Schlumberger FAST TRACK DRILLING TRAINING - MWD Systems Overview

Schlumberger- FAST TRACK DRILLING TRAINING
MWD Systems
Schlumberger Private
1/62
Outline
 MWD Systems
 LWD Systems
 Drilling Tools
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MWD and LWD
 LWD provides formation measurements
 MWD provides drilling mechanics and survey
measurements
It also transmits data uphole by mud pulse
telemetry
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Applications of MWD
 Directional Drilling
 Formation Evaluation
 Drilling Optimization
 Drilling Safety
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MWD the present
Advantages and Disadvantages of Continuous
Wave
 Advantages
 Higher Data rate than other systems
 Very important when geosteering or drilling very soft
formations
 Critical if have a lot of LWD tools in the string with data in real
time
 Disadvantages
 More prone to jamming
 More complex
 Generally weaker signal strength
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How the Pulse is Generated
Pressure
1 2
Time
3 4
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PowerPulse Signal Generation
Fully Closed Partially Open Fully Open
MWD Modulator
Rotor & Stator
Pressure
Time
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MWD Continuous Wave Telemetry
Mud Pulser and Turbine Assembly
• Reliable strong signal
• Wide flow range 250 gpm – 1600 gpm
• Long life components
• Good resistance to jamming due to solids
• LCM compatible
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Signal Strength
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Modulator Gap
 The smaller the modulator gap the larger the

amplitude of the generated wave.
 A small gap may be more prone to jamming and
erosion.
 Factors required to decide gap size:
 Flowrate
 Depth
 LCM
 Mud type
 Mud solids content
12/62
MWD Systems
PowerPulse
Impulse
SlimPulse
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PowerPulse
 PowerPulse is the latest generation of MWD tools.
 Designed for hole sizes down to 8 1/2”
 It can measure inclination, azimuth, GTF, MTF and
formation gamma ray. And DWOB, DTOR are optional.
 It can be combined with all LWD tools
 Powered by a turbine generator
 Downlinking capabilities
 Collar sizes from 6 3/4” to 9 1/2”
 LCM tolerance: 50 ppb (medium nut plug)
14/62
IMPulse
 Impulse is the smaller version of PowerPulse
 It can measure inclination, azimuth,GTF and MTF
 And incorporates the resistivity and gamma ray
measurements from the ARC 4 3/4”
 It can be combined with ADN4 (VISION475)
 Powered by a turbine generator
 It has a 2 Mbyte recording memory
 Collar size: 4 3/4”
15/62
SlimPulse
 Latest retrievable and replaceable slim hole tool.

 Provides Inclination, Azimuth, MFT, GTF and GR.
 Provides cont_inc, cont_azm
 Combinable with ARC475.
 Supports flow rates from 35 to 600 gpm
 Powered by lithium batteries.
 Tool sizes are: 1 7/8” to 2 3/8”
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Modulation
 Modulation is the process of transferring information
signals onto a carrier wave.
 Schlumberger MWD tools currently use two types of
binary (two discrete states) modulation:
 MSK (Minimum Shift Keying)
 BPSK (Binary Phase Shift Keying)
 Quaternary (four discrete states) modulation is also used
 QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying)
 For QPSK two binary digits are grouped into one symbol.
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Basic Signal Concepts
 The process of encoding data into a wave has the

effect of spreading the energy of the wave across
a range of frequencies.
 The frequency at which the energy is centered is
called the Carrier Frequency.
18/62
Bandwidth
 All energy detected in the bandwidth is used to
demodulate the signal, whether or not it comes
from the MWD tool.
 Bandwidth is proportional to symbol rate, the
higher the symbol rate the wider the bandwidth.
 Unwanted energy detected within the bandwidth
is referred to as noise.
 Noise may cause errors in the data being
decoded.
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Signal Detection Problems
Problems associated with receiving and decoding

