UNIT IV

E- LEARNING MATERIALS IN ENGLISH

E-learning
E-learning is Internet-enabled learning. A learning system based on
formalised teaching but with the help of electronic resources is known as
E-learning. While teaching can be based in or out of the classrooms, the use
of computers and the Internet forms the major component of E-learning.
E-learning, or electronic learning, is the delivery of learning and training
through digital resources. Although eLearning is based on formalized
learning, it is provided through electronic devices such as computers, tablets
and even cellular phones that are connected to the internet. This makes it
easy for users to learn anytime, anywhere, with few, if any, restrictions.
Basically, eLearning is training, learning, or education delivered online
through a computer or any other digital device.
Digital learning materials or e-learning materials are study materials
published in digital format. These include e-textbooks, e workbooks,
educational videos, e-tests, etc.
Importance of e-learning
The concept of e-learning is not new to the education sector.
However, the pandemic has grown the importance of e-learning globally.
The use of digital platforms for learning is vividly changing our
education system Traditional classroom training days are slowly coming
to an end due to high-speed internet and technology advancement.
➢ Accommodates the needs of every student

Online learning caters to the needs of each student. The digital

revolution has led to remarkable changes in how we access content.
Students can learn on the go irrespective of their location.
➢ Access to lectures any number of times

Unlike classroom teaching, students can access the e-learning content

any number of times. It is beneficial when preparing for the exam.
Through online learning, you can access the lecture whenever you want
as per your convenience and revisit lessons any number of times.
➢ Updated Content
The e-learning platforms provide access to updated content. It
makes sure that you are in synchrony with the modern learners.
➢ Quick Delivery of Lessons
Post-2020, students have adapted the e-learning concept
completely. One of the reasons for it is quick access to lessons. In
comparison to the traditional teaching mode, online learning has
relatively faster delivery access. The time required to learn through
online lessons is reduced to 25% to 60% of what is the need in
traditional learning.
➢ Scalability

Online learning helps students to create and communicate new

ideas. You get the chance to uplift your skills and gain knowledge
apart from school education. One of the prime importance of e
learning is that it helps students and teachers develop advanced
skills.
➢ Easy access
➢ Long retention
➢ Multiple access
➢ Easy retrieval
➢ Easy sharing etc
Preparation of e-learning materials
E-content authoring
Electronic-content which is also known as Digital Content refers to the
content or information delivered over network based electronic devices or that is
made available using computer network such as internet. E-content includes all
kinds of content created and delivered through various electronic media.
E-content authoring means development of digital content using special
authoring tools to be delivered on websites. An e-learning content authoring tool
is a software package which developers use to create and package e-learning
content deliverable to end users. According to Wikipedia.org, “a content
authoring tool is a software application used to create multimedia content
typically for delivery on the World Wide Web.
Stages of e-content authoring
● Setting the goal

