an attraction in the market. Aside from the production aspect, Pekin ducks
are known to be friendly and easy to take care of, making farm management easier. The
combination of these factors makes Pekin ducks an attractive choice for a farming business. With
a good understanding of the needs and efficient management, a Pekin duck business can be a
profitable and satisfying investment culinary as well as economically.
 CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
Input

I. DOD

1. Make sure it is from a trusted breeder (this information can be obtained by actively
asking the duck breeder community, livestock traders, feed, livestock medicine, etc.,
about breeders who have a reputation and good service)

2. Have physical characteristics according to the standards of the family/nation (for

example, the standard for Alabio ducks includes yellow beak and feet, horizontal
black lines similar to eyebrows across the eyes, the standard for Mojosari ducks
includes black beak and feet, etc.)

3. Healthy, agile and active.

4. Shining eyes

5. Bright feathers are not dull

6. No deformities, no physical defects and normal feet

7. Not dehydrated (dehydrated DOD can be seen in the appearance of its dry, wrinkled
feet and beak and dry and dusty feathers and the duck looks weak, not agile.

8. Closed dry area around the navel and anus.

9. That's what we can share as tips for choosing duck seeds, hopefully it's useful.
Experience is the best teacher, if we often interact with livestock, our ability to
choose good seeds will be honed.

II. FEED

Feed that can be given to ducks is variative and depens on their age and phase, for the
explanation :

1. Starter Feed: This feed is designed for ducklings from the day they hatch until around
3-4 weeks of age. It's high in protein (typically around 18-20%) to support their rapid
growth and development.

2. Grower Feed: After the starter phase, ducks are transitioned to grower feed, which
contains slightly less protein (usually around 15-18%). This feed is suitable for ducks
from 4 weeks to around 12 weeks of age.
 3. Layer Feed: If you have egg-laying ducks, you should provide them with layer feed
when they reach the age of laying eggs (usually around 20-24 weeks old). Layer feed
contains a lower level of protein (typically 14-16%) and has the added nutrients
necessary for healthy egg production.

4. Maintenance Feed: For adult ducks not in egg production or meat ducks that have
reached their desired weight, a maintenance feed can be used. This feed has moderate
protein levels (around 14-16%) to maintain their overall health.

5. All-Purpose Feed: Some commercial feeds are designed for ducks of all ages and
purposes. These feeds typically contain a moderate level of protein suitable for both
young and adult ducks.

6. Pellets or Crumbles: Duck feeds are available in pellet or crumble form. Ducks can
eat either, but some may have preferences.

7. Supplementary Foods: Ducks can also enjoy a variety of supplementary foods,

including grains (corn, wheat, barley), vegetables (lettuce, peas, carrots), and aquatic
plants. Ensure that supplementary foods are safe and not toxic to ducks.

8. Grit: Ducks require grit, such as small pebbles or oyster shell, to aid in digestion. Grit
helps them grind down their food in their gizzards

The Specification of age and the suitable feed due their phase :

1. Ducklings (0-4 weeks old): They typically require around 1/4 to 1/3 pounds of
feed per duck per day.

2. Growing ducks (4-12 weeks old): Their feed consumption increases, and they
may eat around 1/3 to 1/2 pounds of feed per duck per day.

3. Adult ducks (12 weeks and older): The feed consumption varies depending on
whether they are egg-laying ducks or meat ducks. Layer ducks will require
more feed, roughly 1/2 to 3/4 pounds per duck per day.

III. Water

During hot weather, it's crucial to ensure that ducks have adequate access to water to prevent
dehydration and heat stress and also can help the digest system. Proper hydration is essential for
their overall health and well-being. Make sure their water sources are clean and free from
contaminants. If you have a large flock of ducks, multiple water sources may be necessary to
ensure all ducks can access water easily. The details of ducks water needs :
 1. Ducklings: Ducklings require a significant amount of water, especially during
their early weeks of life. They may drink approximately 0.5 to 1 liter (or about 17
to 34 ounces) of water per duckling per day.

2. Growing Ducks: As ducks grow, their water consumption increases. Growing

ducks may drink around 1 to 2 liters (about 34 to 68 ounces) of water per duck per
day.

3. Adult Ducks: Adult ducks, both meat ducks and egg-laying ducks, have varying
water needs depending on factors like temperature, humidity, and diet. In hot
weather, they can drink more to stay hydrated. On average, adult ducks may
consume about 2 to 4 liters (about 68 to 135 ounces) of water per duck per day.

4. Breeding Ducks: Breeding ducks, especially egg-laying ducks, have higher water
requirements, as they need water to help produce eggs. They may consume 4 to 6
liters (about 135 to 203 ounces) of water per duck per day or more in hot weather.