the signal fall into three categories.
 Low signal strength due to attenuation of the
signal
 Noise within the bandwidth
 Distortion due to echoes and reflections
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Noise
Three sources of noise.
 Mud Pumps
 Downhole
 Electrical
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Pulsation Dampener
Use gauge to determine
Nitrogen filled true pre-charge
Rubber Diaphragm
Mud Flow
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Pump Noise Solutions
 Check that the pulsation dampener is properly

charged (2/3 pump pressure or 2000 psi).
 Stagger the stroke rates if more than one pump is
used.
 Change the stroke rate to change the frequencies.
 Use differential detection to eliminate noise.
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Mud Motor / Bit Noise: Solutions
 Change Flow Rates - Motor RPM

 Change Surface RPM
 Change Weight on Bit
 Change Motor
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Electrical Interference: Sources
 Signal on the spectrum with the pumps off

 60 or 50 Hz frequency harmonic visible
 Fluctuating signal strength
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Electrical Interference: Reduction
 Run sensor cables away from sources of
electrical noise (power cables).
 Ensure junction box is protected from moisture.
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MWD Measurements Available
- Inclination
- Azimuth
- Toolface
- Gamma Ray
- IWOB
- Performance Sensors
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MDI - Direction and Inclination
 The MDI contains the following electronics:

- Accelerometers
- Magnetometers
- Temperature Sensor
- D&I Calibration Board
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MGR - M10 Gamma Ray
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MWD - Performance Sensors
• PowerPulse Integrated Sensors

– MVC - Modular Vibration Chassis
– IWOB - Integrated Weight on Bit
• Real-time monitor of downhole weight, torque,

axial
shocks and washout detection
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MVC - Modular Vibration Chassis
• 4-axis shock measurement downhole
• Real-time identification of downhole conditions that reduce drilling efficiency
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Strategies to Reduce Vibration
• Change Weight on Bit

• Change RPM - Significantly at First
• Stop Drilling
• BHA Selection
• Special Components
• Mud properties
• Hole Inclination
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MDC - IWOB
Electronics
Load Cells
Extender
Bull Plug
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IWOB - Integrated Weight on Bit
• Downhole weight on bit and torque

measurement
• Real-time identification of downhole
conditions that reduce drilling efficiency
Weight on bit Torque
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Direction and Inclination
D&M Learning Centers
Updated Aug 17th, 2008
Module Objectives
 At the end of this module you should be able to
 Explain why D&I is important to D&M.
 List different types of well profiles
 List the applications of direction wells
 List and explain the common oilfield mapping systems
 Be able to plot points in UTM zones given the Northing
and Eastings
 Understand the maximum possible Grid Convergence
limit in the UTM coordinate system.
Slide 38
The Importance of D&I
 What are the core D&M businesses
 Directional Drilling
 Measurements While Drilling – D&I
 Logging While Drilling
 Which has the biggest monetary impact if we get

it wrong?
Slide 39
Why do we need D&I
 Why are direction &

inclination so important?
 Avoid other wells
(Anticollision)
 Prevent crossing lease
lines, boundaries or
borders
 Hit the Target
Slide 40
Features of a Well Profile
 Surface location
 Kick Off Point-Build
 End Of build/curve
 Tangent Section
 Drop Off Point
 End of Drop/curve
 TD – Total Depth
Slide 41
Basic Well Profiles
 Straight Well (Vertical)
 S-Type Well
 Hold
 Build
 Tangent
 Drop
Slide 42
Basic Well Profiles
 Slant Well (J-Type)

 Hold
 Build
 Tangent
 Horizontal Well
 Various configurations
Slide 43
Applications of Deviated Wells
 Inaccessible locations
 Onshore to Offshore locations
Slide 44
 Sidetracking
 Multiple exploration wells
(Geological sidetrack)
 Salt dome drilling
Slide 45
 Relief wells
 Offshore Multi-well drilling
on a single platform
Slide 46
 Horizontal wells
 Extended Reach Drilling (ERD wells)
 Multilateral
Slide 47
Planning Wells
 When a client plans to drill a well then a DD company is
contracted to design the well plan
 This involves designing a 3D well plan to be plotted on a
2D paper. Therefore a mapping system is used to ensure
that the map is as accurate as possible
 The well has to be planned to the proper north reference