One should have clear goals in one mind from the beginning of the
content creation.. These goals will help in thinking of the new ideas
to present different things that too with the help of measurable values.
Do start with the simple answers to the question, like what value the
content will add to the course? How to educate the people in the right
way with the help of content? All these answers will start to think
about something new that is great in the long run.
● Planning
One can create the best content when planned smartly. All the
parties need to be involved in content development. Here, we can
also take the help of the visualizing tools. Make proper notes of the
type of content that you need to create. Accordingly, put the efforts in
the right direction to get the best result from it. Set some realistic
deadlines for planning things to continue the further procedures.
● Selection
Selecting a content authoring tool that is right for you can help
break down barriers and modernize how digital learning is created.
Choose your tool well: You’ll save production time and costs, and
enable your team to respond swiftly to emerging learner needs. The
things to be consider while selecting authoring tools are ease of use,
capability, easy localization etc.
● Sequencing
Sequencing the content is not more than jotting down the topics to
cover for each learning objective and in which order. You can start
the sequencing of your content with the help of a concept map that
shows the relationships among concepts or by creating a hierarchy of
topics if your content is fairly linear.
● Research the target audience
It is vital to have proper knowledge about the audience of the
content created by you. It is better to know more about the likings
and tastes of the audience so that we can present the content created
in the best way that will attract them.
● Prepare script and story board
In this stage, the content to be used for each course is finalized and
divided into modules. Then, the content to be used on each screen is
decided. The document used for scripting is usually a word
document, but a PowerPoint presentation also works well.
Steps
Turn your eLearning script into a conversation.
Your eLearning scripts should sound organic. Online learners
must feel like they are dealing with an actual person they can relate
to, instead of a computer who happens to know a lot about the subject
matter. When you're writing your eLearning script imagine that you
are just having a casual conversation with your audience. Try to use
the words "we", "you", and "us" as much as possible to connect with
them on a more personal level. Better yet, read it out loud after
you've finished and see if it flows naturally, or if you may need to add
a bit more personality and warmth before you start narrating.
1. Keep it short.
You should only include the bare necessities in your eLearning scripts. This is
Due to the fact that online learners are less likely to remember the key takeaways
when they are in audio form. For this reason, you should always emphasize the main
ideas and concepts with text or images, in addition to your audio narration. Read
over your eLearning script when you're done to see what should stay and what you
can afford to lose. It's also a good idea to choose the ideal time cap before you start
writing your eLearning script. For example, you know that your online learners don't
have much time to access the presentation so you are going to keep it under 5
minutes long.
2. Brainstorm before you type the first letter.
You should brainstorm every aspect of your eLearning script beforehand to make
sure that you flush out of all of the main points. Create mind maps, eLearning story
boards, and outlines to get all of your ideas onto paper, then dive into the eLearning
script writing process. One of the most effective tools is a detailed timeline. For
instance, you might decide that the first minute of your eLearning narration should
stress the benefits of the presentation, while the second should explore the
applications of the subject matter. Also, meet with your eLearning team to get their
input and get them involved in the e-learning brain storming session.
 Leave out the jargon.
Nobody wants to take an eLearning course that calls for a
dictionary. Your online learners should be able to understand every
word in your eLearning script. If not, then the definition should be
included. Do some audience research to find out how much your
online learners know and their level of experience, which will give
you a good indication of which industry-specific jargon you should
include. For example, online learners who have been in the field for a
long time will probably need more specialized lingo, while those who
are less experienced may require more basic terminology. When in
doubt, just leave it out and provide links to supplemental resources.
Less experienced learners then have the opportunity to explore
advanced terms, topics, and tasks on their own time.
 Use vivid imagery.
Online learners will remember the eLearning content more
effectively if it paints a vivid picture. Instead of just telling them
about an idea or concept, use adjectives and descriptors to make it
more meaningful and engaging. This is especially useful when
integrating stories and real world examples into your eLearning
course design. A story is already emotionally compelling, but you can
make it absolutely riveting by using imagery to draw them in. Just
make sure that you don't go overboard and start describing every
single detail. Also, keep visual metaphors, similes, and other literary
devices to a minimum. Unless, of course, they will help your
online learners to better understand the subject matter.
 Watch your tone!
Every element of your eLearning script should be respectful,
professional, And personable. Online learners must feel like they are
listening to someone that is on the same level, rather than a
condescending
authority figure. The eLearning content should follow the same
guidelines:
If you are dealing with tech-savvy online learners who already know
their
way around an eLearning course you don't need to tell them how to
navigate. You should also stay active. It's wise to steer clear of
passive voice
and keep your eLearning script in present tense.
Edit, edit…and then edit again.
Do a few rounds of proofreading, editing, and revising before
you
finalize your eLearning script. In fact, you may want to have a fresh
pair of
 A storyboard is a tool used to plan and visualize videos,
animations, graphics, or courses. Typically comprising of sketched
images and text, it creates an organized sequence of the story that
needs to be told or information that needs to be communicated.
● Drafting
What happens during the drafting stage of the e-content writing
process? Why is drafting so important? During the drafting stage of
e-content writing, a writer develops a more cohesive text and
explores their topic, directed by purpose, audience, genre, and
content. Drafting helps writer expand upon, clarify, and modify their
initial plans and ideas, and it helps them organize their content into a
meaningful sequence or flow. Drafting is an iterative process that
involves drafting and redrafting text again and again, and through this
process writers’ writing improves, becoming stronger, clearer, and
better organized.
● Revising
Revision is a process in writing of rearranging, adding, or removing
paragraphs, sentences, or words. Writers may revise their writing
after a
draft is complete or during the composing process.
4 steps of revision
Prewriting - Organize Ideas.
Writing - Write and Prepare for Revisions.
Revising - Reorder, Remove and Rewrite.
Editing - Focus on the Mechanics of the Piece.
● Editing
"Content editing is an essential part of the editing process as it
polishes content to ensure it's on-brand and optimized for readers and
the search engine."Content editing is an editing style that takes a
comprehensive look at content — from big picture concepts and
content architecture to smaller elements like sentence structure,
syntax and punctuation — with the ultimate goal of crafting the most
impactful piece possible. It includes the basics of copy editing and
takes them a step further to include brand voice, adherence to a
client’s style guide and even strategic decisions about information
design and delivery.
● Publishing
Digital publishing, also called electronic or online publishing, is
the distribution of a variety of online content, such as journals,
magazines, newspapers, and eBooks. Through this process, any
company or publisher can digitize documents and information that
people can view online, download, sometimes manipulate, and even
print out or share otherwise, if they choose. People can access digital
content on different devices, such as:
● Computers
● e-Readers
● Tablets

