Drilling Practical Manual - Drilling PDF

PANDIT DEENDAYAL PETROLEUM
UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY
Drilling Fluid Practical

DFC Lab
Prepared by
Mr. Anirudh Bardhan

Mr. Dikhau Gwra Brahma
Ms. Sushila Rathod
Mr. Maunish Shah
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
EXPERIMENT 1. PREPARATION OF WBM AND OBM INCLUDING

DETERMINATION OF PH OF DRILLING FLUID ............................................................... 3
EXPERIMENT 2. TO CALIBRATE THE MUD BALANCE AND DETERMINE THE

SPECIFIC GRAVITY/DENSITY OF THE MUD .................................................................. 10
EXPERIMENT 3. TO MEASURE THE VISCOSITY OF DRILLING FLUID USING

MARSH FUNNEL VISCOMETER. ....................................................................................... 14
EXPERIMENT 4. TO DETERMINE THE RHEOLOGY OF THE DRILLING FLUID

USING RHEOMETER ............................................................................................................ 17
EXPERIMENT 5. TO DETERMINE THE VOLUMES OF WATER, OIL AND SOLIDS IN

DRILLING FLUID USING RETORT KIT ............................................................................ 23
EXPERIMENT 6. TO DETERMINE THE FLUID LOSS USING LOW-

TEMPERATURE/LOW-PRESSURE (LTLP) API FILTRATION APPARATUS................ 28
EXPERIMENT 7. TO DETERMINE THE SAND CONTENT IN DRILLING FLUID

USING SAND CONTENT KIT .............................................................................................. 32
EXPERIMENT 8. TO FIND THE ALKALINITY IN DRILLING FLUID AND IN

FILTRATE OF DRILLING FLUID BY TITRATION METHOD ......................................... 34
EXPERIMENT 9. TO DETERMINE THE TOTAL HARDNESS IN DRILLING FLUID BY

TITRATION METHOD .......................................................................................................... 37
EXPERIMENT 10. TO DETERMINE THE CALCIUM AND MAGNESIUM IN DRILLING

FLUID BY TITRATION METHOD ....................................................................................... 39
EXPERIMENT 11. FIELD PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINING CATION EXCHANGE

CAPACITY 42
EXPERIMENT 12. TO MEASURE THE EMULSION STABILITY OF DRILLING FLUID

USING EMULSION STABILITY METER ........................................................................... 44
EXPERIMENT 13. TO MEASURE THE GEL OR SHEAR STRENGTH OF DRILLING

FLUID USING SHEAROMETER .......................................................................................... 48
EXPERIMENT 14. TO MEASURE THE RESISTIVITY OF DRILLING FLUID (WBM)

USING ANALOG RESISTIVITY METER ............................................................................ 50
Drilling Fluid Practical Lab Manual 2

Experiment 1. Preparation of WBM and OBM including
determination of pH of drilling fluid
WATER BASED MUD (WBM)

Apparatus: Mechanical stirrer, plastic beaker, weighing balance
Reagent: As per the formulation.
THEORY:
The primary fluid-loss control agents for water-based mud are clay-type solids. Since these
solids are colloidal in nature, they provide viscosity as well as filtration control. The ability of
Bentonite to reduce filtration can attribute to:
 Small particle size

 Flat plate-like shape
 Ability to hydrate and compress under pressure
Insufficient Bentonite in a mud causes increased filtrate loss, particularly at increased

temperature and pressure. Sodium montmorillonite clays are used mostly in freshwater mud
systems; however, they are occasionally used in saltwater mud.
Bentonite: It is added to fresh water or to fresh-water mud for one or more of the following
purposes:
1. To increase hole-cleaning capability.

2. To reduce water seepage or filtration into permeable formations
3. To form a thin, low-permeability filter cake
4. To promote hole stability in poorly cemented formations
5. To avoid or overcome loss of circulation.
Sodium Carbonate / Soda Ash / (Na2CO3):
 Soda Ash, Washing Soda; white hygroscopic powder (fine powder is called light ash,
coarse-dense ash).
 Produced from deposits of trona (Na2CO3. NaHCO3.2H2O), from natural brines, and by
the Solvay process.
 Mainly use for removal of soluble salts from make-up water and mud; some use in clay
beneficiation.
 Concentrations range from 0.2 to 4.0 lb/bbl.
Sodium Hydroxide / Caustic Soda / (NaOH):
 Caustic Soda, lye; white deliquescent; beads, pellets, flakes.

 Strong irritant to tissues and toxic.
 Produced by electrolysis of Sodium Chloride.
 Used in water based mud
o to raise pH;

o to solubilize lignite, lignosulfate, and tannin substances;
o to counteract corrosion and
o to neutralize hydrogen sulfide
 Concentrations range from 0.2 to 4.0 lb/bb
Formula and preparation of WBM:
1. Take 3000ml distilled water in a mixing device.
2. Add following materials into the mixing device, at slow stirring speed.
3. Add 8.57g Soda Ash (1 ppb) in above distilled water.
4. Add 1-2g of Caustic soda (0.5 ppb) in above distilled water.
5. Above mixture gives 8.57 ppb mud and add 129g Bentonite (15 ppb) in above distilled
water. Slowly increased the stirring speed.
6. Adjust the pH between 8-11 of the prepared mud.
Fig. 1 Mechanical Stirrer
Precaution:
 Do not throw any waste, mud or fluid in sinks. Use separate dustbin provided in lab.
 Tightly close all the containers after use.

 Clean everything immediately after use. Do not forget to clean the stirrer.
 Switch-off all the instruments after use.
OIL BASED MUD (OBM)
Apparatus: Hamilton beach Mixer, SS cup, weighing balance
Reagent: As per the formulation.
THEORY:
Oil-based mud is a drilling fluid used in drilling engineering. It is composed of oil as the
continuous phase and water as the dispersed phase in conjunction with emulsifiers, wetting
agents and gallants. The oil base can be diesel, kerosene, fuel oil, selected crude oil or mineral
oil.
The requirements are a gravity of 36-37 API, a flash point of 180oF (82oC), fire point of 200oF
(93oC) and aniline point of 140oF (60oC).
Emulsifiers are important to oil-based mud due to the likelihood of contamination. The water
phase of oil-based mud be freshwater, or a solution of sodium or calcium chloride. The external
phase is oil and does not allow the water to contact the formation. The shales don’t become
water wet.
Oil-based muds are expensive. But they are worth the cost when drilling through:
1. Troublesome shales that would otherwise swell and disperse in water based mud e.g.
smectite.
2. To drill deep, high-temperature holes that dehydrate water-based mud
3. To drill water-soluble zones
4. To drill producing zones.
The disadvantages of using oil-based mud, especially in wildcat wells are:
1. Inability to analyze oil shows in cuttings, because the oil-based mud has fluorescence
confusing with the original oil formation.
2. Contamination samples of cuttings, cores, sidewall cores for geochemical analysis of
TOC and masks the real determination of API gravity due to this contamination.
3. Contaminate areas of freshwater aquifers causing environmental damage.
4. Disposal of cuttings in an appropriate place to isolate possible environmental
contamination.
The OBM is used while drilling at yet very high depth. It is also used to prevent the clay
swelling of the adjacent formation.

PROCEDURE:
The addition of components in their proper sequence, when initial mixing oil mud, will
optimize the performance of each product. The order of addition as listed below is the most
common procedure for preparation of oil based mud, though each mud system may require
some modification of this procedure. The mixing time may vary depending upon the amount
of shear either at the rig or at the liquid mud plant. Organophilic viscosifier requires
considerable quantity of shear to fully develop their viscosity; therefore, more of this additive
may be required on initial mixing. As the oil mud is used over the first couple of days, improved
in the emulsion stability and fluid loss control will vastly improve compared to what the mud
was when it was initially mixed.
Follow the step by step procedure for the preparation of Oil Based Mud.
OBM samples are prepared through mixing all the components using the Hamilton beach
mixer. The materials have to be mixed in following a set sequence. After the mixing time which
is 30 minutes, the resulting mud sample has a volume of 1 lab barrel or 350ml.
Fig.2 Hamilton Beach Mixer, Commercial
Formula and preparation of OBM:
1. Required amount of base oil (Saraline 185v, Sarapar 147, Escaid 110), which is
approximately 252ml, is added into the mixing container.
2. 10ml of emulsifier is added into the mixture and stirred for 2 minutes.
3. 4 grams of Carbo gel viscosifier is added into the mixture and stirred for 2 minutes.
4. 4 grams of lime is added into the mixture and stirred for 2 minutes.
5. 70ml of Calcium chloride, CaCl2 solution is added into the mixture and stirred for 15
minutes.
6. 63.2 grams of weighting agent (barite) is added into the mixture and stirred for 2
minutes.

7. 3 grams Gel Pac RG is added into the mixture and stirred for 2 minutes.
8. The mixture is stirred until the total inclusive of steps 1 to 7, reaches 30 minutes.
The experiment will be conducted according to the standard which has stipulated in American
Petroleum Institute – API 13B-2: Recommended Practice for Testing Oil-Based Drilling Fluid.
The viscosity contributed by the organophilic gallant will be higher if it is added to the mud
after the water is added and before the Calcium Chloride is added. If brine is used, then the
gallant is added after the brine and the viscosity will generally be lower. The electrical stability
of the mud after mixing will be lower initially if brined is used instead of adding Calcium
chloride to the mud after the water is added.
CARBO-GEL imparts viscosity and gel building characteristics to diesel oil, crude oil, mineral
oil, and synthetic muds. CARBO-GEL is exceptionally effective at maintaining the yield point
values in oil and synthetic muds after high-temperature aging.
Precaution:
 Do not throw any waste, mud or fluid in sinks. Use separate dustbin provided in lab.
 Tightly close all the containers after use.
 Do not add anything in running machine.
 Clean everything immediately after use. Do not forget to clean the stirrer.
 Switch-off all the instruments after use.

COMMONLY USED ADDITIVES AND THEIR APPLICATIONS
1. PRIMARY APPLICATIONS OF CLAY AND WEIGHTING MATERIALS

Sl.
Additives Primary Applications
No.
Viscosity and filtration control in fresh water
1 Bentonite
mud system
Viscosity and filtration control in salt water mud
2 Attapulgite
system
Calcium Carbonate (Sp. gr.
3
2.7)
Weighting material for both water and oil based
4 Haematite (Sp. gr. 5.0)
system
5 Barite (Sp. gr. 4.2)
system
Weighting material for high weight mud
6 Galena (Sp. gr. 6.7 – 7.0)
requirement
7 Ilmenite (Sp. gr. 4.58)
systems
For viscosities in both fresh and salt water
8 Asbestos
system
2. PRIMARY APPLICATIONS OF VISCOSIFIERS AND FILTRATION

CONTROL AGENTS
Sl. No. Additives Primary Applications
Polyvinyl Acetate/Maleic Selective flocculent for fresh water and a bentonite
1
Anhydrite Co-Polymer extender.
2 CMC (High Viscosity grade) Same as above with greater viscosity.
For fluid loss control in fresh and brackish water
3 CMC (Low Viscostiy grade) base system. Impart dispensing properties in salt
water systems.
4 Pregelatinized Starch
PAC (High and Low viscosity
5
grade)
Hydroxyl Ethyl Cellulose
6 For viscosity in salt solution.
(HEC)
7 Sodium Polyacrylonite For fluid loss control in fresh water.
For filtration control under high temperature
8 Resinated Lignite
conditions.
9 Synthetic Polymer For viscosity and reduction in fluid loss.