IV. Eletricity

The components of closed or semi closed house system must be work together to
create an environment that maximizes duck health and productivity in a controlled and
efficient manner, often for commercial duck farming operations. Proper management and
maintenance of the closed house system are key to successful duck production.

1. Housing Structure: The primary component of a closed house system is the housing
structure itself. It's designed to protect ducks from external weather conditions, predators,
and diseases. The design and construction should take into account the local climate,
ventilation needs, and the number of ducks to be housed.

2. Ventilation System: An effective ventilation system is essential to maintain air quality,

control temperature, and manage humidity within the duck house. It typically includes
fans, air inlets, and exhaust fans to ensure proper airflow and to remove moisture and
ammonia from the environment.

3. Temperature Control: Temperature control systems may include heaters to provide

warmth during cold weather and cooling mechanisms like evaporative cooling pads or
fans to prevent overheating during hot weather. These systems help maintain a
comfortable and consistent temperature for the ducks.

4. Lighting System: Adequate lighting is crucial for ducks, especially for egg production.
Controlled lighting systems are used to regulate day length and stimulate egg-laying in
 layer ducks. LED lights with programmable timers are commonly used.

5. Feeding and Watering Systems: Automated feeding and watering systems are employed
to provide ducks with a consistent supply of food and clean water. These systems can be
designed to minimize waste and ensure efficient feeding and hydration.

6. Waste Management: Proper waste management is essential for maintaining a healthy and
clean environment. This includes systems for collecting and removing duck waste to
prevent ammonia buildup and disease transmission.

7. Nesting and Laying Areas (for egg-laying ducks): If the facility is for egg production, it
will have nesting areas with comfortable and clean nesting boxes where ducks can lay
their eggs.

8. Flooring and Bedding: Flooring materials and bedding are important for duck comfort and
cleanliness. They may use materials like straw, wood shavings, or rubber mats on the
floor to provide a comfortable surface for the ducks and to absorb moisture.

9. Biosecurity Measures: Biosecurity is crucial to prevent the introduction and spread of

diseases. This includes protocols for controlling visitor access, cleaning and disinfecting
equipment, and managing the movement of ducks within and outside the facility.

10. Monitoring and Control Systems: Many closed house systems are equipped with
monitoring and control systems that allow operators to keep track of temperature,
humidity, ventilation, and other environmental conditions. These systems may be
controlled remotely for better management.

11. Backup Power: To ensure the continuous functioning of essential systems during power
outages, some closed house systems have backup power sources like generators or
battery backup systems.

12. Security: Security measures to protect ducks from predators, theft, and unauthorized
access are essential

V. Vitamin and Medicine

1. Vitamin Supplements:

A. Vitamin A: Helps with vision, skin health, and immune function.

B. Vitamin D: Essential for calcium absorption and bone health.
C. Vitamin E: An antioxidant that supports the immune system.
D. Vitamin K: Important for blood clotting.
E. Vitamin B Complex: Includes various B vitamins like B1 (thiamine), B2
 (riboflavin), B3 (niacin), B5 (pantothenic acid), B6 (pyridoxine), B9 (folic acid),
and B12 (cobalamin). These are essential for metabolic functions and overall
health.

2. Electrolytes: Electrolyte supplements can be given to ducks during times of stress, illness,
or extreme heat to help maintain their electrolyte balance and hydration.

3. Medications:

A. Antibiotics: Prescribed by a veterinarian to treat bacterial infections. It's important

to use antibiotics judiciously and as directed.
B. Antiparasitic Medications: Used to control internal and external parasites like
worms and mites.
C. Antifungal Medications: Used to treat fungal infections.
D. Antiviral Medications: In some cases, antiviral medications may be used to treat
viral infections.
E. Pain Relievers: In cases of injury or surgery, pain relievers may be prescribed.
F. Respiratory Medications: Used to treat respiratory illnesses in ducks.

4. Vaccines: Vaccines are essential for preventing certain diseases. Ducks can be vaccinated
against diseases like duck viral enteritis (DVE) and botulism.

5. Probiotics: Probiotics can be used to promote healthy gut bacteria and aid in digestion.
They are often given during stressful periods or after antibiotic treatments to restore the
balance of gut flora.

VI. Human Resources

Ideal number of workers for a closed house duck operation is depends on the number of
ducks, facility, and technology. It's essential to conduct a thorough assessment of the specific
facility and its requirements to determine the appropriate staffing levels. Consulting with
experienced poultry farm managers or seeking guidance from nagricultural extension services
can also be valuable in making this determination. The required number for the HR is must
provide with three managers in each sector, and per sector have to be consist of 2 staff.