● Smart phones
 Evaluation
This is the easiest and many obvious ways in which you can
evaluate your e-content. You have to ask people who have
completed your program to answer some questions based on its
quality. You can do this via surveys, interviews, or assessments.
Language related co-curricular activities and its organization
Co curricular activities are those activities which are
organised outside the class from situation. This have indirect
reference to actual instruction and work that goes on in the
classroom. Although no provision has been made for this activities in
the syllabus but provisions has been made for these in the curriculum.
It is also called as extra curricular activities.
The role of co-curricular activities in English Language Teaching
(ELT) is a matter of growing significance today. The importance
given to acquisition over learning in the case of second language
gives co-curricular activities a higher place in English classroom.
 Co-curricular activities imply the non-academic activities
organized in educational institutions in order to facilitate the
complete development of the learners. It is an extension of the formal
learning experience in an academic programme.
Co-curricular activities can play vital role in facilitating language
acquisition. They cause variety of activities which necessitate free
and spontaneous interactions among learners which ultimately
facilitate language acquisition. Co-curricular activities create
situations which can facilitate natural learning of a language.
The learners’ skill of listening, speaking, reading and writing can
be developed fruitfully and easily by introducing co-curricular
activities in English classroom. Each co-curricular activity can be
seen relevant in one way or other in facilitating learners’ proficiency
in English. Teacher may select activities from the co-curricular field
considering the need, interest and convenience of the learners.
 Teachers of English may give more care and attention to make use of
the co-curricular activities to develop the learners’ proficiency and
communicative competence in English. If accurately planned and properly
conducted, co-curricular activities can make huge contribution to the
enrichment of English language proficiency of learners. Co-curricular
activities can be seen as a means to develop the learners’ language skills.
Some of the co-curricular activities that can be fruitfully made use of
for improving the learners’ English language proficiency are given
below.
Reading corner
 A reading corner is an inviting literacy-rich book collection area
established within public reception or waiting rooms that inspire
young children to enjoy books together while they wait. A reading
corner is a comfortable space in the classroom for children to sit and
read. It requires space for keeping and displaying books. The books
can be displayed on a table or a thin rope can be tied around the table
or on the walls to hang books.
Vocabulary corner
 For many years, vocabulary learning had a singular focus: a word’s
definition. We now know that acquiring a new vocabulary word
involves much more. We can acquire new words through vocabulary
corner.
Magazine publishing
Magazine can be manuscript, print or online type. Each one has
its own scope and significance. But all are relevant so far as English
class is considered. It develops the learners’ creativity and writing
skill. They become familiar with works such as composing works of
art, editing, lay out etc.
Club activity
This includes English club, literary club, anti tobacco club etc.
The programmes organized under the auspices of these clubs, can be
made use of for the development of language skills in learners.
Literary programme
Literary meetings and other programmes of identical nature can do
a lot
 Students’ film festival
A film is the joined product of multiple efforts of several talented
persons. It will create in learners a taste for film making and related
works such as script writing, editing, direction etc.
Collage
It can be used for developing the awareness of learners about a
particular situation. Their creativity, imagination, and interpretation
skills can also be developed.
Student news paper
This can develop the learners’ ability to gather news and report it.
It makes the learners aware of the technicalities involved in news
paper publishing.
Dramatisation
This can develop the learners’ comprehension of a particular
story, ability to interpret it and express it using in new media. It
develops pupils’ verbal and non-verbal communication skills.
 Commentary competition
Commentary is the instant spoken description of an event. It can be
organized as a competition programme. It develops learners’ comprehension,
expression, instant wording capacity, creativity etc.
Reading competition
It makes learners practise reading more seriously. They tend to focus on
the technical aspects of accurate reading. Characteristic English rhythm
becomes more attractive for them.
Extempore
It tends to develop the learners’ knowledge, ability to organize thoughts,
create ideas and express them systematically. It develops their presentation
skills and oratory.
Versification competition
It develops the learners’ taste for English poetry and literature. It
develops their creativity, vocabulary, diction, knowledge of super segmental
features etc.
 Elocution competition
It develops the learners’ fluency of expression, vocabulary,
thought organization skills, presentation skills etc.
Recitation
It helps the learners focus more on the rhythmic features of
English. They practise rhythm. It helps them enjoy the beauty of
English. It inculcates in them a taste for English poetry.
Essay writing competition
It develops the learners’ ability to create ideas, organize them
systematically and present them in writing. It develops their
vocabulary, ability to use suitable words in situations, mastery of
structures etc.
Story writing competition
It develops the students’ creativity, sense of humour, and ability
to present systematically. It makes them familiar with new ways of
presentation. It inculcates in them interest for English literature.
 Spelling bee
It develops pupils’ spelling ability. It makes learners more serious
about
spelling. They care more for spelling while reading and writing. It
encourages them to develop their spelling ability.
Excursion programme
Excursion, picnic and study tour are all interesting programmes for
the
students. It gives them opportunity to be more interactive with
teachers and
students. It helps them see people of different culture and from
different
places and to be familiar with their way of speaking, styles etc.
Event reporting
It develops pupils’ language skills. Their communication skills get
developed.
Athletics
Athletic programmes give the learners opportunity to be familiar
 Debate competition
It facilitates the development of the learners’ comprehension and
expression. It develops the argumentation skills in learners. It
develops fluency of speech.
Science fair
It helps the learners become familiar with several scientific
devices and to explain their operations. It develops inquisitiveness
and language skills in learners.
Celebration of important days
It gives the learners opportunity for speech, skit and other
presentations.
Exhibition
It facilitates better interactions among learners. The learners will
have to explain well the items being exhibited. It develops their
communication skills.
 Cultural programmes
They show the flexibility of language. It gives the learners
opportunity to see variety performances that require different forms,
styles, registers etc. of language.
Drawing
It shows the drawing students’ comprehension of a particular
material. The drawing done by a learner can be used for a language
activity by asking other students to comment on it.
A co-curricular activity can be used as language production
resources by making them the subject for report writing, event
reporting, anchoring, preparation of reviews, evaluation etc.
Organization of co-curricular activities
• Before launching programme of any activity should be approved by
the staff both the teaching and non teaching as a whole.
• Coaches and sponsors should be members of staff not outsiders.