3. PRIMARY APPLICATION OF SPECIALITY ADDITIVES
Sl.
Additives Primary Applications
No.
Seal micro-fractures to control shale hydration
1 Water dispersible Asphalt
and fluid loss in water base mud.
2 Aluminium Stearate For defoaming in WBM
3 2 – Ethyl Hexanol For defoaming in Water base system
For hole stabilization, lubricity and HTHP
4 Air blown Asphalt
Filtration control
4. MUD LOSS CONTROLLING AGENTS

Includes rice husk, saw dust, mica flakes, walnut shells, cellophane flakes and diaseal-
M. These materials are used alone or in combination depending on nature of loss
circulation.
5. PRIMARY APPLICATIONS OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS

Sl. No. Additives Primary Applications
1 Caustic Soda (NaOH) Used for pH control in WBM.
For alkalinity control in KCl mud and source of
2 Potassium Hydroxide (KOH)
potassium in salt free fluids.
Used in packer and workover fluids for density control
3 Sodium Chloride (NaCl)
and in drilling fluids for salinity control.
4 Potassium Chloride (KCl) Used in KCl – Polymer muds for shale inhibition.
5 Soda Ash (Na2CO3) Used for removal of Ca++ from WBM.
Sodium Bicarbonate
6 Used for removal of Ca++ contaminants in WBM
(NaHCO3)
Used in lime base mud system and also control
7 Lime (CaO)
carbonate contamination.
8 Gypsum (CaSO4. ½ H2O) Used as source of soluble Ca++ in gypsum base mud.
Used in completion fluids, packer fluids, and in oil
9 Calcium Chloride (CaCl2)
base mud for activity control

Experiment 2. To calibrate the mud balance and determine the
specific gravity/density of the mud
INTRODUCTION:
It is extremely important that mud weight measurement is performed as accurately as possible

since the hydrostatic pressure of the mud column is calculated from the result of this test. The
API do not stipulate the type of instrument required for this test, but they acknowledge the mud
balance as the most commonly used piece of equipment. Mud weight can be expressed in lb/gal,
lb/ft3, psi/1000 ft of depth or specific gravity.
Mud Density is used to control subsurface pressures and stabilize the well bore. Mud density
is commonly measured with a mud balance capable of ±0.1 lb/gal accuracy.
CALIBRATION
A mud balance calibrated with fresh water at 70o ± 5oF should give a reading of 8.3 lb/gal.
If mud weights in excess of approximately 1.8 SG (15 ppg) are likely to be used, the balance
should be checked with a Calcium Bromide/Zinc Bromide mixture solution. Such fluids can
be supplied with densities between 1.7-2.3 SG and calibrated with a hydrometer. The fluids
shall have a temperature of 20±3oC when using the hydrometer.
If the error on the balance is larger than one unit, the balance should be re-calibrated by
adjusting the amount of lead shot at the end of the balanced arm. If the error is less, the
discrepancy should be noted, so that the true mud weight can be recorded by a simple addition
or subtraction of the error from the measured mud weight. It is essential that all personnel using
the mud balance adopt this standard procedure and are aware of the latest calibration.
The Effect of Temperature on Density Measurement

An increase in temperature results in fluid expansion and this will lower the density of the fluid,
especially if it has oil as the continuous phase. An increase in down hole temperature is usually
associated with an increase in pressure resulting in fluid compression and so the pressure effect
is usually taken as balancing out the temperature effect. This convenient convention is not
always correct. A computer-based program is required to calculate the density correction for
changing temperature and pressure.
Compensation for entrained air or gas

Entrained air or gas can lower the reading given by the simple mud balance by several points,
although the hydrostatic pressure at the bottom of the hole will remain virtually unaltered.
Adding weight material to counteract the lower mud balance readings due to air or gas
entrainment, can lead to severe problems. In these circumstances the use of a pressurized mud
balance is strongly advised. If a pressure balance is not available, the following method can be
adopted to remove air or gas:
Take 400ml of water and add defoamer, if available, before slowly adding 400ml of mud. The
mixture needs to be well stirred from the time that the mud is first added so that all the entrained
air or gas is removed and the weight material does not settle out. Weigh the mixture and record
its density (M) in Specific Gravity units.

Then we can calculate: SG of the mud = 2M – 1
Fig.1 Schematic Diagram of Mud Balance
Fig.2 Mud Balance, OFITE
PROCEDURE:
1. Measure and record the temperature of the sample of mud to be tested.

2. Place the mud balance base on a flat, level surface.
3. Fill the clean, dry mud balance cup with the sample of mud to be tested. Rotate cap
until it is firmly seated. Ensure that some mud is expelled through the hole in the cap
to remove any trapped air or gas.
4. Place thumb over hole in cap and hold the cap firmly on the cup. Wash or wipe the
outside of the cup, and dry.
5. Place balance arm on the support base and balance it by moving the rider along the
graduated scale until the level bubble is centered under the center line.

6. Read the density (weight) of the mud shown at the left-hand edge of the rider and report
to nearest lb/gal. Enter result on API Drilling Mud Report as Weight (lb/gal, lb/ft3) or
Specific Gravity.
7. Wash the mud from the cup immediately after each use. It is absolutely essential that
all parts of the mud balance be kept clean if accurate results are to be obtained.
Precaution:
 Use separate dustbin to throw mud.
 Clean everything after use.

MUD WEIGHT CONVERSION TABLE
Gradient,
Lb per gal Lb per cu ft Specific Gravity
psi/1000ft of depth
6.5 48.6 0.78 338
7.0 52.4 0.84 364
7.5 56.1 0.90 390
8.0 59.8 0.96 416
8.3 62.3 1.00 433
8.5 63.6 1.02 442
9.0 67.3 1.08 468
9.5 71.1 1.14 494
10.0 74.8 1.20 519
10.5 78.5 1.26 545
11.0 82.3 1.32 571
11.5 86.0 1.38 597
12.0 89.8 1.44 623
12.5 93.5 1.50 649
13.0 97.2 1.56 675
13.5 101.0 1.62 701
14.0 104.7 1.68 727
14.5 108.5 1.74 753
15.0 112.2 1.80 779
15.5 115.9 1.86 805
16.0 119.7 1.92 831
16.5 123.4 1.98 857
17.0 127.2 2.04 883
17.5 130.9 2.10 909
18.0 134.6 2.16 935
18.5 138.4 2.22 961
19.0 142.1 2.28 987
19.5 145.9 2.34 1013
20.0 149.6 2.40 1039
20.5 153.3 2.46 1065
21.0 157.1 2.52 1091
21.5 160.8 2.58 1117
22.0 164.6 2.64 1143
22.5 168.3 2.70 1169
23.0 172.1 2.76 1195
23.5 175.8 2.82 1221
24.0 179.5 2.88 1247
(Mud gradient in psi/M ft)(0.09124) = mud density in lb/gal
(Mud gradient in psi/M ft)(0.144) = mud density in lb/cu ft
(Mud gradient in psi/M ft)(0.023) = specific gravity

Experiment 3. To Measure the Viscosity of Drilling Fluid using
Marsh Funnel Viscometer.
INTRODUCTION
Viscosity and gel strength are measurements that relate to various flow properties of fluids.
The study of deformation and flow characteristics of matter is called rheology.
The funnel viscosity of a drilling fluid is measured with a Marsh Viscosity Funnel and is
defined as the time taken, in seconds, for one quart of fluid to flow from a full Marsh funnel
into a viscosity cup.
The Marsh funnel measures viscosity at only one rate of shear and therefore does not give an
accurate picture of the flow properties of a drilling fluid. Nevertheless, it is a simple test and
therefore a useful tool for spotting changes in a circulating drilling fluid, particularly with water
based muds.
With oil base muds, the viscosity of the base fluid is temperature sensitive and the fluids will
thin as the mud warms, reducing the funnel viscosity, where as cold muds may be excessively
thick. This reduces the usefulness of this measurement. Nevertheless once a mud has reached
circulating temperature it is effective for tracking changes.
The Marsh Funnel Viscosity is the time taken for one quart of a liquid to pass through a standard
opening under a given head of fluid. The units are seconds per quart. The Marsh funnel is the
standard piece of equipment used and consists of a hand held funnel with an inserted metal
outlet of fixed diameter. The result does not give any quantitative information as to the behavior
of the fluid in the hole. But it does give values that can be used to indicate changes in viscosity
and gellation.
The value of the Marsh Funnel lies in its simplicity of construction and use, so that it can be
used on the mud pits as an indicator of change. To perform this function, a written record of
funnel viscosity must be kept with measurements taken at suitable time intervals.
The Marsh funnel is a simple device used for routine quick measurements of fluid viscosity. It
is an excellent indicator of changes in drilling fluid properties. The marsh funnel is conical in
shape, 6 inches (152mm) in diameter at the top and 12 inches (305mm) long with a capacity of
1500cm3. A 12-mesh screen covers half of the top and is designed to remove any foreign matter
and drilled cuttings from the fluid. The fluid runs through a fixed orifice at the end of the funnel
and is 2 inches (50.8mm) by 3/16 inches (4.7mm) in size.
EQUIPMENT
1. No. 110-10 Marsh Funnel Viscometer, OFI, Beige, Plastic

2. No. 110-20 Measuring Cup, OFI, Beige, 1000ml, Plastic
3. No. 154-00 Thermometer, metal, 5 inch stem, dial, 0-220 oF
4. No. 155-25 Stopwatch, Digital

Fig. 1 Marsh funnel viscosity set-up
Fig. 2 Marsh funnel viscosity set-up (schematic diagram)
PROCEDURE:
1. Hold the funnel in an upright position with the index finger over the outlet.
2. Pour a freshly obtained sample of the fluid to be tested through the screen until the fluid
level reaches the bottom of the screen.
3. Remove the finger from the outlet and start the stopwatch. Using the measuring cup,
measure the time for the fluid to fill to the one-quart (946-milli liter) mark of the cup.
4. Measure the temperature of the fluid in OF or OC.
5. Report the time to the nearest second as Marsh funnel viscosity and record the
temperature of the fluid.