VII. HOUSING

The size of the housing for a closed house system for ducks will depend on several
factors, including the number of ducks you plan to raise, the age of the ducks, and the
specific purpose of the facility (meat production, egg-laying, or both). Here are some general
guidelines to help determine the appropriate size:

a) Space per Duck is

the space required per duck will vary based on their age and purpose. Here are some
approximate space requirements:

1. Ducklings (0-4 weeks): 0.5 to 1 square foot per duck.

2. Growing ducks (4-12 weeks): 1 to 2 square feet per duck.

3. Adult ducks (12 weeks and older): 2 to 3 square feet per duck.

4. Breeding ducks (egg-laying): 3 to 4 square feet per duck.

a) Calculate Total Space Needed:

Determine the total number of ducks you plan to house in the closed house system
and multiply this by the required space per duck based on their age and purpose.

b) Segregation by Age:

Consider segregating ducks by age to optimize space usage and minimize stress.
Separate housing areas can be provided for ducklings, growing ducks, and adult
ducks.

c) Space for Nesting (for egg-laying ducks):

If you have egg-laying ducks, provide additional space for nesting boxes. Each
nesting box typically requires around 1 square foot of space.

d) Feeding and Drinking Space:

Ensure there is sufficient space for feeding and drinking areas. Ducks should have
easy access to feeders and waterers.

e) Movement and Management Space:

Provide enough space for workers to move around and perform daily tasks such as
feeding, cleaning, and egg collection.

f) Accessibility:

Design the layout to allow easy access for workers to reach all areas of the facility.

g) Ventilation and Temperature Control:

 Consider the space required for ventilation systems and temperature control
equipment. Adequate airflow and climate control are essential for duck health and
productivity.

h) Future Growth:

Plan for future expansion if needed, ensuring that the facility can accommodate
increased duck numbers.

VIII. BROODER

The capacity of a duck brooder machine, which is used to provide warmth to young
ducklings during their early days, can vary based on the design and size of the brooder. The
capacity is typically measured in terms of the number of ducklings that the brooder can
accommodate. The exact capacity depends on factors such as the size of the brooder, the type of
heating elements used, and the space available for the ducklings.

Here are some general guidelines for duck brooder machine capacities:

1. Small Brooder: A small duck brooder machine might have a capacity of

around 50 to 200 ducklings, depending on its size and design. These are
suitable for small-scale duck farming operations or for hatching a limited
number of ducklings.

2. Medium Brooder: Medium-sized duck brooder machines can accommodate

approximately 200 to 500 ducklings. These are commonly used in mid-sized
duck farming operations.

3. Large Brooder: Larger brooders are designed for commercial duck farms and
can have a capacity of 500 or more ducklings. Some industrial-scale brooders
can accommodate thousands of ducklings.

\
Process
Pekin duck farming involves a number of stages that need to be considered to ensure the success
and welfare of the flock. The following are the general stages of Pekin duck farming:
● Planning:
The initial stage is careful planning. This involves selecting the best breeds, determining the
location of the farm, designing the cage structure, as well as planning for feed requirements and
health management.
● Seed Selection:
Choose Pekin duck breeds that are healthy and have good growth potential. Good seed selection
will have a positive impact on the productivity and quality of the livestock.
● Breeding:
If you plan to produce your own seedlings, the breeding process is an important step. Ensure that
the incubator or rearing nest conditions are adequate to guarantee successful hatching.
● Duckling rearing:
After hatching, pay attention to duckling rearing. Provide a warm and safe environment, ensure
the availability of clean water, and feed them according to their stage of development.
● Adult Breeding:
When the Pekin ducks grow up, make sure they have a cage that suits their needs. Provide
high-quality food to support growth and productivity. Also pay attention to the cleanliness of the
enclosure and the health of the animals.
● Health Management:
Implement a good health management program, including vaccination, disease prevention, and
regular health monitoring. This will help prevent the spread of disease and ensure livestock
welfare.
● Breeding:
If your goals include breeding, conduct proper mate selection and supervise the mating and
hatching process. Careful breeding can improve the quality and survivability of livestock.
● Harvesting:
Harvesting meat or eggs is the final stage in Pekin duck farming. Ensure that harvesting is done
with humane methods and animal welfare in mind.
● Marketing:
The final stage after harvesting is product marketing. Determine an effective marketing strategy
to sell your meat, eggs or other products. Good marketing helps ensure business continuity.
Evaluation and Improvement:
After each farming cycle, evaluate performance and identify areas for improvement. A
continuous understanding of the farming process helps to improve production efficiency and
yield. By understanding and executing each stage well, Pekin duck farming can be a successful
and sustainable endeavor.
Pekin duck also can be consider with their growing technique.