• The activities should be introduced only when the school has a need
for it and when its students are interested in it.
• The number and type of activities to be developed in any educational
institution or school should be determined by the size of enrolment
and the needs of the school activities.
• A restriction on participation for students is required as it will check
the overloading nature of organising any co curricular activity.
However the students having same abilities, interests, attitudes,
aptitudes should participate in large number.
Importance of co-curricular activities
Co-curricular activities are highly important in language learning.
Each co-curricular activity has its own relevance in the field of English
language. Let us see the importance of the co-curricular activities in
English class in general.
● They facilitate language acquisition.
● They develop the learners’ communication skills.
● They create strain free atmosphere.
● They enhance the learners’ involvement in the learning process.
● They facilitate creation and sustaining of interest in learning.
● They facilitate active interaction among learners.
● They equip the learners to use English outside the classroom as well.
● They develop social skills in learners which in turn lead them to use
language more.
● They develop learners’ creativity.
● They develop learners’ problem solving skills.
● They develop in learners the values such as cooperation, collaboration,
tolerance, respect for others etc.
● They improve the relationship between the teachers and the students and
among the students themselves.
● They avoid the monotony of the classroom.
● They create in learners a spirit of competition.
● They supplement to the curricular activities.
Limitations
It is true that co-curricular activities can be made use of for
developing the language proficiency of learners, but certain strong
limitations are there. They are the following.
➢ The standard of the linguistic exposure is not sure to be
qualitative.
➢ The focus may be on the conduct of the programme and not on the
accuracy of the language.
➢ Lack of required focus on the development of the learners’
communicative competence while organizing co-curricular
activities.
➢ Lack of specialized teachers to make effective use of the co-
curricular activities for developing the learners’ English language
proficiency.
➢ Organizing co-curricular activities often very expensive.
➢ Inadequate time.
➢ Over burden of academic subjects.

➢ Lack of proper motivation for the students.