 Magnetic North
 True North
 Grid North
Slide 48
Map Projection
 The Map Projection is a mathematical definition
 It takes a point on the surface of the curved earth
and defines it by Latitude and Longitude
 Then, this can be plotted on a flat piece of paper

defined by a North and East grid
Slide 49
Survey Theory
1. Survey Tools
Slide 50
Types of Surveying Tool -Inclination
Only
 Provide borehole inclination only
 Used to monitor verticality of well bore – cheaply
 Available for “whilst drilling” & “after drilling”
 TOTCO  after drilling  punched card-board disc
 AnderDrift  whilst drilling  mechanical device
sending pressure pulses up hole
 Not very accurate – give a general indication
Slide 51
Types of Surveying Tool - Inc & Az
Tools
 Magnetic Azimuth Tools
MN referenced
 Single Shot
 Film disc or electronic
 Multi Shot
 Film strip or electronic
 MWD tools
 Electronic components
 Gyroscopic Azimuth Tools
TN referenced
 Free Gyro
 Earth Rate Gyro
Slide 52
Types of Surveying Tool - Gyroscopic
Tools
Gyro Theory
 Balanced spinning mass
 Free to rotate on one or
more axis
 It is resistant to external
forces
 It has no magnetic effects
Slide 53
Types of Surveying Tool - MWD Tools
 Non-Retrievable Collar Mounted
 PowerPulse*
 TeleScope*
 IMPulse*
 Retrievable Collar Mounted
 SlimPulse*
 EPulse*
Downhole Direction and

flow rate inclination
Transmission
module
Electronics Gamma ray or
module 3-axis vibration
Power generation
module
Downhole
weight and
torque on bit
Slide 54
Survey Theory
2. What is a Survey and
how do we take it?
Slide 55
Survey Definition
A survey is simply three

measurements made at a point
below the surface of the earth:
 Measured Depth (from
Surface System)
 Inclination (from MWD Tool)
 Azimuth (from MWD Tool)
Slide 56
Measuring D&I with MWD tools
 The depth measurement comes from our surface
sensors
 The Inclination is the direction of the earths
Gravitational Field relative to the tool.
 The MWD tool measures the Azimuth of the

wellbore by measuring the direction of the earth’s
Magnetic Field relative to the tool.
Slide 57
Basic Nomenclature
 The Earths properties that we are trying to

measure:
 H = Total Magnetic Field Strength (gammas)
 G = Total Gravity Field Strength
 What we actually Calculate inside MaxWell:

 Tool H = What we calculate for the Magnetic Vector
 Tool G = What we calculate for the Gravity Vector
Slide 58
Inclination - Gravity Field Vector
 The inclination at a point

along the well bore is a
measurement of the angle
of deviation from vector g
 Vector g points towards the
center of the Earth
 Units of measurement are
“counts”, 1000 “count” = 1g
Slide 59
Inclination - MWD Tools -
Accelerometers
 This device is sensitive to the Earth’s Gravity Field vector
 We have 3 of these devices in a D&I package
 They are arranged at 90 degrees to each other in a mutually
orthogonal set
 Gx, Gy and Gz
GFH Gx  Gy  Gz
2 2 2
Slide 60
Inclination - Tg Vector
 Vector Tg is actually the projection as GFH onto the Y-Z
plane
 No matter what the tool orientation, Tg is stable ( Roll
Test)
This can therefore be used as a Quality Control
Measurement
GF
Slide 61
Tg Gy  Gz
2 2 H
Inclination – Calculation of Inclination
 Angle between the x axis of the tool an the gravity vector

I  tan (Tg/ Gx);Tg Gy  Gz
1 2 2
GX
GFH I
Tg
Slide 62
Inclination - Practical
 Calculate the value of