Duck from 1-4 days old:

● Lighting time: 24 hours/day

● Temperature in the barn: about 32 ~ 35 degrees Celsius
● Ducks' activities: entirely in the brooding coop
● Bathing the duck: During the first 3 days, you should not bathe the duck. From the 4th
day of bathing, start letting the duck get used to the water (bathing), the first day is about
10~30 minutes and then gradually increase day by day. From day 10, allow free bathing.

* Note: Only bathe ducks when it's sunny to avoid getting sick.

5-10 days old:

-Time when lighting: when ducks are in the coop.

- Temperature in the barn: about 32~28 degrees Celsius

-Duck activities: Go to the playground, practice swimming for 5-10 minutes, then gradually
increase.

11-14 days old:

-Time when lighting: natural light

- Temperature in the barn: natural temperature

- Duck activities: Learning to swim, learning to roam (raised ducks)

* note:

A: the temperature is too low

B: temperature is too high

C: Draft
D: Suitable temperature

- Weak animals must be separated for care or eliminated to avoid spreading to the whole herd

- Ducks are greasy because the cage is damp and the diet is not reasonable.

* Feeding: During the first 4 hours when newly hatched ducks are usually fasted, do not feed
them if their feathers are not dry yet. If you feed the duck immediately, the undigested yolk can
easily cause the duck to die in the first week, because after hatching, the duckling still contains a
mass of yolk that continues to provide nutrients.

Ducks from 1-21 days old: feed mixed pelleted food specifically used for ducklings.

- Feed 5-6 times a day (last meal at 10:00 a.m.) give unlimited food portions, eat many times, a
little each time to ensure the food is always fresh.

Classification of duck food:

Can be divided into 3 types:

- cereal grains rice grains, corn, millet, sorghum and their by-products. This food group provides
about 12% crude protein, less than 18% fiber, and 2 - 5% fat. There are also green vegetables and
duckweed. Energy feed accounts for about 70% of the ducks' diet.

- Protein food group: Soybean meal, green beans, peanuts, fish meal, shrimp meal, meat meal,
crab, snails, worms, crickets, shrimp, shrimp... Protein food accounts for about 30% of the diet
every day of the ducks.

- Mineral and vitamin food group includes: salt complexes containing calcium, phosphorus,
ammonium salt, table salt, some trace mineral salts, limestone, shell powder, eggshell, bone
meal, vitamins A, D, E, K, B1, B2, B12, prophylactic antibiotics and antioxidants.

Output
The purpose of Pekin duck farming is to increase the production of quality duck meat,
increase the income of duck farmers, provide employment for rural communities, and reduce the
unemployment rate. Pekin duck farming is geared towards achieving a number of significant
goals, both in economic and social terms. An elaboration of these objectives follows: Increasing
Quality Meat Production:
Pekin duck farming is focused on producing high-quality meat. Pekin duck meat is
renowned for its tender texture, succulent flavor, and high degree of palatability. By emphasizing
on high production standards, this objective aims to meet consumer demand for quality poultry
products. For other outfit we can make a down jacket, shuttle cock, and duster.
 CHAPTER III
CONCLUSION

In short, the Pekin duck business system offers great potential in the world of animal husbandry.
From seed selection to the marketing stage, each step plays an important role in the overall
business process. The excellence of Pekin ducks as a source of high-quality meat, their efficient
feed conversion ability, and the potential for diversification of business output through their
white feathers all contribute to the attractiveness of this business.

In the Pekin duck business system, there are a number of things that must be considered so that
the business runs smoothly, one of which is input where this input is an important thing needed
by Pekin ducks such as DOD, feed, water, electricity, brooder, housing. Next on Processing
there’s several step that we need to do to grow the pekin duck start form planning and breed
selection until harvesting and marketin. And the last thing we will got the main output from
pekin duck which is duck meat and the side output a down jacket, shuttle cock, and duster.
 REFERENCES

Muthmainnah, A. ., & Jalali, K. (2022). Produktivitas Budidaya Antara Bebek Peking (Anas
platyrhynchos) dengan Bebek Hibrida (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus). Panthera :
Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Sains Dan Terapan, 2(4), 258–271.

Abdel-Hamid, S.E., Saleem, A.S.Y., Youssef, M.I., Mohammed, H.H. and Abdelaty, A.I., 2020.
Influence of housing systems on duck behavior and welfare. Journal of Advanced
Veterinary and Animal Research, 7(3), p.407.