Principles of organizing language related co-curricular activities
● Variety
There are various types of co-curricular activities meant for
developing learners language skills. These activities provide
opportunities to the learner for participation in the practical use of the
language skills. These Co-curricular activities can develop more than
one language skill. The variety of co-curricular activities should
sustain interest among learners.
● Relevance

The foremost principle is the relevance of co-curricular activity to

the educational programme. The activity should be related and
integrated with the curriculum. Co-curricular activities are not merely
meant for leisure but complement curricular activities for achieving
the broader goals of education.
● Need based
Teachers should keep the students' interests and needs in mind
before planning any co-curricular activity. Maximum number of
activities of varied nature should be planned satisfying the diverse
needs of large number of students.
● Skill based
When theoretical curriculum and co-curricular activities are
integrated, your chance of learning more and exploring your
strengths, interests, abilities and skills becomes higher. Essential
skills that you can develop through co-curricular activities are
problem solving skill, leadership skills, social skills, emotional skills,
communication skill, technology skill etc.
Preparation of Multimedia Package
Multimedia basically means many media (text, graphics,
animation, video and sound) working together to present information
to the learner via the computer. Multimedia is a form of
communication that uses a combination of different content forms
such as text, audio, images, animations, or video into a single
interactive presentation, in contrast to traditional mass media, such as
printed material or audio recordings, which features little to no
interaction between users.
Preparation of multimedia package
A multimedia project is a classic software project which is
developed using multimedia technology with the specific aim of
distributing information in an entertaining and compelling manner.
Multimedia projects require creativity, artistic as well as
programming skills. While developing the multimedia application,
the professionals have to choose the hardware and software
equipment and components a variety of software tools are available.
Like all other projects, the multimedia project is also developed in
stages. Following are the basic stages of multimedia project
development.
➢ Project conceptualization
➢ Planning and Costing
➢ Design and Production
➢ Testing
➢ Delivery
 Project conceptualization:
Every project begins with a concept. A multimedia project concept
is actually the definition of the project. To define the project, it is
required for the development team and the clients to do the various
meetings and discussions to identify the actual problem. It may be the
up gradation of the existing one or the entirely new one. It must
satisfy the existing requirements of the customer.
Planning and Costing:
In this stage, the analysis of the idea is done which is to be
translated into a multimedia project. This idea can be further refined
by outlining its messages and objectives. Before starting to develop
the multimedia project, it is necessary to plan what writing skills,
graphic art, music, video, and other multimedia skills will be
required. It is also necessary to estimate the time needed to prepare
all elements of multimedia and prepare a budget accordingly. After
preparing a budget, a prototype of the concept can be developed.
 Design and Production:
Once the project is taken up for development, the laborious project
development cycle starts. Under this stage, the various sub-stages are to be
carried out.
● Data gathering
● Navigation map structure design
● Media content design
● Interface designing
● Storyboarding
● Integration (multimedia authoring)
Testing:
In every project, the Testing stage ensures that the product to be free from
bugs. Apart from bug elimination, another aspect of testing is to ensure that
the multimedia application meets the objectives of the project. It is also
necessary to test whether the multimedia project works properly on the
planned delivery platforms and meets the needs of the clients.
 Delivery:
The final stage of the multimedia application development is to
pack the project and deliver the complete project to the end-user. This
stage has several steps such as:
● Implementation,
● Maintenance,
● Shipping and marketing

Importance of Multimedia package

• Development of various skills
Multimedia training helps employees to learn new skills and
improve their existing skills. Employees are able to learn new skills
and move into jobs that pay better within the organization, making
training beneficial to both employees and their employers. Creativity,
Communication skills, Management Skills, Problem solving skills,
Computer Literacy, Design, Efficiency, Editing, Collaborate with
other artists etc. are the some of the skills developed through
multimedia package.
• Long retention
According to research, a benefit of multimedia learning is that it
takes advantage of the brain's ability to make connections between
verbal and visual representations of content, leading to a deeper
understanding and long retention, which in turn supports the transfer
of learning to other situations. A large percentage of the human brain
dedicates itself to visual processing. Thus, using images, video and
animations alongside a text stimulates the brain. Student attention
and retention increase. Under these circumstances, in a multimedia
learning environment, students can identify and solve problems more
easily compared to the scenario where teaching is made possible only
by textbooks.
• Native like proficiency
Multimedia-Based English Language Teaching Model to Enhance
Non-English Students’ Proficiency with Global Perspective. The
learning activities involved multimedia materials with global topics,
active discussions, presentation, role-play and LMS task-based
assignments. In addition, the learning outcomes should be focused on
English communicative competence with pluricentric awareness and
English proficiency with global perspective. It implies that the course
outline of English teaching for non-English department students with
multimedia-based English Language Teaching Model to enhance
their English language proficiency with more global perspective.
• Better comprehension
with multimedia learning, students can understand the complex
concepts more easily by using graphics, animations, and videos
alongside a text. This will stimulate the brain and students' retention
and attention will increase to solve the problems quickly. By making
connections between verbal and visual representations of a content, it
effectively helps students to understand deeper or comprehend better
to a certain topic.
• Improved problem solving