The effective viscosity can be determined from following simple formula
μ= ρ (t-25)
Where,
μ=effective viscosity in centipoises
ρ = density in g/cm3
t= quart funnel time in seconds
For example, a mud of funnel time 40 seconds and density 1.2 g/cm3 has an effective viscosity
of about 18 cp.
PRECAUTION:
 Check the calibration of the Marsh funnel with fresh water. One quart (946ml)
of fresh water at temperature 70±5oF (21±3oC) should outflow the orifice in
26±0.5 seconds.
 Clean and dry the funnel and cup thoroughly after each use.
 Do not bend or flatten the brass orifice in the bottom of the funnel.

Experiment 4. To determine the rheology of the drilling fluid
using Rheometer
INTRODUCTION
Rheology (in the field) is measured on either 2 speed or 6 speed rheometer. The rheometer is
an instrument where a rotating sleeve surrounds a spring-loaded bob. The bob is connected to
a dial, so that rotation of the bob gives a reading. The rotating sleeve is geared to run at specific
speeds. The instrument is designed with a set spacing between the sleeve and the bob and a
specified surface area of each, which is active in relation to the other. Tension on the spring is
critical so that a deflection of the dial reflects the viscosity of the mud.
Fig. 1 Fann viscometer
Fig. 2 Schematic diagram of Fann viscometer

Fig. 3 Shear Stress on fluid in rotational viscometer
When the rheometer sleeve is lowered into a mud, the fluid occupies the gap between the sleeve
and the bob. Deflection of the bob is proportional to the fluid’s viscosity.
At high speeds, the inter-particle forces between solids in the mud are largely ineffective, and
viscosity is essentially due to the physical concentration of particles in the fluid and collisions
between the particles, as well as the base fluid’s viscosity. At lower speeds, viscosity is due to
more inter-reactions between active particles in the mud.
Two speed rheometer measure at 600 and 300 RPM, while 6 speed units measured at 600, 300,
200, 100, 6 and 3 RPM.
Fig. 4 Gear Position for selecting speed
With oil muds particularly, it is important to measure rheologies at a set temperature. The API
standard is 120oF, but at times this does not accurately reflect the circulating properties of the
mud. In hotter muds it is common to run rheologies at 150 oF, whereas in deep water we are
using 80oF as the standard. Whichever temperature is selected, it is important to be consistent
as the purpose of making regular checks on the mud is to spot changes, or trends that might
indicate a potential problem.
The following procedure applies to a Fann Model 35, 6-speed VG Meter.
The OFI Rheometer is a direct indicating manually operated rotational viscometer. The
instrument is powered by the operator turning a crank which drives the spindle through a

precision gear train. Fluid is contained in the annular space between two concentric cylinders.
The outer cylinder or rotor sleeve is driven at a constant rotation velocity or rpm. The inner
cylinder, or Bob, is restrained by a torsion spring, and a dial indicates displacement of the Bob
due to friction caused by the fluid. Instrument constants have been adjusted so that plastic
viscosity and yield point are obtained by using readings from the rotor sleeve of 300 and 600
rpm.
Determination Plastic Viscosity (PV) and Yield Point (YP):

1. Obtain a sample of the mud to be tested. Record place of sampling. Measurements
should be made with minimum delay.
2. Fill thermal cup approximately 2/3 full with mud sample. Place thermal cup on
viscometer stand. Raise cup and stand until rotary sleeve is immersed to scribe lie on
sleeve. Lock into place by turning locking mechanism.
3. Place thermometer in thermal cup containing sample. Heat or cool sample to desired
test temperature of 115±2oF.
4. Flip VG meter toggle switch, located on right rear side of VG meter, to high position
by pulling forward.
5. Position red knob on top of VG meter to the 600 RPM speed. When the red knob is in
the bottom position and the toggle switch is in the forward (high) position – this is the
600 RPM speed.
6. With the sleeve rotating at 600 RPM, wait for dial reading in the top window of VG
meter to stabilize (minimum 10 seconds). Record 600 RPM dial reading.
7. With red knob in bottom position, flip the VG meter toggle switch to low position by
pushing the toggle switch away from you. Wait for dial reading to stabilize (minimum
10 seconds). Records 300 RPM dial reading.
8. The Plastic Viscosity and Yield Point are calculated from the 600 RPM and 300 RPM
dial readings as follows:
AV, cP = (600 RPM reading/2)
PV, cP = (600 RPM dial reading) – (300 RPM dial reading)
YP, lbs/100 ft2 = (300 RPM dial reading) – (Plastic Viscosity)
300 RPM Setting: Gear shift lever in the all the way up position and turn the crank with
sufficient speed for slipping to be noticed.
600 RPM Setting: Gear shift lever in the down position and turn the crank with sufficient speed
for slipping to be noticed.
Plastic Viscosity: It reflects the physical concentration of solid particles in the mud. PV will
increase with any increase in solid contents, whether from barite, drill solids, or others.
Emulsified water in an oil mud will also act as a solid ad affect PV. Increase in PV at constant
mud weights may reflect a degradation of solid particles in the mud into ultra-fined. Increasing
trends in the PV should be noted. Changes in mud temperature, an oil mud will be reduced
mainly in the PV reading. The Plastic Viscosity is reduced by dilution to reduce solids
concentration.
Yield Point: It is related to inter-particle forces between solids in a drilling fluid. Adding clay
or polymer viscosifier to the mud, or increasing inter-particle forces increases YP. These forces

are altered in water based muds by changing the ion concentration of the mud. They may be
decreased by dilution or by thinners. Thinners are negatively charged particles that neutralize
positively charged sites on clay particles.
In oil muds, YP is more difficult to achieve, and more difficult to alter. Electrolytes cannot be
added to increase flocculation of the clays, since everything is oil wet. In general, thinners are
not recommended because their side effect is irreversible. Dilution with new pre-mix is
preferred. Often dilution has little effect until some critical concentration of clay in the mud is
reached, at which time there is a large change in the YP.
Gel Strengths: Gel strength measurements show both the rate and degree with which reactive
particles in a drilling fluid interact in a static fluid to form a gel structure.
Measurements are made on a rheometer using the 3 RPM speed. Readings are taken after
stirring the mud at 600 RPM to break all the gels. A first reading is taken after the mud has
been static for 10 seconds, and a second reading after 10 minutes. In some cases taking a 30
minute reading may be useful.
Good drilling fluids should develop a rapid initial gel, but this should remain relatively flat
with time. A typical reading in an oil base mud might be 8/12. This is considered good.
Readings like 3/14, or 9/55 would be considered progressive, and undesirable in a normal
drilling fluid.
Highly progressive gel strengths can lead to a high initial pressures being required to break
circulation after mud in the hole has remained static for a period of time, such as after a trip.
They are usually due to an excess of fine and ultrafine reactive solids in the mud, and indicative
that mud needs dilution.
One type of water base mud, known as Mixed Metal Hydroxide or MMH mud,
characteristically has a very high gellation tendency. These muds are used mainly for milling
operations, but were also tried in horizontal hole drilling.
Low Range Rheology: This is not a number commonly included on mud reports, but is a useful
indicator of the cuttings transport ability of the mud in high angle holes. The low range
rheology is defined as 2x3 RPM – 6 RPM readings. Sometimes just the 3 RPM rheometer
readings are tracked. The rule of thumb is that the LR rheology should be a number equal to,
or larger than the hole size.
Rheological properties measured with a rotational viscometer are commonly used to indicate
solids buildups flocculation or deflocculation of solids, lifting and suspension capabilities, and
to calculate hydraulics of a drilling fluid.
A rotational viscometer is used to measure shear/shear stress of a drilling fluid – from which
the Bingham Plastic parameters, PV and YP, are calculated directly. Other rheological models
can be applied using the same data. The instrument is also used to measure thixotropic
properties, gel strength.
Stirring Setting: Gear shift lever all the way down past the detent and rotate crank vigorously.
Field Check for Rheometer Speeds:

For correct and consistent viscosity and yield point readings, it is essential that the rheometer
operate within 300 ± 6 RPM and 600 ± 12 RPM. Specifications for a new or repaired rheometer
are one half of these values. A method for checking the speeds of a rheometer are described
below. The procedure utilizes the stroboscopic effect a fluorescent light has on the equally
spaced holes in the top of the rotor. When the rheometer is turning exactly at 300 or 600 RPM,
the holes will appear to rotate clockwise, and if the actual rotation speed is slower than 300 or
600 RPM, the holes will appear to rotate counter clockwise.
1. Place a fluorescent or neon light operating on 60 cycle current as close as possible to

the rheometer,
2. Lower the rotor sleeve into a sample of 10-W-20 motor oil to the scribed line and tighten
the leg lock nut.
3. Crank the rheometer at 300 RPM and time the number of seconds required for 12 holes
to appear to rotate past. This time should be at least 10 seconds.
4. Repeat the procedure at the 600 RPM and the time should be at least 5 seconds for 12
holes to pass by.
Care of the Rheometer:
A. The Sleeve, Bob and Splash Guard should be washed and dried after each operation.
The sleeve is removed by holding the spindle just above it and unscrewing the sleeve.
The Bob and Splash Shield are removed by unscrewing the Bob.
B. Always set the instrument upright when cleaning to keep water out of the bearings.
C. When reassembling the Bob and Splash Shield, the flanged end of the Splash Shield
goes on the shaft first.
D. If the Rheometer is returned for repair, or transported by vehicle, the Bob, Splash Shield
and Hand Crank should always be removed prior to shipment to avoid further damage
and expense.
100 RPM Upper Portion
Calibration of Rheometer:
The calibration kit as shown in Fig. 5 can be used to calibrate the rotational rheometer. The
known weight (M) is to be hung from the string. Then deflection of the dial is to be noted. The
deflection should be within ± 2 degree of expected value of deflection.

Fig. 5 calibration of fann viscometer
The commercially available calibration fluids can also be used for calibration of viscometers.
The table indicates the measuring range for different rotor and bob configurations.

Experiment 5. To determine the volumes of Water, Oil and
Solids in Drilling Fluid using Retort kit
INTRODUCTION
The solids content, measured by retorting, is the total solids fraction present in the mud. This
includes both soluble and insoluble solids, solid mud additives – which are necessary, and drill
solids incorporated into the mud from the formations drilled, which are undesirable. The
breakdown of the solids into soluble, insoluble high gravity (barite), or insoluble low gravity,
may be calculated.
“Low gravity solids derived from drilled cuttings are the worst containment that may be
incorporated into drilling fluids.”
That statement may be considered radical at first look because the effect of drill solids on fluid
properties is not nearly as dramatic as the effect of cement, or salt on fresh water drilling fluids.
Nevertheless, drill solids are being incorporated into the mud during all normal drilling
operation, and must be removed in some way, or the mud has to be dumped.
The effect of increasing low gravity solids concentrations in drilling fluids is insidious,
increasing viscosity, pump pressures, and ECDs. Penetration rates will suffer as the solids
content of the mud increases. Filter cakes will become thicker and softer, and differential
sticking is likely.
Low gravity solids concentrations are extremely important, and should be tracked daily. The
upper limit for low gravity solids in a good mud is 5%, or +/- lb/bbl. 3-4 % is ideal. Most mud
can tolerate higher LG solid contents, without too great an effect on mud properties, but
performance will suffer.
One other property that will be seen reported along with HGS/LGS is the ASG, the average
specific gravity of the solids in the drilling fluid. Barite has a specific gravity of 4.2, clay and
silt=2.65. ASG gives a quick measure of relative concentrations of low gravity to high gravity
solids. Readings of +/- 3.8 or higher are good. Readings below 3.5 suggest that there may be
too high a concentration of low gravity solids in the mud.

Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of Retort Kit Fig.2 Retort Kit
The retort provides a means for separating and measuring the volumes of water, oil and solids
contained in a sample of drilling fluid. A known volume of sample is heated to vaporize the
liquid components which are then condensed and collected in a graduated cylinder. The total
volume of solids, both suspended and dissolved, is obtained by noting the difference of the
total sample volume versus the final liquid volume collected. Calculations are necessary to
determine the volume of suspended solids since any dissolved solids will be retained in the
retort. Relative volumes of low-gravity solids and weight materials may also be calculated.
The volume percent of liquid phase (water and oil) are measured by heating a known volume
of whole mud in a retort unit. The liquid is evaporated from the mud; vapor is condensed and
measured as oil and fresh water in a graduated glass tube. Suspended solids are calculated by
difference of liquid collected subtracted from the whole volume (retort cup volume).
PROCEDURE
1. Clean and dry the retort assembly and condenser. Condenser passage should be cleaned
using a pipe cleaner.
2. Mix the mud sample thoroughly to ensure homogeneity, being careful not to entrain
any air, and that no solids remain on the bottom of container. Air or gas entrapment will
cause erroneously high retort solids due to reduced mud sample volume.
3. Use a clean syringe to take a sample of the mud to be tested.
4. Fill retort cup slowly to avoid air entrapment. Lightly tap side of cup to expel air. Place
lid on the cup. Rotate lid to obtain a proper fit. Be sure a small excess of mud flows out
of the hole in the lid. Wipe off any excess mud without wicking any of the samples
from inside the cup. Wipe the cup clean with rough cloth.
5. Pack retorts body with steel wool.
6. Apply Never-Seez to threads of
7. Stem and attach the condenser.
8. Place the retort assembly inside the retort cup. With lid in place, hand tighten retort cup
onto retort body.
9. Apply Never-Seez to threads on retort heating jacket and close the lid.

10. Place the clean, dry, liquid receiver below the condenser discharge tube. The length of
the receiver may require that it be angled out from the retort and supported off the edge
of the work table.
11. Plug cord into 110-volt outlet. Allow the retort to run for a minimum of 45 minutes.
12. Allow the receiver to cool. Read and record:
a. Total liquid volume
b. Oil volume
c. Water volume in the receiver
13. Unplug retort and allow cooling. Disassemble and clean the retort assembly and
condenser.
14. Calculate volume percent water (Vw), volume percent oil (Vo) and volume percent retort
solids (Vs) using following formulae:
100(𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑖𝑙, 𝑐𝑚3 )

𝑉𝑜 =
𝑉𝑅𝐶
100(𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟, 𝑐𝑚3 )
𝑉𝑤 =
𝑉𝑅𝐶
100 − (𝑉𝑤 + 𝑉𝑜 )
𝑉𝑠 =
𝑉𝑅𝐶
𝑉𝑅𝐶 = 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑐𝑢𝑝
Retort Cup Verification Procedure:
1. Allow retort cup, lid and distilled water to reach ambient temperature. Record the
temperature.
2. Place the clean, empty retort cup and lid on a balance (precision of 0.01g) and tare to
zero.
3. Fill retort cup with distilled water. Place lid on the cup. Rotate lid to proper fit. Be sure
a small excess of water flows out of hole in lid. Wipe excess water from lid; avoid
wicking out water.
4. Place filled retort cup and lid on the previously tarred balance. Read and record weight
of water, to 0.01g.
5. Calculate the retort cup volume, VRC , using density of water at measured temperature
as follows:
𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟, 𝑔
𝑉𝑅𝐶 =
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟, 𝑔/𝑐𝑚3
EQUIPMENT
Sample Cup : 10ml capacity

Condenser : Sufficient mass to cool the water and oil vapors below
their vaporization temperature prior to leaving the
condenser chamber.
Heating Element : Sufficient wattage to raise the temperature of the

sample to above its vaporization point within API
specifications without causing the solids to boil over.
Thermostat : Capable of limiting the temperature of the Retort to
930±70oF (500±200C). Most retorts are calibrated to heat
a sample between 930o and 10000F per API.
Specifications : Any manual adjustments made to the thermostat are a
safety hazard and will void the factory warrant.
Liquid Receiver : Graduated Cylinder or Tube, transparent and inert to
oil, water or salt solutions and temperatures of up to
90oF (32oC).
Fine Steel Wool : No. 000 Steel Wool.
N.B. Liquid Steel Wool is not recommended.
Grease : Never-Seez®. Used for a thread seal and lubricant

at high temperatures.
Pipe Cleaners : Cleaning Retort Chamber and Condenser passage.
Spatula : Shaped to fit the inside dimensions of the sample cup.
The following guidelines should be followed to ensure safe operation of retorts
1. Clean and dry the retort chamber and condenser, especially the inside of the mud sample
cup, lid and condenser passage (sput). Clean the sample cup threads with a wire brush.
The spatula, corkscrew tip or a knife may be used to dislodge solids inside the sample
cup. Pipe cleaners or a rigid tool should be used to scrape or drill out any residue out of
the spout. Make sure the spout and the hole in the lid of the mud sample chamber is
absolutely clear.
2. The assembly should be cooled to <100oF (37.8oC) from any previous usage.
3. The threads on the retort should be visually inspected before use for any sign of damage.
4. The steel wool should be changed out after every test to prevent solids from building
up.
5. Retorts used offshore should be changed out every 6 months for examination and
cleaning.
CALCULATION
The measured volumes (ml) of oil and water are converted into volume percent based on the
volume of whole mud in the retort cup.
100(𝑂𝑖𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑, 𝑚𝑙)

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 (%)𝑂𝑖𝑙 = 𝑉𝑜 =
𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒, 𝑚𝑙
100(𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑, 𝑚𝑙)

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 (%)𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝑉𝑤 =
𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒, 𝑚𝑙
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 (%)𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑠 = 𝑉𝑠 = 100 − (𝑉𝑜 + 𝑉𝑠 )
Note: The volume percent solid includes both suspended solids (weight material, etc.) and
dissolved materials such as salts. This volume percent will represent total suspended solids
only if the mud is an untreated, freshwater mud.

To find the volume percent (%) of suspended solids and relate them to the relative volumes of
low-gravity solids (LGS) and weighting materials. In order to make these calculations, an
accurate mud weight and Chloride concentration must be known.
𝐶ℎ𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑚𝑙
𝑉𝑠𝑠 = 𝑉𝑠 − 𝑉𝑤
1680000 − 1.21𝐶𝑠
Where,
Vss = Volume % Suspended Solids
Cs = Chloride Concentration, mg/L
1
𝑉𝑙𝑔𝑠 = (100𝜌𝑓 + (𝜌𝑏 − 𝜌𝑓 )𝑉𝑠𝑠 − 12𝑊𝑚 − (𝜌𝑓 − 𝜌𝑜 )𝜌𝑙𝑔𝑠
𝜌𝑏 − 𝜌𝑙𝑔𝑠
Where,
Vlgs = Volume % Low-Gravity Solids
Wm = Mud weight, ppg
ρf = Density of filtrate, g/cu.m
ρb= Density of weighting material, g/cu.m
ρlgs = Density of low gravity solids, g/cu.m
ρo = Density of oil, g/cu.m (use 0.84 if unknown)
𝑉𝑏 = 𝑉𝑠𝑠 − 𝑉𝑙𝑔𝑠
Concentrations of low gravity solids, weighting material and suspended solids may be
calculated as:
𝐶𝑙𝑔𝑠 = 3.49(𝜌𝑙𝑔𝑠 ) × (𝑉𝑙𝑔𝑠 )
𝐶𝑏 = 3.49(𝜌𝑏 ) × (𝑉𝑔 )
𝐶𝑠𝑠 = 𝐶𝑙𝑔𝑠 + 𝐶𝑏
Where,
Clgs= Low gravity solids concentration, pounds per barrel
Cb=Weighting material concentration, pounds per barrel
Css=Suspended solids concentration, pounds per barrel

Experiment 6. To determine the Fluid loss using Low-
temperature/low-pressure (LTLP) API filtration apparatus
INTRODUCTION
FILTRATION / FLUID LOSS CONTROL: Clay particles in a drilling fluid are plastered
against permeable rocks, by differential pressure, to form a filter cake. Flocculated clay
particles pack together in random orientations and do not form impermeable filter cakes. High
filtration rates push more Clay particles to the rock face, forming excessively thick and soft
filter cakes, leading to sticky hole. The fluid and fine particle invasion will cause formation
damage if the permeable rock is also a reservoir. This is particularly true in the static state, in
which quite thick, sticky filter cakes may be formed in high solids mud, even in those having
a relatively low fluid loss. Circulating fluids erode away static filter cakes.
The earliest approach to filtration control was to use the clay particles in the drilling fluid to
create a filter cake. The idea was to deflocculate the clays, neutralizing the positive charges on
the broken clay edges, so that if: clay platelets would pack tightly together in the same manner
as shingles on a roof.
These mud required high concentrations of clay to form the filter cake, high concentrations of
chemical thinners to neutralize the clays, and high alkalinities to dissolve the thinners. The use
of lime or salt for inhibition adds extra ions, and charges that required even higher
concentrations of thinners to neutralize.
The addition of starches to the fluid enabled filtration control without all the clay and mud were
formulated with small amounts of flocculated clay to aid viscosification and fluid loss, but the
mud could be run at a low solids content. Modern water base drilling fluids rely on polymers
for filtration control.
In some special applications, graded calcium carbonate may be used as a bridging agent to help
control filtration in drilling fluids. It is used where reservoir damage from the drilling fluid is
a serious consideration.
Fluid loss in drilling fluids is measured in either a standard API, or the HTHP filter press. Each
press consists of a chamber for the fluid to be tested, with one end being closed off by a lid
having a screen across which a piece Whatman filter paper may be placed. The cell is pressured,
forcing the fluid against the filter paper. Filtrate forced through the filter paper is collected for
30 minutes and the quantity measured. The API standard calls for the filtration area to have a
4 inch diameter. The API test is run at 100 psi differential pressure, and ambient temperature.
Readings of 6 - 8 ml/30 minutes are typical for modern polymer mud, possibly being reduced
to 4 - 6 ml /30 minutes for drilling in the reservoir. Drill-In fluids typically have API filtration
rates in the range of 2-4 ml /30 minutes.
Properly formulated oil base mud should have a zero API fluid loss.
The High Temperature / High Pressure filter press uses a 2 inch diameter filter paper, so volume
of fluid recovered in 30 minutes is doubled for reporting purposes. The standard HTHP test is
run at a 500 psi differential pressure, at 350° F. It is more common for this test to select a
temperature 50° F above the highest bottom hole temperature expected.