Inclination from the data
below:
GX
 Gx = 765
GFH I
 Gy = 234
 Gz = 600
Tg
Inclination = 40.1
Slide 63
Azimuth
 Azimuth is the angle

between North Reference
and a horizontal projection
of the current Survey
position
 To determine the azimuth of
a survey point, the MWD
tool must measure the
Magnetic field (this allows us
to get the North reference)
Slide 64
Azimuth - Earth’s Magnetic Field
 It originates at the poles

 It has specific strength and
direction
 Magnetic North is slowly
changing
 Units of measurement are
gammas
 1 Tool H = 50 Gammas
 1 NanoTesla = 1 Gamma
Slide 65
Azimuth - MWD Tools - Magnetometers
 This device is sensitive to the Earth’s Magnetic Field vector

 We have 3 of these devices in a D&I package
 They are arranged at 90 degrees to each other in a mutually
orthogonal set.
 Hx, Hy and Hz
Slide 66
Azimuth - Magnetometer Measurements
 No matter what the tool orientation, HFH is stable

 HFH as calculated from tool should be close to Geomag value
This can therefore be used as a Quality Control Measurement
HFH Hx  Hy  Hz
2 2 2
Slide 67
Azimuth – Th Vector
 Vector Th is actually the projection of HFH onto the y-z plane

 No matter what the tool orientation Th is stable (Roll Test)
During Roll Test it acts as a Quality Control Measurement
Th Hy  Hz
2 2
Slide 68
Azimuth - Magnetic Dip Angle
 Angle between Magnetic

flux line and a line
tangent to the Earths
surface
 DIP  90°, Close to Poles
DIP  0° , Close to
Equator
 Should remain relatively
constant at a given
location
 Above Equator DIP = +ve
below Equator DIP = -ve
It can be used to QC
Slide 69
D&M Azimuth
Learning Centersmeasurement
Azimuth – need for accelerometers
We need accelerometers as
well as magnetometers
 If we simply measure from
Survey Point to North – we
get an incorrect
measurement (see length of
blue arrow)
 We must project the Survey
Point onto the Horizontal
Plane
 Accelerometers give us a
reference to Horizontal
Slide 70

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Schlumberger- FAST TRACK DRILLING TRAINING

 LWD provides formation measurements

Fully Closed Partially Open Fully Open

 The smaller the modulator gap the larger the

 Latest retrievable and replaceable slim hole tool.

 The process of encoding data into a wave has the

Problems associated with receiving and decoding

 Low signal strength due to attenuation of the

 Noise within the bandwidth

 Distortion due to echoes and reflections

Three sources of noise.

 Check that the pulsation dampener is properly

 Change Flow Rates - Motor RPM

 Signal on the spectrum with the pumps off

 The MDI contains the following electronics:

• PowerPulse Integrated Sensors

• Real-time monitor of downhole weight, torque,

• Change Weight on Bit

• Downhole weight on bit and torque

Weight on bit Torque

 Which has the biggest monetary impact if we get

 Why are direction &

 Straight Well (Vertical)

 Slant Well (J-Type)

 Salt dome drilling

 This involves designing a 3D well plan to be plotted on a

 The well has to be planned to the proper north reference

 The Map Projection is a mathematical definition

 Then, this can be plotted on a flat piece of paper

 Balanced spinning mass

Downhole Direction and

2. What is a Survey and

A survey is simply three

 The MWD tool measures the Azimuth of the

 The Earths properties that we are trying to

 What we actually Calculate inside MaxWell:

 The inclination at a point

 Angle between the x axis of the tool an the gravity vector

 Calculate the value of

 Azimuth is the angle

 It originates at the poles

 This device is sensitive to the Earth’s Magnetic Field vector

 No matter what the tool orientation, HFH is stable

 Vector Th is actually the projection of HFH onto the y-z plane

 Angle between Magnetic

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