A large percentage of the human brain dedicates itself to visual

processing. Thus, using images, video and animations alongside a
text stimulates the brain. Student attention and retention increase.
Under these circumstances, in a multimedia learning environment,
students can identify and solve problems more easily compared to the
scenario where teaching is made possible only by textbooks.
• Increased positive emotions
According to psychologist Barbara Fredrickson, experiencing
positive emotions makes people see more possibilities in their lives.
Using multimedia during instructions impacts student's mood during
the learning process. With a positive attitude they learn better and
tend to be more proactive.
• Access to vast variety of information

With computers, tablets, smart phones and the internet, students

are today better equipped than ever to search and find the information
they need. A study revealed that 95% of students who have access to
internet, use it to search for online information. Sharing the
information and participating in class discussions is done in a more
confident way when access to information is as easy as today.
• World exploration
With the help of multimedia children can explore and learn about
places they would never been to. multimedia learning environments
have a direct effect on learning and even on growing as a person. An
effect that differs and can’t be achieved as easy whilst using
traditional education materials.
Advantages
● Very effective for learning
Multimedia is a very effective way to learn. It helps students retain
the information they have learned. Media can also be used to create
visuals for learning tools such as PowerPoint presentations, websites,
and blogs.
● More appealing over traditional work
The use of multimedia is so powerful and versatile that it can be
very effective in educating a group, company or individual. While
traditional lectures have a limited time span, multimedia can have an
unlimited time frame.
● Improves personal Communication

Multimedia is a powerful tool that enhances personal

communication. It allows for better storytelling and gives people
more control over the story. Creating multimedia content is a great
way to engage with your audience and tell your story in a way they
can relate to.
● Saves time and costs
It is important to note that multimedia learning engages more
senses than other forms of training. It is ideal for people with busy
lives because they can access the information on their own time
rather than having to take a class. This reduces the costs that would
typically be associated with traditional training methods.
● Multimedia can be a great way to reach out to your audience
They allow you to provide high quality information while reaching
different demographics and making it much easier for people to share
your content online.
● Multimedia is Multi Sensorial
Multimedia can take advantage of different senses, such as sight,
sound, touch and even smell (4D-cinemas etc). Targeting these senses
together can increase appeal to any audience.
● Highly flexible
Multimedia allows for flexibility in business plans. With
multimedia, you can communicate with your audience in a way that
is meant to be understood regardless of the location. It provides a
wide range of opportunities for planning.
Disadvantages
● Information overload

One of the biggest problems with multimedia is information

overload. The more time a person spends on the internet, the more
likely they are to feel overwhelmed by all the information available.
Additionally, research has shown that people are less productive
when using multiple media at a time.
● Misuse of Multimedia

Multimedia can be a useful tool in education, marketing, and many

other aspects of life. However, there are several disadvantages to the
use of multimedia. For example, it is distracting because many
people like to watch videos while they are doing anything else, such
as working or driving. This distracts people from what they should be
focusing on. Multimedia also consumes a lot of time and resources
that could be used for other activities.
● Limited interaction
The disadvantage of multimedia is that it’s hard for users to
interact with their content. People have limited ways in which they
can engage with the text, images and sounds on a website. It doesn’t
give them the same experience that they would get from visiting a
physical store.
● Consumes a lot of time
Multimedia is a resource that can be used to create many different
types of content. However, there are some drawbacks to using this
technology. One major downside is that multimedia consumes a lot of
time. People may spend hours on their phone or computer while they
could have been doing other things like exercising or spending time
with friends and family.
● Requires huge investments
Multimedia requires a significant investment. You will need to hire
artists, singers, videographers, and other individuals with unique
talents
ADDIE Model
 The acronym "ADDIE" stands for Analyze, Design, Develop,
Implement, and Evaluate. The ADDIE model is a process used by
training developers and instructional designers to plan and create
effective learning experiences. It is an Instructional System Design.
Originally developed in 1975 by Florida State University for the U.S.
Army, ADDIE remains the default instructional design process for
many organizations. This model was originally created as a very
detailed process, however, these days most instructional designers
will only be familiar with its five main stages. All five phases are
equally important, but in practice, most effort is often put into the
Design and Development stages, while the Analysis, Implementation,
and Evaluation phases are often less well done.
● Analysis phase
In the analysis phase, the instructional problem is clarified, the
instructional goals and objectives are established and the learning
environment and learner's existing knowledge and skills are
identified.
Here are some questions to think about during the analysis phase:
● Who your learners are
● What are the overall goals you are trying to achieve