With water base mud, HTHP readings of 25 ml/30 minutes are common. This is not a property
normally tested for water base mud.
The HTHP test is however one of the most important tests that can be run on Invert Emulsion
mud. The HTHP result gives not only an indication of fluid loss, but also the best indication
available of emulsion condition. Electrical Stability readings can fluctuate considerably. A
jump in HTHP is a sure sign of an emulsion stability problem.
FILTER CAKE: Filter cake is formed by a layer of solid particles in the drilling mud against
the porous because of the pressure differential between the hydrostatic pressure and formation
pressure and is still occurring during the drilling of wells.
The creation of low permeability filter cakes is one of the desirable properties of water
bentonite suspensions used as drilling fluids in order to minimize fluid loss into permeable
formations which could be detrimental to hydrocarbon identification and production.
The filtration properties of bentonite-water suspensions are greatly affected by the way
bentonite particles associate and the state of the suspension, being flocculated or deflocculated,
aggregated or dispersed. The best filtration performance when a clay suspension is
deflocculated and dispersed since the very small particles give low porosities and permeability
of the filter cake that is formed. When bentonite particles are flocculated, they are larger, giving
higher porosities and permeability. Soluble salts in muds increase cake permeability but
thinners usually restore these permeability because they disperse clay aggregates into smaller
particles. Filter cake permeability are of the order of 10−2 md for flocculated suspensions, of
the order of 10−3 md for untreated fresh water mud and of the order of 10−4 md for muds
treated with thinners. For our drilling operation, we would like the filter cake which is
waterproof and thin. Practically, the filter cake must be less than or equal to 1/16 inch. If you
have bad drilling fluid, which results in a thick filler cake into the well, you may be facing a
situation of stuck pipe and high torque and drag.
Filter cakes, both in the API and HTHP tests should be relatively thin. Thick filter cakes usually
only occur with high static filtration rates and will cause sticky hole.
Static filtration tests are used to indicate filter cake quality and filtrate volume loss for a drilling
mud under static conditions. Filtration characteristics are affected by the types and quantities
of solids and their physical and chemical interactions. Temperature and pressure further affect
these solids and their interactions.
What will the impact on the operation of the filter cake drilling?
Differential sticking - If you have the thick filter cake, a contact area between the drill string
or other type of tube will be increased. When drilling into permeable zones that are seriously
overbalance, your chain of drilling are likely to get stuck in a differential manner. Furthermore,
not only the drill string becomes stuck, the logging tool may be trapped in different areas
through permeable.
Torque and drag - Under dynamic conditions such as drilling, pipe work, etc. If your land is
not in good shape, and it causes the filter cake through the thick wall of the wellbore, you can
see increase the torque. With a thick wall filter cake, you will face the significant drag during

the maneuver or hole logging.
To operate any equipment, manufacturer’s instructions should be carefully read. The following
are general instructions for a possible configuration of Low-Pressure/Low-Temperature
Filtration and High-Pressure/High-Temperature Filtration equipment. To operate any other
units, manufacturer’s instructions should be carefully read before attempting to perform testing.
Fig. 1 API Filtration
PROCEDURE
1. Open main air valve by turning handle (located on lab bench) counter clockwise. Adjust
regulator to read 100 psi.
2. Be sure cell components, especially the screen, are clean and dry. Check gaskets and
discard any that are worn or distorted.
3. Assemble filtration cell. Lock cell bottom into position by turning cell body until peg
locks into J slot.
4. Pour mud sample to within 1/2 in. of top of cell. Place cell onto filter press rack.
5. Position cell lid onto top of cell body. To seal, turn filter press handle clockwise until
hand-tight.
6. Place a clean, dry graduated cylinder under the drain tube of the filtration cell assembly.
7. Close bleeder valve. Maintain in the closed position while test is running.

8. Set interval timer for 30 minutes. Open valve located on filter press manifold by turning
black knob counter clockwise. Pull timer arm down and begin timing immediately.
9. At the end of 30 minutes, remove graduated cylinder. Measure and record filtrate
volume collected. Volume is measured in cm3 per 30 minutes. Close valve by turning
black knob clockwise.
10. Open bleeder valve and release trapped line pressure.
11. Turn filter press handle counter clockwise to remove filtration cell assembly from
frame. Pour mud back into viscosity cup, then carefully disassemble mud chamber.
12. Remove filter paper from screen, being careful not to disturb mud cake. Gently wash
excess mud from cake with a stream of water.
13. Measure and report thickness of filter cake to-nearest 1/32 of an inch. Describe cake;
i.e., soft, tough, rubbery, firm, etc.
Precaution:

Experiment 7. To determine the sand content in Drilling fluid
using sand content kit
INTRODUCTION
This simple test is used to determine the volume percent sand-sized particles in a mud. The
information is used to make adjustments in solids control equipment. Sand causes excessive
wear on mixing equipment, drill string, and on pump parts. The sand content in.a mud system
is estimated by wet screen analysis using a 200-mesh (74-micron) screen. It should be
recognized that it is a size-classification of particles and other products, such as lost circulation
materials (LCM), lignite, coarsely-ground barite, etc. will also show up as sand-sized particles.
The presence of these solids, especially LCM, should be noted and quantified if sufficient
volume is present .
Thus, the Sand Content Kit is an easy, reliable, efficient, and proven means for determining
the sand content of drilling fluid. The kit employs the sieve analysis method for determining
the sand and other course particles in the drilling fluid.
PROCEDURE
1. Fill glass measure tube to “mud” line with mud. Add water to next scribed mark. Place
thumb over mouth of tube and shake vigorously.
2. Pour mixture onto the clean screen. Add more water to tube and shake. Pour onto
screen. Discard liquid that passes through the screen.
3. Repeat Step 2 until wash water is clean. Then wash sand retained on screen in order to
free any adhering mud.
4. Place funnel on top of screen assembly. Slowly invert assembly and insert tip of funnel
into glass tube. Wash sand back into tube with a fine spray of water or a 7 wash bottle.
5. Allow sand to settle. Read and record volume percent sand from graduations on the
glass measuring tube.
The sand content of drilling fluid is defined as anything larger than 74 microns in size and is
measured by a sand content kit. The test may be performed on low solids mud as well as on
weighted mud. It is important to know the sand content of drilling fluid as excessive sand
results in the deposition ofa thick filter cake on the wall of the hole, or may settle back into the
hole when circulation is stopped. High sand content also may cause excessive abrasion of pump
parts and pipe conncctions and interferes with drilling tools and the setting of casing.
EQUIPMENT:
Part Number Description

167-10 :Sieve, 200 mesh, 2.5 inch (63.5 millimeters) in diameter
167-20 :Funnel, to fit sieve
167-30 :Sand Content Tube, glass, graduated from 0 to 20%
Fig. 1 Sand Content Kit (OFITE)
TEST PROCEDURE
1. Fill the glass measuring tube with a freshly stirred sample of drilling fluid to the line
marked “mud to here.” Add water to the next marked labelled “water to here.” Close
the mouth of the tube with the thumb and shake vigorously.
2. Pour the mixture onto the clean wet sieve and discard the liquid that passes through the
sereen. Add more water to the tube, shake, and again pour through the sieve. Repeat
this process until the tube is clean and the water passing through the screen is clear.
Wash the sand retained on the screen to free it of any remaining mud and shale particles
or anything else that will pass through the screen.
3. Place the funnel upside down over the top of the sieve. Without spilling any of the
retained sand, slowly invert the assembly and insert the tip of the funnel into the mouth
of the glass tube. Wash the sand from the screen into the tube with a fine spray of water
through the back side of the screen. Be careful not to overflow the tube. Allow time for
the sand to completely settle in the bottom of the tube.
4. Read the volume percent (%) of the sand from the graduations on the tube.
REPORTING:
Report the sand content of the drilling fluid in volume percent (%). Report the source of the
mud sample, above the shaker, suction pit, etc. Coarse solids, other than sand such as loss
circulation material or coarse barite will also be retained on the screen and the presence of these
solids should be noted in the mud report.

Experiment 8. To find the alkalinity in drilling fluid and in
filtrate of drilling fluid by titration method
INTRODUCTION
Alkalinity measurements are used to determine the buffering capacity of a drilling fluid
(capacity to neutralize acidic components or contaminants). From the alkalinity measurements
(𝑃𝑀 , 𝑃𝐹 , 𝑀𝐹 ), concentration of hydroxyl (OH,) Carbonate (𝐶𝑂3) and bicarbonate (𝐻𝐶𝑂3 ) ions
can be estimated. Knowledge of mud and filtrate alkalinities is important to ensure proper mud
chemistry control of a drilling fluid. Hydroxyl alkalinity is necessary for solubilizing some
products such as the lignite based additives. On the other hand carbonate and bicarbonate
alkalinities adversely affect performance of clay based mud.
Water based drilling fluid additives work better in an alkaline environment. Bentonite hydrates
faster and to a great degree, as do polymers. Some thinners such as lignosulfonate, are acidic,
and only dissolve in alkaline fluids. Alkalinity inhibits corrosion, and bacterial growth in water
based fluids.
Hydroxyl ions are used to control the solubility of calcium in lime muds and control the
polymerization of Silicate in Silicates muds.
The most common additives for alkalinity are Caustic soda (NaOH) and Potassium Hydroxide
(KOH). Caustic soda is used in most water based drilling fluids, while potassium hydroxide is
used in potassium chloride muds.
High alkalinities promote the hydration of formation clays, and the hydration and dispersion of
cutting into the drilling fluid and maybe a substantial factor where borehole instability factors
are occurring. High alkalinities may also lead to the precipitation of certain ions in a drilling
fluid removing polymers and clays attached to these ions at the same time, as occurs with
cement contamination.
pH, 𝑷𝑴 , 𝑷𝑭 and 𝑴𝑭 :These properties all relate to alkalinity. pH is the direct measurement of
the relative acidity of a fluid. Acidity is due to the concentration of hydrogen ions in the fluid.
The pH is an inverse measurement of the hydrogen ions concentration. pH ranges from 1 to 14,
with 1 being most acidic, 7 being neutral and 14 being most alkaline. Fluids with a pH above
7 are said to be alkaline but alkalinity is not necessary the same thing as pH.
Alkalinity is defined as the concentration of water soluble ions that neutralize acid. These will
be substances that react with hydrogen to form a neutral compound. Essentially there are three
groups of that may perform this function. They are the hydroxyl ions, carbonate ions and
bicarbonate ions.
Hydroxyl ions are useful and ideally the pH of the mud should be primarily due to the presence
of hydroxl ion. Carbonate and bicarbonate ions maybe considered contaminants. High
carbonate and bicarbonate alkalinities may cause excessive viscosities and gellation tendencies
in water based drilling fluids.