● What are the overall knowledge, skills, attitudes, and behaviors

that need to be taught
● What is the amount and level of necessary content
● What resources are required and available
● Design phase
The design phase deals with learning objectives, assessment
instruments, exercises, content, subject matter analysis, lesson
planning and media selection. The design phase should be systematic
and specific.
Here are some questions that should be answered during the design
phase:
● How will the content and activities be sequenced, presented and
reinforced
● What are the objectives of each session/unit

● What skills or outcomes are you hoping to achieve for each

● What methodology will you use to achieve each objective

● What media/resources will be used in the instruction

● How will you assess the students' understanding of the material
● Development phase
The development phase is where instructional designers and
developers create and assemble the content assets that were
blueprinted in the design phase. In this phase, storyboards are
created, content is written and graphics are designed. If e-learning is
involved, programmers work to develop and/or integrate
technologies.
During the development phase, these questions should be answered:
● How do I create a lesson plan
● How should the content be organized

● What instructor and student activities should be included

● How do I provide practice for students

● What media should I use when teaching

● How can I present confirming and corrective feedback
● Implementation phase
During the implementation phase, a procedure for training the
facilitators and the learners is developed. The facilitators' training
should cover the course curriculum, learning outcomes, methods of
delivery, and testing procedures.
These questions should be answered when carrying out the
implementation phase:
● How do I motivate students

● How do I introduce the lesson

● What kinds of questions are best to use

● How do I use PowerPoint slides or other presentation media

● How do I summarize and review each lesson or presentation

● How do I use my time wisely during the lesson

● Evaluation phase
The evaluation phase plays an important role in the beginning and
at the end of the process. Evaluation objectives reflect much of the
discoveries found in the Analysis process. These discoveries include
the objectives and expectations of the learner. When looking at the
process, you must avoid the thought that it is structured
in chronological order. Rather, the ADDIE Model is a continuous
circle with overlapping boundaries. Of all of the process phases, the
evaluation phase is the lest understood.
Here are some questions that should be answered during the
evaluation phase:
● How do I know if my course has been successful

● Which experts should review the materials before a course is

presented to students
● Which changes should be made to improve the course after it is
presented
Familiarizing different modes like PPT, Video, Animated Video
etc…..
PPT
PPT stands for PowerPoint Presentations which are demonstrations
of data, methods or a sequence of steps by which something is done.
It contains drawings, charts and other images to communicate
messages clearly. PPT creation is the process of creating presentation
slides with the help of Microsoft PowerPoint software. PPT slide
refers to a single slide in a PowerPoint presentation. PPT file refers to
any document containing information in the PowerPoint format
(which can also contain information in other formats). PPT files have
file extensions like .ppt, .pps and .potm which denote its content;
these file extensions can be changed from the default one by
Microsoft Office when saving PPT files.
Features of PowerPoint
● PowerPoint makes it easy to create effective
presentations in a matter of minutes with just a few
clicks. PowerPoint has a variety of features that make
things easier for both the presenter and audience. Some
of the features are mentioned below:
● Customizable Templates: Create Presentations using
Customizable Templates, available in both Word and
PowerPoint formats. These templates can be edited as
per requirements.
● Charts: Insert Charts and Graphs on your slides to make
them more lively. You can choose different sizes for
your charts, change their color or format them according
to your needs.
● Environments: Create different Presentations by
choosing a different look and feel for your slides with
Benefits of PowerPoint
• Easy to use: Accessible and easy to use, you can use it
anywhere and anytime.
• Compatible with most operating systems: It’s
compatible with most operating systems including
Windows and Mac.
• Versatile: PowerPoint lets you work with a variety of
files formats like .pdf, .doc, .ppt, .pptx etc., making it
highly compatible with the most popular file formats.
• No learning curve: It is so easy to learn that even a child
can grasp its concept easily.
PowerPoint is a very useful tool that almost every
professional has
a copy of on their computer. It helps you create
presentations that are
easy to deploy and are highly effective in showcasing your
Video
Video is an electronic medium for the recording, copying,
playback, broadcasting, and display of moving visual media. Video
was first developed for mechanical television systems, which were
quickly replaced by cathode-ray tube (CRT) systems which, in turn,
were replaced by flat panel displays of several types.
Unlike reading texts and listening activities, video provides strong
visual cues. These help learners understand what's happening – even
when the language is hard to follow. In some cases, you can even
play videos without sound at first and have students guess what's
happening.
Videos increase student engagement, which in turn helps boost
achievement. If students are interested in the material, they will
process and remember it better. They offer the flexibility to
pause, rewind, or skip throughout the video to have class
discussions or review particular areas.
Benefits
● Videos create a more engaging sensory experience than using
print materials alone. Learners actually get to see and hear the
concept being taught, and they can process it in the same way they
process their everyday interactions.
● They provide a go-to resource that can be watched from
anywhere with an internet connection. Videos are accessible on a
multitude of devices including laptops, tablets, and smartphones.
This allows for viewing at the student’s convenience and from
wherever they are.
● Videos increase knowledge retention, since they can be stopped
and replayed as many times as needed. They can also be reviewed
long after the initial lesson was taught.
● They greatly assist in the learning of all subjects, but
particularly those topics that are complex and/or highly visual,
such as step-by-step procedures, problem-solving, or science and
math formulas.
● They increase proficiency in digital literacy and
communication, which are important 21st-century skills.
● Engagement: Studies have shown that video learning
has positive outcomes on multiple levels, including
increased motivation and deeper learning, and can
specifically impact students’ ability to facilitate
discussions and identify problems.
● Effectiveness: Video learning is effective on both sides
of the classroom; educators can use it to create time and
space for active learning. Once a video is created, it can
be reused and updated as needed, leaving more time in
the classroom for live discussions and engagement with
students.
● Authenticity: Video engages both the student and
educator in a one-on-one relationship without ever being
in the same room.A compelling 2016 study by the
Online Learning Consortium found that video helped
educators build and foster authentic relationships with
Animated video
Animated videos are videos created with original designs,
drawings, illustrations or computer-generated effects that have been
made to move in an eye-catching way using any number of artistic
styles. Although they may integrate live action video, they don't
require any live action recording to convey an idea or story.
Animated videos are computer-generated motion pictures – a process
of projecting still images onto a screen in rapid succession to create
an illusion of movement. Animation is a process that involves a state
of-the-art technology in designing, sketching, making storyboards,
and preparing photographic sequences. Marketing and gaming
industries use animated videos for visual, auditory, and kinesthetic
purposes. Animated videos are considered the most effective medium
in video marketing. A person who generates these videos is known as
an animator.
Different types of animated videos include
➢ Cartoons

➢ 2D animation
➢ 3D animation

➢ CGI
➢ Whiteboard animations

➢ Motion graphics
➢ Stop-motion animation (a la “claymation”)

➢ Kinetic typography

➢ Flipbook or stick-figure animation

Importance/ advantages
• Improves skills and knowledge

• Promotes learner engagement

• Emphasize learning

• Interactive learning
• Experiential learning

• Fuels learner imagination

• Easily accessible and affordable

• Make learning faster and convenient

• Motivate students

• Inspire learners

• Cost effective learning

• Develop creativity

• Develop critical thinking

• Develop problem solving skill

• Enhancement of memory etc….

ELT Journals
It is a quarterly publication for all those involved in English Language
Teaching, whether as a second, additional or foreign language or as an
international Lingua-Franca. The journal links the everyday concerns of the
practitioners with insights gained from relevant academic disciplines such as
applied linguistics, education, psychology and sociology. It seeks to bridge
the gap between the everyday practical concerns of ELT professionals and
related disciplines such as education, linguistics, psychology and sociology
that may offer significant insights. It is the international journal dedicated to
promoting scholarly exchange among teachers and researchers in the field of
English Language Teaching. The journal is published monthly in both print
and online versions.
ELT Journal aims to provide a medium for informed discussion of the
principles and practice which determine the ways in which English is taught
and learnt around the world. It also provides a forum for the exchange of
information and ideas among members of the profession worldwide.
The scope of ELT:
➢ Theory and practice in English Language Teaching and Learning.

➢ Teaching English as a second or foreign language.

➢ English language teachers training and education.

Importance
● Develop critical thinking

The word critical can be used in different ways, qualifying

different phenomenon. Thus the development of critical thinking is a
goal in some ELT classroom, or teacher education programmes.
There is also critical pedagogy which seeks empowerment and social
transformation; and critical perspectives can be taken towards the
enterprise of ELT itself.
● Develop creativity
Creativity is attracting increasing attention in the field of ELT.
From a practical point of view teachers have a growing number of
resources to tap into if they wish add a more creative dimensions to
their classes and away from purely practical issues, there is also a
need to understand certain underlying process and principles relating
to creativity.
● Develop collaboration

Within the field of education collaboration comes in many ways;

teacher collaboration in the classroom (peer teaching/ team teaching),
collaborative learning among learners themselves, collaborative
research, and collaborative curriculum development are some of the
most common. It creates scholarly exchange among the teachers and
researchers among the field of English Language Teaching.
THANK YOU