Pf and Mf are measurements that are made on filters using phenolphthalein and methyl orange
indicator solution respectively, which help to determine which ions are responsible for pH. If
the 𝑃𝐹 and 𝑀𝐹 are both high, the carbonate alkalinity is present, and of the 𝑃𝐹 is low, and the
𝑀𝐹 is high, bicarbonate ions are present.
There always be some carbonate and bicarbonate ions, and they are of more concern in high
solid muds, such as lignosulfonate, than in low solid mud. Of the 𝑀𝐹 is more than a factor of
10 x the 𝑀𝐹 , there is excessive carbonate alkalinity.
Carbonates are usually treated out with additions of small quantities of lime. The 𝑷𝑴 is
measured on whole mud rather than just on the filtrate. It is mainly used in lime muds to
determine the ratio of insoluble lime in the whole mud to dissolve lime in the filtrate.
Mud Alkalinity (𝑷𝑴 )

1. Take 1.0 cm3 of water based mud into a titration vessel using a 5.0 cm3 pipette.
2. Add 50 cm3 of distilled water to the mud sample and stir with stirring rod.
3. Add 5 drops of phenolphthalein indicator solution. A pink color will appear if
alkalinity is present.
4. With stirring, rapidly titrate with 0.02 Normal (N/50) sulfuric acid until the pink
color disappears.
5. Report the phenolphthalein alkalinity of the mud, Pm as the number of cm³ of 0.02
Normal (N/50) acid required per cm³ of mud.
Filtrate Alkalinity (𝑷𝑭 )

1. Transfer 1 cm³ of LPLT (Low-Pressure Low-Temperature) Filtration filtrate into
titration vessel using an appropriate pipette.
2. Add 3 drops of phenolphthalein indicator solution.
3. If indicator turns pink, titrate (drop by drop) with 0.02 Normal (N/50) sulfuric acid
until the pink color just disappears.
4. Report the phenolphthalein alkalinity of filtrate, 𝑃𝐹 as the number of cm³ of
0.02Normal acid required per cm³ of filtrate.
5. Filtrate (liquid only) 𝑃𝐹 alkalinity can indicate presence of hydroxl and carbonate
ions in most mud systems.
Filtrate alkalinity (𝑴𝑭 )

1. To the same sample that has been titrated to the 𝑃𝐹 endpoint, add 3 drops ofmethyl
orange indicator solution.
2. Titrate with 0.02 Normal (N/50) sulfuric acid (drop by drop) while stirring until the
indicator changes from pale yellow to pinkish orange.
3. Report the methyl orange alkalinity (𝑀𝐹 ) as the total cm³of 0.02Normal acid per
cm³ of filtrate required to reach the methyl orange endpoint. The 𝑀𝐹 is recorded as
the total volume of acid required per cm³ of filtrate. (The total volume indicates the
cm³ of acid in the 𝑃𝐹 titration plus the cm³ of acid in 𝑀𝐹 titration).
Estimated concentrations of hydroxyl carbonate and bicarbonate ions can be determined

using table:
Ionic relationships with alkalinity titrations estimated concentrations, mg/L

𝑶𝑯− 𝑪𝑶𝟑 = 𝑯𝑪𝑶𝟑
Hydroxls Carbonates Bicarbonates
𝑃𝐹 = 0 0 0 1220 (𝑀𝐹 )
2𝑃𝐹 < 𝑀𝐹 0 1200 (𝑃𝐹 ) 1220 (𝑀𝐹 −2𝑃𝐹 )
2𝑃𝐹 = 𝑀𝐹 0 1200 (𝑃𝐹 ) 0
2𝑃𝐹 > 𝑀𝐹 340 (2𝑃𝐹 − 𝑀𝐹 ) 1200 (𝑀𝐹 − 𝑃𝐹 ) 0
𝑃𝐹 = 𝑀𝐹 340 (𝑀𝐹 ) 0
Notes: These equations are valid for very simple filtrates, but become less valid as the
filtrate become more complex with soluble lignite, lignosulfonates, acetates, etc.

Experiment 9. To determine the Total hardness in drilling fluid
by titration method
INTRODUCTION
Hardness analysis is a titration of divalent cation in a filtrate using EDTA reagent with an
indicator that changes from wine-red to blue at an endpoint. The endpoint will be gray-blue in
dark-colored filtrates.
The hardness of water or mud filtrate is due primarily to the presence of Calcium (Ca++) and
Magnesium (M++) ions. The harder the water, the more difficult for many chemicals to
function, particularly bentonite clay. Also, hardness decreases efficiency of most polymers.
Excessive hardness will cause flocculation of clays in the mud, effecting filtration rates. Total
hardness should be maintained below 200 ppm in most water base drilling fluids, except for
lime muds, where it is usually run slightly higher.
PROCEDURE
1. Add 50 ml deionized water to titration vessel; then, add 1 ml (10 drops) of Versenate
Hardness Buffer Solution.
2. Add 3 drops of Versenate Hardness Indicator solution. If calcium and/or
magnesium are present in the deionionized water, a wine-red color will develop. If
not, the solution
will remain blue.
3. While stirring, titrate with EDTA (standard versenate) until solution color changes
from wine-red to blue. DO NOT GO PAST ENDPOINT!
4. Add 1 ml of filtrate to the deionized water. If calcium and/or magnesium are
present, a wine-red color will develop. While Stirring, titrate (drop by drop) with
EDTA until color indicator changes from wine-red to blue.
5. Note the ml of EDTA and calculate hardness, mg/L, as follows:
Note: Steps 1-3 have removed the hardness from the deionized water if any was present.
TABLE: Total hardness titration chart
Total hardness
Chemical tests
Column 1 Column 2
Sample None
Deionized water 50 cm³ None
Buffer 2 cm³ versenate None
Hardness buffer
Color indicator 10 drops versenate None
Hardness indicator
Titrate with: EDTA EDTA

(titrant) (standard versenate) (standard versenate)
Color changes Wine red to blue Wine red to blue
Do not go past endpoint!
Record None (cm³ of EDTA)(400)
cm³ of filtrate
Note Proceed to col. 2
To determine the Total Hardness by using Field Procedure.

EQUIPMENTS
1. Titration dish, 100 to 150 ml, preferably white

2. Three graduated pipettes, one 1 ml, one 5 ml and one 10 ml
3. Graduated cylinder, 50 ml
4. Stirring rod
5. Porceline spoon or spatula
REAGENTS
1. Standard Versenate solution (0.01M EDTA solution)

2. Strong buffer solution
3. Manver indicator
4. 8N NaOH solution
5. Calcon indicator
PROCEDURE
1. Add approximately 20 ml of deionized waler to tilrate vessel

2. Add 1 or 2 ml of the water or filtrate to be tested
Note: the endpoint is occasionally difficult to see in the dark colored filtrates. Reduce
the
sample size to 0.5 ml if the endpoint cannot be seen with a 1 ml sample or follow
procedure listed under determination of total hardness.
a. Add 1 ml of strong buffer solution.

b. Add 3 drops of Manver indicator and mix with a stirring rod: A wine red color will
develop if hardness is present.
c. Using a pipette, titrate with standard Versenate solution. Stirring continuously until the
sample turns to blue (or green for dark colored filtrates) with no under tint of red
remaining. Record the number of ml of std. versenate solution used.
CALCULATION:
Total Hardness as Calcium, mg/liter = (ml of std. versenate * 400) / ml of sample
Total hardness as CaCO3, mg/liter =Ca, mp/lt * 2.5

Experiment 10. To determine the Calcium and Magnesium in
Drilling fluid by titration method
INTRODUCTION
As mentioned under Total Hardness, divalent cations can adversely affect mud properties.
Calcium and Magnesium can affect mud in different ways; therefore, they may need to be
analyzed separately.
Calcium analysis is a titration of a filtrate using EDTA reagent, plus a high pH buffer so that
the Magnesium ions are precipitated and only calcium ion is being analyzed.
Table: Calcium/Magnesium hardness titration chart
Calcium Magnesium
Chemical tests
Column 1 Column 2 (𝑴𝒈++ )
Sample None 1 cm³ filtrate None
Deionized water 50 cm³ None None
1 cm³ versenate
Buffer Calcium hardness
None None
Buffer
Pinch of calver II
Color indicator None None
Indicator powder
Titrate with: EDTA EDTA
None
(titrant) (standard versenate) (standard versenate)
Wine red to blue
Color change Do not go past end- Wine red to blue None
point!
(cm³ of EDTA)(400) Total hardness
record None
cm³ of filtrate Calcium * 243
This calculation is
based on recorded
note Proceed to col. 2 results from total
hardness and
calcium tests.
PROCEDURE
1. Add 50 cm³ deionized water to titration vessel, and then add 1 cm³ Calcium hardness buffer
solution.
2. Add a pinch of Calver II indicator powder. If calcium is present, a wine-red color will
develop.
3. While stirring, titrate with EDTA (drop by drop) until sample color changes from wine-red
to blue.
4. Add 1 cm³ of filtrate to the deionized water. If calcium is present, a wine-red will develop.
5. While stirring, titrate with EDTA (drop by drop) until the color indicator changes from wine-
red to blue.

Note the cm³ of EDTA and calculate calcium, mg/L, as follows:
mg (cm³ of EDTA)(400)
Calcium, =
L cm³ of filtrate
The magnesium ion concentration is determined by difference of the total hardness less the
calcium, times a factor of (0.6).
Magnesium, mg/L = [(Total Hardness, mg/L) – (Calcium, mg/L)] (0.6)

FIELD PROCEDURE TO DETERMINE THE Ca IN MUD FILTRATE
To determine the Ca by using Qualitative method.

INTRODUCTION
Water containing a large amount of dissolved Calcium and Magnesium salt is referred to as
“Hard Water”. The common evidence of hardness in water is the difficulty of producing leather
in it with soap. In many oil fields, the water available for use is quite hard drilling clays have
low yields when mixed in hard water. The harder the water, the more bentonite it takes to make
a satisfactory gel mud. In extreme cases it has been found economical to treat the water
chemically before using it for mixing mud, but it is not generally economical to do this.
Frequently, however where there is a choice of two or more sources of water for the fig, it may
be desirable to make a simple test to select the softer of the two.
All field men are familiar with the effects on the mud when anhydrite (CaSO4) or Guppy
formations are drilled. Likewise, Ca may be picked up in drilling cement plug and sometimes
in sections of shale. Any extensive Ca contamination results in abnormally high water loss and
fast gel rate.
Glass apparatus and reagent:

1. Test tube.
2. Dropper bottle containing a saturated solution of ammonium oxalate.
Procedure:
1. Collect the filtrate from a sample of drilling mud.
2. Place 1 to 3 cm³ of filtrate in the test tube.
3. Add 3 to 4 drops of saturated ammonium oxalate.
4. The presence of Ca will be indicated by the formation of a white ppt. Record as Light,
Medium or Heavy.

Experiment 11. Field procedure for determining cation exchange
capacity
Methylene blue is a cationic dye, which strongly attracts to negatively charged sites on clays.
Smectite Clays have large basal surface areas that are negatively charged have the highest
capacity to adsorb methylene blue dye of any clay. The test therefore is a measure of the
reactive clay concentration of a water base drilling fluid. Some reactive clay is useful and
necessary, but too much can cause problems.
Increasing MBTs are usually an indication of an increase in low gravity solids concentrations.
In most low solids drilling fluids, MBTs should be maintained at +/-
15 or less, if possible.
EQUIPMENTS
Syringe or serological pipette, 1 ml

Erlenmeyer flask, 250 ml with rubber stopper
Burette or Pipette, 10 ml
Graduated cylinder, 50 ml
Stirring rod
Hot plate
Filter paper, 11 cm diameter, Whatman’s No.1 or equivalent (No. 50 can be used, but it is
less satisfactory).
Fig. 1 Digital Resistivity Meter
REAGENTS:
Methylene blue solution
Hydrogen peroxide solution, 3%
5 N H2SO, solutions
PROCEDURE:

1. Add 1 ml of mud (or suitable volume of mud to require 2 to 10 ml of reagent) to
10 ml of water in the Erlenmeyer flask. Add 15 ml of 3 % H2O2 and 0.5 ml of 5 N
H2SO4 solution and mix by swirling before heating. Boil for 10 minutes, Dilute to
about 50 ml with water.
NOTE: drilling mud frequently contain substances in addition to bentonite that absorb
methylene blue. Treatment with H2O2, is intended to remove the effect of organic
materials such as CMC, Polyacrylates, Lignosulfates or lignites.
2. Add methylene blue solution 0.5 ml at a time from the burette or pipette to the flask
after each addition insert rubber stopper and shake contents of the flask for about 30
second. While the solids are still suspended. Remove a drop from the flask with a glass
rod and place on filter paper. The end point of the titration is reached when the dye
appears as a greenish blue ring surrounding the dye solids.
3. When the greenish blue tint spreading from the spot is detected, shake the flask an
additional 2 minutes and place another drop on the filter paper. If the greenish blue ring
is again evident the end point has been reached. If the ring does not appear, continue as
before until a drop after shaking 2 minutes shown the greenish blue tint.
4. Record the ml of methylene blue solution used.
CALCULATION
CEC= ml of Methylene blue / ml of mud

Experiment 12. To measure the emulsion stability of Drilling
Fluid using Emulsion Stability Meter
INTRODUCTION
The OFITE Electrical Stability Meter (ES) is a sine wave instrument manufactured in
accordance with the American Petroleum Institute (API) “Recommended Practice Standard
Procedure for Field Testing Oil-Based Drilling Fluids”, 13B-2. It is accurate, compact and
portable and is intended for routine field and laboratory use to measure the relative electrical
strength of drilling fluids having a continuous oil phase. It is self-contained and consists of a
meter and probe, and it operates on four 9 volt alkaline batteries which are readily obtainable.
A high and low calibration standard is included with each unit to ensure accuracy. The
dielectric breakdown voltage is the point at which the drilling fluid becomes electrically
conductive. The DC power source of the batteries provides an AC Voltage at a low frequency
to the electrodes. The unit provides a constant rate of voltage increase until the emulsion
becomes electrically conductive. A current flow of 61 micro amps (61μA) across the electrodes
will cause the display to stop and the reading will be held as long as the switch is depressed.
The reading is called the electrical stability, emulsion stability or ES value of the fluid.
The electrical stability value will decrease with increasing testing temperature. The
recommended API test temperature is 120o ± 5oF (49o ± 3oC). The temperature should always
be carefully monitored and recorded.
The electrical stability (ES) of an oil based drilling fluid is a property related to the stability of
the emulsion and its oil-wetting capabilities. ES is determined by applying a voltage-ramped
sinusoidal electrical signal across a pair of flat-plat parallel electrodes separated by 0.061 inch
(1.59 mm), that are immersed in the fluid. The resulting current remains low until a threshold
voltage is reached, whereupon the current rises rapidly. This threshold voltage is referred to as
the ES of the fluid of the fluid and is defined as the voltage in peak volt-measured when the
current reaches 61μA. The sine wave specified for the voltage ramp results in more efficient
energizing of the fluid and generates considerably lower ES values (often less than half) than
the spiky wave form of the older instruments manufactured by OFITE and others. The
symmetry of the sinusoidal signal also inhibits buildup of solids on the electrodes faces and
enhances reproducibility. To further enhance reproducibility, the instrument specifications
include automatic voltage ramping at a fixed ramp rate.
The chemical composition and the shear history of a drilling fluid control the absolute
magnitude of the ES in a complex fashion. Therefore, interpreting the oil-wet state of a mud
from a single ES measurement is not appropriate.
ES should be used in making treatment decisions.

 The ES of an invert emulsion mud is the voltage necessary to induce current to flow
through mud. The magnitude of this voltage is controlled by a number of factors,
including the stability of the emulsion.
 Oil is an electrical insulator. Oil muds therefore are non-conductive. For electrical
current to flow through a mud, the emulsion must be broken, so the current can flow
through the water fraction in the mud.
 The ease or difficulty at which this breakdown may be forced by ES test meter, is related
to the strength of the emulsion, but will also be effected by the oil/water ratio of the

mud, the degree of shearing, the solids content, temperature, and possibly other factors.
There is no specific voltage number that indicates that emulsion is good or bad.
 In general, it may be said that ES above 150 volts indicate that an emulsion is present.
With synthetic base fluids, newly mixed muds usually have an ES of 600 volts, or
higher. ES should be tracked for changes, rather than looking for any specific value. It
is normal for ES to gradually increase as mud is used. Incorporation of water into the
mud, such as from drilling green cement, or from a water kick, may temporarily reduce
the ES voltage. In most cases this is not an indication of a problem with the emulsion.
A decreasing ES trend suggests possible emulsion problems and the HTHP filter press
should be run. A decreasing ES along with a significant increase in HTHP is a sure sign
of a weakened emulsion.
OFI Testing Equipment – Electrical Stability Meter Instruction
Components:
Probe with Cable.
Calibration Standard, High/Low
Battery, 9 Volts Alkaline, for Model ESM-30A
For Older Models:

Battery, 8.4 Volts, for Models 23C and ESM 20
Optional:
Marsh Funnel Viscometer or 12 mesh screen
Thermo cup, 115 Volt/230 Volt
Calibration Probe for ES Meter
Thermometer, 0-220oF, metal
PROCEDURE
1. Inspect the electrode probe and cable for any evidence of damage. Ensure that the entire
electrode gap is free of deposits and that the connector to the instrument is clean and
dry. Clean the electrode body thoroughly by wiping with a clean paper towel, being
careful to pass it through the electrode gap a few times. Swirl the electrode probe in the
base oil used to formulate the mud or if the base oil is not available, another oil or mild
solvent like isopropanol is acceptable. Do not use a detergent solution or aromatic
solvents such as xylene to clean the electrode. Clean and dry the electrode probe as
before.
2. Pour the oil mud sample which has been pre-heated through a 12 mesh screen or Marsh
Funnel screen into a glass or plastic container. DO NOT USE A METAL
CONTAINER. Record the mud temperature on the Drilling Mud Report form.
3. Hand stir the 120oF sample with the electrode probe for approximately 10 seconds to
ensure the uniform composition and temperature of the oil mud. Position the electrode
probe so that it does not touch the bottom or sides of the container, and be sure the
electrode surfaces are completely covered by the sample.
4. Push the button to begin the voltage ramp. Do not move the electrode during the voltage
ramp.
5. At the conclusion of the ramp test, note the ES value displayed on the readout.

6. Repeat the above procedure with the same mud sample. The two ES values should not
differ by more than 5%. If they differ by more than 5% the meter or electrode should
be checked.
7. Record the average of the two ES measurements on the Drilling Mud Report Form.
Calibration – Performance Test:
1. Inspect the electrode probe and cable for evidence of damage, Ensure the entire
electrode gap is free of deposits and the connector to the instrument is clean and dry.
2. Disconnect the electrode probe for the meter and push the button to run a voltage ramp
test. If the meter is working properly, the ES reading should reach the maximum voltage
permitted by the instrument.
3. Obtain the High Calibration Standard and plug it into the same receptacle used by the
electrode. Run the voltage ramp test and note the ES value reading. This number should
be within ±2% of the value marked on the High Calibration Standard. Repeat this
procedure using the Low Calibration Standard and again the values should be within
±2% of each other. If the instrument reading falls within these acceptable limits, the
meter is in proper working condition.
4. Reconnect the electrode to the meter and repeat the voltage ramp test using tap water.
The ES reading should not exceed 6 volts. If the instrument reading falls within these
acceptable limits, the meter is in proper working condition.
5. Reconnect the electrode to the meter and repeat the voltage ramp test using tap water.
The ES reading should not exceed 6 volts. If the reading does exceed 6 volts, reclean
the electrode probe using a solvent (like Xylene), and carefully check the electrical
connector for damage or wear. If the unit is still not functioning properly, the electrode-
cable may be replaced by calling OFITE and ordering a new electrode, part no. 131-01.
Note: These procedures do not check the waveform, AC frequency or ramp rate. The ES meter
must be periodically checked by a qualified technician to ensure that all units meet
specifications.
SPECIFICATIONS:
Meter:
Wave form : Sine, <5% total harmonic distortion
AC Frequency : 340±10 Hz
Output Units : Peak Volts
Ramp Rate : 150±10 Volts per second, automatic operation
Minimum Output Range : 3-2000 Volts (Peak)
Trip Current : 61±5Μa
Electrode:
Housing : Material resistant to oil components up to 220oF
(105oC)
Material : Corrosion-resistant metal
Diameter : 0.125±0.001 in. (3.18 ± 0.03mm)
Spacing (gap) : 0.061±0.001 in. (1.55 ± 0.03mm) at 72oF (22oC)
Item : 131-50
Description : Emulsion Stability Tester with Calibration
Standard, Batteries, & Case.

The OFITE Emulsion Stability Tester determines ES by applying a precision voltage – ramped
sinusoidal signal across a pair of parallel flat plate electrodes that are immersed in the fluid.
The resulting current remains low until a threshold voltage (61±5μA) is reached. Then the
current rises very rapidly. The point at which the fluid becomes conductive is the dielectric
breakdown voltage, or the “ES” of the fluid, and is the voltage in peak volts measured when
the current reaches the 61μA point. The API approved sine wave circuitry results in a more
efficient energizing of the fluid and generates considerably lower ES values than the old style
“spikey” waveform instruments. The symmetry of the sinusoidal signal inhibits the buildup of
solids on the electrode faces and enhances reproducibility. To further enhance reproducibility
and as a safety factor, OFITE introduced push button automatic voltage ramping at a fixed
ramp rate. The unit consists of a meter, probe electrode, and calibration standards, and operates
on four readily obtainable 9-volt batteries.
Size: 9.5 x 6.5 x 3.5 inches (24.1 x 16.5 x 8.9 cm)

Weight: 2 lbs 15 oz (1.3kg)
Components:
Probe with Cable
Calibration Standard for ES Meter. High/Low
Battery, 9-Volt Alkaline
For Older Models:

Battery for Models 23C and ESM-20, 8.4V

Experiment 13. To measure the gel or shear strength of drilling
fluid using Shearometer
INTRODUCTION
The Shearometer may be used to estimate the extent to which the drilling fluid will develop
excessive gel strength, and is the primary measuring device used in the determination of the
gel strength of a drilling fluid. Many drilling fluids tend to develop excessive gel or shear
strength under static conditions when the mud is not circulating in the well bore. This is
especially noticeable at elevated temperatures. Excessive shear strength results in high pump
pressure required to break circulation, and may result in loss of circulation and difficulties in
logging, perforating and other downhole operations.
Fig. 1 Shearometer
COMPONENTS:
a. Two 5 grams, 3.4 x 1.4 inch hollow shear tubes.

b. A stainless steel sample cup with a graduated scale mounted vertically in the center of
the cup.
PROCEDURE
Initial Gel Strength

1. Ensure the sample cup and scales are clean and dry before beginning the test. There
should also be a way to accurately measure elapsed time. A stopwatch is ideal for this.
2. Wet the hollow Shearometer tube and wipe away the excess water.

3. Pour a freshly agitated drilling fluid sample (OBM) into the stainless steel sample cup.
The fluid level should be even with the bottom line on the scale.
4. As soon as the surface of the fluid is calm and steady, carefully fit a hollow Shearometer
tube over the measuring scale protruding up from the drilling fluid sample and lower
the tube to the surface of the fluid.
5. Release the Shearometer tube and let it sink into the fluid for one minute, as measured
from the instant the tube is released. The tube may be kept vertical by gently guiding it
with your fingers if necessary.
6. After the one minute time has elapsed, read and record the scale reading visible at the
top of the Shearometer tube. The reading should be reported in pounds per 100 square
feet as initial gel.
10 Minute Gel Strength

(After reporting the Initial Gel Strength for one minute, remove the hollow Shearometer tube
and allow the sample to settle for 10 minutes in the static condition and then follow this
procedure).
1. Ensure the sample cup and scales are clean and dry before beginning the test. Wet the
hollow Shearometer tube and wipe away the excess water.
2. Pour a freshly agitated drilling fluid sample into the stainless steel sample cup. The
fluid level should be even with the bottom line on the scale.
3. Carefully fit a hollow Shearometer tube over the measuring scale protruding up from
the drilling fluid sample and lower the tube to the surface of the fluid.
4. Release the Shearometer tube and let it sink into the fluid for one minute, as measured
from the instant the tube is released. The tube may be kept vertical by gently guiding it
with your fingers if necessary.
5. After the one minute time period has elapsed, read and record the scale reading visible
at the top of the Shearometer tube. The reading should be reported in pounds per 100
square feet, for the time that has elapsed since the fluid was poured into the cup.

Experiment 14. To measure the resistivity of drilling fluid (WBM)
using Analog Resistivity meter
INTRODUCTION
Resistivity Meter is a portable measuring device designed to give a quick, reliable measurement
of the resistivity of a small sample expressed in ohm-meters. The transistorized meter
accurately measures the resistivity of fluids, slurries and semisolids having resistivity of from
0.01 to 10 ohm-meter²/meter (i.e. Ohm meter). This ohm-meter reading may be converted into
parts per million (ppm) Sodium Chloride using the monograph provided.
The resistivity (Wm) of a drilling mud is influenced by the dissolved salts (ppm) or (gpg, grain
per gallon) in the water portion and the insoluble solid material contained in the water portion.
The greater the concentration of dissolved salts, the lower resistivity of the solution. Unlike
metals, the resistivity of a solution decreases as temperature increases. It is necessary to
measure resistivity because the mud, mud cake, mud filtrate resistivity exert a strong effect on
the electric logs taken in that mud. The mud resistivity varies greatly from the actual resistivity
values due to the various factors encountered in the actual operation
Fig. 1 Resistivity Meter
COMPONENTS
 Resistivity Probe with Thermometer

 Suction Bulb
 Volt Battery, Qty: 22
 Pipe Cleaner, 3 mm Diameter, 10' Length
PROCEDURE

 Use the suction bulb to pull the sample into the Lucite cell. Empty and refill the cell
several times to thoroughly wet the cylinder walls.
 Connect the cell assembly to the two terminal posts on the meter. Be sure the sample
fills the area between the two metals post in the cell. If the sample is not at room
temperature, wait for the temperature of the sample and cell to reach equilibrium.
 Depress and hold the black button to calibrate the meter. Turn the adjusting control
knob to set the meter needle to the "ADJ" position.
 Depress both the black and the red button at the same time, and read the resistivity of
the sample directly from the meter in ohm-meters.
 Using the thermometer in the cell wall, read and note the temperature of the sample.
 Using the monograph, convert the resistivity value to concentration of Chlorides.
Semi Solid Samples (Filter cakes, Mud Solids, etc.):
 Prepare samples of uniform moisture content.

 Fill the slot on the outer surface of the cell completely with a semi-solid sample (taken
from API filtration apparatus).
 Follow step 2 through 6 in the above procedure.
MAINTENANCE:
Always clean the cell immediately after making a measurement. Purge the cell with distilled
water until it is clear. If additional cleaning is necessary, use a pipe cleaner and mild soap. Use
no other solvents. Avoid scratching the surface of the cell. When it is no longer possible to
calibrate the meter with the zero control, replace the 9-volt alkaline batteries. Observe the
polarity markings on the printed circuit board. If the mercury in the sample cell thermometer
separates, it must be reunited. First try to shake it down. If this does not reunite the mercury,
place the cell into hot water until the mercury just enters the top void. Then remove the cell
from the hot water and insert it into ice water to pull the lose mercury into the graduated tube.

Drilling Practical Manual - Drilling PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Drilling Practical Manual - Drilling PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

PANDIT DEENDAYAL PETROLEUM

SCHOOL OF PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY

Drilling Fluid Practical

Mr. Anirudh Bardhan

EXPERIMENT 1. PREPARATION OF WBM AND OBM INCLUDING

EXPERIMENT 2. TO CALIBRATE THE MUD BALANCE AND DETERMINE THE

EXPERIMENT 3. TO MEASURE THE VISCOSITY OF DRILLING FLUID USING

EXPERIMENT 4. TO DETERMINE THE RHEOLOGY OF THE DRILLING FLUID

EXPERIMENT 5. TO DETERMINE THE VOLUMES OF WATER, OIL AND SOLIDS IN

EXPERIMENT 6. TO DETERMINE THE FLUID LOSS USING LOW-

EXPERIMENT 7. TO DETERMINE THE SAND CONTENT IN DRILLING FLUID

EXPERIMENT 8. TO FIND THE ALKALINITY IN DRILLING FLUID AND IN

EXPERIMENT 9. TO DETERMINE THE TOTAL HARDNESS IN DRILLING FLUID BY

EXPERIMENT 10. TO DETERMINE THE CALCIUM AND MAGNESIUM IN DRILLING

EXPERIMENT 11. FIELD PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINING CATION EXCHANGE

EXPERIMENT 12. TO MEASURE THE EMULSION STABILITY OF DRILLING FLUID

EXPERIMENT 13. TO MEASURE THE GEL OR SHEAR STRENGTH OF DRILLING

EXPERIMENT 14. TO MEASURE THE RESISTIVITY OF DRILLING FLUID (WBM)

Drilling Fluid Practical Lab Manual 2

WATER BASED MUD (WBM)

Reagent: As per the formulation.

 Small particle size

Insufficient Bentonite in a mud causes increased filtrate loss, particularly at increased

1. To increase hole-cleaning capability.

Sodium Carbonate / Soda Ash / (Na2CO3):

Sodium Hydroxide / Caustic Soda / (NaOH):

 Caustic Soda, lye; white deliquescent; beads, pellets, flakes.

Drilling Fluid Practical Lab Manual 3

Formula and preparation of WBM:

1. Take 3000ml distilled water in a mixing device.

3. Add 8.57g Soda Ash (1 ppb) in above distilled water.

4. Add 1-2g of Caustic soda (0.5 ppb) in above distilled water.

6. Adjust the pH between 8-11 of the prepared mud.

Fig. 1 Mechanical Stirrer

 Tightly close all the containers after use.

Drilling Fluid Practical Lab Manual 4

 Switch-off all the instruments after use.

OIL BASED MUD (OBM)

Apparatus: Hamilton beach Mixer, SS cup, weighing balance

Reagent: As per the formulation.

The disadvantages of using oil-based mud, especially in wildcat wells are:

Drilling Fluid Practical Lab Manual 5

Fig.2 Hamilton Beach Mixer, Commercial

Formula and preparation of OBM:

Drilling Fluid Practical Lab Manual 6

 Tightly close all the containers after use.

 Do not add anything in running machine.

 Switch-off all the instruments after use.

Drilling Fluid Practical Lab Manual 7

1. PRIMARY APPLICATIONS OF CLAY AND WEIGHTING MATERIALS

2. PRIMARY APPLICATIONS OF VISCOSIFIERS AND FILTRATION

Drilling Fluid Practical Lab Manual 8

4. MUD LOSS CONTROLLING AGENTS

5. PRIMARY APPLICATIONS OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS

Drilling Fluid Practical Lab Manual 9

It is extremely important that mud weight measurement is performed as accurately as possible

The Effect of Temperature on Density Measurement

Compensation for entrained air or gas

Drilling Fluid Practical Lab Manual 10

Fig.1 Schematic Diagram of Mud Balance

Fig.2 Mud Balance, OFITE

1. Measure and record the temperature of the sample of mud to be tested.

Drilling Fluid Practical Lab Manual 11